Volcanic and Magmatic Study Group (2013) Bristol

Volcanic and Magmatic Studies Group
Annual Meeting 2013

Supported by The Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland; registered charity number 233706.
School of Earth Sciences
University of Bristol
7th-9th January 2013

VMSG 2013 Welcome

Welcome

Bristol Volcanology welcomes you to VMSG 2013! Volcanology research at Bristol
spans a truly wide range, encompassing everything from fluid dynamics and volcano
physics to magmatic petrology, geochemistry, and risk assessment. We are pleased to
be welcoming over 230 delegates from the U.K. and abroad to this years conference.
Following the success of VMSG 2012, we have maintained a two-and-a-half day
format and have scheduled dedicated poster sessions throughout the day on Tuesday.
Oral sessions were vastly oversubscribed, and over 70% of the received abstracts are
presented as posters, so please use poster sessions as an opportunity to take in the
majority of the presented research.

Bristol Earth Sciences

The University College Bristol was founded in 1876 and was the first university in the
country to admit women on an equal basis to their male counterparts. King Edward
VII approved the Charter creating the University of Bristol in 1909. Today the
university comprises six faculties, with over 13,000 undergraduates and over 4000
postgraduates.

The School of Earth Sciences is located in the neo-Gothic Wills Memorial Building.
Geology has been offered as a subject since 1876, when topics such as solid crust,
minerals, volcanoes and the history of the Earth were taught. For two lectures a week
for two terms, this would cost you a sum of 3 and 3 shillings. Today, the School has
six highly active research groups studying such diverse topics as climate, seismology,
palaeobiology, petrology and geochemistry, and geologic hazards.

Acknowledgments

The Organising Committee gratefully acknowledges the Mineralogical Society for
running the online registration and financial aspects of the conference and the VMSG
Committee for their support throughout the organisation of this meeting. Hazel
Bunting of the Bristol University Conference Office assisted with the venue hire and
was endlessly helpful in accommodating the large number of poster presentations. We
also thank our supporters (as of early December), Springer, AWE, SciMed, Thermo
Fisher, Oxford Instruments, and FEI, as well as the Clifton Hotels Group and the The
Grand Hotel by Thistle for offering discounted rates to delegates. Lorraine Field of
the British Geological Survey provided many of the images used in publicity
materials. Thanks again to all members of the Bristol Volcanology Research Group
who have contributed to the organisation of this meeting and are not named below.
Finally, cheers to those of you whose abstracts required no reformatting you are the
true heroes of VMSG 2013.

The Organising Committee

Alison Rust, Kate Saunders, Rose Burden, Jonathan Hanson, Emma Johnson, Elena
Melekhova, Jenny Riker, Anne Schpa, and Susanne Skora.

1
We would like to thank the following organsiations for their kind support of VMSG 2013
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9:00
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13:00
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15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
19:00
Monday 7th January Tuesday 8th January Wednesday 9th January
Welcome
Registration opens 11 am
East Foyer, Chemistry
Magma Storage and
Degassing (Session 1)
Lecture Theatre 1,
Chemistry Building
Coffee
Coffee
Coffee
Lecture Theatre 1,
Chemistry Building
Conference Dinner
and Ceilidh
Wessex Suite
The Grand Hotel by Thistle
Research in Progress
and General Presentations
(Session 1)
Auditorium, Victoria Rooms
VMSG AGM
Coffee
Victoria Rooms
Coffee
Victoria Rooms
Lunch
Victoria Rooms
Lunch
Japan IODP Project
Poster Session A
Victoria Rooms
Poster Session B
Victoria Rooms
Poster Session C
and Drinks Reception
Victoria Rooms
VMSG Award Talk:
Mike Branney
Behaviour of Giant Pyroclastic Density
Currents: Deductions from Deposits
Lecture Theatre 1,
Chemistry Building
Physical Volcanology
Lecture Theatre 1,
Chemistry Building
Geophysics
Lecture Theatre 1,
Chemistry Building
Student Forum
Closing remarks
John Guest (Session 1)
Lecture Theatre 1,
Chemistry Building
Lecture Theatre 1,
Chemistry Building
Magma Storage and
Degassing (Session 2)
and General Presentations
(Session 2)
John Guest (Session 2)
Programme Overview
Public Lecture: Ellen Stofan
@Bristol Science Centre
Mapping of Volcanic Terrains across
the Solar System
3
VMSG 2013 Conference Logistics

Venues and Registration

Conference activities will be split between two main venues the Chemistry Building
and the Victoria Rooms (please see campus map). The entrance to Chemistry can be
accessed from Cantocks Close, off of Woodland Road at the rear of Wills Memorial
Building. Directions to Lecture Theatre 1 will be clearly posted within the building.
The entrance to the Victoria Rooms is at the intersection of Queens Road and
Whiteladies Road, and a detailed map of the venue is included in this volume.

Registration will take place on Monday, January 7
th
, from 11:00 to 13:45 in the East
Foyer of the Chemistry Building. For those arriving on Tuesday, we will also host a
registration table at the entrance to the Victoria Rooms.

Information for Presenters

Oral presentations. All oral presentations (excepting the VMSG award talk) will be
allotted 12 minutes, plus an additional 3 minutes for questions. Acceptable formats
are Microsoft PowerPoint or Adobe PDF. Please bring your presentation on a USB
memory stick to be uploaded at the end of the preceding session. Presenters in the
first session on Monday, January 7
th
, please upload your talk on arrival. Presenters in
the first morning sessions on Tuesday and Wednesday, please upload your talk after
the final session of the previous day.

Poster presentations. Poster boards are portrait orientation and the maximum poster
size is A0 (W ! H = 84 cm ! 119 cm). All posters should be on display throughout
Tuesday. Presenters are requested to stand by their poster during their allocated
poster session. Please note your poster number, as this refers to your poster board,
and the letter of your poster session (A, B, C), which indicates the session time. This
information can be found in the meeting programme in this volume.

Internet Access

Fast eduroam wireless internet is available for delegates from organisations
participating in the eduroam federation. Internet access will also be available in all
conference venues via the VisitorNet Wi-Fi service. VisitorNet passwords and
connection instructions can be collected by delegates at registration. Please only
request a VisitorNet password if you are from a non-eduroam institution.

Conference Dinner and Ceilidh

The conference dinner will take place at The Grand Hotel on Monday, January 7
th
.
The Grand is roughly 10-15 minutes walk from the Chemistry Building (see campus
map). The cash bar in the Wessex Suite will be open from 6:30 p.m. for drinks, and
dinner will begin at 7:15 p.m., with a Ceilidh following the meal.
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Main Entrance
Victoria Rooms Floor Plan (Tuesday 8th January)
PORTERS
Information
and
Registration
Desk
Exhibitors
AUDITORIUM
Oral Presentations
RECITAL ROOM
Geophysics Posters
and General
Presentations
Posters
Refreshment location
(please use both locations)
VICTORIAS ROOM
Physical Volcanology
Posters
LECTURE ROOM G12
Magma Storage and
Degassing Posters
John Guest Posters
STAGE
THEATRE BAR
(seating area)
6
VMSG 2013 Food and Drink
Food and Drink

In addition to Monday nights conference dinner, lunch will be provided for delegates on
Tuesday and Wednesday, and we will host a drinks reception concurrent with Poster Session C
on Tuesday evening. If you wish to venture out on your own, there are plenty of great places
to eat and drink in Bristol. A thorough guide to a wide range of pubs, bars, and restuarants,
including maps, is provided below. All are within 20 minutes walk of the conference venues.

Clifton Village

Restaurants
1. Clifton Sausage (7 Portland Street, BS8 4JA) Good quality, locally sourced British dishes
with sausages an obvious speciality. Party Menu; 2 courses for 15 or 3 for 19.
2. Pizza Provencale (29 Regent Street, BS8 4HR) The best pizzas in Bristol (often shared).
8-13 for 12, 12-18 for 16.
3. The Thali Caf (1 Regents Street, BS8 4HW) Award-winning curries made with locally
sourced ingredients and a modern British kitsch twist. Main course < 10.

Pubs
4. The White Lion (Sion Hill, BS8 4LD) Part of the Avon Gorge Hotel, including a large
heated beer terrace with spectacular views of the famous Clifton Suspension Bridge.
5. The Mall (The Mall, BS8 4JG) Cask ales, a secluded secret garden and great pub food.
6. The Cori Tap (8 Sion Place, BS8 4AX) Famous throughout Bristol for serving the
exclusive and infamous Exhibition Cider. Intrigued? You should be, it can only be served in
half-pints
7. The Lansdown (8 Clifton Road, BS8 1AF) Traditional Bristish pub with a large heated
outdoor area.

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Park Street, Park Row, and The Harbourside

Restaurants
8. Jamies Italian (87-89 Park Street) Housed in a stunning listed building Jamie Olivers
signature restauarant serves rustic, Italian food in a relaxed, friendly environment. Mains 10-
20.
9. ZaZa Bazaar (Canons Road, BS1 5UH) A huge all-you-can-eat world banquet catering
for up to 1000 guests. Definitely a sight to behold! Dinner 15.
10. Bordeaux Quay (Canons Road, BS1 5UH) Award-winning restaurant serving European
food in a stunning harbourside setting. Brasserie Menu ~10.
11. La Tomatina (2 Park Street, BS1 5HS) A newly opened Spanish tapas restaurant drawing
inspiration from the festival of the same name. 3-5 per tapas dish.

Pubs
12. Bristol Ram (32 Park Street, BS1 5JA) Good size local pub with a range of ales and
bitters. Also serves food.
13. The Woods (1 Park Street Avenue, BS1 5LQ) A modern pub serving a wide range of
drinks and cocktails in a vibrant environment with a buzzing atmosphere.
14. The Ship (8 Lower Park Row, BS1 5BJ) A comfy, classic pub experience with a large
variety of drinks on tap.
15. Zero Degrees (53 Colston Street, BS1 5BA) Very good beers produced in the onsite
microbrewery. They also do nice pizzas.
16. White Harte (54-58 Park Row, BS1 5LH) A Scream pub with cheap food and drinks
and offers-a-plenty. Popular with students.

Bars
17. Goldbrick House (69 Park Street, BS1 5PB) A classy champagne and cocktail bar with
highly knowledgable bar tenders catering to every taste.
18. The Apple (Welsh Back, BS1 4SB) Situated on a boat, this cider bar has won many
awards and serves up a range of approximately 40 different ciders and cider-related drinks.

Clubs
Java (9 Park Street) A cocktail bar and club with a reputation as a premium destination for
the citys trendy young professionals.
Agora (55 Park Street) Good for dancing after 2 a.m.

The Centre

Restaurants
19. Guiseppes (59 Baldwin Street, BS1 1QZ) A delicious yet affordable, traditonal, family-
owned Italian restaurant. Highly reccomended. Before 7PM: main + a drink 6.50, or 2 courses
+ a drink 11.95.
20. Pizza Express (35 Corn Street, BS1 1HT) Standard chain pizza restaurant. Pizzas from
8.

8
Pubs
21. The Bank (8 John Street, BS1 2HR) A fantastic pub with friendly staff hidden away in
the city centre, yet conveniently close to the Conference Dinner venue!
22. Commercial Rooms (45 Corn Street, BS1 1HT) A Wetherspoons pub, we need say no
more.
23. Horts (49 Broad Street, BS1 2EP) A few doors down from the Conference Dinner venue.

Bars
24. The Rummer (All Saints Lane, BS1 1JH) Independent cocktail bar and restaurant within
a listed building in Bristols Old City Quarter, holding over 400 premium spirits from around
the globe. Ideal for a post-dinner whiskey
25. Start the Bus (7-9 Baldwin Street, BS1 1RU) A lively bar that often plays host to a
variety of live music. Open late.
26. The Big Chill (15 Small Street, BS1 1DE) Artistically creative, bright and cheery. This
laid-back place is open late and caters for a variety of tastes.

The Triangle (and around)

Restaurants
27. Wagamama (63 Queens Road, BS8 1QL) Japanese restaurant and Noodle Bar down the
road from the Victoria Rooms. Mains ~10.
28. Browns (38 Queens Road, BS8 1RE) A stylish blend of modern and clasic dishes as well
as post-work cocktail happy hours. Mains 10-20.
29. Racks (St. Pauls Road, BS8 1LX) A friendly and cosmopolitan bar & kitchen literally
behing the Victoria Rooms. Highly reccomended. Mains from 8.
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30. Cosmo (30 Triangle West, BS8 1ET) A large all-you-can eat Pan-Asian dinery. Dinner
13.

Pubs
31. The Eldon (6 Lower Clifton Hill, BS8 1BT) Good beer and decent pub grub.
32. Quinton House (Park Place, BS8 1JW) Old man pub with good ales and pork scratchings.
Limited seating space. Not recommended for large groups.
33. Brass Pig (1 Triangle West, BS8 1EJ) The traditional feel of a public house in a more
modern (and large) setting.
34. The Hope & Anchor (38 Jacob's Wells Road, BS8 1DR) An equal rival to The Eldon.
35. The Berkeley (15-19 Queens Road, BS8 1QE) Another Wetherspoons, opposite the Earth
Sciences Department.

Bars
36. Mbargos (38-40 Triangle West, BS8 1ER) Consistently busy with students and locals
alike, happy-hour prices and dodgy DJs till late. What more could you ask for?
37. Illusions (2 Byron Place, BS8 1JT) A multi award winning magic bar with free live
shows.
38. Hermanos (55 Queens Road, BS8 1QQ) An independent, neighbourhood caf-bar serving
coffee and cake by day and beer, cocktails and fine wines by night.

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VMSG 2013 Meeting Programme

Programme
Monday 7
th
January
11:00 13:45 Registration in the East foyer, Chemistry Building

Afternoon session: Lecture Theatre 1: Chemistry Building
Please ensure that oral presentations are uploaded prior to the start of your session.

13:45 Welcoming remarks
(S) denotes a student presentation
Session: Magma, storage & degassing 1
Chaired by: Catherine Annen, University of Bristol

13:50 Keynote: Changing the metaphor from magma chamber to magma reservoir
Kathy Cashman & Guido Giordano
14:05 (S) Experimental constraints on coupled degassing and crystallisation at Mount St. Helens
Jenny Riker, Jon Blundy, Alison Rust
14:20 Degassing regime of Hekla volcano in 2012
Evgenia Ilyinskaya, Alessandro Aiuppa, Bergur Bergsson, Thrainn Fridriksson, Audur
Agla Oladottir, Finnbogi Oskarsson, Katharina Lechner, Richard Yeo, Gaetano
Giudice
14:35 (S) Triple magma batches and a complex history of a monogenetic volcano: geochemical
analysis of Mt. Rouse, Newer Volcanics Province, Australia.
Julie Boyce, Ian Nicholls, Reid Keays, Patrick Hayman
14:50 (S) Assembling a super-eruption: linking magma accumulation and eruption timescales at
Toba.
David Budd, Val Troll, Ester Jolis, Frances Deegan, Vicki Smith, Martin Whitehouse,
Chris Harris, Carmela Freda, David Hilton, Smundur Halldorsson
15:05 (S) Shallow storage of dacites beneath Uturuncu volcano, SW Bolivia
Duncan Muir, Jon Blundy, Alison Rust
15:20 The behaviour of a volcanic system with two linked magma chambers
Stephen Blake

15:35-16:05 Coffee: East Foyer, Chemistry Building
Session: Magma, storage & degassing 2
Chaired by: Evgenia Iiyinskaya, British Geological Survey

16:05 Petrological Cannibalism the chemical and textural consequences of pulsatory
growth of magma bodies.
Jon Blundy & Kathy Cashman
16:20 (S) Plagioclase as a recorder of magma-crust interaction beneath the Faroe Islands
Brje Dahren, Val Troll, Abigail Barker, Fiona Meade, Carmela Freda, Paul Holm,
Nina Sager
16:35 (S) A new model for granitic emplacement: the Newry Igneous Complex, Northern
Ireland
Paul Anderson, Carl Stevenson, Mark Cooper, Rob Ellam, Ian Meighan, Colm
Hurley, John Reavy, James Inman, Dan Condon, Quentin Crowley.
16:50 (S) Reconstructing the emplacement of the Lago della Vacca complex, Adamello
Batholith, Italy, through field observations, image analysis and AMS.
Anne Schpa, Catherine Annen, Jon Blundy, Michel de Saint-Blanquat, Patrick
Launeau
17:05 (S) Slurry remobilisation in a layered mafic sill (Franklin LIP, Victoria Island, Artic
Canada
Ben Hayes, Jean Bdard, Johan Lissenberg, C.D. Beard.
17:20 (S) Crystal-melt relationships and the record of deep mixing and crystallisation in the AD
1783 Laki eruption, Iceland.
David Neave, Emma Passmore, John Maclennan, Godfrey Fitton, Thor Thordarson

11
17:35 Glacial loading probes mantle heterogeneity beneath Iceland
John Maclennan, Kenneth W.W. Sims, Janne Blichert-Toft, Evelyn Mervine, Jurek
Bluzstajn, Karl Grnvold

Please vacate the Chemistry Building promptly at the end of the last session. The cash bar at the
Wessex Suite, The Grand by Thistle will be open from 6:30 pm for drinks. It is a 10-15 minute from
the Chemistry Building and there are several pubs/bars along the way for a pre-dinner drink.

19:00 Conference Dinner and Ceilidh: Wessex Suite
The Grand by Thistle, Broad Street, Bristol BS1 2EL
(Please note the cost of the dinner is included in your conference registration)

Tuesday 8
th
January
Morning session: Auditorium: Victoria Rooms
Please ensure that oral presentations are uploaded prior to the start of your session.

Session: Research in Progress and general presentations 1
Chaired by: Susanne Skora, University of Bristol

9:00 Keynote: Mission Immiscible for two subduction components; evidence from Pagan
Volcano, Mariana arc
Yoshihiko Tamura, Osamu Ishizuka, Robert J. Stern, Akiko Nunokawa, Hiroshi
Shukuno, Hiroshi Kawabata, Yuka Hirahara, Qing Chang, Takashi Miyazaki, Jun-
Ichi Kimura, Robert W. Embley, Sherman Bloomer, Yoshiyuki Tatsumi
9:15 (S) Melting beneath the Izu volcanic arc: constraints from Uranium series isotopes
Heye Freymuth, Tim Elliott, Yoshihiko Tamura
9:30 (S) Diatreme volcanism facilitating Pb-Zn mineralisation in the Irish Orefield?
Holly Elliott, Tom Gernon, Stephen Roberts, Patrick Redmond
9:45 (S) The Comsos Greenstone terrane; Insights into a mineralised Archean Arc from U-Pb
dating, volcanic stratigraphy and geochemistry
Alexandra de Joux & Thor Thordarson
10:00 (S) Carbonatite genesis: An experimental approach in the CMASK-CO
2
system
Sorcha McMahon, Mike Walter, Ken Bailey
10:15 Rheology of Three-Phase magmas
Mattia Pistone, Luca Caricchi, Peter Ulmer, Eric Reusser, Federica Marone, Luigi
Burlini
10:30 (S) Disturbed
40
Ar/
39
Ar ages in basalt lavas: Chemical and X-ray computed tomographic
(CT) evidence for fluid/basalt chemical interaction
Elizabeth Cramer, Sarah Sherlock, Kate Dobson, Alison Halton, Stephen Blake,
Tiffany Barry, Peter Lee, Simon Kelley, David Jolley
10:45 Taking geology to the IMAX: 3D and 4D insight into geological processes using
micro-CT
Kate Dobson, Peter Lee, David Brown, Tim Tomkinson, Elizabeth Cramer, Sarah
Sherlock, Chedtha Puncreobutr, Kristina Kareh
11:00 VMSG AGM
Andy Saunders

11:15-11:45 Coffee: Recital Room and Lecture Room G12

Poster sessions: Recital Room, Lecture Room G12 and Victorias Room

11:45- 12:45 Poster Session A
Magma, Storage and Degassing A (Lecture room, G12))
Geophysics A (Recital Room)
Research in Progress and General presentations A (Recital Room)

12:45-13:45 Lunch: Recital Room and Lecture Room G12
12

Japan IODP project
13:45 Ultra-deep drilling into arc crust
Yoshihiko Tamura, Yoshiyuki Tatsumi, Osamu Ishizuka, Robert J. Stern, James B.
Gill, Julien A. Pearce, Richard Arculus and others

14:00- 15:00 Poster Session B
Physical Volcanology B (Victorias Room)
Research in Progress and General presentations B (Recital Room)
Magma, Storage and Degassing B (Lecture Room, G12)

15:00-15:30 Coffee: Recital Room and Lecture Room G12.

VMSG Award Talk: Auditorium: Victoria Rooms
15:30 Behaviour of giant pyroclastic density currents: deductions from deposits
Mike Branney
Supported by

16:30- 17:45 Poster Session C
Geophysics C (Recital Room)
Physical Volcanology C (Victorias Room)
John Guest (Lecture room, G12)

A wine reception will be served during this poster session form the Recital Room and
Lecture Room G12.

Public Lecture: @Bristol, Harbourside, BS1 5DB
Mapping of Volcanic Terrains across the Solar System
Ellen Stofan
Please note 100 places have been reserved for VMSG delegates. Tickets will be allocated on a first come,
first served basis from the Information Desk.

Wednesday 9
th
January
Morning session: Lecture Theatre 1: Chemistry Building
Session: Physical Volcanology
Chaired by: Mike Branney, University of Leicester
9:00 Buoyancy of plume-sourced ash clouds: implications for ash transport modelling
Steve Sparks, R. Baines, Rose Burden, Sam Engwell, Andrew Hogg, Herbert Huppert,
Chris Johnson, Jessica Kandlbauer, Jeremy Phillips, Mark Woodhouse
9:15 (S) The duration of volcanic eruptions: controls and forecasts
Leanne Gunn, Stephen Blake, Chris Jones, Hazel Rymer
9:30 (S) Climate and carbon cycle response to the 1815 Tambora eruption: pre-industrial vs.
future Earth system simulations.
Jessica Kandlbauer, Peter Hopcroft, Steve Sparks, Paul Valdes
9:45 (S) Newly discovered components of magmatism from Santorini are revealed during
cryptotephra studies of marine cores.
Christopher Satow, Emma Tomlinson, Paul Albert, Sarah Collins, Katharine Grant,
Sabine Wulf, Luisa Ottolini, Eelco Rohling, Martin Menzies, Simon Blocklet, Vicki
Smith, Christina Manning, John Lowe
10:00 (S) The nature and scale of lava-water-sediment interaction: an example from the Fife-
Midlothian Basin, Kinghorn, eastern Scotland.
Heather Rawcliffe, David Brown, Brian Bell

Scientific Instruments Stafford House Hemel Hempstead +44 (0)1442 233555 www.thermofisher.com
Boundary Way HP2 7GE +44 (0)1442 233667 fax
United Kingdom

Thermo Fisher Scientific is the trading name of Thermo Electron Manufacturing Limited.
Registered Office:19 Mercers Row, Cambridge, CB5 8BZ, United Kingdom Registered No.441506 VAT No.827900029

Hermel Hempstead, December 10 2012

OBJECT: Supporting the VMSG 2013

Dear Organizer,

We would like to support the VMSG 2013 award and meeting with a contribution of 700.
Regards

Thermo Scientific Team

13
10:15 Inclined Vulcanian explosions at Soufriere Hills Volcano: causes and consequences
Paul Cole, Adam Stinton, Roderick Stewart, Henry Odbert
10:30 Assigning a volcano alert level: negotiating uncertainty, risk, and complexity in
decision-making processes
Carina Fearnley

10:45-11:15 Coffee: East Foyer, Chemistry Building

Session: Research in progress and general session 2
Chaired by: Lucy Porritt and Anthony Burnham, University of Bristol
11:15 Pyroclastic granulation in explosive volcanic eruptions
Tom Gernon, Martin Wood, Richard Brown, Chris Medlin, Mark Tait, Thea Hincks
11:30 (S) Continental crust formation in the Southern Central Andes: new insights from O and
Hf isotopes in zircon
Rosie Jones, Linda Kirstein, Simone Kasemann, Bruno Dhuime, Tim Elliott, Vanesa
Litvak
11:45 (S) Melting rocks with magma: Sediment pyrometamorphism as a tracer of magma flow
localisation in sills and dykes
Clayton Grove, Dougal Jerram, Richard Brown, Jon Gluyas
12:00 (S) MORB-like halogens in basalts of the Azores archipelago
Lisa Jepson, Ray Burgess, Vera Fernandes, Chris Ballentine
12:15 (S) Entablature
Anne Forbes, Steve Blake, Dave McGarvie, Hugh Tuffen
12:30 Dihedral angles as a proxy for crystallisation times in dolerites
Marian Holness & Chris Richardson
12:45 Student Forum
Chaired by the VMSG student representative

12:45-13:45 Lunch: East Foyer, Chemistry Building

Afternoon session: Lecture Theatre 1: Chemistry Building
Session: Geophysics
Chaired by: Andy Nowacki and Mark Woodhouse, University of Bristol
13:45 The onset and evolution of pit crater collapse: insights from events at Puu Oo,
Hawaii in 2011
Eoghan Holohan, Thomas Walter, Martin Schpfer, John Walsh, Tim Orr, Mike
Poland
14:00 (S) Structures of the rift zone in northern Iceland
Sion Hughes & Hazel Rymer
14:15 (S) Volcanic unrest in Kenya: a satellite perspective
Elspeth Robertson, Juliet Biggs, Marie Edmonds, Charlotte Vye-Brown
14:30 Magmatic systems within sedimentary basins
Nick Schofield, Simon Holford, David Jolley

Session: John Guest
Chaired by: Chris Kilburn, UCL
14:45 A tribute to John Guest
Chris Kilburn
15:00 Contrasting lava flow dynamics and morphologies on planetary bodies
Lionel Wilson
15:15 (S) The evolution of volcanism in Syrtis Major Planum (Mars): drawing insight from
terrestrial analogues
Peter Fawdon, Matt Balm, Charlotte Vye-Brown, Dave Rothery, Colm Jordan

15:30 16:00 Coffee: East Foyer, Chemistry Building

14

Session: John Guest
Chaired by: Chris Kilburn, UCL
16:00 Mapping of volcanic terrains across the Solar System
Ellen Stofan
16:15 Pulsatory andesite lava flow at Bagana Volcano
Geoff Wadge, Steve Saunders, Ima Itikarai
16:45 John Guests legacy on Mt. Etna: a spreading volcano with no chamber
John Murray

17:00 Closing remarks
Andy Saunders, VMSG Chair

Poster Contributions
Posters should be displayed throughout the day on Tuesday. Posters have been arranged alphabetically
per session. Please note the number of your poster as this refers to your poster board and the letter of
your Poster Session (A, B, C). Poster sessions for particular themes have been spilt across Poster
Sessions to enable easy access to all posters and to facilitate interaction between researchers. Please be
present at your poster during the appropriate session.

