BHIS/HIST 340 Study Guide 1 Church History: Questions from Readings What 3 cultures influenced the world in which

Christianity began? What culture provided the immediate religious context for Christianity? What seems to have provided the pattern for the eventual development of the churchs hierarchy? What was the name of the Jewish family that led the revolt against the Seleucids about 160 or 170 years before Christ? What language did Christian writers use exclusively until the late 2nd century? What 3 groups does Ferguson identify as making up the early church in Jerusalem? What was the most significant controversy in the early church, according to Ferguson? Know which apostles were associated with which 1st century churches. Identify and distinguish the early Jewish Christian groups (not the same as the question above). From what Greek work does the word martyr come from and what did it mean? What did Docetists believe and teach? Who was Justin Martyr? Who made the statement, the blood of Christians is seed? (The blood of martyrs is the seed of the church) What were some distinctive practices of the apostolic church? (Ferguson 43-44) Who and what are the Apostolic Fathers? Be able to identify them by various characteristics (Ferguson 50-58). Which was a manual of church life? Which two referred to the two ways? Which was concerned with the debate with Jews over the OT and spiritualize it for Christians? Which was written from an elder of the church in Rome to the church in Corinth? Which is the longest work in the Apostolic Fathers? Which is concerned with post-baptismal sin and repentance? Who wrote 7 letters prior to his martyrdom?

Who is the first to attest a 3-fold ministry in the churchi.e. bishop distinct from presbyters? Who gave testimony regarding the writings of Matthew and Mark? Who is the first to give a millennial interpretation to Christian eschatology? Who was Pliny? What was the Diatessaron and who wrote it? Who wrote the debate with Judaism known as the Dialogue with Trypho? According to Ferguson, what were three fundamental questions the Apologists wrestled with? What was the theory that fused Greek and Jewish ways of thinking about the pre-existent word of God? Who were Perpetua, and Felicitas? What was the one exception the early church made to its normally strong teaching on the necessity of baptism? When were the codices of the Nag Hammadi library written? Who was Valentinus? With what ancient heresy is the term pleroma associated? Who were the Encratites or what was encratism? What was Montanism? Who was the most famous convert to Montanism? According to Ferguson, what was the great question at issue in the conflicts between the 2nd and 3rd century great church and its rivals? What 4 principles does Ferguson identify in the development of the NT canon? What is monepiscopacy? Who was Paul of Samosata? Who were the lapsi? Who produced the Hexapla? With what early controversy was the term Quartodecimans associated?

According to Ferguson, what two circumstances could result in making exceptions to the practice of baptism as immersion? According to Ferguson, what was the most cited baptismal text in the early church? Who provides our earliest explicit account of activities in the Sunday assembly? What was the common name in the early church for the Lords Supper, and what does this term mean? According to Ferguson, what two patterns of Christian hope emerged early in Christianity? What is chiliasm? What was common to all forms of orthodox Christian eschatological hope? What is meant by the expression the cult of the martyrs? What opposing principles did Hippolytus and Callistus defend? According to Ferguson, what were the three controversies with which Cyprian was involved? According to Ferguson, about what year does the first identifiable Christian art appear? Who helped set the precedent of delaying baptism until shortly before death? Under Constantine what characteristic form of Christian architecture made its appearance? In the third century what new religious movement was founded by the so-called apostle of light and what was this founders name? According to Ferguson, what did the controversy between the two Dionysii illustrate about the differing theological emphases between east and west? According to Ferguson, on the political level the success of Christianity in the 4th century turned on the conversion of what man? What religious title did Constantine retain for himself? Who was the great church historian at the time of Constantine? Bettenson (only if covered in class) What two Roman historians write about the persecution of Christians under Nero? Which writing explains how to celebrate the Eucharist? Which writing explains tests for determining false prophets, including the test of whether he stays three days?

