Labo

Meth
Com
Habe
Raw
Ratio
The
redu
Tem
will f
of 45
Cata
Moly
Sepa
Type

oratory Prepar
hod 1 Using a
Magnesiu
mmon to both m
1) Drying
Note C
Phospho
Anhydrou
2) Collection
Reason
It is not c
Ammonia
back suc
ers Process o
w materials -- N
o -- 1 volume o
The raw
raw materials
ction in volum
perature An
favour the forw
50
O
C is used.
alytic chamber
ybdenum
Only abo
aration from u
1) By dissol
2) By liquefy
much low
es of ammonia
1) Ammonia
when dis
ions.
2) Liquid am
compoun
ions)
3) Liquor am
It ionises
4) Liquor am
ration
alkali
um nitride is a
methods
Ammonia is d
oncentrated s
rus pentoxide
us calcium chl
n Downward
ammonia is
collected by th
a can be conv
tion.
of manufacturi
Nitrogen manu
of nitrogen : 3
materials are
are compress
me. High press
n optimum tem
ward reaction.

r - Catalyst f
out one third of
unreacted hydr
ving ammonia
ying ammonia
wer temperatu
a.
a gas -- it is a
solved in a po
mmonia it is
nd. Hence it ex
mmonia It is
partially to fo
mmonia fortis
Equation
a pale yellow s
dried by passin
sulphuric acid
is not used a
loride is not us
d displacemen
lighter than ai
e downward d
erted to ammo
ng ammonia
ufactured by th
3 volumes of h
first made free
sed to a high p
sure helps brin
mperature of 45
But at low tem
finely divided
f raw materials
rogen and nitr
a in water. Am
a. Ammonia is
re than ammo
polar covalen
olar solvent lik
prepared by c
xists only as u
ammonia tha
rm the ammon
It is a satura

n : Mg3N2 +
solid formed w
3Mg
ng it through a
is not used as
s it forms amm
sed as it forms
nt of air
r.
displacement o
onium hydroxi
he fractional d
ydrogen. Rea
N2 +3H2
e of dust and
pressure of 20
ng about a red
N2
1 vol
4 vol of reac
50
O
C is used.
mperature the
N2 +3
iron, Promote
s are converte
rogen.
mmonia is high
easily liquefie
onia does.
nt compound.
e water, beca
condensing am
undissociated
t is dissolved
NH
nium and hydr
ated solution o
1
AMMONIA
All am
Reacta
ammo
Equati
2H2O
Ratio b
ammo
Calciu
hydrox
chlorid
fuse w
preven
As this
Metho
6H2O
when burning m
+ N2
a drying tower
s ammonia rea
monium phosp
s an addition c
of water as is
ide by dissolv
istillation of liq
ason: They rea
2
other impuritie
00 to 300 atm
duction in volu
+ 3H2
+ 3 vol
ctants 2 vo
Reason: the f
efficiency of t
3H2 2N
er: (a substanc
ed to ammonia
hly soluble in w
ed .Nitrogen a
It exists only a
use it partially
mmonia gas. L
molecules and
in water. It is a
H3 + H2O
roxide ions. It
of ammonium
mmonium salts
ants : (slaked
onium chloride
ion -
+ 2NH3
by weight :
Excess sla
onium chloride
um hydroxide i
xide though th
de.
Reason: S
with glass on h
The mouth
nt the water fo
s can cause th

