1.

Kinematics: Deals with velocities and flow

paths without considering forces or energy.

2. Types of Flow: a) b) c) d) e) f) Ideal fluid flow vs Real fluid flow Incompressible vs Compressible Steady vs Unsteady Uniform vs Non-Uniform Laminar vs Turbulent Rotational vs Irrotational

Study Table 4.1 (page 105) of the text.

Uniform flow

Open channel flow

Flow between parallel plates Non-uniform flow

Converging flow

Vortex flow

3.

Reynolds Experiment
Thread like stream of colored dye (same density as water) is introduced in the flow Low velocity Dye appears as straightline Laminar Streamline or Viscous flow Turbulent

Dye

Flow

Dye

Flow

Dye

High velocity Dye appears wavy Flow and gets fully mixed with the flow

Laminar Flow: The smooth flow of highly viscous syrup onto a pancake represents a deterministic laminar flow. Turbulent Flow: The irregular splashing of water from a sink represents a turbulent flow. Turbulence is often quantified based on the Reynolds number. In turbulent flow, one can define a mean

steady flow.

4.

Steady flow: All conditions at any point in a stream remain constant with respect to time. Conditions may be different at different points.

5. Uniform flow: Velocity is the same in both magnitude and direction at a given instant at every point in the fluid. (This is truly possible only in Laminar flow). Path lines: Is the trace made by a single particle over a period of time.

6.

Flow Path line

Velocity

7.

Streamlines: Show the mean direction of a number of particles at the same instant of time. Streamlines in a laminar flow are nonintersecting. Path lines & streamlines are identical in a steady flow.

V = V (X, t)

V = ui + vj + wk X = xi + yj + zk

In a small interval of time dt, the particle changes location

dx = u dt dy = v dt dz = w dt

8.

Streakline: The instantaneous picture of the position of all particles in the flow that have gone through a given point (e.g.: point of injection of dye in a flow).

9.

Flow rate: The quantity of fluid flowing across any section in a unit time. Volume:
Q ft 3 / s (cfs)

gallons/min m3/s Mass: Weight:

m & slugs / sec

(gpm)

kg/s

G lb / s

N/s

U d Area dA

Streamline U cos X

r r dQ = U dA = (U cos )( dA) = U ( dA cos ) = U dA

dA is the projection of dA on the plane

normal to the direction of U.

10.

Mean velocity

u (+) Velocity u (-) ut Time

ut - Instantaneous u - mean velocity u - Fluctuating

ut = u + u 1 t u = ut dt t o