Which writer explains that Christians meet on the day of the sun (Sunday) because on that day Jesus rose from the dead? Church History (BHIS 340) Study Guide from Notes 1 (Allen Diles) What are reasons for studying church history? Understand the article by Ferguson that demonstrates the use of history as a witness rather than as authority. Who said, History is a story written by the finger of God? What are characteristics of ordinary historians? What are characteristics of providentialist historians? What are the differences between the two? What is the work of the theological historian? What types of sources do we have for early church history? Which emperors did we look at who are important for 1st century church history and in this context what is significant about each one? Which Roman historian records Claudius expulsion of the Jews from Rome? Who was the first emperor to demand to be called dominus et deus? What was the language of the church in the West from the 2nd century on? What were the languages of 1st century Palestine and how was each significant? When Christianity began, what was it considered sociologically? What are our major primary sources for information about the 1st century church? On what day did the church begin? What three major leaders of the church died within five years of each other in the A.D. 60s? According to N.T. Wright, what was the single most striking thing about early Christianity? Who were the first persecutors of Christians? Who decreed the first official state persecution against Christians? What was the occasion for this?

Almost every book of the NT contains warnings about what? What was understood as the major purpose of the first century church? How was the first century church organized? Were deacons (in the technical/official sense) male or female during the first century? What did 1st century Christians do when they assembled for worship? What appears to be the primary purpose for 1st century Christian assemblies? What was the most significant element in early Christian worship? What type of music was used in early Christian worship? On what day did early Christians assemble for worship? What three metaphors reflected life and teaching in the 1st century church? What did both Greek and Latin church fathers emphasize as the cardinal purpose of baptism? What kind of sources do we have for the 2nd century church? Who wrote a famous letter to the emperor Trajan asking for guidance in dealing with Christians? What were three common charges against Christians? During the reign of what 2nd century emperor did several disasters strike the Roman Empire contributing to persecution of Christians? What were the two Christian responses to persecution? What was an apologia? Who was the first really important apologist who began as a philosopher and who finally found Christ? What important martyr refused to deny Christ saying that in 86 years Christ had never done him wrong? What martyr, after many excruciating tortures repeated, I am a Christian; no wickedness is carried on by us? What roles of martyrs came to be the basis of the practice of praying for the intercession of the saints? What was the baptism of blood? What was the one exception the early church made to the necessity of water baptism?

What is the modern distinction between Heresy and Schism? Who was Marcion and why is he important? What was Gnosticism and from what Greek word does it come? In what century did well-defined systems of Gnostic thought arise? What are the primary sources for our information about Gnosticism? Know about Montanism. Know about the Logos Doctrine and its importance? What is the value of the so-called apocryphal traditions? Which well-known apocryphal gospel is a collection of sayings of Jesus, many of which are almost identical to those found in the canonical gospels? Who was the first to advocate monepiscopacy? Who was the first to use the term catholic church? Who argued that the best way to identify apostolic teaching was by observing the churches established by the apostles? Who first uses the doctrine of apostolic succession? By what year was monepiscopacy universally established? What was the rule of faith? The famous confession made in response to the rule of faith that took on a fixed form as a creed came to be known in a slightly expanded form as what? What is the canon? What was the first canon of the church? Who was the first to use the entirety of the NT and to use the terms Old Testament and New Testament? Properly speaking, is the canon a list of authoritative books, or an authoritative list of books? What is the evidence for early recognition of the canon? Practically speaking, by the end of what century did the church have a list of authoritative books?

What is the earliest surviving list that is identical with our 27 books of the New Testament and to when is it dated? What is the Muratorian fragment? What criteria caused books to be recognized as canonical? In what work do we find the first mention of a mode other than immersion used in baptism? In what way had worship assemblies of the church begun to change in the 2nd century? Who were the (old catholic) church Fathers of the 3rd century? Know what we say about Tertullian. Know what we say about Hippolytus. Know what we say about Clement of Alexandria. Know what we say about Origen and about his method of Biblical interpretation. Know what we say about Cyprian What is the fourfold meaning of Scripture? During the reign of what 3rd century emperor was the first official universal persecution of Christians conducted? It was the first official attempt to completely abolish Christianity. What three approaches were advocated toward those who had lapsed in their faith during this persecution? Who was the hard-line bishop of Rome who led a 3rd century schism over the issue of the lapsed? Who were the confessors? What bishop of Carthage took a middle position regarding the lapsed? Who makes the first mention of infant baptism and is he in favor or opposed to the practice? In what 3rd century writer in particular do we begin to see increasing assimilation to culture in the terminology used? Under what emperor does the Great Persecution break out? In what century do we see bishops gaining control over areas outside their local churches? What 4 edicts of persecution were issued in 303 and 304? Who issued the edict of toleration in 311 and why?