od 2 Using m
3Mg(OH)2 +
magnesium is
Mg3N2
packed with l
acts with it to f
phate with am
compound (Ca
it highly solub
ing it in water.
quid air, hydro
act in this volu
2NH3
es. Reason
mospheres. Re
me.
3NH3
2 vol
ol of products
forward reacti
the catalyst is
H3 +
ce that increa
a.
water, but nitro
nd hydrogen a
as undissociat
y ionises in wa
Liquid ammon
d therefore ca
also called am
NH4OH
can conduct e
in water. Is a
s react with al
lime calcium
e(sal ammonia
2NH4Cl (s)
1 part
aked lime is us
e by sublimatio
is preferred to
hey too give am
odium hydrox
heating. Calciu
h of the flask is
ormed from tric
he flask to cra
agnesium nit
2NH3
introduced int
umps of quick
form ammoniu
monia
aCl2.8H2O)
ble in water.
. A funnel arra
ogen manufact
me.
The impuritie
eason: The fo
on is exotherm
reduced. The
ses the efficie
ogen and hydr
are very difficu
ted molecules
ater to form mo
ia is pure amm
annot conduct
mmonium hydr
electricity (a w
weak electroly
kalis to liberat
m hydroxide p
ac).
+ Ca(OH)2
: 2 parts
sed to prevent
on.
o sodium hydro
mmonia with a
xide and potas
um hydroxide
s kept pointing
ckling back int
ck ]
tride and hot
to a glass jar o
k lime (CaO)
um sulphate.
angement is us
tured by the B
es can poison
orward reactio
mic. Therefore
erefore an opti
ency of the cat
rogen are alm
ult to liquefy. T
s. It can condu
obile ammoniu
monia which is
electricity. (ab
roxide.
weak electrolyt
yte.
te ammonia.
owder) and
(s) CaC
t loss of
oxide or potas
ammonium
ssium hydroxid
does not.
g downward to
to he hot flask
water
of nitrogen.
sed to preven
Bosch process
the catalyst.
on proceeds w
e low tempera
mum tempera
talyst)
ost insoluble.
They liquefy to
uct electricity o
um and hydro
s a polar cova
bsence of mob
te)
l2 +
ssium
de
o
k. [
t
s.
with a
ture
ature
o
only
xyl
alent
bile


Note
Phys
disca
gase
natio
Chem
Man
Step

Step
form
Step

Step
e:
1) All ammo
(NH4)2SO
2) Not all am
(NH4)2CO

NH4Cl
3) Ammoniu
oxide(N2O

4) Ammoniu
5) Ammoniu
ammonia
(NH4)2Cr2
Observat
ash of ch
sical propertie
arded. Non-tox
es were not tox
ons are now p
mical propertie
1) Reaction
a)
b)
c)
ufacture by O
p 1 Pure dry

a) A larger r
this proce
b) The cata
c) The cata
p 2 Cooling
Reason :
ed will decom
p 3 Oxidatio

p 4 Absorpt
onium salts rea
O4 + 2NaOH
mmonium salts

O3 2NH3

NH3 + H
um nitrate dec
O) or laughing

um nitrite deco
um dichromate
a is formed.
2O7 Cr2O
tion: Ammoniu
hromium oxide
s
xic gases like
xic to humans
hasing out the
es
with oxygen
Under ordinar
A jet of ammo
4NH3 + 3O
Catalytic Oxid
800
O
C,nitroge
4NH3 + 5O
Nitric acid is m
stwalds proce
ammonia and

ratio of air is n
ess.
lytic chamber
lyst glows red
g tower :The g
The reaction
mpose at high t
on chamber (m

ion tower : Th
4
act with alkalis
H Na2SO
s decompose
+ CO2 +
HCl ( The prod
composes on h
g gas.

omposes at ro
e decomposes
O3 + 4H2O
um dichromate
e.
chlorofluoroca
s, their leakage
e use of these
ry condition, a
onia will burn w
2 2N2 +
dation of amm
en monoxide i
Pt
2 4NO
manufactured
ess ( READ T
d purified dry

4NH
needed air co
only requires
hot. The abov
gases coming
in the oxidatio
temperatures.
may have an i

he nitrogen di
4NO2 + 2H2
s to liberate am
O4 + 2NH3
on heating, to
H2O
ducts combine
heating but do

NH
oom temperatu
NH
s on heating w
+ N2
e is an orange
Description:
water.
Density: Ligh
Solubility: Hig
The extreme
dry ammonia
and a syringe
tube is imme
solution. The
The extreme
water that en
red solution i
fountain in th
ammonia is a

It is toxic in la
Ammonia is
was therefor
toxic and cou
arbons and hy
e into the atm
gases and re
ammonia is no
with a green o
+ 6H2O ( Ba
onia: If heate
s formed.
+ 6H2O ( B
from ammoni
HROUGH )
air are mixed
P
H3 + 5O2
ontains only 2
initial heating
ve reaction is
out of the cat
on chamber (n