Magma, storage & degassing: Posters 1-40, Lecture Room G12
Research in progress and general presentations: Posters 41-64, Recital Room
Geophysics: Posters 65-86, Recital Room
Physical Volcanology: Posters 87-113, Victorias Room
John Guest: Posters 114-119, Lecture Room G12

Magma, storage & degassing (Lecture Room G12)

1_A (S) Geochemistry of Quaternary magmatism in the Greater Caucasus
Samuel Bewick, Nigel Harris, Ian Parkinson, S. Adamia
2_B Eruption chemistry recorded by accretionary lapilli within pyroclastic density
current deposits, Kilchrist, Isle of Skye, NW Scotland.
David Brown, Simon Drake, Andrew Beard
3_A Long-term deformation at Uturuncu volcano in Bolivia and igneous diapirism in
the crust
Rodrigo del Potro, Mikel Dez, Cyril Muller, Jo Gottsman
4_B Geochemical and petrological analysis of products from the 2011 eruption of
Nabro volcano, Eritrea
Amy Donovan, Iris Buisman, Clive Oppenheimer
5_A Magma plumbing and degassing during the 2008-present summit eruption of
Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii
Marie Edmonds, Tamsin Mather, Rob Martin, Isobel Sides, Richard Herd, Don
Swanson
6_B Re-evaluating super volcanoes: the case of Yellowstone
Ben Ellis, Darren Mark, Michael Rowe, Olivier Bachmann
7_A (S) Hydrothermal cells and the Thermal Boundary Layer around the Cuillin Gabbro,
Isle of Skye
Fran Entwistle, Bruce Yardley, Adrian Boyce
8_B 2011-2012 eruption of Nyamuragira
Marco Fazio, Adrian Jones, Andy Beard
9_A Petrological constraints on deep degassing prior to large basaltic fissure
eruptions: CO
2
in Laki melt inclusions
Margaret Hartley, John Maclennan, Marie Edmonds, Thor Thordarsson, Dan
Morgan
10_B (S) Silicic volcanism in the Main Ethiopian Rift: A case study of Alutu Volcano
William Hutchison, Juliet Biggs, Tamsin Mather, David Pyle, Gezahegn Yirgu
11_A (S) Modelling of magmatic hydrothermal systems: Phlegrean Fields case study
Alia Jasim, Fiona Whitaker, Alison Rust
15
12_B Magma mixing, storage and degassing during the 1959 Kilauea Iki eruption,
Hawaii
Isobel Sides, Marie Edmonds, John Maclennan, Bruce Houghton, Don Swanson
13_A (S) Post-caldera explosive activity at Furnas volcano, So Miguel, Azores
Adam Jeffery, Ralf Gertisser, Brian O Driscoll, A. Pimental, Jos Manuel
Pacheco, Stephen Self
14_B (S) Compositional heterogeneity of the Earths convecting mantle: constraints from
olivine-hosted melt inclusions from a continental flood basalt setting
Eleanor Jennings, Sally Gibson, John Maclennan, Robert Thompson
15_A Tracking changes of magma transfer beneath Mt. Etna: Evidence from crystal
zonation and real-time gas monitoring
Maren Kahl, Sumit Chakraborty, Fidel Costa, Massimo Pompilio, Marco Liuzzo,
Marco Viccaro
16_B (S) Timescales of magmatic processes at Mt. Ruapehu, New Zealand: linking
mineral diffusion rates to monitoring data.
Geoff Kilgour, Kate Saunders, Jon Blundy, Heidy Mader
17_A (S) Disequilibrium during volcanic eruption: effect of cooling rate on plagioclase-
liquid element exchange
Marthe Klcking, Marie Edmonds, Madeleine Humphreys
18_B Melting events in the Rum layered intrusion
Julien Leuthold, Jon Blundy, Marian Holness
19_A (S) The origin of the Igwisi Hills Kimberlite (Tanzania) constrained from He and O
isotopes
Freya Marks, Finlay Stuart, Richard Brown
20_B (S) An integrated study of SO
2
degassing from Tungurahua volcano, Ecuador
Brendan McCormick, Jian Yang, Marie Edmonds, Tamsin Mather, Simon Carn,
Silvana Hidalgo, Baerbel Langmann, Michael Herzog
21_A (S) (Mis)understanding bubble growth in magma: Evidence from preserved volatile
concentration gradients in glass
Iona McIntosh, Ed Llewellin, Madeleine Humphreys, Alain Burgisser, Ian
Schipper, Alex Nichols
22_B Granitoid magmatism during continental rifting: preliminary insights from the
Oslo Rift, Norway
Claire McLeod, Alan Brandon, Reidar Trnnes, Tom Lapen
23_A (S) Norwegian Larvikites: Colours & origin: An oxygen isotope study
Ian Meighan, Tony Fallick, Rob Ellam
24_B Exploring volcanic-plutonic connections
Vali Memeti & Jon Davidson
25_A (S) Magma storage and differentiation beneath Dabbahu Volcano, Afar, Ethiopia
Hilary Milroy, Catherine Annen, Jon Blundy
26_B (S) Constraining the pre-eruptive storage conditions for Pollara eruptions of Salina,
Italy
Helena Moretti, Jo Gottsman, R. Sulpizio, Jon Blundy
27_A (S) Making granites in the BPIP: How did the evolved rocks in Centre 3,
Ardnamurchan form?
Joanne Murray, Fiona Meade, Rob Ellam, Val Troll
28_B (S) Degassing of sulphur from sediments in the Siberian Traps Large Igneous
Province
Svetlana Novikova, Christine Yallup, Marie Edmonds, Alexandra Turchyn, John
Maclennan, Henrik Svensen
29_A The post-Minoan plumbing system behaviour at Santorini Volcanic Field:
implications for the current unrest phase
Chiara Maria Petrone, Lorella Francalanci, George Vougioukalakis
30_B (S) Geochemical evidence for relict degassing pathways in andesite
Melissa Plail, Marie Edmonds, Madeleine Humphreys, Jenni Barclay, Richard
Herd
31_A (S) Textural variations of groundmass microlites in the 2006 and 2010 eruptive
products of Merapi volcano, Indonesia: evidence for magma ascent and shallow
conduit processes.
Katie Preece, Jenni Barclay, Ralf Gertisser, Richard Herd
16

32_B (S) Reconciling sulphur dioxide emissions from satellite data with petrological
volatile data for explosive eruptions of Mount Etna, Italy
Lois Salem, Marie Edmonds, Brendan McCormick, Simon Carn
33_A (S) Effects of shear strain on deformation and degassing of three-phase magmas
Jessie Shields, Luca Caricchi, David Floess, Heidy Mader, Mattia Pistone
34_B Effect of fO
2
on phase relations and sulphur mobility during magmatic
differentiation of a basaltic andesite
Susanne Skora & Jon Blundy
35_A (S) Timescales of upper crustal residence at Campi Flegrei, Italy
Vicki Smith, Kate Saunders, Roberto Isaia
36_B Triggering of major volcanic eruptions recorded by actively forming cumulates
on Tenerife
Michael Stock, Rex Taylor, Thomas Gernon
37_A The Alpehu Eruption, Sollipulli Caldera, Southern Chile
Karen Strehlow, Armin Freundt, Steffen Kutterolf, Julie Christin Schindlbeck
38_B Evidence for an open magma system feeding the compositionally diverse
Laacher See (Germany) eruption
Emma Tomlinson, Vicki Smith, Martin Menzies
39_A (S) What lies beneath? A Sr and Pb isotope study of intrusive rocks on the Isle of
Mull
Marie Turnbull, Fiona Meade, G.R. Nicoll, Rob Ellam, Val Troll
40_B (S) Degassing of sulphur from shale adjacent to a dolerite sill in Skye: implications
for the volatile budget of large igneous provinces
Christine Yallup, Marie Edmonds, Alexandra Turchyn

Research in Progress and general presentations (Recital Room)

41_A (S) MORB like noble gas signatures within Western Antarctic Rift Zone
Michael Broadley, Chris Ballentine, Ray Burgess
42_B The Snap Lake Kimberlite; A true composite intrusion
Richard Brooker, Rachael Ogilvie-Harris, Tom Gernon, Steve Sparks, Matthew
Field
43_A (S) Vesiculation of a rhyolitic melt: new insights from hot-stage microscopy
experiments
John Browning, Hugh Tuffen, Mike James
44_B Trace element systematics of zircon from I- and S-type granites
Anthony Burnham, Andrew Berry, Ian Williams, Ryan Ickert
45_A (S) A tale of two magmas: Petrological insights into mafic and intermediate
explosive volcanism at Volcn de Colima, Mexico
Julia Crummy, Ivan Savov, Daniel Morgan, Marjorie Wilson, Carlos Navarro-
Ochoa, Sue Loughlin
46_B Dynamics of deforming partially molten regions and the nucleation of dykes
Mikel Diez, Jon Blundy, Andrew Hogg
47_A (S) The Red Hills intrusive system: Easternmost porphyry copper deposit in
southwestern North America
Amy Gilmer & Richard Kyle
48_B (S) The structure and evolution of shallow magmatic systems emplaces in fold-and-
thrust belts a case study of Cerro Negro, Neuqun Province, Argentina
Derya Grer, Fernando Corfu, Olivier Galland
49_A (S) Water/Rock interaction and volcanic behaviour
Brioch Hemmings, Alia Jasim, Fiona Whitaker, Ben Buse, Jo Gottsmann
50_B (S) Experimental insights into the formation of amphibole reaction rims: Texture,
mineralogy, and processes of formation
Sarah Henton De Angelis, Jessica Larsen, Michelle Coombs, A. Dunn
51_A (S) Changes in heavy metal distribution and deposition at Pos Volcano, Costa Rica
Melanie Hinrichs, Hazel Rymer, Steve Blake, Mike Gillman
52_B (S) Platitnum group element geochemistry of the Scourie Dykes: Insights ito the
Lewisian subcontinental lithospheric mantle
Hannah S.R. Hughes, Iain McDonald, Andrew Kerr

17
53_B Fe
3+
/!Fe in hydrous glass
Madeleine Humphreys, Richard Brooker, Don Fraser, Vicki Smith
54_A Depositional and textural characteristics of dry maar volcanoes in northern
Tanzania
Hannes Mattsson
55_A (S) Temporal geochemical changes in the Miocene Ignimbrite succession on Gran
Canaria: crustal contamination or mantle heterogeneity?
Peter Nicholls, Val Troll, Ben Ellis, Abigail Barker, IIya Bindeman
56_B The source of A-type magmas in two contrasting settings: constraints on
processes and tectonics from U-Pb, Lu-Hf and Re-Os isotopes.
Matthew Pankhurst, Bruce Schaefer, Simon Turner
57_A Sm-Nd and U-Pb isotope geochemistry of the Sweetwater Wash and North Piute
plutons, Mojave Desert, California.
Stacy Phillips, John Hanchar, Calvin Miller
58_B The lattice strain model applied to coexisting garnet and cpx.
Joe Pickles, Jon Blundy, Chris Smith
59_A (S) The role of ice cavities in lave lobe formation
Hannah Reynolds, Duncan Woodcock, Jennie Gilbert, Steve Lane
60_B (S) Phreatomagmatic edifices produced by lava-sediment interaction
Peter Reynolds, Rich Brown, Ed Llewellin, Thor Thordarsson, Kevin Fielding
61_A (S) Concentrations of critical metals in the Carnmenellis biotite granite, Cornwall,
UK
Bethany Simons, Jens Andersen, Robin Shail
62_B The nature of deep mantle from Afar plume picrites
Finlay Stuart, Nick Rogers, Ian Parkinson, Heather Davies
63_A (S) Recognising mush disaggregation in basaltic systems: The distribution of olivine
compositions in Icelandic basalts and picrites
Andrew Thomson & John Maclennan

Geophysics (Recital Room)

65_A (S) Loading, compaction and injection: investigating ground deformation on Mt.
Etnas northeast crater flowfield
Alistair Davies
66_C (S) Detection and categorization of geyser eruption dynamics: insights from
infrasound monitoring at Yellowstone National Park
Philippa Demonte, Jeffery Johnson, Aida Quezada-Reyes
67_A On the lack of InSAR measurements of deformation at Central American
Volcanoes
Susanna Ebmeier, Juliet Biggs, Tamsin Mather
68_C Hydroacoustic, infrasonic and seismic monitoring of the submarine eruptive
activity and subaerial plume generation at South Sarigan May 2010
David Green, Lslo Evers, David Fee, Robin Matoza, Mirjam Snellen, Pieter
Smets, Dick Simons
69_A (S) Crustal deformation between volcanic segments of the Askja and Kverkjll
central volcanoes, Northern Iceland
Robert Green, Robert White, Tim Greenfield, Jon Tarasewicz, Heidi Soosalu,
Janet Key
70_C (S) Local earthquake tomographic imaging of a magma chamber beneath Askja
volcano, Iceland
Tim Greenfield, Robert Green, Janet Key, Hilary Martens, Michael Mitchell,
Robert White
71_C (S) Large-scale ground deformation at Uturuncu volcano: evidence for magma rise
from the Altiplano-Puna magma body
James Hickey, Jo Gottsmann, Rodrigo del Potro
72_A (S) A comparison of seismically imaged hydrothermal vents with field and
laboratory analogues
Murray Hoggett, Nick Schofield, Stephen Jones

18

73_C (S) Anatomy of the onset of the current repose period at Volcn de Colima during
July 2011
Oliver Lamb, Nick Varley, Tamsin Mather, David Pyle
74_A Modes of volcano growth and linkages to sub-volcanic intrusions determined
using seismic reflection data from the Ceduna Sub-basin (offshore S Australia)
Craig Magee, Esther Hunt-Stewart, Christopher Jackson
75_C (S) Sill geometries in 3D seismic data: Implications for sill emplacement
Ben Manton & J. Cartwright
76_A (S) Causes of continuous activity at Arenal volcano, Costa Rica: preliminary results
from a volcano-tectonic study
Cyril Muller, Rodrigo del Potro, Jo Gottsmann, Juliet Biggs, Mikel Diez, Marino
Protti, Gerardo Soto, Waldo Taylor
77_C ARGOS: Geophysical study of Alutu
Andy Nowacki, Mike Kendall, Ian Bastow, Matthew Wilks, Juliet Biggs, Atalay
Ayele, Shimeles Fisseha, Elias Lewi, Will Hutchison, David Pyle, Friedemann
Samrock, Alexei Kuvshinov, Andy Jackson
78_A (S) Seismic and acoustics indices using the registered energies on Tungurahua
volcano, Ecuador
Pablo Palacios, Heidy Mather, Mike Kendall
79_C (S) Monitoring Cascade volcanoes using InSAR
Amy Parker, Juliet Biggs, Tim Wright, Zhong Lu
80_A (S) A photogrammetric feasibility study for DEMs of gulleys in Ecuador
Jacqueline Ratner, David Pyle, Tamsin Mather
81_C (S) Decreases in LP seismicity before the May 2011 eruption of the persistently
restless Telica Volcano, Nicaragua
Mel Rodgers, Halldor Geirsson, Molly Witter, Diana Roman, Peter LaFemina,
Angelica Muoz, Virginia Tenorio
82_A Geodetic data shed light on on-going caldera subsidence at Askja, Iceland
Hazel Rymer & Elske de Zeeuw-van Dalfsen
83_C (S) Locating the source of volcanic noise, a picture tells a thousand hertz
Elizabeth Swanson, Scase Mathew, David Green
84_A (S) Examining seismic precursors to eruptions at volcanoes in extensional stress
fields using an experimental approach
Richard Wall, Chris Kilburn, Philip Meredith
85_C (S) Digital mapping of accommodation structures associated with emplacement of
the Maiden Creek intrusion, Henry Mountains, Utah
Penelope Wilson, Ken McCaffrey, Robert Holdsworth, Jon Davidson, Pamela
Murphy
86_A Comparing predictions of an integral model with observations of the
Eyjafjallajkull 2010 plume
Mark Woodhouse, L. Dowson, Jeremy Phillips

Physical Volcanology (Victorias Room)

87_B Dispersal and timing of major eruptive events at Ischia (Italy), insights from
distal tephra records
Paul Albert, Emma Tomlinson, Lucia Civetta, Sabine Wulf, Richard Brown,
Vicki Smith, Giovanni Orsi, Christine Lane, Martin Menzies
88_C (S) Does volcanology work? Evidence from volcanic fatalities record
Mel Auker, Steve Sparks, Lee Siebert, Sian Crosweller, J. Ewert
89_B (S) A glimpse into the future Earth Science on trial!
Richard Bretton, Jo Gottsmann, R. Christie
90_C (S) The structure and emplacement of the Rocche Rosse obsidian lava flow, Aeolian
Islands, Italy
Liam Bullock, Ralf Gertisser, Brian O Driscoll
91_B (S) A statistical method for determining the volume of volcanic fall deposits
Rose Burden, Li Chen, Jeremy Phillips

19
92_C (S) Ecological impacts of degassing and deposition from recent activity at Volcn
Turrialba, Costa Rica
Bethan Burson, Rob Martin
93_B Advances in the construction of volcanic records from marine sediment cores: A
review and case study (Montserrat, West Indies)
Michael Cassidy, Jess Trofimovs, Martin Palmer, W. Symons
94_C (S) Landslide processes at Montserrat, Lesser Antilles, and their implications for
tsunami generation
Maya Coussens, Peter Talling, Sebastian Watt, Mike Cassidy, Marin Palmer
95_B Interactions between mitigation strategies: implications for the scientific bases of
mitigation policy
Simon Day & Carina Fearnley
96_C (S) Eruption and depositional facies of the Stob na Doire Ignimbrite Member,
Glencoe, NW Scotland: fault-bounded rheomorphic/lava-like and eutaxitic
ignimbrite
Jonathan Dietz, David Brown, Ross Dymock
97_B (S) Bentonised silicic pyroclastic fall deposits at the base of the Palaeogene Skye
Lava Field which possess welded ignimbrite like fabrics
Simon Drake & Andrew Beard
98_C (S) The importance of conduit erosion
Jonathan Hanson, Alison Rust, M. Pavier, Jeremy Phillips
99_B Modelling disaster risk scenarios at La Soufrire, Guadeloupe
Susanna Jenkins, Robin Spence, Peter Baxter, Jean-Christophe Komorowski,
Sara Barsotti, Tomaso Esposti-Ongaro, Augusto Neri
100_C (S) Revised estimates for the volume of the Minoan eruption
Emma Johnston, Steve Sparks, Jeremy Phillips
101_B (S) Stratigraphy and eruption history of peralkaline welded ignimbrites, Island of
Pantelleria, Italy
Nina Jordan, Rebecca Williams, Mike Branney, Mike Norry
102_C (S) Drilling into a super-eruption caldera? Initial report of the proximal rhyolites
revealed by the Snake River deep drill hole, Idaho
Tom Knott, Mike Branney, Marc Reichow, Mike McCurry & the HOTSPOT team
103_B (S) Glacial modulation of eruptive activity at Volcn Sollipulli, Chile
Stefan Lachowycz, David Pyle, Tamsin Mather, Katy Mee, J. Naranjo
104_C Development of a database of volcanic ash layers from ocean drilling cores as a
record of global explosive volcanism
Sue Mahony, Steve Sparks, N. Barnard
105_B (S) Lithofacies architecture of the Stallachan Dubba Ignimbrite Member,
Ardnamurchan, NW Scotland: valley-filling ignimbrites and the incursion of
pyroclastic density currents into a lake
Charlotte McLean, John Buchanan, Peter Reynolds, Peter Nicholls, Ross
Dymock, Caroline Patmore, David Brown
106_C (S) The respiratory health hazard of volcanic ash: factors affecting the formation and
toxicity of cristobalite
Claire Nattrass & Claire Horwell
107_B (S) Exploring the mechanisms of basaltic fragmentation: insights from textural
analysis
Emma Nicholson, Kathy Cashman, Alison Rust
108_C Deforming a volcano by surface deposit loading: how loading may mislead
classic deformation analyses
Henry Odbert, Benoit Taisne, Steve Tait
109_B Peles tears and spheres insights into the fragmentation of low viscosity
magmas
Lucy Porritt, James Russell, Steve Quane
110_C (S) The atmospheric habit of fine volcanic ash
Gemma Prata, Benjamin Reed, Tamsin Mather, David Pyle, Dan Peters
111_B (S) The Skys the limit: mapping volcano deposits using kites
Jonathan Stone, Jenni Barclay, Paul Cole, Sue Loughlin, Peter Simmons

20

112_B Causes and effects of variations in groundwater inflows in a Stombolian to
phreatomagmatic explosive eruption: the Cova de Pal Crater eruption on Santo
Anto, Cape Verde Islands.
Bob Tarff & Simon Day
113_C Towards quantifying the arc-scale and global magmatic response to deglaciation
Sebastian Watt, David Pyle, Tamsin Mather

John Guest (Lecture Room, G12)

114_C (S) Constraints on the physical characteristics of volcanic activity on Venus
Martin Airey, Tamsin Mather, David Pyle
115_C Effusive activity at Somma-Vesuvius: lava flow-field characteristics from 1631
to 1944
Sarah Brown, Carmen Solana, Chris Kilburn
116_C (S) Lava channel networks
Hannah Dietterich & Kathy Cashman
117_C (S) Kalkarindji The forgotten volcanic province
Peter Marshall & Mike Widdowson
118_C Levee control on the evolution of lava flow fields
Marie Nolan, Carmen Solana, Chris Kilburn
119_C Inflation, drainage and lava-water interaction during the emplacement of the
Nesjahraun, Iceland
John Stevenson, Neil Mitchell, Mike Cassidy, Harry Pinkerton

21

22

VMSG 2013
Presentation Abstracts

Oral and poster presentation abstracts are presented in the same order as in the
meeting programme. A complete delegate list follows the abstracts.
23
VMSG 2013 Oral Presentation Abstracts
Changing the metaphor from
magma chamber to magma
reservoir
K.V. CASHMAN
*1
, G. GIORDANO
2

1
School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, UK.
(*glkvc@bristol.ac.uk)
2
Dipartimento di Scienze Geologiche, Univ. Roma Tre, IT.

A long-lived conceptual model for pre-eruptive magma
storage envisions long-lived magma chambers, or large
coherent bodies of magma (with or without included
crystals). However, this model is difficult to reconcile with
thermal models that suggest that large coherent volumes of
eruptible magma should represent transients within the
crust, and with new data showing that erupted magma
batches may be assembled shortly prior to eruption. Mafic
explosive caldera-forming eruptions are particularly
difficult to explain by conventional models, because storage
of large melt volumes is thermally implausible and
explosive ejection of large volumes of low vesicular magma
cannot be viewed as solely gas-driven. To explain these
eruptions, we suggest instead melt storage within, and
eruptions directly from, magma reservoirs, where we use
the term reservoir in the sense used for water-, oil- and gas-
bearing systems, that is, as pockets of liquid contained
within a rigid framework, where here the framework is a
largely solidified magma body. This model extends the
concept of eruptible melt assembled from a rigid sponge to
the idea that the sponge itself may feed eruptions. Tapping
an over-pressured network of melt pockets within a rigid
crystal framework provides an attractive model for several
reasons: (1) it does not require a large (thermally and
physically unstable) body of molten magma to be assembled
prior to an eruption, but instead allows erupted magma to be
stored within a thermodynamically stable crystal mush; (2)
it allows syn-eruption tapping of large melt volumes from
within the reservoir through permeable networks established
both prior to and during eruption; (3) decompression of an
over-pressured reservoir provides a physical mechanism for
magma ascent and eruption that does not rely on ascent-
related gas exsolution as the only driving force; and (4) a
reservoir model can link the timing of caldera collapse
directly to the strength of the reservoir framework. We then
speculate on the extent to which a magma reservoir model
may explain more general aspects of caldera formation.