Before what battle does Constantine see his vision? What edict is issued in 313 and what are its provisions? Where does Constantine re-locate his capital? Who is the first documented emperor to be baptized? What were some of the consequences of Constantines influence? Why did many people delay baptism until just before death? What was a libellus? Who first enunciated the principle outside the church there is no salvation?

Church History Questions from Readings 2: Know about Paul of Samosata. What was the strong splinter group in North Africa that rejected the validity of baptism administered by an unorthodox or immoral priest/bishop? Who was Donatus? What was a traditor? What were the arguments in favor of the decisions at Nicaea? What was Athanasius understanding of salvation? What difference did Athanasius observe between creed and canon? If Eastern theology gave more attention to incarnation and Western theology gave more attention to crucifixion, what New Testament aspect of salvation did they fail to emphasize? What was the Life of Anthony, and who wrote it? Who was Anthony? Which Emperor was known as the Apostate and why? Know who the three great Cappadocian fathers were and be able to distinguish between them. What were symbols or dogmas? Who were the 4 great Latin doctors of the church and the 4 great Greek doctors of the church? Who developed the ransom theory of the atonement? Know about John Chrysostom. Know about Ambrose. Know about Jerome. Who set the precedent in theory for the idea of the authority of the church over the state? What is the Vulgate? What types of monasticism developed in Egypt? Who was Pachomius? Who was Ammun?

Who was Symeon Stylites? What types of relics came to be recognized in the 4th century? In the 4th century what were some of the religious ideas that developed under the influence of the Old Testament? In the 4th century when was baptism typically administered? What is the theological definition of sacrament? By the 4th century what three acts had come to have sacramental significance? What is transubstantiation? What major new celebration was added to the church calendar in the 4th century? Know about John Cassian. Who said, We hold to that which has been believed everywhere, always, and by all? What Emperor declared Christianity to be the official religion of the Empire, and When? Which Emperor after Constantine attempted to reinstitute paganism? What was Apollinarianism? Who was the most important bishop of the 4th century for advancing papal claims? What three popes have been given the designation The Great? According to Gregorys Pastoral Rule, what is the key to unity in the church? Know about Gregory Is dealings with the Lombards. Know about Gregory Is controversy with John the Faster. What 6th century figure was particularly important in shaping Western Monasticism? What 6th century figure was particularly important for shaping the papacy? What were characteristic views of the Paulicans as evinced by the Key of Truth? What was the first spiritual autobiography in Christianity? Before becoming a Christian, to what religion was Augustine of Hippo attracted? Which of Augustines works served as a blueprint for the Middle Ages, and in what way?

What was the interpretive method of Vincent of Lerins? What is the meaning of Islam and Muslim? Who stopped the advance of Islam at Tours in 733? What is the basic manifestation of the church in Eastern orthodoxy? What is a uniate church? Know about Monarchianism, Patripassianism, Sabellianism, and Arianism. Be familiar with the Tome of Leo and with the Definition of Chalcedon. What distinction is made between reverence of honour and actual worship? Church History (BHIS 340) Study Guide from notes 2 (Allen Diles) What was Modalism? What was Monarchianism? What was Patripassianism? What was Dynamic Monarchianism and who was a representative of this idea? What was Adoptionism? What was Modalist Monarchianism and who was a representative of this idea? What was the difference between the East and West in terms of their Trinitarian emphasis? In what year did the Council of Nicaea meet? What was the major issue? Who were the major opponents at Nicaea and what positions did they hold? What was affirmed at the 7 ecumenical councils? Know the major issue and significance of each council. What is the difference between creed and canon? What was the significance of Nicaea? Who becomes the great symbol or defender of Nicene faith?