inlet for extra

2NO +
oxide / air mix
O + O2
2
mmonia.
+ 2H2O
o form ammon
e on slight coo
oes not form a
H4NO3 N
ure, but does n
H4NO2 N
with sparks an
e crystalline po
Colourless ga
hter than air
ghly soluble in
e solubility of a
a gas is filled i
e containing a
ersed in a trou
e plunger of th
e solubility of a
ntered the flas
in the flask to
he flask. The c
an alkaline ga
arge amounts
easy to liquefy
e used as a re
uld cause harm
ydrochlorofluo
osphere caus
eplacing them
on combustible
or yellow flame
alancing: 4/3
ed ammonia a
alancing: 4/5,
a using this re
in the ratio 1
Pt, 800
O
C
4N
20% of oxygen
. The exother
exothermic an
alyst chamber
next step) will
oxygen)
Below 50
O2
xture comes in
4HNO3 (50
nia. Only amm
oling to give b
ammonia. It lea
2O + H2O
not give ammo
N2 + 2H2O
d leaves a fluf
owder that cat
as that has a p
n water.
ammonia is de
nto a round bo
a small quantit
gh containing
e syringe is p
ammonia caus
sk and creates
rush into the f
colour of the so
as.
s.
y. Liquid amm
efrigerant espe
m in case of le
orocarbons we
ed depletion o
with non-ozon
e and a non su
e in an atmosp
(half of 4
nd oxygen or
4/6 )
eaction.
: 10 by volum
NO + 6H2O
n and this oxyg
mic reaction ta
nd causes the
r are cooled to
not take place
0
O
C
2NO2
n contact with
% dilute nitric
monium carbon
ack ammoniu
aves no residu
onia.
ffy green ash.
tches fire whe
pungent chokin
emonstrated b
ottomed flask,
ty of water. Th
water stained
ushed to allow
ses the gas to
s a partial vacu
flask through t
olution also ch
monia has a hi
ecially in ice fa
eakage, its use
ere used in pla
of the atmosph
ne depleting g
upporter of co
phere of oxyge
) / (double the
air is passed o
e and sent int
+
gen is required
aking place m
e platinum to b
o around 50
O
C
e at high temp
a shower of w
acid is formed
nate and amm
m chloride)
ue when heate
of chromium o
n heated, to fo
ng odour that
y the fountain
, fitted with a l
he outer end o
d red with a few
w its contents
dissolve in th
uum in the flas
the glass tube
hanges to blue
igh latent heat
actories. But b
e as a refriger
ace of ammon
heres ozone la
ases called hy
mbustion.
en.
e 3) )
over platinum
to catalyst cha
d in all the che
maintain the co
become red ho
C.
peratures. Any
water.
d)
monium chlorid
ed. It gives nit
oxide. But no
orm a fluffy gre
make the eye
experiment. T
ong glass tub
of the long glas
w drops of litm
to enter the fla
e tiny quantity
sk. This cause
e, creating a
e because
t of evaporatio
because it was
rant has been
ia. Though the
ayer. Develop
ydrofluorocarb
catalyst at
amber.
emical reactio
orrect tempera
ot.
y nitrogen diox
e do.
rous
een
es
The
e
ss
mus
ask.
y of
es the
on. It
s
ese
ped
bons.
ons of
ature.
xide

3

The product of the Ostwalds Process is dilute nitric acid. ( 50 % )
Concentration of the acid
The above acid is concentrated to 68% nitric acid by boiling. At this concentration, it forms a constant boiling mixture.(
further boiling causes both acid and water to evaporate at the same rate). 68% nitric acid is called concentrated nitric acid.
68% nitric acid is further concentrated by distilling it under reduced pressure through concentrated sulphuric acid . 98%
nitric acid is got. This acid spontaneously decomposes to form reddish brown nitrogen dioxide vapours and is called fuming nitric
acid.
The steps of the Ostwalds Process can be replicated in the laboratory. The diagram for the set-up is given below.

Excess air and ammonia ( in the ratio 1: 10 by volume respectively ) are introduced to a heated combustion tube ( also called a
bidirectional tube ) containing platinum gauze
A larger ratio of air is needed because air contains only 20% of oxygen and this oxygen is required in all the chemical reactions of
this process.
Ammonia and oxygen in the air react to form nitric oxide. This tube however only needs initial heating. The reaction is highly
exothermic and produces enough heat to sustain the reaction even after external heat is removed. In fact the catalyst begins to
glow red hot after some time.
Pt, 800
O
C
4NH3 + 5O2 ( Air) 4NO + 6H2O +
This nitric oxide enters a U-tube that is immersed in ice. This allows the gas to cool enough for it to undergo further oxidation. The
gas needs to be cooled because nitric oxide does undergo oxidation at high temperatures. Also, any nitrogen dioxide formed will
decompose at high temperatures.
The cooled nitric oxide is allowed to enter another bidirectional tube where it is mixed with more air. Here, it reacts with the oxygen
of the air and gets oxidised reddish brown coloured nitrogen dioxide. Observation: The bidirectional tube gets filled with a reddish
brown gas.
Below 50
O
C
2NO + O2 (Air ) 2NO2
The nitrogen dioxide and air is finally bubbled through water where it gets converted to dilute nitric acid. Observation: The reddish
brown gas dissolves in the water of the test tube to form a pale yellow solution of nitric acid.
4NO2 + 2H2O + O2 ( Air ) 4HNO3