Experimental constraints on
coupled degassing and
crystallisation at Mount St. Helens
J.M. RIKER
*1
, J.D. BLUNDY
1
,

A.C. RUST
1

1
(*jenny.riker@bristol.ac.uk)

Degassing and concomitant crystallisation play a major
role in modulating the chemical and physical properties of
erupting magmas. Although the compositions and textures
of natural volcanic rocks give evidence of varied and
complex degassing histories, a limited experimental
framework exists within which to interpret such
observations. To address this problem, we present results of
a series of isothermal experiments on a synthetic Mount St.
Helens rhyodacite saturated with H
2
O and H
2
O-CO
2
fluids.
Our runs simulate equilibrium crystallisation driven by
volatile exsolution at depths between a mid-crustal magma
storage region and the near-surface (40025 MPa). Fluid
compositions range from XH
2
O
vapour
0.4 to 1.0, as estimated
from measured glass H
2
O and CO
2
contents using a
compositionally-dependent solubility model. Within this
parameter space, the stability of all phases (plagioclase,
amphibole, orthopyroxene, Fe-Ti oxides, and rarer apatite
and silica) varies as a function of both pressure and fluid
composition, such that phase assemblages and proportions
depend strongly on melt H
2
O content. Similarly, glass
compositions (6978 wt% SiO
2
), plagioclase anorthite
content (An
52
An
33
), and total crystallinity (044 wt%) can
be parameterised as simple functions of pH
2
O using data
derived from experimental run products. Such
parameterisations provide a context for comparing the
compositional and textural evolution of magmas subject to
different gas transport scenarios, including closed-system
degassing, isobaric vapour fluxing, and vapour-buffered
ascent. For each scenario examined, we evaluate the extent
to which magmas evolve along crystallisation trajectories
that are distinct from one another and from the simpler case
of water-saturated ascent. A preliminary suite of dynamic
decompression experiments provides a counterpoint to the
equilibrium case. Our results demonstrate the potential of
erupted products to reveal information about the
composition, quantity, and transport of gases in magmatic
systems. They also underscore the importance of coupled
degassing and crystallisation in determining petrologic
indicators of volcanic processes.
24
Degassing regime of Hekla volcano
in 2012
E. ILYINSKAYA
*1,2
, A. AIUPPA
3,4
,

B. BERGSSON
1
, T.
FRIDRIKSSON
5
, A.A. OLADOTTIR
5
, F. OSKARSSON
5
, K.
LECHNER
1
, R. YEO
1
, G. GIUDICE
4

1
Icelandic Meteorological Office, Reykjavik, Iceland.
(*e.ilyinskaya@gmail.com)
2
British Geological Survey, Edinburgh, EH9 3 LA.

3
University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
4
INGV, Palermo, Italy.
5
Iceland GeoSurvey, Reykjavik, Iceland.

Hekla is one of the most frequently active, yet also one
of the most unpredictable volcanoes in Europe. It is
unknown whether the frequent activity of Hekla during the
past century is a beginning of a new eruptive trend. There is
also still a significant uncertainty about the depth of Heklas
magma source, and the intrusion pathways.
In the summer of 2012 we collected an original data set
in order to quantify Heklas gas emissions during a
quiescent interval. The data set includes 1) near-continuous
MultiGAS measurements over a 2 months period, 2)
quantification of CO
2
flux (emitted through diffuse
degassing) and 3) direct sampling of gases for
compositional and stable isotope analysis.
Our findings show that Heklas gas emissions are
dominated by CO
2
, and restricted to the top crater which
erupted last in 1981. This is an interesting result as more
recently active craters (1991 and 2000) have higher ground
temperatures, but no detectable degassing. The carbon
isotope signature in the gas is believed to be close to the that
of the magma source. This presentation will discuss our
results, and the obtained insights into Heklas degassing
behaviour.
Triple magma batches and a
complex eruption history of a
monogenetic volcano: Geochemical
analysis of Mt. Rouse, Newer
Volcanics Province, Australia
J. BOYCE
*1
, I. NICHOLLS
1
, R. KEAYS
1
, P. HAYMAN
1

1
School of Geosciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC
3800, Australia. (*Julie.Boyce@monash.edu)

Mt. Rouse is the largest eruption centre in the Newer
Volcanics Province (NVP), a continental intraplate basaltic
volcanic field. With triple the magma volume of that
erupted from other volcanic centres in the province, Mt.
Rouse is a composite volcano of lava and pyroclastic
deposits, featuring at least eight eruption points and a lava
field extending at least 60 km to the coast.
Monogenetic volcanoes are the most abundant volcano
type on Earth and are usually thought to involve single
magma batches and simple evolutionary histories. However,
recent research reveals that this may not be the case for
every volcanic centre. Detailed stratigraphic and
geochemical analysis of Mt. Rouse reveals three distinct
magma batches and a complex eruption sequence.. There is
evidence of both sequential and simultanous eruption of the
three magma batches, which differ in chemical composition,
ranging from basanites to trachybasalts through to alkali
basalts. The southern cone features a basal sequence of
batch C then B scoriae and batch A lava before becoming
more complex. An unusual proximal surge deposit
containing distinct products of two magma batches in the
form of Peles tears and hair from batch A and scoriae from
batch B is found between the basal lava and overlying
scoriae of batch B. Most surprisingly, this sequence shows
evidence that the three magma batches erupted either from
the same vent, or within close proximity to one another,
with no evidence of mixing. Through preliminary
petrogenetic modelling, it is suggested that the magma
batches were sourced at different depths from an enriched
mantle source.
The fact that Mt. Rouse has undergone such a complex
evolution, along with other recent research into supposedly
monogenetic volcanic centres may have implications for
petrogenetic modelling in the NVP and the study of other
monogenetic fields.
25
Assembling a super-eruption:
Linking magma accumulation and
eruption timescales at Toba
D.A. BUDD
1*
, V.R. TROLL
1,5
, E.M. JOLIS
1
, F.M.
DEEGAN
1,3
, V.C. SMITH
2
, M.J. WHITEHOUSE
3
, C.
HARRIS
4
, C. FREDA
5
, D.R. HILTON
6
, S.A.
HALLDORSSON
6

1
CEMPEG, Uppsala University, Sweden.
(*david.budd@geo.uu.se)
2
Research Lab. for Archaeology, University of Oxford, UK.

3
Swedish Museum of Natural History, Sweden.
4
Dept. Geo. Sciences, University of Cape Town, South
Africa.
5
Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Italy.
6
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UCSD, USA.

The Toba caldera located in Sumatra (Indonesia) is the
result of the four successive eruptions at 1.2, 0.84, 0.5 and
0.074 Ma [1]. This study presents oxygen isotope data for a
suite of whole rocks and quartz crystals erupted as part of
the Young Toba Tuff (YTT), an eruption event producing
2,800 km
3
of material some 74 ka ago [1, 2]. Oxygen
isotope data have been obtained from whole rock
(conventional fluorination), single mineral grains (laser
fluorination-LF) and in-situ (SIMS) in combination with
cathodoluminescence (CL) imaging in order to establish the
relative roles of magmatic fractionation, magma-crust
interaction and crystal recycling occurring in the Toba
magmatic system. The CL images of quartz crystals exhibit
defined patterns of zoning that often coincide with
fluctuations in !
18
O values, allowing correlation of textural
and compositional information. Measured !
18
O
quartz
values
from SIMS and LF range from 6.7 to 9.4 , independent of
their position on the crystal. Whole rock values, in turn,
range from 8.2 to 9.9 . The !
18
O
magma
values calculated
from quartz (assuming !
18
O
quartz-magma
= 0.7 ), suggest a
minimum value of 6.0 , similar to that expected from a
mantle derived magma [3], and a maximum value of 8.7 .
Several quartz crystals, however, have rims with lower !
18
O
values, suggesting a late, low-!
18
O contaminant. This
indicates multiple sources to the Toba system, including at
least two crustal components, one with high- and one with
low-!
18
O. Helium isotope data obtained from pyroxenes
from the oldest Toba eruption (R/R
A
= 0.7 and 1.8) are
consistent with a significant crustal contribution.
Barometry calculations from feldspar and amphibole
suggest the magma chamber system resided at similar depth
(~ 10 km) for all four Toba eruptions. The system probably
persisted as a crystal mush, which was repeatedly re-
mobilised by fresh magma injections. Crystal recycling,
consistent with compositional and textural features in most
of the YTT quartz crystals, seems an integral part of how
super-eruptions are assembled. Therefore, large volumes of
isotopically heterogeneous sources were mixed to make the
final YTT cocktail, including a late low-!
18
O contaminant,
substantial high-!
18
O crustal contributions, and considerable
amounts of recycled antecrysts from the three previous
eruptive episodes of the Toba system.
[1] Rose & Chesner (1987) Geology 15, 913-917.
[2] Aldiss & Ghazali (1984) J Geol. Soc. 141, 487-500.
[3] Taylor & Sheppard (1986) Rev. Min. 16, 227-271.
Shallow storage of dacites beneath
Uturuncu volcano, SW Bolivia
D.D. MUIR
1*
, J.D BLUNDY
1
,

A.C. RUST
1

1
School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills
Memorial Building, Queens Road, Bristol, BS8 1RJ.
(*Duncan.Muir@bristol.ac.uk)

Volcanic unrest detected with InSAR recently drew
attention to Uturuncu, a dormant dacitic stratovolcano in the
Bolivian altiplano that last erupted 271 ka
1
. Magma
intrusion in the mid to upper crust is thought to be
responsible for the ~80 km diameter deformation footprint
calculated as 1-2 cm/yr central uplift rate between 1992 and
2006
2
.
Over a ~1 million year period dacite lavas and domes
have been erupted effusively at Uturuncu with no evidence
of explosive activity. Mineral assemblages almost
exclusively consist of plagioclase, orthopyroxene, biotite,
ilmenite, magnetite and apatite set in a rhyolite glass. Rims
and cores of plagioclase and orthopyroxene phenocrysts
span a large compositional range from An
45-90
and Mg#
30-70
,
respectively. Mean magmatic temperatures calculated from
coexisting oxides from 18 samples are 85450C. H
2
O
contents of 3.20.7 wt% have been measured in
plagioclase-hosted melt inclusions using SIMS and CO
2
is
generally less than 100 ppm. Assuming magmas were
volatile-saturated, H
2
O and CO
2
compositions provide
trapping pressures of 45 to 107 MPa with xH
2
O from 0.9 to
1.0 in the fluid phase.
UTDM41B, a microlite-poor dacite with total
crystallinity of 37 vol%, a calculated magmatic temperature
of 87313C and O
2
around NNO was chosen as a starting
composition for experimental study. Crystallisation phase
equilibria experiments were run with the intention of
reaching equilibrium conditions from two end-member
synthetic starting compositions based on UTDM41B bulk-
rock and groundmass glass. Runs were conducted between
50 and 250 MPa, and 750 and 900C under H
2
O-saturated
and mixed volatile-saturated conditions in cold-seal
hydrothermal apparata and all requisite phases were
reproduced. At most P-T conditions, either orthopyroxene
or biotite are present. However, only at 870C and pressures
shallower than 100 MPa are both phases stable together.
Crystallinities of experimental runs are consistently lower
than observed in natural rocks which contain a significant
proportion of ante- and xenocrysts.
Calculated melt inclusion trapping pressures and
experimental findings indicate Uturuncu dacite magmas are
stored "3 km below surface much too shallow to produce
the broad deformation observed at the surface. If the
deformation has a magmatic source it is more likely
intrusion of magma into, or movement of magmas out of the
Altiplano-Puna Magma Body at ~17 km below surface
without concurrent inflation of shallow reservoirs where
dacites are stored prior to eruption.

[1] Sparks et al. (2008) American Journal of Science 308,
727769.
[2] Pritchard, M, E and Simons, M. (2002) Nature 418,
167171.
26
The behaviour of a volcanic system
with two linked magma chambers
S. BLAKE
*1

1
Department of Environment, Earth & Ecosystems, The
Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA.
(*s.blake@open.ac.uk)

A typical volcanic plumbing system contains a deep
magma storage reservoir which supplies magma to higher
crustal levels and the surface. The parameters which control
the rates of magma flow, chamber pressurization, and
eruption in such a system are studied using a mathematical
model of two chambers linked by a conduit. The lower
reservoir is hosted in (hot) viscoelastic rock and contains
buoyant magma whereas the shallow chamber is hosted in
(cold) elastic low-density country rock. The model
describes the time evolution of pressure in both chambers,
the rates of magma flow into and, during eruption, out of
the shallow chamber, and the volumes of magma
transferred.
During inflation of the shallow chamber, pressures and
flow rates can respond on two timescales controlled by
either the elastic properties of the two chambers or the
viscosity of the deep country rock. At short (elastic)
timescales, the maximum achievable overpressure in the
shallow chamber is determined by magma buoyancy in the
deep part of the system and the elastic properties and
volumes of the two chambers. If this overpressure cannot
break open the chamber, then slow viscous relaxation of the
deep reservoirs surroundings drives more magma to the
shallow chamber, increasing the overpressure to a level now
limited solely by magma buoyancy. The time required to
trigger an eruption is influenced by the elasticity of the
system, strength of the shallow country rock, buoyancy, and
the ratio of the magma and country rock viscosities in the
deep part of the system.
During deflation of the shallow chamber, eruption rate
is moderated by decompression of shallow magma and
influx of deep magma. For large country rock viscosities
and small deep reservoirs, the deep supply system behaves
elastically and eruption rate falls to zero over time. Lower
country rock viscosities around large deep reservoirs allow
the deep reservoir to continuously leak magma, prolonging
the eruption. Although many basaltic systems appear to
operate in a solely elastic regime (e.g., Hawaii), the model
suggests that large volume basaltic systems (flood basalts)
and some viscous magmatic systems may operate in a
regime controlled by viscous deformation of deep country
rocks.

Petrological Cannibalism the
chemical and textural consequences
of pulsatory growth of magma
bodies
J.D. BLUNDY
*1
, K.V. CASHMAN
1

1
School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol
BS8 1RJ, UK. (*jon.blundy@bris.ac.uk)

Few magma bodies are assembled in a single magmatic
pulse. The growing consensus, based largely on field
evidence and geochronology, is that assembly of magma
bodies large and small involved emplacement of multiple
pulses into an expanding reservoir. Where successive pulses
differ significantly in composition there may be clear
evidence of mingling and mixing of magmas with
contrasted physical properties, including synplutonic dykes
and mafic enclaves. Where successive pulses have very
similar composition, evidence for interaction between
pulses may be cryptic, often limited to subtle textural
variations that can be mapped out in the field, but are not
evident chemically. Pulsed emplacement leads, inevitably,
to fluctuations in temperature as successive pulses re-heat
their cooler, partially solidified ancestors. Depending on the
size of pulses and the time lapse between them the amount
of re-heating may vary from a few degrees to a few
hundreds and may involve many cycles of heating and
cooling, although these become damped with time as the
body grows. These cycles of heating and cooling can
generate textures of crystal growth and resorption that
cannot be explained by any conventional process of magma
differentiation. These textures are especially well-preserved
in plagioclase because of slow diffusive re-equilibration of
major (but not trace) components. Thermal modeling shows
that the size and frequency of pulses is reflected in the
zoning styles of crystals, which may provide a powerful tool
to retrieve such information. This approach is especially
useful when chemical zoning in major and trace elements
can be used to reconstruct the chemistry of the various
magma pulses to which an individual crystal was exposed
and the timing of these pulses prior to eruption. We term the
process of physical and chemical interaction between
magma pulses and their partially consolidated ancestors
petrological cannibalism and propose that it can account
for a wide range of textural and chemical features seen in
magmatic rocks. We illustrate our proposal with field,
textural and chemical examples from Mount St. Helens
volcano, USA.
27
Plagioclase as recorder of magma-
crust interaction beneath the Faroe
Islands
B. DAHREN
*1
, V.R. TROLL
2
, A. BARKER
2
,

F.C.
MEADE
2
C.M. FREDA
3
P.M. HOLM
4
N. SAGER
4

1
CEMPEG, Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala
University. Villavgen 16, Uppsala 752 36, Sweden.
(*borje.dahren@geo.uu.se)
2
Istituto Nazionale de Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Via di
Vigna Murata 605, 00143 Rome, Italy.

3
Geological Institute, University of Copenhagen, Geocenter
Copenhagen, DK-1350, Copenhagen, Denmark.

The opening of the North Atlantic in the early
Paleogene resulted in extensive volcanism as evident in now
extinct volcanic centres and large basalt piles in e.g.
Scotland, Ireland, Greenland and the Faroe Islands. This
volcanic region, commonly referred to as the North Atlantic
Igneous Province (NAIP) is still highly active on e.g.
Iceland and Jan Mayen. The Faroe Islands Basalt Group
(FIBG) is itself linked to the early Icelandic hot spot (55
Ma), and decompressional melting, resulting from rifting
and the eventual breakup from east Greenland.
The FIBG is up to 6 km thick and is underlain by up to
40 km continental crust intruded by mafic sills, as suggested
by geophysical surveys. The exact nature of these
continental rocks is unknown, though previous studies have
presumed a Pre-Cambrian basement, probably overlain by
sediments related to the pre-volcanic rifting. Potential
onshore equivalents of the basement rocks may be found in
NW Scotland and East Greenland.
Here, we employ multiple geobarometric models
coupled with Sr, Pb and Nd isotope signatures in
plagioclase crystals to decipher crustal influences in the
Faroe basalts. Isotope analyses was performed In-situ
(microdrilling) as well as on whole rock and plagioclase
separates. The
87
Sr/
86
Sr signatures range between 0.703 -
0.705. Correlation of calculated magma storage depths with
geochemical contamination signatures allows us to
construct virtual geochemical boreholes through the
basalts into the underlying crustal basement.
The wide range of the isotopic signatures indicate a
complex plumbing system with variable degrees and depth
levels of crustal contamination. Using the available data, we
attempt to construct the general lithostratigraphy of the sub-
basaltic basement from the combined geobarometry and
contamination patterns.
A new model for granitic
emplacement: The Newry Igneous
Complex, Northern Ireland
P. ANDERSON
1
, C. STEVENSON
1
,

M. COOPER
2
, R.
ELLAM
3
, I. MEIGHAN
2
, C. HURLEY
4
, J. REAVY
5
, J.
INMAN
1
, D. CONDON
6
, Q. CROWLEY
7

1
The University of Birmingham, UK.
(*pea005@bham.ac.uk)
2
GSNI, Belfast

3
SUERC, East Kilbride
4
Soil Mechanics, Lisburn, Northern Ireland

5
University College Cork, Ireland
6
NIGL, BGS

7
Trinity College Dublin

The Newry Igneous Complex (NIC) is comprised of
three largely granodioritic plutons, together with an
intermediate-ultramafic body at its NE end. The recent
Tellus survey of Northern Ireland (GSNI, 2007) has
highlighted several geophysical anomalies within the
complex, including two previously unrecognised concentric
aeromagnetic structures. U-Pb zircon ages and a
geochemical study suggest that these features represent
magmas intruded at different times, and that each pluton
was emplaced through a series of inward-younging,
concentric pulses.
A combination of anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility
(AMS) and field relations were used to investigate the
emplacement of these pulses, with a view to linking this
with one of the classic emplacement mechanism models
(i.e., cauldron subsidence, laccolithic inflation). AMS
reveals strong, dominantly oblate, concentric fabrics; whilst
field mapping highlights an aereole of deformed host rock
surrounding the complex. Such features imply forceful
emplacement and are characteristic of laccolithic inflation
(but not cauldron subsidence). However, analysis of field
relationships suggests that the complex was intruded as
steep, concentric, sheet-like pulses, which preclude
laccolithic inflation and are consistent instead with cauldron
subsidence. Therefore, the evidence fits neither of these
classical emplacement mechanism models.
Further investigation of the host rocks has provided
what seems to be an appropriate solution. The structure of
these suggest that the NIC was intruded into a tension-
releasing bend on a strike-slip fault. The local extensional
regime resulting from this feature would have created the
tectonic conditions and some of the space for intrusion to
take place. This occurred as steeply orientated sheets within
a SW-migrating weakened zone. However, within sheets
themselves magma pressure exceeded local lithostatic
pressure, creating further space and causing the surrounding
rocks to be deformed. Therefore, the NIC shows that
granitic intrusions can show complex emplacement
histories, with elements of more than one of the classical
models.

Beamish, D., Kimbell, G. S., Stone, P. and Anderson, T. B.,
(2010). J. Geol. Soc. Vol 167, 4, p. 649-657.
Geological Survey of Northern Ireland, 2007. The Tellus
project: Proceedings of the end-of-project conference,
Belfast,http://www.bgs.ac.uk/gsni/tellus/conference/ind
ex.html.
28
Reconstructing the emplacement of
the Lago della Vacca complex,
Adamello Batholith, Italy, through
field observations, image analysis
and AMS
A. SCHPA
*1
, C. ANNEN
1
, J. BLUNDY
1
, M. DE SAINT-
BLANQUAT
2
AND P. LAUNEAU
3

1
Memorial Building, BS8 1RJ Bristol, UK.
(*anne.schopa@bristol.ac.uk)
2
Gosciences Environnement Toulouse / Observatoire Midi-
Pyrnes, 31400 Toulouse, France

3
Laboratoire de Plantologie et Godynamique de Nantes,
CNRS/Universit de Nantes, 44322 Nantes, France

To shed light into the emplacement style and sequence
of the Eocene Lago della Vacca complex (LVC) in the
southern Adamello Batholith, we used three different
techniques to analyse fabrics in this granitoid intrusion.
First, we measured magmatic silicate fabrics defined by
the orientation of hornblende and biotite directly in the
field. Second, we used an image analysis software [1] to
obtain crystal distribution anisotropies in photographs of
rock surfaces taken in the field and of cut rock specimen.
Third, we took samples for an anisotropy of magnetic
susceptibility (AMS) study to gain insight into the magnetic
fabrics of the LVC.
In general, direct field measurements and image
analysis results agree well with each other. Planar fabrics
prevail indicative of forceful emplacement of the LVC as
earlier injected magma pulses would have been deformed
by later magma injections. Foliations commonly strike
parallel to the eastern and southern borders of the intrusion
and dip steeply towards a common midpoint in the
northwest.
Although there are discrepancies between the
macroscopic silicate fabrics and the magnetic fabrics some
similarities are obvious. For instance, macroscopic and
magnetic foliations are deflected around the Blumone
Complex in line with an emplacement model of lateral
magma movement and inflation [2]. This is supported by a
higher mean magnetic susceptibility in the vicinity of the
gabbroic Blumone Complex, reflecting changes to more
mafic granite compositions.
As revealed by AMS and image analysis likewise, linear
fabrics dominate in the northwest of the LVC with moderate
plunges of lineations to the west. This could mimic magma
flow at higher levels of the intrusion not significantly
influenced by later injected magma pulses and agrees with
the concept that this part of the LVC is close to the source
region of the magma.
To sum up, we combined different approaches to
obtain fabrics in a silicic intrusion to link them to
emplacement modes and magma intrusion sequences.

[1] Launeau et al. (2010) Two- and three-dimensional shape
fabric analysis by the intercept method in grey levels
Tectonophysics 492, 230-239.
[2] John and Blundy (1993) Emplacement-related
deformation of granitoid magmas, southern Adamello
Massif, Italy GSA Bull. 105, 1517-1541.
Slurry remobilisation in a layered
mafic sill (Franklin LIP, Victoria
Island, Arctic Canada)
B. HAYES
*1
, J.H. BDARD
2
,

C.J. LISSENBERG
1
, C.D.
BEARD
3

1
School of Earth & Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University,
Wales, UK. (*mrbhayes@gmail.com)
2
Geological Survey of Canada, Qubec City, Canada.
3
School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol,
UK.