Who said, Christ was made man that we might be made gods? What did the following words signify: Homoousios (Homoousians), Homoiousios (Homoiousians), Homeans, Anomoeans and which became the orthodox expression? At what council is the universal creed of Christendom formulated, known as the Nicene Creed? Who were the Apollinarians? Who were the Pneumatomachi? What was the distinction between hypostasis and ousia according to the 1st Council of Constantinople? Who was Nestorius and what was he condemned for? What was the difference in interpretive approaches between Alexandria and Antioch? What do the terms Theotokos and Christotokos mean and who supported them? Who was Cyril of Alexandria and what was his position? What was Monophysitism? Which was the largest of the 7 ecumenical councils? What was the position of Leos Tome? What is the so-called Chalcedonian definition of faith.? What is Monotheletism? Who was Emperor Leo III and what did he do? What does iconoclastic mean? Who was the greatest theological supporter and defender of icons? Who was Empress Irene and what did she do? What does iconodule mean? What was the official distinction that was made regarding worshiping icons and God in the iconoclastic controversy? What was the difference between East and West regarding Christian art in worship?

Know the significance of Victor I, Damasus, Siricius, Leo I, and Gregory the Great in the development of the papacy. Why did Rome gain influence in the 2nd and 3rd centuries? Know about the word pope. What were the 5 prominent churches in the Empire in the 4th and 5th centuries? Why did Rome/the Pope gain influence in the 4th and 5th centuries? Know some of the biographical data on Augustine of Hippo? What were the three major crises that Augustine faced in his life? Who were the Donatists and what did they believe? What was Augustines reaction to them? Who was Pelagius and what did he teach? What was Augustines reaction toward his teaching? What does ex opere operato mean? Know the evolution of Augustines thought regarding free will and predestination? Know who wrote City of God and Confessions and something about them. What 2nd century bishop of Rome excommunicated his eastern opponents over the dating of Easter? Who was the great and influential emperor of the 6th century? What was the difference between proskuneo/ honorable reverence and latreo/true devotion? Which great Cappadocian worked on the doctrine of the Trinity, but never referred to the Spirit as God? Which great Cappadocian viewed the incarnation in a similar way as did Athanasius, believing that the Son became human that humans might become divine? Which great Cappadocian was known as The Theologian? Who was known as the Father of Liturgical Hymnology? Which great Cappadocian viewed the vocation of man as neverending growth in sharing Gods life? Who was the great golden mouthed preacher of the 4th century church?

Who converted Augustine? Who was responsible for the Vulgate?

Church History (BHIS 340) Study Guide 3 (Allen Diles) How were most early converts to Christianity probably introduced to the church? -Top down style, everyday evangelism What was the main goal of most early churches, according to E. Glenn Hinson? -Spread the word, evangelism Know about: -Gregory Thaumaturgas: wonderworker, performed miracles, went to Origens school -Gregory the Enlightener or Illuminator: Armenian, converted King/population, spent 15 years in a pit with rotten corpses -Nino: healed the queen of Georgia, Roman girl kidnapped as a child, prayed a whole lot -Ulfilas: missionary to Goths, leaves out Samuel and 1 Kings -Clovis: Frankish King, wife insists son is baptized and son dies, turns against Christianity, asks God for help during battle, wins and converts and makes baptism mandatory for all of his people -Patrick: kidnapped by sea raiders, has visions and dreams as a slave, escapes and ends up back in Britain, gets vision to go preach to Ireland/Celtic Christianity -Augustine of Canterbury: sent to England to evangelize, tried to convert King of each region, destroys idols, good organization kept church buildings and used habit -Cyril and Methodius: apostles to the Slavs, used Slavic language in the liturgy of the Church Know about the conversion of Ethiopia. Know about the growth rate of the church up to the year 350. Which was the first national Orthodox Church outside the empire? What were the 5 prominent churches in the Empire in the 4th and 5th centuries? In what way did the barbarians influence Christian thinking in the 5th century? Who was the last Roman emperor and in what year was he dethroned? What was the Acacian schism? Under Justinian (6th century) in what way does the search for authority in the church change in the East? What happens between Justinian and Vigilius? What is Caesaropapism? Know about conflict between Gregory the Great and John the Faster. Which Pope is known as the Father of the Medieval Papacy? Know about the Quintisext council of 692.

