PHYS 104 (Physics II) Reviewer for Preliminary Examination UNIT 1: FLUIDS A. MASS DENSITY 1.

The mass density or density of a material is defined as its mass per unit volume. It is denoted by the Greek letter (rho). 2. If the specific gravity of an object and density of the reference substance (usually H 20) is known, then the density of the object is equal to the product of its specific gravity and density of the reference substance. Formulas: - = m/v, density. specific gravity = of substance / of water at 4 C (1.000x10 kg/m ), spec. gravity.
o 3 3

- W = mg, weight. Units: 3 - kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m ) 3 3 - gram per cubic centimeter (g/cm ) = 1000 kg/m B. PRESSURE 1. Pressure is the ratio of force to the area over which that force is distributed. It is denoted by the letter P. Formulas: - P = F/A, pressure. - P = gh, liquid and atmospheric pressure. - Pascals principle states that, any change in pressure applied to a completely enclosed fluid is transmitted undiminished to all parts of the fluid and the enclosing walls, which yields P1 = P2. Units: - Pascal (Pa) 2 - Newton per square meter (N/m ) C. ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE 1. Any fluid applies a buoyant force to an object that is partially or completely immerse in it, the magnitude of buoyant force equals the weight of the fluid that the object displaces. 2. Buoyant force is denoted by FB. Formulas: - Vdisplaced fluid = Vobject (submerged); Vdisplaced fluid < Vobject (floating) - FB = (fluid)(Vobject)g, where FB = Wdisplaced fluid. - From #1 and #2, in terms of their ratio, we can formulate that:

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FB/Wobject = fluid / object (submerged/immersed) and FB/Wobject = fluidVdisplacedfluid / objectVobject (floating). Unit: Newton (N)

D. FLUIDS IN MOTION 1. Volumetric fluid is the volume flowing per second. 2. Mass flow rate is the mass of fluid per second. 3. Continuity Equation expresses the fact that mass is conserved: what flows into one end of a pipe flows out the other end. Formulas: - V=Ad, volume of fluid. - v=d/ t velocity. - Q=Av, volumetric flow rate. - Mass of fluid = Ad - Mass flow rate = Av - 1A1v1 = 2A2v2, yet if incompressible, where remains constant then, A1v1=A2v2. Units: 3 - cubic meter per second (m /s) - kilogram per second (kg/s) E. BERNOULLIS PRINCIPLE 1. For steady flow, the speed, pressure and elevation of an incompressible and non-viscous fluid are related by an equation discovered by Daniel Bernoulli called the Bernoullis equation using the work-energy theorem. FORMULA: 2 2 - P1 + v1 + gh1 = P2 + v2 + gh2 UNITS: 3 - Pa, m/s, m /sec and etc.

UNIT 2: HEAT AND TEMPERATURE A. TEMPERATURE 1. Temperature is the measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in a substance. 2. In Celsius, freezing point is at 0 C and boiling point is at 100 C. o o 3. In Fahrenheit, freezing point is at 32 F and boiling point is at 212 F. 4. Thermometric properties are the length of a column of mercury, electrical voltage and electrical resistance. FORMULAS: o o C = ( F-32) / 1.8
o

F = 1.8( C) + 32

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- K = C + 273.15 o C = K 273.15 UNITS: o o C, F, K B. THERMAL EXPANSION 1. Thermal expansion is the tendency of matter to change in volume in response to a change in temperature. 2. The coefficient of linear expansion is denoted by the Greek letter (alpha). 3. The coefficient of volumetric expansion is denoted by the Greek letter (beta). 4. Thermal stress is the force needed to prevent a solid object from expanding. FORMULAS: - = L / Lo (Tf - To), linear thermal expansion. - V = VoT, volume thermal expansion. - y = F / AT, where y is the Youngs modulus in thermal stress. UNIT: 2 - Pa / N/m C. HEAT AND INTERNAL ENERGY 1. Heat is the energy that flows from a higher-temperature object to a lower-temperature object because of the difference in temperatures. 2. The specific heat is the amount of heat per unit mass required to raise the temperature by one degree Celsius. It is denoted by the letter c. 3. Calorimetry uses the principle of conservation of energy. 4. Latent heat is the heat released or absorbed by a body or a thermometric system during a process that occurs without a change in temperature. It is denoted by the letters Lf = latent heat of fusion and Lv = latent heat of vaporization. FORMULAS: - Q = cmT, specific heat. - Qgained = Qlost, calorimetry. - Q = mL, latent heat. UNITS: - Joule (J) - Joule per kilogram (J/kg) o - Kilocalorie (kcal) / calorie (cal) = 1 kcal = 1000cal = 4186J/kgC o - Joule per kilogram degree Celsius (J/kgC ) UNIT 3: HEAT TRANSFER 1. HEAT TRANSFER 1. Convection is the process in which heat is carried from place to place by the bulk movement of a fluid.

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2. Conduction is the process whereby heat is transferred directly through a material, with any bulk motion of the material playing no role in the transfer. 3. Radiation is the process in which energy is transferred by means of electromagnetic waves. FORMULAS: - Q / t = kAT / L, thermal conductivity. UNITS: o - Joule per meter second degree Celsius (J/msC )

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