The >2500 km Neoproterozoic (~723-716 Ma) Franklin
large igneous province (LIP) is extremely well exposed and
preserved within the NE-SW trending Minto Inlier on
Victoria Island. The magmatic plumbing system is
dominated by sills (ms-100 ms in thickness), which
intruded into the sediments of the Shaler supergroup. These
sills were fed by localised feeder dyke systems, and there is
unequivocal evidence of syn-magmatic faulting, with the
migration of melts and crystal slurries up-section along
faults
1
. Coeval ~1.1 km thick Natkusiak flood basalts
overlie the Shaler stratigraphy. Recent trace element and
isotopic work demonstrates the linkages between the sills
and lavas, as well as revealing internally heterogeneous
sills. Thus, we have been able to reconstruct the plumbing
system of a LIP.
The sills have been divided into geochemical groups.
Group A, the basal sills (below the Minto Inlet formation)
are LREE-enriched and are characterized by olivine-
cumulate bases, with diabasic roofs. Sills higher up in the
stratigraphy (Groups B and C) are typically unenriched and
are characterized by porphyritic or sub-ophitic diabasic
textures. The Lower Pyramid Sill (LPS), which we have
studied in detail here, is an example of one of the LREE-
enriched sills. We believe, based on stratigraphic
relationships, that this sill extends from its proposed feeder
site, the Uhuk massif some ~40 km to the east. The LPS is
its distal equivalent, and its gradual thinning from ~40 m at
Uhuk to ~21 m at the LPS indicates a propagation direction
towards the west.
The LPS shows remarkable layering for a thin
magmatic body, being comprised of: (i) a lower chill; (ii)
lower border zone (LBZ; olivine gabbro); (iii) olivine-
cumulate (OZ); (iv) sub-ophitic diabasic roof (DZ); (v)
upper border zone (UBZ; diabase), capped by a chill. The
OZ is defined by a jump in olivine Fo and NiO contents
above the LBZ, as well as reversely zoned olivine. A thin
layer of clinopyroxene-cumulates above the OZ possibly
formed from the interaction between evolved melts (sourced
from the olivine-slurry?), and the diabasic mush. Based on
these relationships, we propose that an initial intrusion of
primitive melt (average 12% MgO based on chilled margin
analyses) resulted in the formation of a diabasic mush.
Replenishment led to the emplacement of an olivine-slurry
which underplated the crystallising diabasic mush, forming
the OZ. Radiogenic isotopes (
207/204
Pb/
206/204
Pb) support this
differentiation model, as they show that the LPS is
internally heterogeneous and that the OZ and DZ formed
from geochemically discrete magmas.

[1] Bdard, J, H., et al (2012) GSA Bulletin, Vol 124, page
723-736.
29
Crystal-melt relationships and the
record of deep mixing and
crystallisation in the AD 1783 Laki
eruption, Iceland
D.A. NEAVE
*1
, E. PASSMORE
2
, J. MACLENNAN
1
, G.
FITTON
3
, T. THORDARSON
3

1
Dept. Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge,
Cambridge, CB2 3EQ, UK. (*dan27@cam.ac.uk)
2
Dept. Earth Science & Engineering, Imperial College,
London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
3
School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh,
Edinburgh, EH9 3JW, UK.

Recent studies in the north and southwest of Iceland
have indicated that the composition of erupted basaltic
magmas is controlled by concurrent mixing and
crystallisation of variable mantle melts en route to the
surface. Careful thermobarometric calculations have
constrained the depth of the crystallisation interval to
between the mid crust and uppermost mantle. In order to
address the question of whether similar processes also take
place in the plumbing systems that feed the large fissure
eruptions characteristic of the Eastern Volcanic Zone (EVZ)
we present the results of an investigation into crystal-melt
relationships and deep magmatic processes in the large and
environmentally damaging AD 1783 Laki eruption (Skaftr
Fires). The collapse of olivine-hosted melt inclusion trace
element variablity with progressive magmatic evolution
indicates that concurrent mixing and crystallisation has
occurred in the deep plumbing system. Plagioclase
macrocrysts contain three distinct zones that also preserve a
record of melt evolution and variability: high anorthite
cores, oscillatory zoned mantles and low anorthite rims.
Mineral-melt equilibrium partition coefficients indicate that
the rims are in equilibrium with the erupted carrier liquid.
High-anorthite cores are more primitive than any other
crystal or melt inclusion composition in the magma and
cannot be related to the carrier liquid by fractional
crystallisation models, which assume a single liquid line of
descent. High-anorthite cores may have grown from high
Ca/Na melts of the shallow mantle with depleted
compositions that have been mixed into the eventual carrier
liquid early in the course of magmatic evolution.
Furthermore the crystal size distribution (CSD) of
plagioclase macrocrysts suggests plagioclase cores
represent an accumulated or assimilated population, acting
as nucleii for the growth of oscillatory zoned plagioclase
mantles. Plagioclase mantle compositions may be related to
the carrier liquid by fractional crystallisation models
involving eutectic co-crystallisation with clinopyroxene and
olivine. Melt barometry indicates that the carrier liquid last
equilibrated with plagioclase, clinopyroxene and olivine in
the shallow crust at 1-2 kbar. However, clinopyroxene-melt
barometry suggests that the bulk of macrocryst growth
occurred in the mid crust at 2.5-6 kbar. Much of the
macrocryst content of the magma occurs as glomerocrysts,
of which only the rims in contact with the groundmass are
in equilibrium with carrier liquid. Glomerocrysts therefore
formed before rim growth, during the deposition of crystal
mushes in the mid crust, which dissagregated on transport to
the shallow crust prior to eruption.
Glacial loading probes mantle
heterogeneity beneath Iceland
J. MACLENNAN
*1
, K.W.W. SIMS
2
,

J. BLICHERT-TOFT
3
,
E. MERVINE
4
, J. BLUZSTAJN
4
, K. GRNVOLD
5
1
Earth Sciences, Cambridge (*jcm1004@cam.ac.uk)
2
Geology & Geophysics, University of Wyoming
3
Laboratoire de Gologie de Lyon, ENS Lyon
4
Department of Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole
5
Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland

Glacial modulation of melting beneath Iceland provides
a unique opportunity to better understand both the nature
and length scale of mantle heterogeneity. At the end of the
last glacial period, ~13,000 yr BP, eruption rates were ~20-
100 times greater than in glacial or late postglacial times
and geophysical modeling indicates that rapid melting of the
large ice sheet covering Iceland caused a transient increase
in decompression mantle melting rates. Here we present the
first time-series of Sr-Nd-Hf-Pb isotopic data for a full
glacial cycle from a spatially confined region of basaltic
volcanism in Northern Iceland. Basalts and picrites erupted
during the early postglacial burst in volcanic activity are
systematically offset to more depleted isotopic compositions
than those erupted during glacial or recent (<7 kyr) times.
These new isotopic data, coupled with major and trace
element data, show that the mantle underneath northern
Iceland is heterogeneous on small (<100 km) scales. The
temporal response of the isotopic compositions of the
basalts to glacial unloading indicates that the isotopic
composition of mantle heterogeneities can be linked to their
melting behavior. The geochemical data can be accounted
for by a melting model where a lithologically heterogeneous
mantle source contains an enriched component which is
more fusible than the depleted component.
While spatial variations in the compositions of basalts
from mid-ocean ridges, seamounts and ocean islands have
previously been understood in terms of such short-
lengthscale variations, prior studies have not been able to
deconvolve the effects of long wavelength variations in
melting process and bulk source composition. This unusual
sampling of mantle heterogeneity by glacial unloading
provides strong evidence of the role of short- lengthscale
mantle lithological variation in controlling the composition
of erupted basalts. This finding has important implications
for the compositional relationship between basalts and the
upwelling mantle: preferential sampling of enriched fusible
streaks will bias the isotopic composition of the melt away
from the average of the rising mantle. The occurrence of
such sampling bias may provide a mechanism for producing
long wavelength isotopic features in basalts from long-
wavelength variations in the melting process and outflow
rather than underlying long-wavelength mantle
heterogeneity.
30
Mission Immiscible for two
subduction components; evidence
from Pagan Volcano, Mariana arc
Y. TAMURA
*1
, O. ISHIZUKA
2
,

R.J. STERN
3
, A.
NUNOKAWA
1
, H. SHUKUNO
1
, H. KAWABATA
1
, Y.
HIRAHARA
1
, Q. CHANG
1
, T. MIYAZAKI
1
, J. KIMURA
1
,
R.W. EMBLEY
4
, S. BLOOMER
5
, Y. TATSUMI
1

1
IFREE, JAMSTEC, Yokosuka, Japan.
(*tamuray@jamstec.go.jp)
2
GSJ/AIST, Tsukuba, Japan.

3
U. Texas at Dallas, Richardson, USA.
4
NOAA, Newport, USA.
5
OSU, Corvallis, USA.

Pagan is one of the largest (2,160 km
3
; Bloomer et al.,
1989) volcanoes along the Mariana arc magmatic front, but
most of the volcano is submarine and unexplored.
Bathymetric mapping and ROV Hyper-Dolphin (HPD1147)
dive on the NE submarine flank of Pagan were carried out
during NT10-12 (R/V Natsushima) in July 2010. There are
no systematic differences between subaerial and submarine
lavas with > 52 wt % SiO
2
, suggesting derivation from the
same magmatic system. Twenty least-fractionated basalts
(48.5-50 wt % SiO
2
) extend to higher MgO (10-11 wt %)
and Mg# (66-70) than subaerial lavas. Compositions of
olivine (up to Fo
94
) and spinels (Cr# up to 0.8) suggest that
Pagan primitive magmas formed from high degrees of
mantle melting.
Two geochemical groups of clinopyroxene olivine
basalts (COB1 and COB2) can be distinguished at similar
10-11 wt % MgO; these erupted about the same time, 500 m
apart. Lower TiO
2
, FeO, Na
2
O, K
2
O, incompatible trace
element abundances, and Nb/Yb suggest that COB1 formed
from higher degrees of mantle melting. In addition, LREE-
enrichment and higher Th/Nb in COB2 contrast with LREE-
depletion and lower Th/Nb in COB1. Higher Ba/Th and
Ba/Nb and lower Th/Nb indicate that main subduction
addition in COB1 was dominated by hydrous fluid, whereas
that in COB2 was dominated by sediment melt. Sr-Nd-Pb-
Hf isotopes are also consistent with this scenario.
Hydrous fluid could not be miscible with silicate
(sediment) melt in the depth of the subducting slab below
the volcanic front (Kawamoto et al., 2012; Mibe et al.,
2011), which might have resulted in two neighboring, but
completely different primary magmas. In contrast to Pagan,
we observed two primary magmas (COB and POB) in the
NW Rota-1 volcano (NWR1), ~40 km behind the volcanic
front. NWR1 COB has a greater subduction component,
both hydrous fluid and sediment melt, than POB, perhaps
reflecting that the subducting slab below NWR1 is > 100
km deeper than that beneath Pagan. At such higher
pressures, hydrous fluid and sediment melt could mix into a
uniform supercritical fluid (Kawamoto et al., 2012; Mibe et
al., 2011), with different proportions yield distinct NWR1
COB and POB (Tamura et al., 2011).

Bloomer, S. H. et al. (1989) Bull Volc 51, 210-224.
Kawamoto, T. et al. (2012) PNAS in press.
Mibe, K. et al. (2011) PNAS 108, 8177-8182.
Tamura, Y. et al. (2011) J Pet 52, 1143-1183.
Melting beneath the Izu volcanic
arc: Constraints from uranium-
series isotopes
H. FREYMUTH
*1
, T. ELLIOTT
1
,

Y. TAMURA
2
1
Bristol Isotope Group, University of Bristol, UK
(*glxhf@bristol.ac.uk)
2
Institute for Research on Earth Evolution, Japan Agency
for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka,
Japan

Uranium-series isotopes can provide information about
the time-scales of processes in subduction zones such as
fluid transfer from the subducted slab to the mantle wedge,
melt generation within the mantle wedge and ascent of the
melts to the surface. Yet, critical aspects of these isotopic
systems are not well understood. Traditionally,
238
U
excesses over
230
Th in arc magmas has been interpreted to
reflect the relative affinity of U for an aqueous fluids that
transports it into the subarc mantle while Th remains
immobile. Recent experimental work (e.g. Klimm et al.,
2008) suggest that U-Series disequilibria are primarily
controlled by properties of the accessory phases present in
the subducting slab during dehydration rather than the fluid.
Moreover, recent U-Series models for the Mariana arc
(Avanzinelli et al., 2012) infer that some Th is transferred to
the arc in the fluid. These considerations potentially affect
conclusions on the time-scales of subduction zone
processes. Another uncertainty is the origin of trace element
enriched end-members in arc magmas, some of which have
Th excess over U. These have so far been interpreted as
dominated by sediment melts.
Both of these aspects are addressed by our study of U-
Th disequilibria in samples from the Izu volcanic arc. A
comparison to other arcs worldwide and in particular to the
more extensively studied Mariana arc in the southern part of
the Izu-Bonin-Mariana (IBM) arc system shows that the Izu
arc is highly depleted in most incompatible elements which
allows components derived from the subducting slab to be
more clearly identified. Samples from several islands of the
Izu arc have large
238
U excesses over
230
Th, showing that the
compositions of magmas from this part of the IBM arc are
dominated by fluids derived from the subducting slab.
Sediments subducted at the Izu arc segment are
fundamentally different to those of the Mariana arc and
should lead to lower (
230
Th/
232
Th) in the Izu samples.
However, the opposite is observed, suggesting that not
sediments alone constitute the enriched end-member but
that at least for some arc magmas an additional source is
needed. This could be upper parts of the oceanic crust that
melt together with the sediments at subarc depths.

Klimm, K., Blundy, J.D., Green, T.H.(2008) Journal of
Petrology 49, 523-553
Avanzinelli, R., Prytulak, J., Skora, S., Heumann, A.,
Koetsier, G., Elliott, T. (2012) Geochimica et
Cosmochimica Acta 92, 308-328
31
Diatreme volcanism facilitating Pb-
Zn mineralisation in the Irish
Orefield?
H.A. ELLIOTT
1*
, T.M. GERNON
1
, S. ROBERTS
1
, P.B.
REDMOND
2

1
Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre,
University of Southampton, Southampton SO14 3ZH
(*Holly.Elliott@noc.soton.ac.uk)
2
Teck Ireland Ltd., 5 Wentworth Place, Wicklow, Ireland

The Limerick Basin in southwest Ireland is an important
element of the Pb-Zn Orefield within the Irish Midlands.
Until the recent discovery of a cluster of basaltic diatremes
within the Stonepark area, the carbonate hosted Pb-Zn
deposits were not thought to be related to Lower
Carboniferous volcanics within the area. Thus, the genetic
relationship between mineralisation and magmatism is
poorly understood and highly controversial. The diatremes
emplaced into the Lower Carboniferous carbonate
stratigraphy, are attributed to increased heat flow and
magmatism during extensional tectonic activity in the
Tournasian. The preferred NE-SW trend of diatremes
suggests that they might have been fault controlled. In close
proximity to the diatremes a series of extra-crater basaltic
lava flows and pyroclastics (Knockroe Formation) is
commonly interbedded with argillaceous and crinoidal
limestones formed in a shallow marine environment (Lough
Gur Formation) [1]. The Knockroe sequence was likely
sourced from the diatreme eruptions, given the apparent
thickening toward the diatremes, and similarities in both
composition and texture between the deposits. The large-
scale geological relationships, low vesicularity of juvenile
lapilli [2] and other deposit characteristics suggest that
eruptions were largely phreatomagmatic, shedding
volcaniclastic material into a shallow marine setting. Base
metal mineralisation occurs as replacement of Black Matrix
Breccias (BMB), formed by the passage of hydrothermal
fluids through the limestone country rock. The BMB
signature mineral phases are calcite, quartz and dolomite.
The occurrence of diatreme clasts within mineralised BMB
suggests that mineralisation post-dates or is
contemporaneous with magmatic activity. The presence of
dolomite within the lowest part of the diatremes can be
explained by the passing of BMB hydrothermal fluids
through the lower sections of the diatremes before entering
the adjacent country rock.
[1] Somerville, I.D., Strogen, P., and Jones, G. (1992).
Geological Journal, 27, 201-222
[2] Ross, P., and White, J. (2012), Journal of Volcanology
and Geothermal Research, 245-246, 55-67
The Comsos Greenstone terrane;
insights into a mineralised Archean
arc from U-Pb dating, volcanic
stratigraphy and geochemistry
A. DE JOUX
*1
, T. THORDARSON
1

1
School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, UK
(*A.Kaye-2@sms.ed.ac.uk)

The Archean Kalgoorlie Terrane, within the Yilgarn
Craton, contains several world-class nickel-sulphide ore
bodies. The origin of these ultramafic-hosted nickel
sulphide deposits remains contentious, particularly in the
Agnew-Wiluna Greenstone belt where recent reviews have
reiterated a dominantly intrusive origin for thick, nickel-
sulphide hosting, ultramafic adcumulate bodies associated
with felsic volcanics (1). The Cosmos mine site lies on the
western edge of the Agnew-Wiluna Greenstone belt and this
previously unstudied mineralised volcanic succession
contrasts markedly in age, geochemistry, emplacement
mechanisms and probable tectonic setting to that of the
majority of the belt (1,2).
The underlying succession to the Cosmos mineralised
ultramafic body consists of a complex succession of both
fragmental and coherent extrusive lithologies, ranging from
basaltic-andesites through to rhyolites, plus later-formed
felsic intrusions. The occurrence of thick sequences of
amygdaloidal intermediate lavas intercalated with extensive
sequences of dacite tuff, coupled with the absence of marine
sediments or hydrovolcanic products, indicates that the
succession, including the mineralised komatiite lavas, were
formed in a sub-aerial environment. Chemical composition
of the non-ultramafic lithologies is dominated by a calc-
alkaline signature, indicative of a volcanic arc setting. REE
data shows that the compositional variability was not
achieved via fractional crystalisation alone, and that crustal
assimilation and/or different sources must be invoked to
explain the observed basaltic-andesite to rhyolite magma
suite.
Recent U-Pb dating, undertaken on several samples
from various levels within the established stratigraphy, has
indicated that the emplacement of the Cosmos volcanic
succession took place between ~2739Ma and ~2653Ma,
making it significantly older and longer-lived than other
dated volcanic successions within the Kalgoorlie Terrane.
Extrusive periodic volcanism spanned ~55Ma with three
cycles of bimodal intermediate/felsic and ultramafic
volcanism occuring between 2739Ma and 2685Ma. Periodic
intrusive activity lasted for a further ~32Ma until ~2653Ma.
The age, composition and geochemistry, particularly a
lack of TTD affinity, of the intermediate and felsic
succession at Cosmos contrasts with the adjacent Agnew-
Wiluna greenstone belt (1), indicating the Cosmos
succession is a separate, older terrane with a distinct sub-
aerial extrusive volcanic succession formed in a long-lived
arc setting.

[1] Florentini, Beresford, Barley, Duuring, Bekker,
Rosengren, Cas & Hronsky (2012) Economic Geology,
107, 781-796.
[2] Rosengren, Cas, Beresford & Palich, (2008)
Precambrian Research 161, 34-52.
32
Carbonatite genesis: An
experimental approach in the
CMASK-CO
2
system
S. C. MCMAHON
*1
, M. J. WALTER
1
,

D. K. BAILEY
1

1
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8
1RJ. (*Sorcha.McMahon@bristol.ac.uk)

Liquid immiscibility between carbonate and silicate
melts is a possible mechanism for the genesis of
carbonatites and associated silica-undersaturated rocks [1].
Compelling textural evidence for liquid immiscibility is
displayed by carbonate globules associated with silicate
melts of melilititic compositions at numerous carbonatite
provinces [2]. These textures include sharp curved menisci
against a silicate melt, budding and coalescing of globules,
and dumb-bell and amoeboid forms. One possibility is that
unmixing occurs as magma evolves in the shallow mantle or
crust [3].
However, carbonate globules are sometimes found in
deeply sourced mantle xenoliths and as inclusions in
xenocrystic olivines with primitive compositions [4]. One
such example of these features is at the Calatrava Volcanic
Province in central Spain; an alkaline ultramafic province
comprising over 250 monogenetic cones and vents [5].
Here, the carbonate globules are possible examples of
near-primary carbonatitic melts derived at high pressure in
the mantle.
Experiments show that immiscibility can occur in
partial melts of carbonated eclogite at 3 GPa [6]. To
investigate the possibility of a primary origin for
carbonatite-silicate melts at the carbonated peridotite
solidus, we have conducted piston cylinder experiments in
the synthetic system CaO-MgO-Al
2
O
3
-SiO
2
-K
2
O-CO
2

(CMASK-CO
2
) at 30 kbar (equivalent to ~100km depth).
Potassium is a significant constituent at many alkaline
volcanic provinces associated with carbonatites, with high
contents in unusual rock types such as kamafugites [7].
Given the widespread evidence for the presence of CO2 in
the upper mantle [8], an anhydrous system has been
investigated to assess the role of CO
2
in carbonatite
generation. We also test the hypothesis of whether H
2
O is
necessary for immiscibility in the mantle.
Our experiments will track isobaric invariant equilibria
where liquid coexists with an assemblage of olivine, garnet,
clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene and carbonate. These phase
relations can be used to determine the solidus temperature
for a variety of model mantle lherzolite compositions, and
provide the composition of solidus and near-solidus melts in
a carbonate-bearing mantle. Geochemical and textural
observations of the experimental products, in comparison
with natural rocks, will have wider implications for the
genesis of carbonatites and their associated silicate rocks.
[1] Le Bas, (1987), Geol Soc, London, Special Publications
30. [2] Bailey & Kearns, (2012) Mineral Mag, 76(2), 271
284. [3] Lee & Wyllie, (1998) J. Pet. 39(11-12), 2005-2013.
[4] Humphreys et al., (2010) Geology 38(10), 911-914 [5]
Bailey, K. et al. (2005). Mineral Mag 69, 907-915. [6]
Dasgupta et al., (2006) J. Pet. 47, 647-671 "#$ Bailey &
Collier, (2000) Mineral Mag, 64(4), 675682. [8] Dalton &
Presnall, (1998a). Contrib Mineral Pet, 131(2), 123135.
Rheology of three-phase magmas
M. PISTONE
*1
, L. CARICCHI
2
,

P. ULMER
1
, E. REUSSER
1
,
F. MARONE
3
, L. BURLINI
1
,
1
Department of Earth Sciences, ETH-Zurich,
Clausiusstrasse 25, CH-8092, Zurich, Switzerland.
(*mattia.pistone@erdw.ethz.ch)
2
Department of Mineralogy, University of Geneva, Rue des
Marachers 13, CH-1205, Geneva, Switzerland.

3
Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen,
Switzerland.

We present experimental results from a study aiming to
constrain the dependence of rheology of three-phase
magmas (ranging from dilute suspensions to crystal
mushes) on the viscosity of the suspending silicate melt, on
the relative contents of crystals and bubbles and on the
interactions occurring between the three phases during
deformation. Hydrous haplogranitic magmas containing
variable amounts of quartz crystals (between 24 and 65
vol.%), and a fixed bubble volume (9-12 vol.% CO
2
-rich
bubbles) were deformed in simple shear with a Paterson-
type rock deformation apparatus at high temperatures (823-
1023 K) and high pressure (200 MPa), in strain-rate
stepping (510
-5
s
-1
- 410
-3
s
-1
) from low to high deformation
rate. The rheological results suggest that three-phase
suspensions are characterized by strain rate-dependent
rheology (non-Newtonian behavior). Two kinds of non-
Newtonian behaviors were observed: shear thinning
(decrease of viscosity with increasing strain rate) and shear
thickening (increase of viscosity with increasing strain rate).
Microstructural observations suggest that: shear thinning
dominantly occurs in crystal-rich magmas (55-65 vol.%
crystals) because of crystal size reduction and shear
localization; shear thickening prevails in dilute suspensions
(24-44 vol.% crystals) due to outgassing promoted by
bubble coalescence. We also propose possible scenarios of
shear thickening and shear thinning rheology of magmas
ascending within volcanic conduits.
33
Disturbed
40
Ar/
39
Ar ages in basalt
lavas: Chemical and X-ray
computed tomographic (CT)
evidence for fluid/basalt chemical
interaction
E.L. CRAMER
*1
, S.C. SHERLOCK
1
, K.J. DOBSON
2
,
A.M. HALTON
1
, S. BLAKE
1
, T.L. BARRY
3
, P.D. LEE
2
,
S.P. KELLEY
1
, D.W. JOLLEY
4
.
1
Department of Environment, Earth and Ecosystems, The
Open University. Milton Keynes. MK7 6AA.
(*e.l.cramer@open.ac.uk)
2
Manchester X-Ray Imaging Facility (MXIF), School of
Materials. University of Manchester, RCaH, Didcot,
OX11 0FA.

3
Department of Geology, University of Leicester,
University Road, Leicester. LE1 7RH.
4
Geology and Petroleum Geology, School of Geosciences,
University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen. AB24 3UE.

Being able to accurately model fluid migration through
a basalt would be a fundamental step forward in our
understanding of post-emplacement effects upon the
potential disturbances to K and Ar, and ultimately its effects
on the
40
Ar/
39
Ar dating system. Here we explore whether
such effects can explain observed intralava
40
Ar/
39
Ar age
variations in a suite of lavas from the Faroe Islands.
Vesicular Palaeogene basalts from the Malinstindur and
Enni Formations, Faroe Islands were sampled for
40
Ar/
39
Ar
dating and textural analysis. Potential reservoirs and
pathways for fluids through our selected basalts are
interconnected vesicles, most of which appear to be
partially or fully filled with various species of precipitated
minerals. Using CT imaging, the size, shape and
interconnectivity of the vesicles was measured.
Early results suggest a high level of vesicle
connectivity, while initial electron microprobe chemical
element maps indicate the presence of K within the vesicle
fills.
These early results suggest that K-bearing fluids may
have led to post-emplacement alteration and will be further
examined for information on processes controlling the re-
distribution of K and Ar in basaltic rocks.
Taking geology to the IMAX: 3D
and 4D insight into geological
processes using micro-CT
K. J. DOBSON
*1
, P.D. LEE
1
, D.J. BROWN
2
, T.
TOMKINSON
2
, E.L. CRAMER
3
, S.C.SHERLOCK
3
, C.
PUNCREOBUTR
4
, K.M. KAREH
4

1
Manchester X-ray Imaging Facility, School of Materials,
University of Manchester, Oxford Rd., M13 9PL.
(*kate.dobson@manchester.ac.uk)
2
School of Geographical & Earth Sciences, University of
Glasgow, G12 8QQ.