During the Islamic invasions of the 7th century, what three important Christians cities did Byzantium lose? Who was Emperor Leo III and what did he do? What was the official distinction that was made regarding worshiping icons and God in the iconoclastic controversy? What was the difference between East and West regarding Christian art in worship? What was the difference between proskuneo/ honorable reverence and latreo/true devotion? What was the filioque clause and who accepted and rejected it? What and when was the Photian Schism? Who were the characters involved in the final break between Rome and the East and in what year did it occur? What factors led to the Great Schism? What were the differences between Eastern and Western Christianity? What was the major point of disagreement between East and West in the 11th and 12th centuries, at least as recorded by contemporaries? In the letter In terra pax hominibus, what is given as the chief reason for the Eastern churchs condemnation of the Latin church? What was the Investiture controversy and who were the main characters involved? What were the opposing views in this controversy? How does the controversy play out and how was it eventually resolved? Who preached the First Crusade? What was an indulgence? What was penance?

What were the motivations for the Crusaders? What were the lasting results of the Crusades? Which Crusade set up the first Latin States and Patriarchates in Palestine? Who preached the second Crusade?

Who was Saladin? During which Crusade was Constantinople captured? Know about Benedict of Nursia, Berengar, Anselm, and Peter Abelard. The argument that the non-existence of God is inconceivable is related to which argument (the something greater than which nothing greater can be conceived)?

From Ferguson readings: Persecutions in what area produced more martyrs and fewer apostasies than the Roman persecutions of the first three centuries? What was the first country as a nation to accept Christianity? What were the 4 principle factors from a church history standpoint to produce the new situation of the Middle Ages? Of the Vandals, Franks, Visigoths, Ostrogoths, which were Arian and which were Catholic? Who introduced the system of dating based on the Christian era? (and miscalculated the date of Jesus birth) As the Roman empire crumbled in the West, what one institution survived? What were the affirmations of the council at Orange in 529? Know about Vladimir and the conversion of Russia. Know about Alopen (A-lo-pen) and the Luminous religion. Who was known as the apostle of Scotland? Who were Columba and Columbanus and where was the center from which Celtic Christianity spread in Scotland? Know about the council of Whitby. Who was the great scholar who wrote the Ecclesiastical History of the English People? Who were Willibrord and Winfrid?

What was the Donation of Pippin and what was its significance? Under whose reign did the baptism of infants become obligatory? What was the pallium? In what century did affusion (pouring of water over the head) begin the long process of replacing immersion as the ordinary baptismal practice in the West? For what purposes were organs used in Byzantium? To whom did the Byzantine court give organs in the 8th and 9th centuries? Who made the statement, Although correct conduct may be better than knowledge, nevertheless knowledge precedes conduct? Who was Alcuin and for whom did he work? Who was the greatest king of the Franks in the 8th and 9th centuries? What happened on Christmas day, 800 and why was it significant? What were the Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals and what was their impact? What was the Donation of Constantine? What was the role of Sylvester related to the Donation of Constantine? According to the Donation of Constantine, what does Constantine give to the Pope? According to Ferguson, who was the model Byzantine Emperor? Who was the great and influential emperor of the 6th century? According to Ferguson, what two 6th century figures made important contributions to monasticism and to the papacy? Who is considered the Patriarch of Western Monasticism by Ferguson? What was the three way split produced in Eastern churches after the councils of Ephesus and Chalcedon, that continue to this day? What is mysticism in its technical sense? Who prohibited rebaptism? Regarding Jesus divinity and his humanity, which do the Eastern churches tend to emphasize more? In Eastern Orthodoxy, what is the basic manifestation of the church?

