CCU

Wireless Access Tech. Lab.

OFDM Transmission over Wideband
Channel
Gwo-Ruey Lee
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
CCU
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
Outlines
OFDM Transmission over Wideband Channel
The Time Dispersive Channel Model
Effects of Time Dispersive Channels on OFDM
Channel Estimation
Time Domain Channel Estimation
Frequency Domain Channel Estimation
Equalization
Comparisons of Time- and Frequency- Domain
Equalization


Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
CCU
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
The Time Dispersive Channel Model
A time-dispersive channel can be characterized
by its channel impulse response


where
is the number of multipath components

is the path gain of path i

is the path delay of path i
1
0
( ) ( ) ( )
L
i i
i
h t t t o o t

=
=

L
( )
i
t o
i
t
1/3
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
CCU
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
The Time Dispersive Channel Model
Each path gain is a complex random variable
with uniformly distributed phases and Rayleigh
distributed magnitude.

The average power of each path decays
exponentially.
( )
i
t o
2/3
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
CCU
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
The Time Dispersive Channel Model
The mathematical model for the time dispersive
channel is





where is the sampling period, and is
the root-mean-squared (RMS) delay spread.
s
T
RMS
T
3/3
2 2 1 1
(0, ) (0, )
2 2
i
i i
N j N o
o o
= +
2 2
0 i o o
=
/
s RMS
iT T
e

2
0
1
o
=
/
s RMS
T T
e

Wireless Access Tech. Lab.

CCU
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
Effects of Time Dispersive Channels on
OFDM
The phenomenon of multipath fading causes
previous symbol to interfere with the latter
symbol. This is known as the inter-symbol
interference (ISI).



The received signal is the convolution of
the transmitted symbols and the discrete-time
channel impulse response.
ISI
ISI
ISI
1/1
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
CCU
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
Channel Estimation
Channel estimation is the task of estimating the
frequency response of the radio channel the
transmitted signal travels before reaching the
receiver antenna.

The channel estimation can be performed using the
time domain approach and frequency domain
approach.
Time domain channel estimation
Frequency domain channel estimation
1/9
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
CCU
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
Time Domain Channel Estimation
This channel estimation is performed using the time
domain approach, before FFT processing of the
training symbols.

In this, the channel impulse response instead of the
channel frequency response, is estimated.
2/9
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
CCU
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
Time Domain Channel Estimation
The received time domain signals are



is the channel impulse response.

is the known symbol.

is noise.
n
x
n
w
n
h
) 1 . 4 ( ; 64 ,..., 1 , = + = n w x h r
n n n n
3/9
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
CCU
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
Time Domain Channel Estimation
The time domain convolution can be expressed as
a matrix vector multiplication.








The parameter L is defined as the maximum
length of the impulse response, L<64.
1 64 64 2
2 1 64 3
63 62 64
64 63 64 1
L
L
L
L
x x x
x x x
x x x
x x x
X
+
+

+
(
(
(
= (
(
(
(

0
1
2
1 L
h
h
h
h

(
(
(
(
(
(
(

= h
4/9
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
CCU
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
Time Domain Channel Estimation
Then receive signal is expressed as

1
2
3
4
64
r
r
r
r
r
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(
(

1 64 64 2
2 1 64 3
63 62 64
64 63 64 1
L
L
L
L
x x x
x x x
x x x
x x x
+
+

+
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

0
1
2
1 L
h
h
h
h

(
(
(
(
(
(
(

1
2
3
4
64
w
w
w
w
w
(
(
(
(
+
(
(
(
(
(

n n n
r h x w h w X = + = +
5/9
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
CCU
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
Time Domain Channel Estimation
The least square (LS) estimate for is h
r X X X h
H H
LS
1
) (

=
6/9
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
CCU
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
Frequency Domain Channel Estimation
This channel estimation is performed using the
frequency domain approach.

In this, the channel frequency response is
estimated by using two repeat training sequences.

7/9
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
CCU
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
Frequency Domain Channel Estimation
We get (4.2) from (4.1) through FFT transform,


If we have two repeat sequences,
k k k k
R X H W = + (4.2)
1, 1,
2, 2,
k k
k
k
k k
k
R W
X
R H
R W
X

( (
(
= = +
( (
(


8/9
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
CCU
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
Frequency Domain Channel Estimation
The least square (LS) estimate for each
is


, k LS
H
( ) ( )
1
, 1, 2,
1

2
H H
k LS k k k k k
H X X X R R

= +
9/9
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
CCU
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
Comparisons of Time- and Frequency-
Domain Equalization
Time-domain Equalization Frequency-domain
Equalization
Convolution One-tap multiplication
High complexity
when L is lager
Low complexity
when L is small
No FFT Required FFT Required

n n
r h

k k
R H
*

1/1
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
CCU
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
References
[1] L. Hanzo, W. Webb and T. Keller, Single- and multi-carrier quadrature
amplitude modulation Principles and applications for personal
communications, WLANs and broadcasting, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2000.
[2] Mark Engels, Wireless Ofdm Systems: How to Make Them Work? Kluwer
Academic Publishers.
[3] John Terry, Juha Heiskala, OFDM Wireless LANs: A Theoretical and
Practical Guide, Sams.