3
Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA.
4
Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial
College London, SW7 2AZ.

Geology is inherently dynamic. Full understanding of
the geological system can therefore only be achieved by
considering the processes by which change occurs.
Analytical limitations mean that our existing knowledge has
been largely developed from ex situ analyses of the
products of geological change, rather than of the processes
themselves. Snap shot sampling using 2D sections taken
through 4D systems has limited ability to capture 3D and
4D behaviour. Serial sectioning and experiments quenched
at different times can give some insight into the third and
fourth dimension, but the true scaling of the processes from
generally 2D laboratory to the 4D crust is still poorly
understood.
Micro computed tomography (uCT) can visualise the
internal structures and spatial associations within
geological samples non-destructively, at pixel resolutions
from 200 microns down to 50 nanometres. As well as
enabling detailed descriptive assessment in 3D, uCT data
permits a range of quantitative analyses, and can provide the
geometric data for FEM, CFD and other modelling
techniques. 3D assessment allows much better
understanding of the role of the complex geometries and
associations within the samples; but the challenge of
capturing the processes that generate these structures
remains. To this end we have developed the experimental
capability to perform in situ melt and deformation
experiments using synchrotron based x-ray tomography to
achieve a full 3D data set per second; taking quantification
of the igneous system into 4D.
We will present examples from recent work showcasing
these capabilities, visualising features such as compositional
zonation in feldspars, vesicle bubble structures in low grade
ignimbrites, and rarely reported crystalline precipitations in
basalt vesicles networks in 3D. We will show results from
quantitative mineral mapping, characterisation of crystal
and vesicle size distributions, and determination of
preferred crystal orientations. Finally, we will present
results from in situ high temperature melting and
deformation experiments, where we have mapped changing
melt and crystal locations, geometries and crystal motions
during extrusion. We will discuss how these imaging and
quantitative techniques can be applied to the volcanic and
magmatic system, and how uCT can begin to record
extrusion, flow, crystallisation and deformation in real time.
34
Ultra-deep drilling into arc crust
Y. TAMURA
*1
, Y. TATSUMI
1, 2
, O. ISHIZUKA
1, 3
,

R.J.
STERN
4
, J.B. GILL
5
, J.A. PEARCE
6
, R. ARCULUS
7
AND
OTHERS
1
IFREE, JAMSTEC, Yokosuka, Japan.
(*tamuray@jamstec.go.jp)
2
Kobe University, Japan.

3
GSJ/AIST, Tsukuba, Japan.

4
U. Texas at Dallas, Richardson, USA.
5
UCSC, USA.
6
Cardiff University, UK.
7
ANU, Australia.

What is raw and juvenile continental crust?
Furthermore, how does it form and evolve into mature
continental crust? The continental crust we observe on the
surface of the earth has been deformed, metamorphosed,
and otherwise processed perhaps several times from its
creation in subduction zones to the present. Its impossible
to imagine a wild tuna fish from opening a can of processed
tuna; the same might be said about juvenile versus mature
continental crust. Although there are many examples of
accreted arc crust on the margins of continents, during-
and/or post-collision geochemical changes are widespread,
and we dont have the ability to observe active crust-
forming processes in modern arcs except by what we can
infer from eruptions at the surface, and by remote sensing of
arc interiors. ULTRA-DEEP DRILLING INTO ARC
CRUST is the best way to sample unprocessed juvenile
continental-type crust, to observe these active processes that
produce the nuclei of new continental crust, and to examine
the nature of juvenile continental crust as first generated at
intra-oceanic arcs.
Key questions for comprehending arc crust formation
are: (1) What is the nature of the crust and mantle in the
region prior to the beginning of subduction? (2) How does
subduction initiate and initial arc crust form? (3) What are
the spatial changes of arc magma and crust composition of
the entire arc? (4) How do the middle arc crust evolve?
Possible strategies for answering these questions include
drilling by IODP at the IBM arc system. IODP has
proposals to drill at the IBM, including three non-riser holes
(IBM-1, IBM-2 and IBM-3) and one riser, ultra-deep hole
(IBM-4), which answer these questions, respectively, and
the four drillings result in comprehensive understanding of
the arc evolution and continental crust formation. JR
drillings at three sites (IBM-1, IBM-2 and IBM-3) are
scheduled in 2014.
We had a workshop in Hawaii from September 18 to
September 21, 2012, which aimed to gather a wide range of
geophysicists, geologists, geochemists and petrologists who
are interested in the nature of arc crust and how this is
modified in collision zones and preserved in continental
crust (http://www.jamstec.go.jp/ud2012/). Our goal has
been to discuss the merits, methods and implications of
ULTRA-DEEP DRILLING INTO ARC CRUST from
both thematic (formation of continental crust) and regional
(Izu-Bonin-Mariana) scope.
Id like to show the IODP Project IBM and discussion
in the Hawaii workshop. The IODP proposals and abstracts
of attendees are uploaded in the website
(http://www.jamstec.go.jp/ud2012/) and the workshop
report will also appear on the web until the end of 2012.
Buoyancy of plume-sourced ash
clouds: Implications for ash
transport modelling
R.S.J. SPARKS
1
, R. BAINES
2
, R. BURDEN
1
, S.
ENGWELL
1
, A. HOGG
3
, H.E. HUPPERT
1
, C. JOHNSON
3
,
J. KANDLBAUER
1
, J.C. PHILLIPS
1
AND M.
WOODHOUSE
3
1
(*steve.sparks@bristol.ac.uk)
2
Dept. Infrastructure Engineering, University of Melbourne,
Australia.
3
School of Mathematics, University of Bristol, UK.

Volcanic plumes ascend high into the atmosphere where
they spread out at a level of neutral buoyancy to form
intrusions. The structure of these intrusions depends on the
relative strength of the intrusions, the ambient wind and the
local atmospheric stratification. In a strong wind moderate
to weak sized eruptions form bent over plumes. While
typically in more powerful eruptions or in eruptions with a
weak wind, they form umbrella clouds, which spread in all
directions. Irrespective of the wind the plumes eventually
reach dynamical equilibrium with the wind field further
from the volcanic source. The motion of such plume-fed
intrusions is governed by buoyancy. The spreading of
intrusions is controlled by the volumetric flux of the feeding
plume at the height of neutral buoyancy and the density
stratification in the atmosphere, but not by the density of
intrusion itself. For the case of a symmetrically spreading
umbrella cloud the thickness decreases linearly with
distance. Although more complex in detail, intrusions
affected by the wind also thin quite rapidly with distance.
Buoyancy thinning can explain why ash clouds are observed
to become very thin quite close to source. Advection
diffusion models are now widely used to forecast ash clouds
dispersal and ash deposition. Such models typically assume
ash is dispersed vertically above the source and assume ash
particles act as heavy (sedimenting) tracers that are spread
by atmospheric diffusion. Buoyancy effects are ignored. We
contend that such models are not a correct description of the
physics of ash clouds in regions where buoyancy effects are
significant. For very powerful eruptions buoyancy effects
are dominant to distances of hundreds of kilometres or
more; it seems unlikely that an advection diffusion model
could reproduce observed ash distributions since such
models cannot have upwind or very extensive cross-wind
spreading. For weaker plumes that are markedly affected by
wind, advection-diffusion models are useful mathematical
descriptions that can be calibrated to give good forecasts of
ash transport. However, this does not mean they are good
physical models of the process. Models of buoyancy
spreading suggest that it can be the main cause of lateral
spreading of wind blown clouds to significant distances
(perhaps tens or hundreds of kilometres). Operational
models of ash dispersal are likely to remain structured as
advection diffusion models, so they may need some
empirical adjustments to take account of buoyancy. For
example it might be better to have source terms, which
assume ash is concentrated in narrow height intervals above
the source (at one level rather than distributed vertically).
However, it seems unwise to continue using such models
for very powerful eruptions.

35
The duration of volcanic eruptions:
Controls and forecasts
L.S. GUNN
*1
, S. BLAKE
1
,

C. JONES
2
, H. RYMER
1

1
Environment, Earth and Ecosystems, The Open University,
Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA. (*l.s.gunn@open.ac.uk)
2
Mathematics, Computing and Technology, The Open
University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA.

During volcanic eruptions a pressing question is How
long will the eruption last? A period of continuous magma
discharge during basaltic eruptions can range from less than
one day to several years. Such a range of possible durations
can lead to considerably different consequences that require
different responses. A greater understanding of the
controlling factors on eruption durations, and the
development of a tool to help constrain probable eruptions
durations would be a great benefit to emergency response
planning and provide insight on sub-volcanic processes.
We present historical datasets of basaltic volcanic
eruptions from Iceland, Mt Etna (Sicily) and Piton de la
Fournaise (Indian Ocean) and assess variations in eruption
durations at and between different volcanoes. Statistical
analysis of the data indicates a likely volcano specific
control on eruption duration. For example on Iceland, 56 %
of basaltic eruptions from volcanic systems situated within
the active rift zone have durations of less than or equal to 10
days, whereas 92 % of those outside of this zone last longer
than 10 days.
A probabilistic statistical model has been developed to
forecast the duration of future volcanic eruptions at the
studied volcanoes. The model also forecasts the eventual
duration of an eruption which has already been on-going for
a known amount of time and the potential use of the model
in a real life situation is demonstrated.
Climate and carbon cycle response
to the 1815 Tambora eruption: Pre-
industrial versus future Earth
system simulations
J.KANDLBAUER
*1
, P.O. HOPCROFT
2
,

R.S.J. SPARKS
1
,
P.J. VALDES
2

1
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills
Memorial Building, Queens Road, BS8 1RJ, Bristol,
UK. (*J.Kandlbauer@bristol.ac.uk)
2
School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol,
University Road, BS8 1SS. Bristol, UK.

The sulphur released by the 1815 Tambora eruption
and converted to H
2
SO
4
aerosols in the stratosphere resulted
in a maximum global cooling of about 1C in summer 1816.
The cold climate was responsible for crop failures, leading
to serious famine and high food prices in Europe and
Northern America. 1816 became widely known as the year
without summer.
We performed a series of climate simulations with the
UK Met Office model HadGEM2-ES to assess if a Tambora
eruption in a futuristic high CO
2
climate in 2045 (RCP 6.0
radiative forcing scheme) would lead to a different outcome
than in a 1815-like pre-industrial environment.
First results show that in both scenarios the temperature
decreases by about 1C the year after the eruption and
global precipitation reduces by about 4% in summer 1816.
Interestingly, the vegetation productivity, as well as the
different plant fractions do not show any strong relative
anomalies between the two scenarios, although the
vegetation distribution provides a fairly different initial
model situation.
36
Newly discovered components of
magmatism from Satorini are
revealed during cryptotephra
studies of marine cores
C. SATOW
1
, E. TOMLINSON
2
, P. ALBERT
3
, S. COLLINS
4
,
K. GRANT
5
, S. WULF
6
, L. OTTOLINI
7
, E. ROHLING
5
, M.
MENZIES
3
, S. BLOCKLEY
1
, V. SMITH
8
, C. MANNING
3
,
J. LOWE
1

1
Dept. of Geography, RHUL, UK.
(*Christopher.Satow.2008@live.rhul.ac.uk)
2
Dept. Geology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
3
Dept. of Earth Sciences, RHUL, UK
4
Dept. Earth Sciences, University of Durham, Durham, UK
5
University of Southampton, National Oceanography
Centre, Southampton, UK.
6
Helmholz Centre Potsdam, GFZ German Research Centre
for Geosciences, D-14473, Potsdam, Germany.
7
Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources, University
of Pavia, Italy.
8
RLAHA, University of Oxford, UK

Marine core tephra deposits have traditionally been used
as isochrons to link together environmental records,
particularly in the Mediterranean region (e.g. Bourne et al
2010, Albert et al. 2012). Recent advances in detection and
extraction techniques have augmented both the number of
known tephra layers, and the useful geochemical data which
can be extracted from them. Now the tephra layers can
contribute invaluably to the construction of volcanic
histories.
Visible and crypto-tephra layers were extracted from
core LC21 in the Aegean Sea and geochemically analysed
by EPMA (major elements) and LA-ICP-MS or SIMS (trace
elements). Highly precise dating information is derived
from the correlation of the cores isotope stratigraphy to that
of the Soreq Cave speleothem in Israel (Grant et al. 2012).
The resulting volcanic chronology comprises 14 or 15
eruptions; from Santorini (9 eruptions), Kos/Yali/Nisyros (2
eruptions), Campanian (2 or 3 eruptions) and Pantellerian (1
eruption) volcanic systems, dating from ~166.1ka to the
present day.
This work demonstrates that:
Tephra layers in distal settings preserve evidence of
eruptions from Santorini that were not previously
known from proximal deposits.
Some of the Santorini magma compositions
identified in LC21 are not known from proximal
deposits, but are comparable to the compositions of
magmas that were present in the upper crust prior to
the Minoan eruption (Druitt et al. 2012).
Tephra deposits in this marine core can date the
eruptions with very high precision through a novel
dating technique (Grant et al. 2012).
Relative ages of eruptions from different volcanic
sources can be established using tephrostratigraphy.

Albert.P.G. et al. (2012) JVGR 229-230 pp 74-94
Bourne.A. (2010) QSR 29 pp 3079-3094
Druitt.T. (2012) Nature 482 pp 77-82
Grant et al. (2012) Nature in press
The nature and scale of lava-water-
sediment interaction: An example
from the Fife-Midlothian Basin,
Kinghorn, eastern Scotland
H. RAWCLIFFE
*1
, D. BROWN
1
,

B. BELL
1
1
School of Geographical and Earth Sciences, University of
Glasgow, Gregory Building, Lilybank Gardens,
Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
(*h.rawcliffe.1@research.gla.ac.uk)

The Carboniferous-Permian Igneous Province of
northern Britain records the complex interplay of competing
volcanic and sedimentary systems during rifting. The Early
Carboniferous Fife-Midlothian Basin at Kinghorn, in Fife,
eastern Scotland, comprises a 485m thick succession of
basaltic lavas, interbedded with a variety of siliciclastic and
carbonate sedimentary rocks, and volcaniclastic rocks. A
range of depositional environments from sub-aerial through
fluvio-deltaic to shallow marine/lagoonal have been
recognised. The sequence broadly records a marine
transgression; however, various uplift and subsidence
events and fluctuating accommodation space have
controlled the intrabasinal drainage system. In this study,
we characterise the processes of lava-water-sediment
interaction at both the basin and interface scale.
The lavas were typically emplaced in sub-aerial
environments, but the presence of hyaloclastite, locally with
pillow fragments, and peperite, indicates eruption into
standing bodies of water and/or interaction with
unconsolidated wet sediment. The presence of
phreatomagmatic lapilli-tuffs and ash aggregates also
records interaction of magma with water. Background
sedimentation is dominated by siliciclastic input to fluvial
and marginal marine environments, but locally, the basin is
inundated by pulses of reworked volcanic material.
At the interface between volcanic and sedimentary
units, three distinct types of lava-water-sediment interaction
have been identified: i) loading/soft-sediment interaction (
pillows/hyaloclastite); ii) passive interaction and
formation of peperitic margins ( pillows/hyaloclastite), and
iii) aggressive interaction and formation of invasive
disaggregated peperite. We record the nature and scale of
these interactions and their local digenetic effects.
The accurate characterisation of these domains will aid
our understanding of the processes that occur during lava-
water-sediment interaction. These data are of particular
importance for facies analysis and reservoir characterisation
in volcanic rifted margins that are subject to hydrocarbon
exploration.

37
Inclined Vulcanian explosions at
Soufriere Hills Volcano: Causes and
consequences
P. COLE
*1,2, 3
, A. STINTON
2,3
, R. STEWART
2,3
, H.
ODBERT
2,4

1
Earth Sciences, Plymouth University, UK
(*pdcole2@gmail.com)
2
Montserrat Volcano Observatory, Montserrat, West Indies
3
Seismic Research Centre, University of the West Indies,
4
School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, UK

More than 100 Vulcanian explosions have taken place
at Soufriere Hills Volcano between 1996 and 2010 and
many of these have been well-observed and documented,
with video, thermal video and photography.
Such a rich observational dataset, together with
geophysical monitoring data and samples of the products
allows detailed analysis of these explosions, including their
initial moments. While many of the Vulcanian explosions
were relatively vertically directed events, with a quite
symmetrical radial distribution of products such as ballistics
and pyroclastic density currents (PDCs), several others were
associated with initially inclined eruption columns and at
least some laterally directed components.
Clear examples of non-vertical explosions occurred in
1996, 2008 and 2010. Documentation of the products of
some of these non-vertical events shows that they varied
considerably in lithology. However they all have irregularly
dispersed ballistic fields and /or PDCs of a range of types.
Some explosions have occurred associated with an
unloading event, such as dome collapse, where a significant
portion of the lava dome was removed over several hours
resulting in an asymmetric explosion crater morphology
(e.g. 17 Sept 1996 and 11 February 2010).
In all cases crater asymmetry is a critical factor in
contributing to the non-vertical nature of the explosion.
Preferentially directed hazardous PDCs and /or ballistics are
important consequences of these inclined explosions.
Assigning a volcano alert level:
Negotiating uncertainty, risk, and
complexity in decision-making
processes
C.J. FEARNLEY
1

1
Institute of Geography and Earth Sciences, Aberystwyth
University, Llandinum Building, Penglais Campus,
Aberystwyth, SY23 3DB, UK (*cjf9@aber.ac.uk)

A volcano alert level system (VALS) is used to
communicate warning information from scientists to civil
authorities managing volcanic hazards. This paper provides
the first evaluation of how the decision-making process
behind the assignation of an alert level, using forecasts of
volcanic behaviour, operates in practice. Using
ethnographic studies and interviews conducted from 2007-
2009 at five USGS managed volcano observatories (Alaska,
Cascades, Hawaii, Long Valley, and Yellowstone) two key
findings are presented here. First, that observatory scientists
encounter difficulties in interpreting scientific data and
making decisions about what a volcano is doing when
dealing with complex volcanic processes and high levels of
scientific uncertainty. Second, the decision to move
between alert levels is based upon more than volcanic
activity and scientific information, with a complex
negotiation of social and environmental risks playing a
crucial role. This research establishes that warning systems
are complex and non-linear, making decision-making
processes problematic in the face of intrinsic uncertainties
and risks. A consideration of different social science
approaches to risk would, therefore, be beneficial in
volcanic hazard management insofar as these suggest
effective practices for communicating scientific uncertainty
and risk.

38
Pyroclastic granulation in explosive
volcanic eruptions
T.M. GERNON
*1
, M. WOOD
1
, R.J. BROWN
2
,

C.
MEDLIN
3
, M.A. TAIT
4
, T.K. HINCKS
5

1
Ocean & Earth Science, University of Southampton, SO14
3ZH. (*Thomas.Gernon@noc.soton.ac.uk)
2
Dept of Earth Sciences, Durham University, DH1 3LE
3
School of Geosciences, Monash University, Australia 3800
4
Rio Tinto Limited, Perth, Western Australia 6000.

5
School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 1RJ.

Potassic and ultrapotassic volcanism (e.g. kimberlites,
lamproites) typically involves the formation of diverging
pipes or diatremes, which are the locus of high-intensity
explosive eruptions. A conspicuous and previously
enigmatic feature of diatreme fills are pelletal lapilli
well-rounded clasts that consist of an inner seed particle
with a complex rim, thought to represent quenched juvenile
melt (Gernon et al., 2012). Such clasts are widely
documented in a range of pyroclastic successions on Earth.
New observations of pelletal lapilli in kimberlites show they
coincide with a transition from magmatic to pyroclastic
behaviour, thus offering fundamental insights into eruption
dynamics and constraints on vent conditions. We provide
strong evidence that pelletal lapilli form by fluidized spray
granulation a coating process used widely in industrial
applications. We propose that pelletal lapilli are formed
when fluid volatile-rich melts intrude into earlier
volcaniclastic infill close to the diatreme root zone.
Intensive degassing produces a gas jet in which locally-
scavenged particles are simultaneously fluidized and coated
by a spray of low-viscosity melt. Most fine particles are
either agglomerated to pelletal coatings or elutriated by
powerful gas flows. The origin of pelletal lapilli is
important for understanding how magmatic pyroclasts are
transported to the surface during explosive eruptions. A
similar origin may apply to pelletal lapilli in a range of
alkaline volcanic rocks including carbonatites, kamafugites
and melilitites.
Schematic showing the formation of pelletal lapilli in
kimberlite diatremes (Venetia and Letseng, southern
Africa).

Gernon, T.M., Brown, R.J., Tait, M.A., Hincks, T.K. (2012)
Nature Communications 3, 832.
Continental crust formation in the
Southern Central Andes: New
insights from O and Hf isotopes in
zircon
R. JONES
*1
, L. KIRSTEIN
1
,

S. KASEMANN
2
,

B. DHUIME
3
,
T. ELLIOTT
3
, V. LITVAK
4

1
School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, UK
(*r.e.jones-3@sms.ed.ac.uk)
2
Department of Geosciences, University of Bremen,
Germany
3
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, UK
4
Departamento de Ciencias Geolgicas, Universidad de
Buenos Aires, Argentina

Subduction zones, such as the Andean convergent
margin, are the main producers of new continental crust via
arc magmatism. Arc magmas and hence new continental
crust are composed of variable contributions from mantle,
crustal and subducted reservoirs. This study aims to
investigate how contamination of arc magmas in the
southern Central Andes has varied during the Cenozoic.
The study area lies within the currently volcanically
inactive Pampean flat slab segment (~27-33S) of the
Central Andes. During the Miocene the angle of the
subducting Nazca plate shallowed, leading to the eastward
migration of the magmatic arc and eventual termination of
arc magmatism in the Late Miocene [1]. Subduction
erosion, tectonic erosion, and crustal contamination have all
been highlighed as important processes in the region [2,3,4].
High resolution, in-situ oxygen and hafnium isotope
analysis and U/Pb dating has been carried out on magmatic
zircon obtained from Late Cretaceous to Late Miocene
plutonics and volcanics collected from an east-west transect
across the Andean Cordillera. The information obtained
from this mineral scale investigation has also been
combined with thermobarometry and whole rock
major/trace element geochemistry.
Mantle-like !
18
O
(zircon)
and #Hf
(zircon)
values suggest the
Late Cretaceous to Mid Eocene arc magmatics were derived
from mantle melts with little contribution from upper crustal
material, either from the subduction of continental crust or
from crustal assimilation. Oxygen and hafnium isotope
values obtained for Oligocene to Miocene magmatics,
combined with the presence of inherited zircon populations,
reflects the assimilation of different basement terranes as
arc magmatism migrated to the east. This demonstrates
varying contamination of arc magmas with continental crust
during the Cenozoic in relation to changing subduction zone
geodynamics.

[1] Pilger, R, H., (1984), Journal of the Geological Society
London, 141, 793 - 802.
[2] Stern, C, R., (1991), Geology, 19, 78 - 81.
[3] Hildreth, W., and Moorbath, S., (1988), Contributions to
Mineralogy and Petrology, 98, 455 - 489.
[4] Stern, C, R., (2004), Rev. geol. Chile, 31, 161-206.
39
Melting rocks with magma:
Sediment pyrometamorphism as a
tracer of magma flow locallisation
in sills and dykes
C. GROVE
*1
, D.A. JERRAM
2
,

R.J. BROWN
1
, J. GLUYAS
1

1
Durham University, Department of Earth Sciences, South
Road, Durham. (*clayton.grove@durham.ac.uk)
2
DougalEarth Ltd. (www.dougalearth.com).

Petrographic, mineralogical and geochemical data have
been used to characterise sill and dyke contacts with aeolian
sandstones(the Twyfelfontein Formation, Namibia, 132 Ma
(Jerram et al., 1999)). These show a range of contact
diagenesis and in extreme cases pyro-metamorphic
reactions (pyrometamorphism contact metamorphism
where temperatures are hot enough to induce melting and
pyrogenic mineral growth (Grapes, 2010)) Contact effects
vary from minor compaction and carbonate cementation,
inerpreted to be caused by hot fliuds either from and-or
circulated by the intrusion, adjecent to most contacts, to
partial melt of arkosic sediment components at sill-dyke
junctions or multiple dyke intersections, where heat has
been intesified to the point where pyrometamorhism
occurs.
The most intense effects are where magma flow has
been locallised, such as at a sill-dyke junction. Here, the
feldspar component has melted and segregated from the
quartz component of the sandstone. Near to the heat source
(slower cooling) the melt has crystallised into a potassium
feldspar, pyroxene and tridymite (quartz paramorph) matrix.
Further away the melt matrix shows less seggregation and
has vitrified into a clear glass containing floating detrital
quartz rimmed with tridymite paramorphs (like hedgehogs).
Further above is a carbonate pore filling cement and both
feldspar and quarts granins are present, representing the
boiling hydrothermal system.
At dyke convergences, where >3 dykes come together
effects are also intensified. Melt and segregation is similar
to the above example, but a fluid-fluid like contact exists
with the igneous dolerite. A boundary zone is developed in
the dolerite that is enriched with quartz and arkosic melt
transferred from the sediments.
We infer magma flow locallisation within the magmatic
plumbing system from pyrometamorphic intensity. In the
case of the converging dykes, a feeder to a vent may have
existed above.