What came to be recognized as the 7 deadly sins in medieval moral teaching? Know about Photius law code. What were the three principle types of monasticism practiced in the Byzantine world during the middle ages? Why is Mt. Athos significant? Who were Radbertus, Ratramnus, and John the Scot? Whose rule formed the basis of new monastic orders such as the Cluniacs? What was the 11th century center of monastic renewal? What was regular clergy? What were three characteristics of Cluny? What was Nicolaitanism? What was simony? Know about the Schism between West and East and what Ferguson considers to be the most important factor in leading to the schism. What two themes dominated Western church history in the late 11th and early 12th centuries? What was the significance of the Lateran decree of 1059? Know about Hildebrand/Gregory VII. What was the Dictatus Papae and its significance? Who was involved in the investiture controversy? According to Ferguson, what was the real issue involved in this controversy? What was the final settlement in this controversy? What was the context of the cry Deus le volt and what does it mean? In the middle ages what became an alternative to entering a monastery as a way of gaining forgiveness of sins? What are the three knightly monastic orders mentioned by Ferguson that emerged from the Crusades?

What was Scholasticism and on what premise was it based? What method did the scholastics employ? Who was Berengar and with what controversy was he associated? What were the positions in this controversy? Who is considered the Father of Scholasticism? Who was known for the phrase faith seeking understanding? Know about Anselm. Who developed the ontological argument for the existence of God? Who developed the satisfaction theory of the atonement? Who are associated with the three major theories of the atonement? Who believed that he must doubt in order to know?

Church History (BHIS 340) Study Guide 4 (Allen Diles) Know about Thomas Aquinas. -Set forth basic doctrine of the sacraments -Reconcile Aristotle with Christian theology -Cosmological argument for the existence of God first clause What was his greatest literary work? -Summa Theologiae What was the philosophical difference between substance and accidents? -Substance: what really is -Accidents: outwardly perceived qualities To what doctrine did Aquinas give the classical formulation? -Purgatory By medieval times how had the church changed from the original NT times: a. in organization? Monepiscopacy Hierarchy Papacy b. in doctrine? Baptism sprinkling, Pope head of church - not Jesus, Trinity doctrine defined c. in worship? Lords Supper Mass, instruments, less participation d. in life? No missionary zeal, no longer viewed as strangers, ritual > morality, gospel for a chosen few Who were the Waldensians? -Peter Valdes: Poor in Spirit wealthy merchant who accepted life of poverty and began preaching, determined to obey God rather than man, excommunicated by Papcy because they were preaching Who was the English reformer who rejected many of the teachings of the Roman Church and advocated Scripture as the highest authority? -John Wyclif Who were the Lollards? -Wyclifs followers who persisted after his death Who was the morning star of the reformation? -John Wyclif What was the Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy (Avignon Papacy)? -Papacy moved location to Avignon instead of Rome for 70 years, this led to a lot of weaker popes who were all French What was Conciliarism? -Believed that papal authority should be subjected to authority of a general council

Who was the great Czech/Bohemian reformer of the 15th century who was burned at the Council of Constance in 1415? -Jan Hus Who was the emperor who promised this reformer safe conduct and then retracted it? -Sigismund Various Czech reformers, believed the church should be reformed/restored based on a return to what? -The Bible Who were the following: Vaclav IV: King of Czech crown lands brother to Sigismund, popular drunken doofus John Hus: Sigismund: King of Holy Roman Empire (elected) became King of Hungary John Zizka: Brilliant one-eyed general, undefeated Nicholas Biskupec: Petr Chelcicky: extreme pacifist Jan Zelivsky: Jan Rokycana: Jakoubek of Stribro: Charles IV: What was the name of the famous chapel where John Hus preached his reforms to large crowds? -Bethlehem Chapel What English reformer had a great influence on Hus? -John Wyclif For Hus, who or what was the head of the Church? -Jesus What revolutionary practice did Hus approve shortly before he died? -Taking bread and wine together for communion Who took over leadership of the Hussite movement after the death of Hus? -Jakoubek of Stribo What became the symbol of the Hussites/Bohemians? -The Chalice What were the three separate groups that were battling for control in Bohemia in the 15 th century? -Radicals, Moderates, Loyal Roman Catholics What did the radical Hussites come to be called? -Taborites