2) Alkaline properties
a) Litmus: Dry ammonia has no effect on litmus because it has not formed hydroxide ions which give it alkaline
properties. But moist litmus will change colour because in water it forms the hydroxide ions. Red litmus turns
blue. The water dissolve the ammonia to give ammonium hydroxide. The hydroxide

ion in ammonium hydroxide
is responsible for the change in colour of litmus.
b) Reaction with acids Both ammonia and ammonium hydroxide will neutralise acids to form the corresponding
ammonium salt.
Test for ammonia When a glass rod dipped in concentrated hydrochloric acid is held in the path of ammonia
gas, dense white fumes are seen.
NH3 + HCl NH4Cl
NH3 + 2H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4 [ammonia is not dried using conc. sulphuric acid because this reaction takes
place.]
NH3 + HNO3 NH4NO3
Ammonia solution too reacts with these acids. Ammonia dissolves in water to form ammonium hydroxide. The
equations for the reactions of ammonia solution with acids is given below.
NH4OH + HCl NH4Cl + H2O
NH4OH + HNO3 NH4NO3 + H2O
2NH4OH + H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4 + H2O
c) Ammonium hydroxide tests ( refer email notes for details ) ammonium Oh reacts with some salt solutions to form
a precipitate of the insoluble metal hydroxide.
3) Nesslers reagent is used to test for ammonia When ammonia is passed through Nesslers reagent, which is aqueous
solution of potassium mercury iodide, a brown precipitate is formed


4

4) Formation of Carbamine (common name Urea)
Urea is manufactured by making carbon dioxide react with ammonia at 150
O
C and at a pressure of 150 atmospheres.
150
O
C and 150 atm
2NH3 + CO2 NH2. CO. NH2 + H2O
5) Reducing agent
a) 3CaOCl2 + 2NH3 3CaCl2 + 3H2O + N2
Bleaching powder is reduced to Calcium chloride
b) Ammonia + Chlorine (excess)
NH3 + 3Cl2 NCl3 + 3HCl
Nitrogen trichloride (NCl3) is an oily yellow explosive liquid.
c) Ammonia(excess) + Chlorine
8NH3 + 3Cl2 6NH4Cl + N2
d) Reduction of metallic oxide.
CuO + 2NH3 3Cu + 3H2O + N2
If dry ammonia is passed over heated copper oxide, the black powder is slowly converted to a reddish pink metallic solid,
copper.
3PbO + 2NH3 3Pb +3H2O + N2
Yellow powder lead II oxide when heated in the presence of dry ammonia is slowly converted into a silvery metallic lead.
Uses --
Pure ammonia is used today as fertilizer, most commonly it is applied directly to the soil from anhydrous ammonia tanks.
Ammonia is used in the manufacture of several fertilizers like Urea and ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulphate and
calcium ammonium nitrate.

Ammonium nitrate is also used to produce explosives. It is used to modify the detonation rate of explosives like
nitroglycerin. These explosives are called ammonia dynamite.

Ammonia is directly or indirectly the precursor to most nitrogen-containing compounds. Virtually all synthetic nitrogen
compounds are derived from ammonia. An important derivative is nitric acid.

Household ammonia is a solution of ammonia in water (i.e., ammonium hydroxide) used as a general purpose cleaner
for many surfaces. Because ammonia results in a relatively streak-free shine, one of its most common uses is to clean
glass, porcelain and stainless steel. It is also frequently used for cleaning ovens and soaking items to loosen baked-on
grime.

Ammonia is being increasingly considered as a source of hydrogen to run fuel cells. Liquid ammonia contains more
hydrogen than liquid hydrogen and is safer to transport. When used as a source of power, it released nitrogen and water
vapour into the atmosphere which did not cause any harm to life or the environment. But extracting hydrogen from
ammonia proved difficult. Research to find cost efficient ways to crack ammonia to release hydrogen is still being
conducted.
A compound of ammonia called ammonia diborane however when heated easily released hydrogen which could then be
used to power fuel cells. Ammonia diborane is a liquid under conditions of temperature and pressure and also contains
more hydrogen than liquid hydrogen does. Research is still being done to see if ammonia diborane can be used as a
source of hydrogen in hydrogen fuel based cars.