Grapes, R. (2010) Pyrometamorphism. Springer.
Jerram, D., Mountney, N., Holzfrster, F. and
Stollhofen, H. (1999) Internal stratigraphic
relationships in the Etendeka Group in the Huab Basin,
NW Namibia: understanding the onset of flood
volcanism. Journal of Geodynamics, 28, 393-418.

MORB-like halogens in basalts of
the Azores archipelago
L.D. JEPSON
*1
, R. BURGESS
1
,

V.A. FERNANDES
2
,

C.
BALLENTINE
1

1
School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental
Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road,
Manchester, UK. M13 9PL.
(*lisa.abbott@postgrad.manchester.ac.uk)
2
Museum fr Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut fr Evolutions-
und Biodiversittsforschung, Invalidenstrae 43, 10115
Berlin, Germany.

The halogens (Cl, Br, I) are moderately volatile
elements that exhibit incompatible behaviour during
melting, and are hydrophyllic; iodine is strongly
fractionated by biological processes. Although the halogens
share similar geochemical properties to the noble gases in
many systems, the heavy halogens in particular have been
underutilized as tracers, because of the analytical difficulties
related to determining their low abundances in geological
materials.
A suite of 85 ocean island basalts was collected during
fieldwork to the Azores, Portugal in 2011. Halogen
compositions have been determined in a sub-set (12) of
these basalts, from the islands of: So Miguel, Terceira,
Graciosa and Pico. Olivine and pyroxene separates were
analysed using an extension of the Ar-Ar method a
neutron-activation technique that allows the halogens to be
determined from noble gas isotopes formed during
irradiation. The halogens are assumed to be mainly sited in
melt inclusions observed within the mineral phases; noble
gases were liberated by a combination of crushing and
stepped heating. Only bulk halogen ratios are quoted here.
Initial results show that the Azores basalts have a
similar range in I/Cl (9.92-253x10
-6
) as previously reported
for MORB, with the Br/Cl values offset to slightly higher
values (0.62-4.22x10
-3
). There appears to be some variation
between islands, observed in the I/Cl values: the basalts
from So Miguel < Terciera and Pico < Graciosa. This
variation is consistent with a SE-NW oriented decrease in
age along ~250km of the Terciera Rift.

40
Entablature
A.E.S. FORBES
*1
, S. BLAKE
1
, D.W. MCGARVIE
1
, H.
TUFFEN
2
.
1
Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7
6AA (*a.e.s.forbes@open.ac.uk)
2
Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University,
Lancaster, LA1 4YQ

Entablature is the term used to describe zones or tiers of
irregular jointing in basaltic lava flows. It has previously
been linked to lava-water interactions and forms when water
from rivers dammed by the lava inundates the lava flow
surface, and in lava-water interactions in subglacial settings.
There has been no previous in-depth study of the different
types of fractures present in entablature tiers and this is the
focus of this work.
A number of different fracture types have been
recognised in entablature outcrops of the !jrsdalur valley,
southwest Iceland. These are striae bearing column
bounding fractures and pseudopillow fracture systems
which themselves consist of two different fracture types:
master fractures with dimpled surface textures and
subsidiary fractures with curved striae. The interaction of
pseudopillow fracture systems and columnar jointing causes
chevron fracture patterns commonly observed in
entablature. An entablature tier is generally bound by both
an upper and lower colonnade of straight, regular, vertical
columns.
Closely spaced striae and dendritic crystal textures in
the entablature tier indicate rapid cooling. Master fractures
show a thin band with an evolved composition at the
fracture surface, and mineral textures show evidence of
quenching of this material. We interpret this as late stage
residual melt that is drawn into an area of low pressure
immediately preceding or during master fracture formation,
which is then quenched by an influx of water and/or steam
when the master fracture fully opens. Master fractures
appear to be the main conduit for coolant entering the lava
flow during entablature formation.
Dihedral angles as a proxy for
crystallisation times in dolerites
M. HOLNESS
*1
, C. RICHARDSON
2

1
Dept. Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing
Street, Cambridge CB2 3EQ. (*marian@esc.cam.ac.uk)
2
BP Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge.

The median of the population of augite-plagioclase-
plagioclase dihedral angles in mafic rocks ($
cpp
) varies
systematically within dolerite intrusions. Formation of
augite-plag-plag three-grain junctions involves the growth
of augite into the melt-filled space created by the
juxtaposition of two plagioclase grains. Partially crystallised
samples from the Kiluaea Iki lava lake shows that three-
grain junctions form first where the two plagioclase grains
meet at a high angle, while narrower melt pockets tend to
cool through the glass transition before the melt crystallizes.
$
cpp
in the lava lake crust and in other rapidly cooled
dolerites is ~78, higher than the 60 expected if augite
perfectly pseudomorphed the melt geometry. In more
slowly cooled bodies, augite-plag-plag junctions are not
formed by the intersection of two planar augite-plag
boundaries, but are curved towards higher angles: $
cpp
>
78. In the most slowly cooled dolerites, $
cpp
may approach
the equilibrium value of 109.
The change in junction geometry (and hence $
cpp
) with
decreased cooling rate is a consequence of a change in the
relative growth rate of plagioclase and augite during the last
stages of solidification at the three-grain junction.
We measured $
cpp
from 10-15 samples across each of a
family of dolerite sills ranging in thickness from 40m to
300m. $
cpp
varies smoothly and symmetrically across each
sill. The smaller bodies have $
cpp
~78 at the margins,
rising to higher values in the centre. The widest bodies
show the same pattern of dihedral angle variation but also
have high values within a few tens of metres of their
margins. There is no straightforward control of sill
thickness on average plagioclase grain-size, but the coarsest
horizons are stratigraphically above the sill centre in every
case.
We constructed simple conductive cooling models,
taking into account the latent heat of crystallisation. $
cpp
is
a sensitive function of crystallisation time if that time
exceeds >10 years. The high marginal angles in thickest
sills are caused by localized sub-solidus modification of the
grain boundary orientations, enhanced by the relatively fine
grain-size of the chilled margins. Because grain-size
information is dependent on (poorly known) crystal growth
rates for constraining cooling times, $
cpp
is a more reliable
proxy for dolerite cooling rates.
The new speedometer is applied to mafic rocks for
which the cooling rate is unknown. In the eucritic meteorite
Juvinas, $
cpp
= 93 3, suggestive of a crystallisation time
of order 100 years and a minimum crustal thickness ~70m
for the supposed source of Juvinas, the asteroid 4 Vesta.
$
cpp
can also be used to determine relative intrusion age of
Tertiary dykes in the Skaergaard Intrusion (E. Greenland).
41
The onset and evolution of pit crater
collapse: Insights from events at
Pu'u O'o, Hawaii, in 2011
E.P. HOLOHAN
*1,2
, T.R. WALTER
1
, M.P.J. SCHPFER
2,3
,
J.J. WALSH
2
, T. ORR
4
, M. POLAND
4

1
GFZ Potsdam, Sektion 2.1, Helmholtzstrasse 7, Potsdam
14467, Germany. (*holohan@gfz-potsdam.de)
2
Fault Analysis Group, UCD School of Geological
Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.

3
Department for Geodynamics and Sedimentology,
University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna,
Austria.
4
U.S. Geological Survey, Hawaiian Volcano Observatory,
Hawaii National Park, Hawaii, U.S.A.

Deformation is often obscured at active vents. In such
very-near-field settings, the onset and evolution of high-
strain deformation processes, such as crater collapse, are
particularly ill-constrained. On March 2011, time-lapse
cameras deployed at the highly-active Pu'u O'o crater,
Hawaii, imaged a major collapse in unprecedented spatio-
temporal detail. We analyzed these images with Digital
Image Correlation (DIC) techniques to yield a semi-
quantitative (pixel-unit) description of the collapse's
structural development and associated surface
displacements. We then ran numerical pit-crater collapse
simulations based on the 2D Distinct Element Method
(DEM) to examine how geometric and mechanical factors
may influence such observations. The time-lapse images
reveal initial stability during lava drain-back, followed by
broad sagging of the crater floor, and then collapse
controlled by two ring faults. The structural development
and surface displacement patterns are best reproduced in
DEM models with a shallow, vertically-elongated magma
reservoir, and/or with a host-rock that is reasonably strong
at depth. This highlights how new tools like DIC techniques
and DEM models can help unravel physical processes at
active volcanoes.
Structures of the rift zone in
northern Iceland
S. HUGHES
*1
, H. RYMER
1

1
Ecosystems, & Earth Sciences, The Open University,
Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, Bucks, MK7 6AA.
(*s.hughes@open.ac.uk)

There is speculation, based on historical twinned
eruptions and interconnected faults and eruptive fissures
that activity at Eyjafjallajkull and neighbouring Katla are
linked (Dahm and Brandsdottir, 2007) and there are other
suggested paired volcanoes further north (Gudmundsson
and Hognado!ttir, 2007). Pressure changes at one of the
paired volcanoes may trigger activity at the other (Andrew
and Gudmundsson, 2008; Einarsson, 2008), although
geochemical evidence suggests the magma systems are not
materially connected (Sturkell and Sigmundsson, 2000).
The focus of this project is on the northern part of the
Icelandic rift zone - from Vatnajokull ice cap in the south,
across Askja and Upptyppingar volcanoes, and north
towards Krafla volcano - because of the recently identified
magma movements there and the implications for future
eruptive activity.
The aim of this work is to discover how magma is
transported and stored at shallow depth beneath the NVZ in
Iceland. Seismic studies indicate that there may be several
magma sources even within a single volcanic system in
Icelands NVZ (Soosalu et al., 2009). This work also
directly addresses the question of whether separate volcanic
systems are linked and, if so, at what depth.
The centre of the Askja caldera is sinking (at about 2-5
cm per year for the last 40 years) and recent modelling
suggests that the long-term trend (>20 years) of magma
drainage from beneath this caldera recently reversed,
possibly indicating magma intrusion (Rymer et al., 2010).
Over the same recent period, nearby dormant Upptyppingar
volcano has become seismically active (Jakobsdottir et al.,
2008). The question of where the magma is coming from
and going to, and its ultimate fate naturally arises.
Results of recent microgravity and Bouguer gravity
work will be presented here.

Andrew R. E. B. & Gudmundsson, A. (2008) J. Volcanol.
Geotherm. Res. 177: 1045-1054
Dahm, T. & Brandsdottir, B. (2007) Geophys J Int.: 130:
183-192.
Einarsson, P. (2008) Jokull 58: 35-58
Rymer, H., Locke, C.A., feigsson, B. G., Einarsson, P &
Sturkell, E. (2010) Terra Nova 22(4): 309-313.
Jakobsdottir, S.S. et al., (2008) Stud. Geophys. Geod.
52: 513-528
Soosalu et al., S. (2009) Bull. Volcanol.
doi:10.1007/s00445-009-0297-3
Sturkell, E. & Sigmundsson, F. (2000) J. Geophys. Res.
105: 25671-25684.
42
Volcanic unrest in Kenya: A
satellite perspective
E. ROBERTSON
*1
, J. BIGGS
1
,

M. EDMONDS
2
, C. VYE-
BROWN
3

1
School of Earth Sciences, Univeristy of Bristol, Bristol,
BS8 1RJ, UK (*elspeth.robertson@bristol.ac.uk)
2
Department of Earth Sciences, Univeristy of Cambridge,
Downing Street, Cambridge, CB5 3EQ, UK

3
British Geological Survey, Murchison House, West Mains
Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3LA, UK

The East African Rift (EAR) system is a 5,000 km long
series of fault bounded depressions that run from the Red
Sea to Mozambique. The use of InSAR throughout the East
African Rift has led to the discovery that a number of
volcanoes, which havent erupted in human history, are
actively deforming. In Kenya, the EAR hosts 14 Quaternary
volcanoes that lie along its central rift axis. An initial
InSAR study, covering the period 1997-2008, discovered
that four volcanoes underwent geodetic activity during this
time.
We present results from a long-term ENVISAT and
ALOS PALSAR monitoring campaign of Kenyan Rift
volcanoes. Using multi-temporal interferograms, we
construct time series of ground deformation. We discover
that two Kenyan volcanoes, Silali and Longonot, are
undergoing slow subsidence, at mm rates which single
interferograms are unable to detect. We also discover that a
third volcano, Paka, has undergone a second period of uplift
between 2009-2010 at a rate of 1.6 cm/year.
Satellite-based observations play an important role in
monitoring and assessing volcanic hazard in this remote
region. There is a limited historical record of volcanic
activity in Kenya and detailed eruptive records are
understudied. We present a remote-sensing study to
investigate the temporal and spatial development of
volcanic activity at Longonot volcano. Through high-
resolution mapping using ASTER, SPOT5 and GDEM
imagery, we identify boundaries of eruptive units and begin
to establish Longonots eruptive history. Understanding the
source of the geodetic signal, which may be magmatic,
hydrothermal or a combination of both, using both
geological and geophysical techniques will aid
interpretation of InSAR signals observed elsewhere in the
East African Rift and guide future hazard studies across
Kenya.

Magmatic systems within
sedimentary basins
N. SCHOFIELD
*1
, S. HOLFORD
2
, D. JOLLEY
3

1
Earth Sciences, University of Birmingham
(*n.schofield@bham.ac.uk)
2
Australain School of Petroleum, Adelaide.

3
Geology and Petroleum Geology, University of Aberdeen

Discerning how magma moves around the subsurface,
and its connection too sub-aerial volcanic systems is
integral to our understanding of how volcanic systems
evolve. Our current understanding of magma transit through
the crust is mainly based on petrological and geochemical
methods. These methods have given us great insight, but are
unable to give exact geometries of such systems;
additionally they also, in general, cannot take into account
movement of magma laterally through the crust.
The use of 3D oil industry seismic data has yielded
incredible insight into understanding such systems and the
ever increasing amount of seismic data available in frontier
basins containing volcanics means that it is now possible to
start to understand magma movement within the subsurface,
and its connection to extrusive volcanism.
We present a series of examples from basins around the
world, from both field and seismic data, illustrating key
aspects of magma flow and eruption within a sedimentary
basin.

43
Introduction to John Guest Tribute
C.R.J. KILBURN*
1

1
Aon Benfield UCL Hazard Centre, Dept of Earth Sciences,
UCL, Gower St, London WC1E 6BT, U.K.
(*c.kilburn@ucl.ac.uk)

This special session is a tribute to the legacy of John
Guest (1938-2012). John was a pioneer in volcanology and
planetary science. He was among the generation of
scientists who recognised the importance of transforming
volcanology into a physical discipline and vigorously
promoted advances in quantifying the effusive behaviour of
volcanoes. In 1973, he led the UK contribution to a ten-year
Anglo-Italian project to investigate the evolution of Mount
Etna. The collaboration produced the modern geological
map of the volcano and launched a new understanding of
Etnas magmatic feeding system and eruptive dynamics. He
became one of the first non-US citizens on NASAs
programme for planetary exploration and joined the science
teams for missions to Mercury (Mariner 10, launched in
1973), Mars (Viking, 1975) and Venus (Magellan, 1989).
He also engaged with the Soviet Phobos mission to Mars
(1988). In 1980, he founded at University College London
the first NASA Regional Planetary Image Facility outside
the USA. For his contributions to planetary geology, he
received the 1991 G.K. Gilbert Award from the Geological
Society of America; in the same year, asteroid 1982 HL was
named Guest by the International Astronomical Union. An
extended obituary has been published online by the
Geological Society of London at:
https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/en/About/History/Obituaries%2
02001%20onwards/Obituaries%202012/John%20Edward%
20Guest.
Contrasting lava flow dynamics and
morphologies on planetary bodies
L. WILSON
*1

1
Lancaster LA1 4YQ. (*l.wilson@lancaster.ac.uk)

Lava flow morphology is dictated by magma
composition (hence rheology), gas content (explosive or
purely effusive at the vent), and source conditions (volume
available for eruption; mass or volume discharge rate) and
by the planetary environment into which an eruption occurs
(atmospheric pressure; acceleration due to gravity). Even
for the same broad composition (mafic to ultramafic)
expected for the majority of magmas erupted on bodies in
our Solar System (Earth's unique subduction zone magmas
excepted), the environmental conditions can lead to
strikingly different products. The Dawn mission to the
asteroid 4 Vesta, now essentially confirmed as the source of
the igneous HED meteorites, together with observations
from MESSENGER in orbit around Mercury, have promped
an ongoing reappraisal of what we expect to see and what
we actually see as regards lava flow morphologies (Wilson
and Head, 2012; Wilson and Keil, 2012) and the
consequences of lava flows (Hurwitz et al., 2012 ) on
planetary bodies.
Here I summarize some of the more important
systematic results. Every object in the Solar System
exhibiting mafic volcanism (now or in the past) has a
smaller value for the acceleration due to gravity than Earth
(granted only slightly so in the case of Venus) and
lacks/lacked plate tectonics. Crustal stresses and magma
buoyancy both scale with gravity but rock strength does not.
Together these factors allow the pre-eruption accumulation
of larger volumes of melt than on Earth and encourage
greater eruption rates, thus explaining the presence of
extensive flood lavas on the Moon, Mercury, Mars and Io.
The greater thicknesses of flows on the surfaces of low-
gravity bodies encourage heat retention which would itself
imply greater flow lengths, other factors being equal.
However, provided flows are not volume-limited,
maximum flow lengths involve a balance between time for
heat loss and time for travel, and flow speed itself depends
on flow thicknesss and gravity. I will discuss how these
inter-relationships play out in practice.

Hurwitz, D.M., Head, J.W., Wilson, L. and Hiesinger, H.
(2012) J Geophys Res - Planets 117 E00H14
Wilson, L. and Head, J.W. (2012) Volcanic eruption
processes on Mercury. Lunar Planet. Sci. XLIII, #1316.
Wilson, L. and Keil, K. (2012) Volcanic activity on
differentiated asteroids: a review and analysis. Chemie
der Erde (in press)
44
The evolution of volcanism in Syrtis
Major Planum (Mars): Drawing
insight from terrestrial analogues
P. FAWDON*
1
, M.R. BALME
1
,

C.L. VYE-BROWN
2
, D.A.
ROTHERY
1
, C.J. JORDAN
3
.
1
Department of Physical Sciences, The Open University,
UK (*peter.fawdon@open.ac.uk)
2
British Geological Survey, Edinburgh, UK
3
British Geological Survery, Keyworth, UK

The Syrtis Major Planum is an Hesperian (3.7 3.0 Ga)
low-angle basaltic plains volcano on Mars. The edifice is
1500 km by 1100 km, covers 3.6% of the martian surface
and has been poorly studied relative to other large martian
volcanic terrains. This basaltic complex is dissected by
extensional and compressional fault systems and has two
distinct central calderas believed to contain evolved
volcanic products. It is emplaced on, and fringed by,
highland cratered terrain containing sites of astrobiological
significance
1
.
We apply a remote sensing approach using modern
NASA and ESA data sets of Mars and terrestrial analogue
data sets in Afar, Ethiopia and Krafla, Iceland to analyse
surface morphology and composition. We investigate the
volcanic evolution of Syrtis Major Planum using the 3D
visualisation software Geovisionary to build an
architectural model of the evolution of the Syrtis Major
volcanic complex.
We present initial results of our investigation into the
rheological properties of the lava flows on [1] the flanks of
Syrtis Major and [2] terrestrial lavas from Dabbahu (Afar)
and Krafla (Iceland). These results are derived from
morphometric measurements on high resolution (1 m/pix)
DEMs, and a simple rheology model
2
. We use calculated
yield strength, viscocity and effusion rate to investigate
eruption conditions, melting and upper mantle conditions
during the emplacement of Syrtis Major. We will also
consider, with suitable environmental scaling, rheology
derived using the same methrod of terrestial analogues to
compare with the results from Syrtis Major.
Additionally we present an update on our high
resolution mapping at ~15 m/pix, subdividing the
previously-recognised unit Hs of Syrtis Major ridged
plains
3
. Within this unit we identify: [1] lava flows 1-6 km
wide, 5-30 m thick with flow field lengths up to 500 km that
are distributed radially with respect to the central caldera
complex.; [2] lava flows with distinct night/day thermal
properties cross-cutting Hesperian ejecta containing
contributory sinuous channels that might be fluvial in
origin; and [3] wrinkle-ridges tectonic features
concentric and radial to the central caldera complex; and [4]
heavily eroded or buried ghost craters. These structural
features and DEM analysis
1
indicate a total lava thickness of
~500m.

[1] Hiesinger, H., Head, J.W., et al. (2004) J Geophys Res
104 E01004.
[2] Moore, H.J., Arthur D.W.G., et al. (1978) Proc Lunar
Planet Sci Conf, 9th 3 3351-3378.
[3] Greeley, R., Guest, J.E. (1987). Geologic map of the
eastern eastern equatorial region of Mars. USGS.
Mapping of volcanic terrains across
the solar system:
A tribute to John Guest
E.R. STOFAN
*1

1
Proxemy Research, PO Box 338 Rectortown VA 20140
USA (*ellen@proxemy.com)

The Mariner missions to the Moon, Mars, Venus and
Mercury were truly missions of discovery, with great debate
in the scientific community over the impact vs. volcanic
origin of much of the surfaces of these bodies. The initial
group of geologists who interpreted these images, including
Don Wilhelms, John Guest and Ron Greeley, pioneered the
use of terrestrial geologic mapping techniques to interpret
these alien surfaces. Recognizing that stratigraphic
principles could be applied all over the solar system, John
Guest produced maps of the surfaces of Mercury, the Moon
and Mars that are still in use today (e.g., Guest and Greeley,
1983; Greeley and Guest, 1987).
Guest applied his knowledge of mapping of terrestrial
volcanoes, from Chile to Italy to Hawaii, to provide in depth
interpretations of volcanic processes across the solar
system. His work on volcanism on Venus (e.g., Guest et
al., 1992; Guest and Stofan, 1999) demonstrated that
venusian volcano morphology can be used to discern the
plumbing systems and evolution of these features, and what
they imply for the interior evolution of a terrestrial planet.
Guest focused on comparative planetology: how can we use
what we learn from studying multiple planetary surfaces to
better understand the physical process of volcanism.

Guest, J.E. and R. Greeley, Misc. Inv. Series I-1408, USGS,
1983.
Guest, J.E. et al., J. Geophys. Res., 97, 15949-15996, 1992.
Guest, J.E. and E.R. Stofan, Icarus, 139, 55-66, 1999.
Greeley, R. and J.E. Guest, Misc. Inv. Series, I-1802-B,
USGS, 1987.

45
Pulsatory andesite lava flow at
Bagana Volcano
G. WADGE
*1
, S. SAUNDERS
2
,

I. ITIKARAI
3

1
University of Reading, UK. (*g.wadge@reading.ac.uk)
2
Rabaul Volano Observatory, Papua New Guinea.

3
Rabaul Volcano Observatory, Papua New Guinea.

Using a time series of TerraSAR-X spaceborne radar
images we have measured the pulsatory motion of an
andesite lava flow over a 14-month period at Bagana
volcano, Papua New Guinea. Between October 2010 and
December 2011, lava flowed continuously down the
western flank of the volcano forming a 3 km-long blocky
lava flow with a channel, levees, overflows and branches.
We captured four successive pulses of lava advancing down
the channel system, the first such behaviour of an andesite
flow to be recorded using radar. Each pulse had a volume of
the order of 10
7
m
3
emplaced over many weeks. The
average extrusion rate estimated from the radar data was
0.92 0.35 m
3
s
-1

, and varied between 0.3 and 1.8 m
3
s
-1
,
with higher rates occurring earlier in each pulse. This,
together with observations of sulphur dioxide emissions,
explosions and incandescence suggest a variable supply rate
of magma through Baganas conduit as the most likely
source of the pulsatory behaviour.
John Guest's legacy on Mt Etna: a
spreading volcano with no magma
chamber
JOHN MURRAY
*1
,
1
Dept. Environment, Earth & Ecosystems, The Open
University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA.
(*j.b.murray@open.ac.uk)

The present ground deformation network on Etna is
providing much of the information on how this volcano
functions and why. Commissioned by John Guest and first
established in 1975 as a precise levelling traverse 11 km
long across the summit of the volcano, the present network
covers the entire volcanic edifice and comprises 76 km of
interconnected precise levelling lines, more than 100 dual-
frequency GPS benchmarks, and 27 dry tilt stations.
Throughout the 38-year period of monitoring, major
flank eruptions have consisted of dyke injection episodes, in
which a subsiding trough radiates from the summit to the
eruption site, with concomitant outward radial movement of
the lower flanks.
Between flank eruptions, a similar but distinctly
different type of movement takes place. The top 700 metres
of the volcano moves towards the sea at rates of about 1 to 3
cm per year, and the flanks spread outward but not quite
radially, those on the western upslope side having a
tendency to spread away from a line between the summit
and the town of Bronte to the east.
Attempts have been made by several workers to model
these inter-eruptive movements as inflations and deflations
of a subsurface magma chamber, but the modelled amount
of volumetric expansion is much smaller than the volume of
lava erupted. On Etna there is also little or no subsequent
radial contraction that elastic models predict when a magma
chamber drains during an eruption. Another peculiarity of
deformation between eruptions is that the easterly outward
movement increases with distance from the summit,
contrary to syn-eruptive dyke injection. Furthermore,
different eruptions and different methods give a huge spread
of depths for a postulated magma chamber, from 2 km to 30
km in depth.
Analogue modelling has provided new insight into this
unusual behaviour. Scaled models of brittle cones over an
inclined ductile basement show that the pattern of
gravitational spreading can be quite different from the radial
movement of a level basement. For a basement slope of 1,
the direction and amount of movement closely resembles
inter-eruptive deformation at Mt Etna, with the summit
moving downhill, lateral spreading occurring on the upslope
side, and movement greatest on the lowest downslope
flanks.
This evidence therefore points to the fact that Etna has
no magma chamber, but that magma rises in discrete pulses
directly and rapidly from depth, resulting in dykes that
reach the surface and erupt, but remain filled with magma
that solidifies over a period of weeks and months. This
conclusion is in agreement with recent data from seismic
tomography and magma residence times.

