Klaus Pohl

Chris Rupp

Requirements Engineering
Fundamentals
Study Guide for the Certified Professional for Requirements Engineering Exam
A
-

Foundation Level

IREB

compliant

rocky

xiii

Contents

The Certified Professional for

Requirements Engineering (CPRE)

Exam

Foreword

vii

With Contributions from

ix

1
1.1

Introduction and Foundations Introduction

1.1.1

1 1

Figures

and Facts from

Ordinary Projects

1 3

1.1.2 1.1.3

Requirements Engineering-What Is It? Embedding Requirements Engineering

into Process Models

1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6

Fundamentals of Communication Characteristics of

a

Theory

5 6 7 9 10

Requirements Engineer

Requirement Types Importance Summary System System

and Context Boundaries Context and Context Boundaries the and

Categorization of Quality Requirements

2 2.1 2.2

11 11 12 13

Defining System
2.2.1 2.2.2

Defining

System Boundary
Context

Defining the

Boundary

15
17 17

2.3 2.4

Documenting the System Summary

Context

Contents

Eliciting Requirements Requirements

3.1.1 3.1.2 Sources

19

3.1

19 19 20 22 24 24 25 26 28 29 30 31

Stakeholders and Their Significance

Handling Stakeholders in the Project

to the Kano Model

3.2 3.3

Requirements Categorization According

Elicitation Techniques 3.3.1
3.3.2

Types of Elicitation Techniques Survey Techniques Creativity Techniques

Document-centric

3.3.3
3.3.4

Techniques

3.3.5
3.3.6 3.4

Observation

Techniques

Support Techniques

Summary Documenting Requirements

Document

33

4.1 4.2

Design

33 34 34
....

Types of
4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3

Documentation

The Three Perspectives of Requirements

Requirements Documentation using Natural Language

35 35 36 37 37 38 40

Requirements Documentation using Conceptual

Hybrid Requirements
Documents

Models

..

4.2.4
4.3

Document Structures 4.3.1

4.3.2

Standardized Document Structures Customized Standard Contents

Documents Documents

4.4 4.5

Using Requirements

Quality Criteria for Requirements

4.5.1

41 41

Unambiguity and Consistency

Clear Structure

4.5.2 4.5.3
4.5.4

42 42 42 43

Modifiability and Extendibility

Completeness

4.5.5

Traceability

Contents

xv

4.6 4.7 4.8

Quality

Criteria for

Requirements

43 45
47

Glossary Summary

5 5.1

Documenting Requirements in
Effects of Natural 5.1.1

Natural

Language

49

Language

49 50 51 51

Nominalization Nouns without Reference Index Universal Quantifiers

5.1.2
5.1.3 5.1.4 5.1.5 5.2 5.3

Incompletely Specified Conditions

52
53 53

Incompletely Specified

Process Verbs

Requirement Construction using Templates

Summary
Model-Based Requirements Documentation The Term Model
6.1.1 6.1.2 6.1.3 6.1.4 6.1.5

57
59 59 60
60

6.1

Properties of Models
Modeling Languages
Requirements Models

61

Advantages of Requirements Models

Combined Use of Models and Natural Language

61
62 62 63 63 64

6.2

Goal Models 6.2.1

6.2.2

Goal Documentation Using AND/OR Trees

Example of AND/OR Trees

6.3

Use Cases 6.3.1 UML Use Case

Diagrams

64 67 70

6.3.2
6.4

Use Case Specifications

on

Three Perspectives

the

Requirements

Contents

6.5

Requirements Modeling
6.5.1

in the Data

Perspective

71 71 74

Entity-Relationship Diagrams
UML Class

6.5.2 6.6

Diagrams
in the Functional

Requirements Modeling
6.6.1 6.6.2 6.6.3 Data Flow

Perspective

76 76
....

Diagrams

Models of the Functional Perspective and Control Flow

UML

78

Activity Diagrams
in the Behavioral

79

6.7

Requirements Modeling
6.7.1 6.7.2

Perspective

82 83 84
87

Statecharts UML State

Diagrams

6.8
7

Summary Requirements Validation and Negotiation

Fundamentals of Requirements Validation Fundamentals of

89 89

7.1
7.2

Requirements Negotiation

90
91 91 92 93 94
94

7.3

Quality Aspects of Requirements

7.3.1
7.3.2

Quality Aspect "Content"

Quality Aspect "Documentation" Quality Aspect "Agreement"

7.3.3 7.4

Principles of Requirements Validation

7.4.1 7.4.2

Principle

1: Involvement of the Correct Stakeholders the Identification

Principle 2: Separating
Principle

and the Correction of Errors

7.4.3 7.4.4 7.4.5 3: Validation from Different Views Documentation

95 95

Principle 4: Adequate Change of Principle

Principle
5: Construction of 6:

Type

96 96 96 97 97
98

Development Artifacts

7.4.6 7.5

Repeated Validation

Requirements Validation Techniques

7.5.1
7.5.2 7.5.3

Commenting
Inspection Walk-Through

99

Contents

7.5.4 7.5.5 7.5.6 7.6

Perspective-Based Reading
Validation

100
101 103

through Prototypes

Using Checklists for Validation

Requirements Negotiation
7.6.1

104 105
105
106

Conflict Identification
Conflict

7.6.2
7.6.3

Analysis

Conflict Resolution Documentation of the Conflict Resolution

7.6.4
7.7

108 109

Summary Requirements Management Assigning Attributes

8.1.1 to Requirements

8 8.1

111 111

Attributes for Natural Language Requirements and Models Attribute Scheme Attribute Types of Requirements
on

111 112 113 115

8.1.2 8.1.3 8.2 Views 8.2.1 8.2.2 8.3

Requirements
on

Selective Views

the

Requirements Foundation

115 117 118 118 119 122

122

Condensed Views on the Requirements

Prioritizing Requirements
8.3.1 8.3.2

Method for Requirements Prioritization

Techniques for Requirements

Prioritization

8.4

Traceability of Requirements
8.4.1 8.4.2 8.4.3 8.4.4

Advantages of Traceable Requirements

Purpose-Driven Definition of Traceability
Classification of

123 124 125 128 128 129 130

Traceability Relations

Representation of Requirements Traceability

8.5

Versioning of Requirements
8.5.1
8.5.2 8.5.3

Requirements Versions Requirements Configurations Requirements Baselines

xviii

Contents

8.6

Management of Requirements Changes

8.6.1 8.6.2 8.6.3 8.6.4 8.6.5

131 131 132 133 134 134 136

Requirements Changes
The The

Change Control

Board

Change Request

Classification of Incoming Change Requests

Basic Method for Corrective and

Adaptive Changes

8.7

Summary
Tool

9 9.1 9.2 9.3

Support Support

139

General Tool

139 140 141 142 142 143

144

Modeling

Tools

Requirements Management Tools

9.3.1 9.3.2

Specialized

Tools for

Requirements Management

Standard Office

Applications

9.4 9.5

Introducing Tools Evaluating Tools

9.5.1 9.5.2 9.5.3 9.5.4 9.5.5 9.5.6 9.5.7

Project View
User View Product View
Process View

145 146 146 146 146

147

Provider View Technical View

Economic View

147 147

9.6

Summary

References
Index

149

157