Know the Four Articles of Prague and their significance? -First: Communion in both kinds -Second: free preaching of the word of God -Third: Exclusion of the clergy from owning property and exercising influence in politics -Fourth: Punishment of mortal or public sins What was the difference between the radicals and the moderates? -Radicals: Taborites -Moderates: Utraquists How many crusades did the Roman Catholic church send against the Hussites in the years 1420-1431? -5 Who was the great blind general of the Hussite forces? -Jan Zizka Who was the spiritual leader of the Taborites? -Nicholas Biskupec of Pelhrimov Author of Confession and Defense of Tabor What did Catholic and Hussite delegates agree to in the town of Cheb? -The basis for negotiations in Basal the whole phrase below, the New Testament will be the authority for the upcoming council, this was the only time that the Roman Catholics officially agreed to the authority of something higher than the Pope Where was it that the Catholic delegates agreed that in controversial matters, the law of God, the practice of Christ, of the apostles and of the primitive church, along with the councils and teachers who are truly based on it would be received as the truest and impartial judge? -Cheb At what battle was the power of the Taborites broken? -Lipany Who defeated them? -Moderates What was the basic position agreed to in the Prague Compact? -Moderates allow Sigismund to be their King and Moderates get communion in both kinds in Czech lands only What were the 5 revolutionary principles the Taborites preached on their mountaintop meetings? 1. Clergy have no wealth rights 2. No more tithing 3. Clergy surrender buildings and property ownership 4. Sufficiency of the New Testament without the Old Testament rituals 5. Obedience to the True Shepherd and stay away from the Anti-Christ What does the term communion in both kinds mean? -Both the bread and the wine

What was the goal of the Taborites regarding the church? -8 guiding principles, Jesus is best lawgiver, NT exceeds OT in laws, NT is sufficient for salvation without the OT customs and human inventions What group survived after the Taborites and carried on their theological legacy? -The Unitas Fratrum (Unity of Brethren) Preserved teachings of Peter Chelcicky and were run by Gregory, nephew of Jan Rokycana Be able to identify and distinguish between theological positions of Luther, Zwingli, and Calvin. Whom did we include as magisterial reformers? -John Nox What is meant by the term magisterial reformers? -Reform through the civil authorities Be able to identify the various reformers based on biographical information we mentioned in class (not things like specific dates, rather things like where they worked, how they died [if we mentioned it], differences in their personalities, key turning point type events, important quotations, important literary or theological works, etc.). -Erasmus -Luther lightning strike, Augustinian monk, teaches at university Who published the Greek NT in 1516? -Erasmus Who was the indulgence seller that caused Luther to post his 95 theses? - Johann Tetzel Where did he post them? -The doors of the Castle Church of Wittenburg When did he post them (this date is important)? -October 31, 1517 Who was Luthers opponent who led him in debate to declare that some of Huss views were Christian and that the pope and councils could err? -Johann Eck What significant work did Luther accomplish while he was in hiding at the Wartburg Castle? -Translates New Testament into German In which of his works does Luther reduce the number of sacraments to 2/3? -The Babylonian Captivity of the Church Lords Supper and Baptism

Be able to identify significant writings of the reformers with their authors? -The Babylonian Captivity of the Church: Luther -Address to the German Nobility: Luther In what way was Luthers hermeneutic of reform regarding church organization and worship different from most of the other reformers? -Whatever the scriptures dont forbid is okay opposite from most other reformers What was the decision reached at the Diet of Speier in 1526? -Each prince could determine religious affairs of his own controlled turf What was the decision reached at the Diet of Speier in 1529? -Lutherans cant worship in Catholic lands but Catholics can worship in Lutheran territory What caused the followers of Luther to come to be known as Protestants? -The protests of the princes against the decrees of the Diet of Speier What is the official statement of the Lutheran position? -If scripture is not against it then its okay Augsberg confession What was the decision of the Peace of Augsburg? -Whose the region, his the religion What do the following terms mean: Sola fides, sola gratia, sola scriptura? -Sola fides: faith alone -Sola gratia: grace alone -Sola scriptura: scripture alone What two/three sacraments did Luther accept? -Lords Supper and Baptism Who had influenced Zwinglis humanistic approach to reform? -Erasmus of Rotterdam What did worship in Zurich consist of following Zwinglis reforms? How often was the Lords Supper celebrated in Zurich as a result of Zwinglis reforms? -Four times a year On what point were Zwingli and Luther unable to agree? -Lords Supper Luther though Jesus actually present in Lords Supper, Zwingli though He was there in hearts of worshippers Why did the magisterial reformers favor infant baptism? -It was mark of proper order bringing a child directly into Christian Society