46
VMSG 2013 Poster Presentation Abstracts
Geochemistry of Quaternary
magmatism in the Greater
Caucasus
S. BEWICK
*1
, N. HARRIS
1
,

I. PARKINSON
1
, S. ADAMIA
2

1
Earth and Environmental Sciences, Open University,
Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA.
(*samuel.bewick@open.ac.uk)
2
M. Nodia Institute of Geophysics, 1/1 M. Alexidze str.,
0171, Tbilisi, Georgia

Collision of the Arabian-African and Eurasian plates in
the Early Miocene resulted in the final closure of the Tethys
Ocean, crustal thickening, uplift, and magmatism which
formed the present day Caucasus orogenic belt [1].
Throughout the Quaternary voluminous magmatism formed
the Greater Caucasus, the highest peaks in Europe.
Although there are several geochemical studies into related
magmatism on the East Anatolian plateau (Turkey) and the
Lesser Caucasus (Armenia and Georgia) [2], the
geochemistry, and petrogenesis of Greater Caucasus
volcanism has not been focus of a modern, systematic
geochemical study.
Calc-alkaline to subalkaline magmatism, evolving from
basaltic-andesites to dacites and minor rhyolites have
erupted from the Keli-Kazbegi volcanic centre in northern
Georgia throughout the upper Pliocene and Holocene [1, 3].
Despite the eruptions occurring on the thickest continental
crust in the region [1], it has been suggested the source is
subduction-enriched lithospheric mantle, with insignificant
input from the continental crust [4].
Preliminary results are presented for the petrography
and geochemistry from a small selection of samples from
across the same region. Major and trace element bulk rock
data are compared to the limited data from the covering the
Lesser Caucasus and eastern Turkey [4]. Also presented are
mineral analyses for Quaternary volcanics from the Greater
Caucasus. Of particular interest is a pyroxene phase present
in some basaltic-andesite samples that contains up to 17wt%
Al
2
O
3
, as well as being rich in TiO
2
.
The underlying objective of this work is to compare
petrogenic models for Quaternary magmatism in the Greater
Caucasus with that of the Anatolian plateau, and to integrate
these findings into a tectonic model for post-collision
orogeny in the region.

[1] Adamia et al. (2011) Turkish J. Earth Sci. 20, 1-57
[2] Keskin et al. (1998) J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 85,
355-404
[3] Lebedev et al. (2008) Dokl. Earth Sci., 418, 169-173
[4] Tutberidze (2012) Turkish J. Earth Sci. 21, 799-815
Eruption chemistry recorded by
accretionary lapilli within
pyroclastic density current deposits,
Kilchrist, Isle of Skye, NW Scotland
D. BROWN
*1
, S. DRAKE
2
,

A. BEARD
2

1
Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
(*david.brown@glasgow.ac.uk)
2
Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Birkbeck
College, University of London, Malet Street, London,
WC1E 7HX, UK

Accretionary lapilli evolution remains controversial.
Based on field, modelling and rare geochemical studies
most workers argue for formation and growth within an
eruption plume, although recent studies suggest formation
within a pyroclastic density current. Here we adopt an
integrated field and geochemical approach to test existing
models of formation. A sequence of massive lapilli tuffs
and breccias from the Isle of Skye, NW Scotland, record
deposition from the sustained passage of a pyroclastic
density current. Accretionary lapilli in two vertically
chemically zoned massive lapilli tuff units within this
sequence display evolving chemical trends from core to rim.
The accretionary lapilli formed initially as basaltic ash
pellets in a co-ignimbrite plume before falling under gravity
into the underlying density current, where they accreted
progressively more evolved laminae. These laminae record
reverse tapping of a magma chamber with sequential pulses
of basaltic andesite, andesite and dacite magma being fed
into the density current. Accretion of laminae was initially
supported by available moisture and turbulence, but growth
ceased with the input of dacitic magma and drier conditions.
The accretionary lapilli were formed within a sustained
pyroclastic density current, which demonstrates that
accretionary lapilli are not necessarily formed by simple
fallout from an ash plume. Our model demonstrates that
accretionary lapilli may be used to trace physical and
chemical characteristics of complex eruptions, and
understand the magmas which fed those eruptions.

47

Long-term deformation at
Uturuncu volcano in Bolivia and
igneous diapirism in the crust
R. DEL POTRO
!"
# M. DEZ
1
# C. MULLER
"
# J.
GOTTSMANN
1

1
University of Bristol, School of Earth Sciences, BS8 1RJ,
Bristol, UK. (*r.delpotro@bristol.ac.uk)

The presence of partial melt in the Earths crust causes a
decrease in density, and hence a density contrast, that
generates a potential field anomaly. Gravimetric techniques
can quantify such an anomaly and invert its signature to
produce a subsurface density distribution model. Here, we
image 15 km-wide, low-density, vertically-elongated 3D
structures in the mid-upper crust of the Central Volcanic
Zone of the Andes in southern Bolivia. These bodies are
massively rooted at the Altiplano-Puna Magma Body
(APMB), and connect it with shallower crustal levels
beneath the largest Neogene ignimbrite province, the
Altiplano-Puna Volcanic Complex (APVC). Petrological
constraints strongly suggest the presence of a melt fraction
as the cause of the mass deficiency at depth. Moreover, the
partially molten body beneath Uturuncu volcano has caused
at least 1 meter of ground uplift in no more than 45 years.
Following ground deformation, geological, petrological,
tectonic and mechanical constraints, we provide evidence
for the diapiric ascent of magma in a region of thickened
continental crust.

Geochemical and petrological
analysis of products from the 2011
eruption of Nabro volcano, Eritrea
A. DONOVAN
*1
, I. BUISMAN
2
, C. OPPENHEIMER
1

1
Department of Geography, University of Cambridge
(*ard31@cam.ac.uk)
2
Department of Earth Sciences University of Cambridge

The 2011 eruption of Nabro volcano in Eritrea
displaced several communities and produced a lava flow
over 15km in length along the border between Eritrea and
Ethiopia. Field investigations took place several months
after the onset of activity, and over a hundred samples were
collected and analysed. Whole-rock geochemistry has been
used to classify the products and compare them to other
rocks from the Afar province. Nabro and Dubbi volcano to
the north constitute a transverse alignment relative to the
Erta Ale rift zone, and are considerably alkali-enriched
relative to Erta Ale.
The 2011 eruption was trachybasaltic to trachy-basaltic
andesite in composition, with phenocrysts of olivine,
clinopyroxene, plagioclase, Fe-Ti oxides and minor apatite.
It appears similar to older mafic eruptions from Nabro.
Older rock samples were also analysed, ranging from
primitive basalts to trachytes and rhyolites. Satellite images
and field observations show the presence of large ignimbrite
deposits on the flanks of Nabro, which forms a double
caldera with Mallahale volcano in Ethiopia. Samples of
these are currently being dated, and may represent the
caldera-forming eruptions.
During the 2011 eruption, dynamic mixing occurred in
the shallow conduit between the erupting basalt and an
older rhyolite. Our analysis shows that the gas from the
basalt was able to bubble through the molten rhyolite, and
the two melts mingled at the vesicle rims. This allows for
analysis of the mixing process between two melts of diverse
compositions.
This poster will focus on the 2011 products, describing
mineralogy, preliminary insights into eruptive conditions,
and the superficial mixing of the magma with the rhyolitic
pumice. It will also put this eruption in its local and regional
context. Preliminary analysis from older rocks, particularly
the ignimbrite, will also be presented.
48
Magma plumbing and degassing
during the 2008-present summit
eruption of K!lauea Volcano,
Hawaiì
M. EDMONDS
*1
, T. MATHER
2
, R. MARTIN
3
,

I. SIDES
1
,
R. HERD
4
, D. SWANSON
5

1
Earth Sciences Department, University of Cambridge,
Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, UK
(*me201@cam.ac.uk)
2
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, UK
3
Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, UK
4
School of Environmental Sciences, University of East
Anglia, UK
5
United States Geological Survey, Hawaiian Volcano
Observatory, Hawaiì 96718, USA

The 2008-current eruption of Klauea Volcano is the
first explosive eruption to occur at the summit since 1924,
and offers a unique opportunity to test models of degassing
and magma plumbing. We measured sulphur dioxide (SO
2
)
and carbon dioxide (CO
2
) concentrations in the gas plume
from Halemau`maù using electrochemical and non-
dispersive infrared sensors in April 2009. We analysed
olivine-hosted melt inclusions from tephra erupted in 2008
and 2010 for major, trace and volatile elements. The gas and
melt data are both consistent with a relatively evolved
magma batch which equilibrated at depths of 1.2-2.0 km
beneath Halemau`maù prior to the current eruptive activity.
The differences in the volatile concentrations between the
melt inclusions and matrix glasses are consistent with the
observed gas composition, indicating that there is no need to
invoke either addition of CO
2
vapour, or scrubbing of SO
2
.
A slight enrichment in SO
2
in the gas over that calculated
from the melt compositions is consistent with the
decomposition of sulphides during magma decompression
and degassing, thereby buffering melt sulphur
concentrations. The degassing of sulphur and halogen gases
from the melt requires low pressures and therefore we
invoke convection to bring the magma close to the surface
to degas, before sinking back into the conduit. The fluxes of
gases (900 and 80 t/d SO
2
and CO
2
) are used to estimate
convective magma fluxes (1.2-3.4 m
3
/s). The observation of
minimal loss of hydrogen from the melt inclusions implies a
rapid rise rate (less than a few hours), which constrains the
conduit radius to 1-2 metres (or a narrow dyke with a
similar cross-sectional area). The inferred conduit radius is
much narrower than the lava lake at the surface, implying a
flared geometry. The melt inclusion data suggest that there
is a progressive decrease in melt volatile concentrations
with time during 2008-2010, consistent with convection,
degassing and mixing in a closed, or semi-closed magma
system. Our results are consistent with ground deformation
(INSAR), thermal observations (of magma movement, gas
pistoning and bubble bursting) and seismicity (source of
long period earthquakes).

Re-evaluating super volcanoes:
The case of Yellowstone
B.S. ELLIS
*1
, D.F. MARK
2
,

M.C. ROWE
3
, O.
BACHMANN
1

1
Institute for Geochemistry and Petrology, ETH Zurich
(*ben.ellis@erdw.ethz.ch)
2
NERC AIF, SUERC, East Kilbride, Scotland

3
School of the Environment, Washington State University,
Pullman, WA, USA

Yellowstone is commonly held up as the archetypal
super-volcano, having had three major eruptive episodes
at ~ 2 Ma, 1.3 Ma, and 0.6 Ma. However, despite the
importance of such large magnitude events, this idea has
been held up to surprisingly little rigorous testing. Here we
combine new high-precision Ar/Ar geochronology and
mineral chemistry from multiple phases to shed new light
on the explosive history of the Huckleberry Ridge (HRT)
and Lava Creek (LCT) eruptions from the Yellowstone
volcanic field.
Recent high precision
40
Ar/
39
Ar geochronology has
shown that member C of the HRT was erupted at least 6,000
years later than members A and B. This result is supported
by differences in the compositions of fayalitic olivine,
augite, sanidine and quartz between the members. Mafic
minerals are compositionally homogeneous with augites and
fayalites of member C less magnesian than those found in
members A and B. Quartz grains show a variety of textures
in CL imaging and have within-grain variations in titanium
(determined via EMPA and LA-ICPMS) of up to a factor of
2. Again, member C of the HRT has distinct compositions
of quartz (with higher Ti) than earlier erupted HRT. Quartz
from LCT shows differences between members A and B
with member A having generally lower Ti (avg. 55 ppm)
than member B (avg. 102 ppm). Pb isotopes in sanidine
further confirm the difference between members A and C of
the HRT and between members A and B of the LCT.
Combining high-precision geochronology and detailed
mineral-scale geochemistry from a number of different
phases provides a robust method of distinguishing
individual magma batches and clarifying the explosive
history of a volcano. Our new data suggest that in some
cases super-eruptions might be better thought of as a
series of large eruptions over a short timespan rather than a
single gigantic event.
49

Hydrothermal cells and the
thermal boundary layer around the
Cuillin Gabbro, Isle of Skye
F. ENTWISTLE
*1
, B. YARDLEY
1
,

A. BOYCE
2

1
University of Leeds (*eefe@leeds.ac.uk)
2
SUREC

Fluid circulation and associated thermal regimes are
crucial to understanding geothermal systems. Thermal
boundary layers provide the connection between geothermal
systems and the intrusive heat source and it is these thermal
boundary layers that are now the focus for the exploration
of Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS). EGS focus on
high enthalpy systems with the fluids being supercritical.
Heat removed by water circulation around the intrusion
is transferred by conduction from the magma through a
thermal boundary layer, so that the more active the
geothermal convection the thinner this layer must be.
Thermal boundary layers are preserved as high grade
metamorphic aureoles, in this case categorised by the
presence of 2 pyroxene hornfels in the inner aureole,
moving outwards into an amygdaloidal rich zone dominated
by chlorite, epidote and actinolite with the most distal parts
of the aureole containing amygdales containing zeolites. We
propose that the inner hornfelses of the Skye aureole
represent a thermal boundary layer while the rocks outside
this zone have experienced hydrothermal alteration in a
geothermal field. Areas of the contact where the hornfelses
are thickest correspond to limited geothermal circulation,
while where the hornfelses are thinnest geothermal activity
was at a maximum.
Two distinct zones have been identified around the
Cuillin gabbro; the widespread geothermal field dominated
by convective heat transfer with large fluid fluxes and
categorised by greenschist facies metamorphism. This zone
is separated from the intrusive heat source by a (highly
variable) high temperature zone of recrystalisation;
representing a thermal boundary layer which is dominated
by conductive heat transfer, minimal amounts of fluid flow
and categorised by the presence of 2 pyroxene hornfels.
This thermal boundary layer varies enormously around the
aureole with minimum thicknesses ranging from 2m up to
150m at different locations around the aureole.
The thermal structure implied by the mineral zonation
appears to be at odds with current interpretation of oxygen
stable isotope analysis. The classic work of Taylor and
Forester (1971) and Forester and Taylor (1977) reported
depleted o
18
O values from the Cuillin gabbro and the
surrounding aureole, with the lightest values in both cases
close to the contact, and interpreted the depletion as the
result of circulation of meteoric water. Current stable
isotope analysis indicates that the lightest values are in fact
those that have the highest degree of hydrothermal
alteration, but with light values for samples from the
thermal boundary layer. The challenge is to evaluate the
relationship between oxygen isotope depletion and
temperature and thereby develop a more sophisticated
model for the palaeogeothermal activity, and second to
understand the mechanisms by which high temperature
assemblages have experienced extensive modification of
their oxygen isotope composition without displaying any
macroscopic features of related hydrothermal activity..
2011-2012 eruption of Nyamuragira
M. FAZIO
*1
, A. JONES
1
,

A. BEARD
2

1
Earth Sciences, University College London
(*marco.fazio.12@ucl.ac.uk)
2
Birkbeck College London

Between 6/11/2011 and 25/1/2012 a new fissure
eruption occurred at Nyamuragira Volcano (Democratic
Republic of Congo)
1
. In this study we show new rock
samples (provided by Abigail Church, former UCL PhD)
coming from this event (that are now being studied) along
with new specimens from the neighbouring volcano,
Nyiragongo, which last erupted in 2002. Though they are
just 15 km far from each other, their current bulk
compositions are quite different ranging from nephelinite
melilitite - leucitite on Nyiragongo
2
to tephrite basanite -
phonolite on Nyamuragira
3
.
We will mainly focus on the volatile contents, analyzing
the melt inclusions in dry minerals, to characterize the
magma source. On Nyamuragira this type of study has been
conducted recently by Head et al.
4
, but it does not account
for the last eruption, while on Nyiragongo the last melt
inclusions analysis was run more than twenty years old
5
,
well before the 2002 eruption, the last one after the famous
1977 event.
Due to tens of years of internal crisis, the North Kivu
region, where both volcanoes lie, is one of the most
dangerous area in the world. This explains the paucity of
research. In an attempt to overcome the difficulty to carry
on a fieldtrip, we found a clear resemblance between the
rocks of both DRC volcanoes
6-4
and some of those at Vulture
volcano (Italy)
7
. For example, they share similar TAS
diagrams and K
2
O/NaO ratios.
The possibility to compare rock samples with similar
chemical compostions allows us to run experiments to
understand the rheology of lavas emitted by both volcanoes,
and its dependance on chemical compositions and volatile
contents. Note that the rheological properties of these lava
were investigated just once by Giordano et al.
8
who took
account only of the highly fluid lavas of Nyiragongo.

[1] Volcano Discovery [homepage on the internet]. (cited
2012 Jan 27). [about 1 screen]. Available from:
http://www.volcanodiscovery.com/view_news/4622/Ny
amuragira-volcano-DR-Congo-update-eruption-
continues-with-active-lava-lake-and-lava-flow-from-
new-.html
[2] Platz, T., Foley, S.F., Andre, L., (2004) J. Volcanol.
Geotherm. Res. 136, 269295.
[3] Aoki, K., Yoshida, T., Yusa, K., Nakamura, Y., (1985)
J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 25, 128.
[4] Head, E. M., Shaw, A. M., Wallace, P. J., Sims, K. W.
W., Carn, S. A., (2011) Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst.
12, Q0AB11, doi:10.1029/2011GC003699.
[5] Bailey, D.K., Hampton, C.M. (1990) Lithos 26, 157-
165.
[6] Chakrabarti, R., Basu, A. R., Santo, A. P., Tedesco, D.,
Vaselli, O., (2009) Chem. Geol. 259, 273289.
[7] Beccaluva, L., Coltorti, M., Di Girolamo, P., Melluso,
L., Dilani, L., Morra, V., Siena, E., (2002) Miner. and
Petr. 74, 277297.
[8] Giordano, D., Polacci, M., Longo, A., Papale, P.,
Dingwell, D. B., Boschi, E., Kasereka, M., (2007)
Geophys. Res. Lett. 34, L06301.
50
Petrological constraints on deep
degassing prior to large basaltic
fissure eruptions: CO
2
in Laki melt
inclusions
M.E. HARTLEY
*1
, J. MACLENNAN
1
,

M. EDMONDS
1
, T.
THORDARSON
2
, D.J. MORGAN
3
1
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge
(*meh43@cam.ac.uk)
2
School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh

3
School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds

The Laki eruption of AD 1783 produced over 15 km
3
of
basaltic lava and tephra, and led to three years of extreme
climatic variability in Europe and North America. We have
used a novel combination of micro-analytical measurements
to constrain the history of deep-degassing CO
2
loss from the
Laki magma prior to eruption. The data provide important
constraints on magma storage depths and the overall CO
2

budget of the eruption, and have implications for the
interpretation of seismic, geodetic and gas monitoring data
from regions where large fissure eruptions occur.
We have analysed volatile, trace and rare earth elements
by SIMS in over 100 naturally-quenched, olivine-hosted
melt inclusions from Laki. Raman spectroscopy was then
used to determine the fluid density, and hence the CO
2

content, of bubbles in the melt inclusions. Bubbles are
common in the Laki melt inclusions, and formed when post-
entrapment crystallisation within an inclusion causes CO
2
to
exsolve from the melt. It has previously been assumed that
the amount of CO
2
in shrinkage bubbles is negligible. We
have added the CO
2
contained in the bubble to the glass
CO
2
content, to obtain the total CO
2
of the Laki melt
inclusions, which range from volatile-rich (4000-8000 ppm
total CO
2
) to almost completely degassed (<50 ppm total
CO
2
). Bubbles typically comprise <5 vol.% of the melt
inclusion, but contain ~90% of the total CO
2
. The
combination of SIMS and Raman analyses can thus be used
to significantly improve estimates of melt inclusion
entrapment pressures and quantification of the total mass
flux of volatiles associated with Laki.
Solubility models for CO
2
in basaltic melt can be used
to predict the degassing path of the Laki magma for
different crystallisation models. Carbon is expected to
behave as an incompatible trace element similar to La or Nb
in a CO
2
-undersaturated melt. CO
2
/Nb ratios can thus be
used to deconvolve the effects of crystallisation and
degassing. Laki melt inclusions hosted in Fo
83-86
olivines
have the highest CO
2
concentrations and CO
2
/Nb ratios,
indicative of entrapment during the deep crystallisation of a
CO
2
-undersaturated magma. By contrast, melt inclusions
hosted in Fo
71-76
olivines have low CO
2
and CO
2
/Nb,
indicative of entrapment during crystallisation at a shallow
level in the crust. The melt inclusions thus appear to record
concurrent crystallisation and degassing in the Laki magma.
We use solubility models to constrain the melt inclusion
entrapment depth, and estimate the total CO
2
loss from the
Laki magma.
Further work will investigate the timescales of
degassing in the Laki magma system, and used to estimate
the potential flux of CO
2
to the surface in the premonitory
phases of the Laki eruption.
Silicic volcanism in the Main
Ethiopian Rift: A case study of
Alutu Volcano
W. HUTCHISON
*1
, J. BIGGS
2
,

T. MATHER
1
, D. PYLE
1
, G.
YIRGU
3

1
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, UK
(*william.hutchison@earth.ox.ac.uk)
2
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, UK

%
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Addis Ababa,
Ethiopia

The Main Ethiopian Rift is lined by a series of regularly
spaced silicic volcanic complexes, typically 10-20km in
diameter. While most of these complexes show signs of
large caldera forming eruptions in the recent past, little is
known of how active these volcanoes are currently and what
the frequency and magnitude of past eruptions has been.
Our work will address these issues via a detailed multi-
diciplinary case study at Alutu volcano. Alutu, identified in
the recent Global Facility for Disaster Risk Reduction
(GFDRR) of the World Bank [Aspinall et al., 2011] as a
high-risk volcano, has shown clear signs of unrest,
undergoing large pulses of uplift in 2004 (15cm) and 2008
(10cm) [Biggs et al., 2011]. We are assessing the current
state of activity at Alutu by both ground deformation
(InSAR and continuous GPS), as well as volcanic degassing
(portable CO
2
gas analyzer). Our knowledge of the
historical activity of Alutu will be developed via a
combination of geological field mapping as well as remote
sensing from satellite (ASTER) and airborne data (LiDAR
imagery).
Our initial field mapping and geochemical analysis
found that previous eruptions at Alutu have produced a
large compositional range of volcanic products from mildly
alkaline basalt through to peralkaline rhyolite (spanning 52-
74% SiO
2
). We identified previously unrecognised
explosive activity (fallout and pyroclastic flow deposits), as
well as evidence of mass flows (lahars). The youngest
products of Alutu are a series of obsidian lava flows, often
these align with faults, and potentially trace out an older
ring-fracture system, linked to an earlier caldera forming
event.
Results of the CO
2
degassing show that fluxes vary
between low background values of 0.1 g(CO
2
)m
-2
day
-1
, on
the rift floor away from the volcano, to 2400 g(CO
2
)m
-2
day
-1
immediately above active faults on the volcano. The results
show that volcanic fractures, likely inherited from an earlier
caldera forming event, as well as rift related faulting impart
significant controls on the degassing pattern.
These measurements will offer some of the first
detailed constraints on the eruptive history and current
activity of a Main Ethiopian Rift volcano. Through these
new data we hope to contribute to the assessment of
volcanic hazard at Alutu, and more generally, to expand our
knowledge of the role these silicic volcanic centres play in
continental rifting processes.

Aspinall, W., et al. (2011) Volcano Risk Study 0100806-00-
1-R.
Biggs, J., et al. (2011) Geochemistry Geophysics
Geosystems 12, 1-11.