From Ferguson readings: What was the important religious movement that represented an effort at reform within Benedictine monasticism and ended up creating a new order? -Cistercians Know about some of the emphases of the Cistercians. -Opposed to Clunys wealth, monks involved in manual labor, wore white to imitate angels, contemplation valued over liturgy and rhetoric Who does Ferguson consider the dominant figure of the first half of the 12th century? -Bernard of Clairvaux What did Bernard consider to be the highest form of prayer? -Hymn Singing Who made a distinction between the moral laws and the symbolic precepts in the law of Moses? -John Gratian Whos work became the basis for the study and practice of canon law? -John Gratian Who fixed the number of sacraments at 7, and what are they? -Peter Lombard: Baptism, confirmation, canons (penance), altar (Eucharist), last altar (extreme unction), marriage, ordination In what century do we have the first clear evidence of the organ being used regularly in the liturgy? -13th Century According to Ferguson, who most nearly realized the ideals and goals of the medieval papacy? -Pope Innocent III Who is credited with the division of the Bible into chapters? -Stephen Langton What did the interdict mean? -no sacraments could be performed Be familiar with the decrees of the 4th Lateran Council. -Condemned the Albigensians, made Inquisition obligatory for whole church, approved language of transubstantiation, require confessions of sins to a priest and communion at least once per year at Easter What is the distinction between mendicant friars, monks, and canons? -friars: among the people, monks:

Be able to distinguish between Dominic and the Dominicans and Francis and the Franciscans. -Franciscans: poverty, humility, simplicity, evangelical mission -Dominicans: strict life, poverty, fasting and other abstinences, prayer, enthusiasm for intellectually informed preaching Who began the custom of Christmas manger scenes? -Francis of Assisi In the Middle Ages, what institution became a third force in Christendom, alongside the empire and the priesthood? -The universities alongside the empire (imperium) and the priesthood (sacerdotium) From the 12th century onwards, where did most theology come from? -Professors in the universities Know the story of Thomas Aquinas. -Wanted to join clergy, parents locked him away, brothers got woman to seduce him, known as Dumb Ox According to Ferguson, what was Aquinas great achievement? -Summa Theologiae What are sacraments? What is the distinction in Aquinas between substance and accident? -Substance: what really is -Accident: outwardly perceived qualities What was the relationship between reason, faith, and truth according to Aquinas? -All truth if from God, reason can reveal some of the truth, some truth only comes from faith Who was the first major theologian to defend the immaculate conception of Mary? -Duns Scotus Which Medieval sect is considered to be the only one to have a documented continuity to the present? -The Waldenses Who was Peter Waldo (Valdes)? -Rich merchant, sells everything and separates from wife, puts daughters in monastery, started itinerant preaching, emphasized life of poverty access to Bible in common language public preaching What was considered the strongest heresy of the 13th century, but which had disappeared by the 14th? -Catharism

What was the Inquisition? -search for heretics who were then executed, Pope Innocent III made law that equated heresy with treason Why is Olivi significant? -Wrote a commentary on Revelation pessimism, advocated doctrine of papal infallibility By the 12th to 14th centuries those who realized that the church had fallen into corruption began to desire what? -The restoration of the apostolic faith and practice What was the most significant literary expression of the medieval Christian world view? -The Divine Comedy by Dante Who was Boniface VIII and what was the bull Unam Sanctam? -strong willed and shrewd authority in canon law, proclaimed 1300 to be year of full forgiveness if you confessed and made pilgrimage to basilica in Rome, forbade clergy to pay taxes without papal assent, contest with Phillip According to the Unam Sanctum, what is the relationship between temporal and spiritual authority? -there are two swords: spiritual for church, and temporal for king, spiritual power has the right to guide the temporal power According to the Unam Sanctum, what is necessary to salvation? -Being in Catholic Church, subject to Pope What was the Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy? -Second Great Schism, papacy moved to Avignon