51

Modelling of magmatic
hydrothermal systems: Phlegrean
Fields case study
A. JASIM
*1
, F. WHITAKER F.
2
,

A.C. RUST
2

1
School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol
(*alia.jasim@bristol.ac.uk)
2
School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol

In the last few decades the importance of the
hydrothermal system in the behaviour of volcanoes has been
increasingly recognised. There are several aspects that make
the hydrothermal system important and interesting to
investigate: i) it is extremely sensitive to perturbation from
magmatic processes; ii) some of the ground deformation
attributed to magmatic process could be simply related to
hydrological phenomena; iii) the chemical reactions
between circulating hot water and country rock change the
physical properties (e.g. porosity, permeability, strength) of
the rocks and thereby affect the response of the volcano to
meteoric precipitation, degassing and ground deformation.
Here we present preliminary results of numerical
modelling of the Phlegrean Fields, exploring the importance
of heterogeneous rock properties in controlling
hydrothermal fluids circulation. Fluid and heat flows are
modelled using TOUGH2 which simulates non-isothermal
multicomponent and multiphase flows in porous and
fractured media (Pruess, 1991). We simulate fluid flow and
heat transport in a 2D radial model, centred on a fumarole.
The model domain is 1.5 km deep with a radius of 10 km,
with three main geological units representing the pyroclastic
rocks, underlain by the Yellow tuff formation and the
Chaotic tuffites formation (post-caldera deposits).
Additionally there is a system of circular faults that
dislocates the units. The system is water saturated, there is a
constant heat source at the base of the model and a water
input at the base of the fumarole (based on Todesco et al,
2010). The system is closed to fluid flow along the base and
the side, and the top boundary condition is maintained at
atmospheric pressure and temperature. Initial conditions are
defined by a pressure gradient of 1*10
4
Pa/m (hydrostatic
pressure) and a temperature gradient of 0.13 C/m
calculated from well data (Rosi & Sbrana, 1987).
Prelimary results reveal the strong connection between
rock properties, fluid flow and heat flux. The development
of convective cells can be inhibited with a small change in
the distributions of rock properties, even keeping constant
all the other paramaters, suggesting that discontinuites (e.g.
faults) may play a key role in the fluid distribution. The
model that is currently running shows a more complex
geometry and it aims to understand the role of faults in
driving fluid flow in a volcanic caldera setting.

Todesco, M., (2010) Journal of Geophysical Research Vol
115, B09213.
Pruess, K., (1991) TOUGH2, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory.
Rosi, M., (1987) CNR Quaderni de La ricerca scientifica
Vol 114.
Magma mixing, storage and
degassing during the 1959 K!lauea
Iki eruption, Hawaiì
I. SIDES
*1
, M. EDMONDS
1
,

J. MACLENNAN
1
, B.
HOUGHTON
2
, D. SWANSON
3

1
Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, UK
(*irs29@cam.ac.uk)
2
Dept. of Geology & Geophysics, University of Hawaii,
Honolulu, Hawaii, USA

3
Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, United States Geological
Survey, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, HI 96718,
USA

We present a study of magma mixing and volatile
degassing during the 1959 K"lauea Iki eruption (Hawaiì),
which was associated with a well-characterised sequence of
high fountains. Olivine-hosted melt inclusions from tephra
associated with episodes 1-3, 5-8, 10 and 15-16 were
analysed for major, trace and volatile elements. The trends
in the melt inclusions are consistent with changes in
eruption parameters and we propose they record syn-
eruptive geochemical changes in melt composition. The
melt inclusions show a trend of decreasing MgO content
through episodes 1 to 16, and the host olivine compositions
become less forsteritic with time. Trace element
concentrations in melt inclusions and glasses show that both
mixing of heterogeneous mantle melts and fractionation
must be operating to produce the range in magma
compositions. The melt inclusions record changes in the
volatile content of the melts with time, becoming poorer in
H
2
O as the eruption proceeded. The CO
2
concentration of
the melt inclusions correlates negatively with fountain
height; whereas H
2
O shows no correlation with fountain
height. The CO
2
concentration of the melt inclusions
correlates positively with the Mg# of the matrix glass. We
propose a model whereby drained-back lava mixes with
both summit-stored, and more primitive magma from depth,
causing an overall decreasing melt H
2
O content with time.
Primary magmas supply volatile-rich melts carrying CO
2

vapour. The proportion of CO
2
over H
2
O in the melts has a
direct impact on fountain dynamics: the higher the fraction
of CO
2
in the gas mixture, the lower the lava fountain, due
to the higher density of CO
2
over H
2
O at a fixed
temperature and pressure.

52
Post-caldera explosive activity at
Furnas volcano, So Miguel, Azores
A. J. JEFFERY
*1
, R. GERTISSER
1
,

B. ODRISCOLL
1
, A.
PIMENTEL
2
, J. M. PACHECO
2
, S. SELF
3

1
School of Physical and Geographical Sciences, Keele
University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK.
(*a.j.jeffery@keele.ac.uk)
2
Centro de Vulcanologia e Avaliao de Riscos
Geolgicos, Universidade dos Aores, 9501-801 Ponta
Delgada, Aores, Portugal
3
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The
Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7
6AA, UK

Furnas volcano is the easternmost of three active central
volcanoes on the island of So Miguel, Azores.
Approximately 3000 people live within the nested Furnas
caldera, and several thousand more are within the
immediate vicinity [1]. The volcanos eruptive history
comprises a range from effusive, dome-forming activity to,
at least, two explosive, caldera-forming events involving
pyroclastic density currents (dated at ~30,000 and ~12,000
14
C y B.P.) [2]. The younger eruptive history has
predominantly been characterised by sub-plinian style
activity. Ten post-caldera eruptions (Furnas A-J [2, 3])
occurred at Furnas within the past 5000 years, producing a
total of ~0.9 km
3
(DRE) of magma. The youngest of these
(Furnas J), occurred in A.D. 1630, after human settlement
of the island. The deposits comprise interbedded fine ash
and pumice lapilli beds that overlie the widespread Fogo A
tephra from nearby Fogo volcano, forming the Upper
Furnas Group (UFG) [2, 3]. Three UFG eruptions (Furnas
E, I, J) produced lava domes following intial explosive
phases [1].
Here, we present new whole-rock major and trace
element data, alongside mineral chemical data, for the
products of the UFG as well as the Povoao Ignimbrite,
associated with the formation of the older Furnas caldera.
Whole-rock compositions are comenditic trachyte with a
limited SiO
2
range from 62-63 wt. % and agpaitic indices
between 0.73-1.13. Mineral assemblages include
anorthoclase, clinopyroxene, Ti-magnetite and occasional
biotite and ilmenite. Cognate syenite nodules within the
Furnas J deposits contain anorthoclase, clinopyroxene,
amphibole and oxides. Whole-rock REE patterns display
enrichment of LREE, and, with the exception of the
Povoao Ignimbrite, a pronounced negative Eu anomaly
(Eu/Eu* = 0.15), as well as minor fractionation between
MREE and HREE.
Major and trace element data suggest that the trachytitic
magmas are formed predominantly by fractional
crystallisation from Furnas basalt. Uniform comenditic
trachyte has been erupted from Furnas for several thousands
of years, implying a long-lived, evolved magma system
capable of producing substantial explosive eruptions. An
improved understanding of the longevity and dynamics of
this magma system has implications for future hazard
assessment.

[1] Cole et al. (1999) J Volcanol Geotherm Res 92, 39-53
[2] Guest et al. (1999) J Volcanol Geotherm Res 92, 1-29
[3] Booth et al. (1978) Phil Trans Royal Soc London
288, 271-319
Compositional heterogeneity of the
Earths convecting mantle:
Constraints from olivine-hosted
melt inclusions from a continental
flood basalt setting
E.S. JENNINGS
*1
, S.A. GIBSON
1
,

J. MACLENNAN
1
, R.N.
THOMPSON
2
1
Deptartment of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge,
UK (*esj26@cam.ac.uk)

2
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Durham, UK

Picrites and ferropicrites from the Early-Cretaceous
Parana-Etendeka Large Igneous Province are primary
mantle melts associated with the initial impact of the proto-
Tristan mantle plume. These high temperature melts provide
an excellent opportunity to assess compositional
heterogeneity of the convecting mantle. Ferropicritic melts
are especially interesting; they are rare on the Earth's
surface, and are documented only as small-volume dykes
and flows at the base of continental flood-basalts. They are
characterised by high FeO (>~13 wt %) and low Al2O3 (<
~10 wt %), with very steep REE profiles ([Gd/Yb]
N
= 2-
3.5), and experiments show that they originate from a garnet
pyroxenite source.
Olivine-hosted melt inclusions preserve instantaneous
melt compositions, and therefore are key to observing initial
melt composition prior to overprinting by mixing,
crystallisation and assimilation processes. We have
analysed experimentally-quenched olivine-hosted melt
inclusions for trace elements using SIMS and have
combined this data with mineral chemistry to make a
preliminary assessment of their mantle source
characteristics and melt evolution. Lithospheric
contamination evident in whole-rock chemistry is absent
from most melt inclusions in picrites, but crustal
contamination is clearly present in a small subset, with
combined enrichments in Rb, Ba and Sr. Picrites show a
greater range in all elemental concentrations in the olivine-
hosted melt inclusions relative to whole rock analyses e.g.
[La/Lu]
N
= 1.5-3 (whole rock); = 0.9-4 (melt inclusions).
Ferropicrite olivine-hosted melt inclusions have more
diverse chemistries, with a large range in LREE slopes and
variably contaminated overprints. Zoned clinopyroxene
phenocrysts in some ferropicrite samples also indicate the
involvement of more complex petrogenetic processes.
53

Tracking changes of magma
transfer beneath Mt. Etna:
Evidence from crystal zonation and
real-time gas monitoring
M. KAHL
*1,2
, S. CHAKRABORTY
1
,

F. COSTA
3
, M.
POMPILIO
4
, M. LIUZZO
5
, M. VICCARO
6

1
GMG, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
2
SEE, The University of Leeds, UK
(*M.Kahl@leeds.ac.uk)
3
EOS, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
4
INGV- Sez. di Pisa, Italy
5
INGV- Sez. di Palermo, Italy
6
Universit di Catania, Italy

Tracking the pre-eruptive storage and transfer of
magmas beneath highly active volcanoes, such as Mt. Etna
(Sicily), is one of the goals of modern volcanology Here we
show an integrated methodology linking compositional and
temporal information recorded in chemically zoned olivines
with real-time variations (CO
2
/SO
2
) in gas emanations in
order to monitor the intermittent input of new magma into
sections of Mt. Etnas plumbing system. We illustrate our
approach using the 2006 summit eruptive period of Mt.
Etna. We have used data on compositional zoning of olivine
in combination with real-time degassing data obtained
during the period January 2005 December 2006 [1] to
show how variations in the monitoring signals can be
related to changes occurring within the plumbing system at
depth. The investigated eruptive products (July & October
2006) contain olivines with different populations of core
and rim compositions (Fo70-72; Fo79-82; Fo73-75) and
zoning patterns. We explain the diverging compositional
and zoning record as the product of magma evolution in at
least three distinct environments (labeled M
0
, containing
olivine of Fo79-82; M
2
with Fo70-72 and mm
1
with Fo73-
75) with melt transfer and mixing between them. Modeling
the diffusive relaxation of the compositional zoning profiles
enabled us to constrain the time the crystals (+ their
associated melts) spent in transit between these
environments. We can show that the systematic rise of the
degassing signal (CO
2
/SO
2
) [1] can be related to the gradual
(pre- and syn-eruptive) supply of batches of mafic magma
into segments of the plumbing system, where mixing with
residing (more evolved) magma was promoted. The
temporal details of magma supply suggest that some of this
new input of mafic magma may have triggered the initiation
of different eruptive cycles (July, August).

[1] Aiuppa et al., (2007) Geology 35, 1115-1118.

Timescales of magmatic processes at
Mt. Ruapehu, New Zealand: linking
mineral diffusion rates to
monitoring data
GEOFF KILGOUR
1*
, KATE SAUNDERS
1
, JON BLUNDY
1
,
HEIDY MADER
1

1
School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol.
(*g.kilgour@bristol.ac.uk)

Mt. Ruapehu is an andesite cone volcano situated at the
southern end of the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand.
Active vents are submerged beneath a warm, acidic crater
lake (~ 0.2 km
2
) that exhibits a thermal cycle between 12
and 40 C. The presence of Crater Lake causes the eruption
style to be dominantly phreatic or phreatomagmatic.
Historical eruptions at Ruapehu were typically small
volume (< 0.001 km
3
) eruptions that effected the summit
plateau. Larger eruptions ejected material to > 200 km from
the vent. Scoria samples available for this study were
erupted in 1969, 1971, 1977, 1995, and 1996.
The monitoring network at Ruapehu has consisted of
quasi-monthly Crater Lake temperature and fluid chemistry
measurements, and seismic monitoring since the mid-
1960s. A more modern network was installed during and
immediately after the last major eruption in 1995-1996,
including regular airborne and fluid chemistry
measurements and telemetered broadband seismic data.
Historical eruptions have been preceded by short-term
seismic precursors and/or fluid chemistry changes. Prior to
some eruptions, a period of increased seismicity has
occcured days to weeks before the event making Ruapehu a
very difficult volcano to predict. Here we present mineral
diffusion data on zoned pyroxene phenocrysts and
microlites in order to constrain the magmatic processes that
occurred soon before each eruption.
Recent petrological data has suggested that individual
magma batches at Ruapehu interact with other magmas
and/or crystal-mush zones during ascent resulting in
common crystal (and melt) exchange. In some instances,
scoria erupted include phenocrysts (clinpyroxene,
orthopyroxene, and plagioclase) that are all foreign to the
host melt, implying that a crystal-poor melt intruded into a
crystal-mush zone shortly before eruption. In particular,
clinopyroxene crystals exhibit common reverse-zoning (Fe-
rich to Mg-rich) on the outermost margins of the phenocryst
(and microlite). We note that a thin (~2-4 m) Mg-rich rim
is common to most pyroxene phenocrysts and microlites.
We interpret these rims to represent a period of heating
immediately prior to eruption. Using published Fe-Mg
diffusion exchange coefficients for clinopyroxene, we show
that the outermost rims record a heating event a matter of
weeks before all eruptions analysed. These data are
compared to Crater Lake chemistry and seismic data to
provide a comprehensive account of the magmatic-
hydrothermal system response to magma-magma and
magma-mush interactions.

54
Disequilibrium during volcanic
eruption: effect of cooling rate on
plagioclase-liquid element exchange
M. KLCKING
*1
, M. EDMONDS
1
,

M.C. S. HUMPHREYS
2

1
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge,
Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EQ
(*mk618@cam.ac.uk);
2
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South
Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3AN, UK

Geothermobarometry is widely applied to volcanic
rocks, based on the equilibrium distribution of elements
between melt and crystals. However, often the rapid ascent
of magmas means that equilibrium cannot be maintained
under the rapidly changing temperature and pressure
conditions. This results in errors in the results of common
thermometers and barometers that are as yet largely
unquantified.
We assess temperatures obtained with the plagioclase-
liquid thermometer [1] and the degree of disequilibrium for
a range of rocks with different eruption rates erupted from
Volcn de Colima, Mexico, and Soufrire Hills Volcano,
Montserrat. We compare major element compositions
measured in plagioclase and glass by electron microprobe to
theoretical models of magma evolution [2], assuming that
the degree of disequilibrium in plagioclase increases with
cooling rate [3]. Cooling rate is independently estimated
using crystal size distribution and other textural features. In
addition, the clinopyroxene-liquid thermometer is applied to
Colima rocks to test the validity of different temperature
models. We also quantify Fe and Mg concentrations in
plagioclase phenocryst rims, and attempt to quantitatively
deconvolve the effects of heating by mafic recharge and
latent heat of crystallisation from disequilibrium caused by
quenching. The data from Colima and Montserrat are
compared to petrological data from other andesitic arc
volcanoes compiled from the literature.

[1] Putirka K., (2008) Reviews in Mineralogy and
Geochemistry 69, 61120.
[2] Gualda G.A.R., Ghiorso M.S., Lemons R.V., Carley
T.L., (2012) Journal of Petrology 53, 875-890.
[3] Mollo S., Putirka K., Iezzi G., Del Gaudio P., Scarlato
P., (2011) Lithos 125, 221235.

Melting events in the Rum layered
intrusion
J. LEUTHOLD
*1,2
, J. BLUNDY
1
,

M. HOLNESS
2

1
(*julien.leuthold@bristol.ac.uk)
2
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge.

The Rum Eastern Layered Intrusion (RELI) Unit 9 is
composed of peridotite with poikilitic Plg and Cpx,
troctolite with interstitial Cpx and eqigranular gabbro.
Gabbro enclaves occur within troctolite. Cpx rims are
poorly developped in layered peridotite and troctolite and
bulk rock analyses display distinct Eu positive anomalies,
evidencing loss of interstitial liquid. Cpx rims are Cr-poor,
REE-rich and display low La/Lu (strongly
incompatible/moderatly incompatible elements) ratio in
regard to associated cores. Troctolite is overlain by gabbro,
separated by a wavy horizon. Gabbro Cpx show discrete
reverse Cr and REE zoning and a constant high La/Lu ratio.
Troctolite interstitial Cpx and gabbro equigranular Cpx
progressively get oikocrystic towards the northern edge of
an intrusive peridotite sill, forming poikilitic gabbro, with
Cpx oikocrysts. Cpx Cr-rich (~1.1 wt% Cr
2
O
3
), REE-
moderate, high La/Lu anhedral core enclose randomly
oriented small (up to 0.5 mm) Ol and Plg inclusions. They
are overgrown by a Cr-moderate (~0.7 wt% Cr
2
O
3
), REE-
poor, high La/Lu anhedral core. Cpx dissolution occurs
along inclusions. Poikilitic rims are Cr-poor (~0.2 wt%
Cr
2
O
3
), REE-rich and display low La/Lu ratio. They enclose
large (1 mm) oriented Plg and Ol crystals. The rim
thickness increases from the Unit 9 base to the top. The Cpx
rim crystallization is synchronous with cumulate pile
compaction.
Equilibrium liquids were estimated using Wood and
Blundy (1997) partition coefficients. The liquid at the origin
of the peridotite, troctolite and poikilitic gabbro Cpx cores
display a higher La/Lu ratio than the corresponding rims
and the picritic dikes. The high La/Lu ratio of the liquids in
equilibrium with the Cpx cores is interpreted as a signature
of low degree partial melting. Cpx cores is best explained
by 5% partial fractionated melting of a gabbroic assemblage
(RELI interstitial crystals or gabbro). Gabbro enclaves
within troctolite are relics. The multiple generations of Cpx
are witnesses of succesive melting episodes. Cpx rims are
best explained by partial melting (5%) of a gabbroic
assemblage, mix with picritic liquid (30-50%) and
subsequent Rayleigh fractional crystallization (F = 1-0.7).
Known RELI liquids (Upton et al., 2002) fail to model
crystallization of the Unit 9 Cpx cores by simple fractional
crystallization. We suggest that the Unit 9 gabbro
crystallized from aggregated drops from a partially molten
gabbroic assemblage deeper in the RELI. Subsequent
intrusion of peridotite sills induced partial melting of the
Unit 9 gabbro. Once porosity was sufficient, differentiating
liquids from the peridotite percolated throughout the crystal
mush pile, mixing with interstitial liquid and crystallizing
the interstitial crystals. Thus the composition of the
percolating liquid and the final metasomatized cumulate
differ from simple fractionation products along the Rum
liquid line of descent.
Wood, B.J., Blundy, J.D. (1997) CMP, 129, 166-181.
Upton, B.G.J et al. (2002) Geol. Mag., 139, 437-452.
55

The origin of the Igwisi Hills
kimberlite (Tanzania) constrained
from He and O isotopes
F.R. MARKS
*1
, F.M. STUART
2
, R.W. BROWN
3
1
Geographical & Earth Sciences, University of Glasgow,
Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK (*freya.marks@ucdconnect.ie)
2
Isotope Geosciences Unit, Scottish Universities
Environmental Research Centre, East Kilbride G75
0QF, UK
3
Department of Earth Sciences, Durham University,
Durham DH1 3LE, UK
*Now at: UCD School of Geological Sciences, Science
Centre West, University College Dublin, Belfield,
Dublin 4, Ireland

Despite decades of study, the depth and source of
kimberlite melts remains enigmatic. The isotopic
composition of volatile elements, supply unique information
on the melt sources in mantle-derived rocks. However,
most kimberlites suffer pervasive post-magmatic alteration
that makes them unsuitable for study of their volatile
inventory. The Quaternary-aged kimberlites from the
Igwisi Hills volcanoes, Tanzania (Brown et al. 2012), have
avoided alteration and are amenable to detailed geochemical
and isotopic investigation.
The
3
He/
4
He of melt trapped in olivine xenocrysts
released by crushing in vacuo (4.1 0.2 R
a
; n = 4) are
amongst the lowest recorded for mantle rocks. The data rule
out a deep mantle plume source that has been implicated in
the origin of the Udachnaya (Sumino et al. 2006) and
Tertiary West Greenland (Tachibani et al. 2006)
kimberlites. Importantly, the
3
He/
4
He are significantly
lower than of the value of regional sub-continental
lithosphere as measured in peridotite xenoliths from
Lashaine, Eledoi and Pello Hill (6.3 - 7.3 R
a
(Porcelli et al.
1986)). Phenocryst olivine o
18
O (5.1 0.2 ; n = 11) are
indistinguishable from normal mantle peridotite, with no
indication of derivation from an enriched mantle source
proposed for Udachnaya kimberlites (Kamenetsky et al.
2008).
The simplest explanation for the isotope data is that the
Igwisi Hills kimberlite originates as volatile-rich small
volume melts from normal sub-continental lithosphere
mantle without the need for thermal perturbation originating
at depth. The low
3
He/
4
He in the melt implies that the
mantle is heterogenous for U and Th, with early melting
phase preferentially enriched relative to bulk mantle values.

Brown, R.W., Manya, S., Buisman, I., Fontana, G., Field,
M., Mac Niocaill, C., Sparks, R.S.J. & Stuart, F.M.
(2012) Bulletin of Volcanology. 74, 1621-1643.
Sumino, H., Kaneoka, I., Matsufuji, K. & Sobolev, A.V.
(2006) Geophysical Research Letters 33, L16318.
Tachibani, Y., Kanoeka, I., Gaffney, A. & Upton, B. (2006)
Geology 34, 273-276.
Porcelli, D.R., ONions, R.K. & OReilly, S.Y. (1986)
Chemical Geology 54, 237-249.
Kamenetsky, V.S., Kamentsky, M.B., Sobolev, A.V.,
Golovin, A.V., Demouchy, S., Faure, K., Sharygin,
V.V.& Kuzmih, V.D. (2008) Journal of Petrology 49,
823-839.
An integrated study of SO
2

degassing from Tungurahua
volcano, Ecuador
B. MCCORMICK
*1
, J. YANG
2
,

M. EDMONDS
1
, T.
MATHER
3
, S. CARN
4
,

S. HIDALGO
5
, B. LANGMANN
6
, M.
HERZOG
2

1
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge;
(*btm26@cam.ac.uk)
2
Department of Geography, University of Cambridge;

3
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford;
4
Department of Geological and Mining Sciences and
Engineering, Michigan Technological University;

5
Instituto Geofisico, Escuela Politcnica Nacional;

6
Institute of Geophysics, University of Hamburg.

Tungurahua is a 5023 m-high stratovolcano in Ecuador,
with an estimated long-term mean SO
2
output of 1458
2026 t/day. Gas emissions from Tungurahua are
continuously monitored by UV DOAS spectrometers
installed as part of the Network for Observation of Volcanic
and Atmospheric Change (NOVAC) programme. The SO
2

emissions from the volcano have also been observed and
characterised by the satellite-based UV spectrometer OMI
(Ozone Monitoring Instrument). Tungurahua is therefore an
ideal location for comparing ground- and satellite-based
estimates of volcanic SO
2
emissions. Although OMI SO
2

retrievals for continuous tropospheric degassing are not yet
validated, the dataset represents a large and mostly
untapped resource for volcano monitoring, particularly in
remote or inaccessible regions. This novel study seeks to
improve agreement between the DOAS and OMI datasets
for Tungurahua, and gain new understanding of why
differences in the two estimates of SO
2
degassing arise.
Uncertainties affecting comparison between the datasets
include: the different natures of the quantities measured
(flux vs column concentration); the impact of local
atmospheric and meteorological conditions (e.g. clouds
masking volcanic plumes; humidity and temperature
promoting rapid loss of SO
2
via oxidation to sulphate or by
various wet/dry deposition processes; wind dispersal of
plumes); and differences in the spatial and temporal
resolution of measurements.
We present a novel numerical modelling-based study of
volcanic SO
2
emissions from Tungurahua using the
atmospheric chemistry/transport model REMOTE, which
has already been successfully applied to modelling post-
emission SO
2
dispersion from volcanoes in Nicaragua and
Indonesia. Model input is high time resolution SO
2
flux data
from the Tungurahua DOAS datasets. The model output is
spatial maps of SO
2
column concentration for comparison
with those produced from OMI data. We calculate total
daily atmospheric SO
2
burdens for the REMOTE and OMI
datasets, and use REMOTEs treatment of atmospheric
chemical reactions, wind dispersal, and cloud cover, as well
as additional OMI data products (effective reflectivity and
aerosol index) and ground-based observatory records to
interpret the variation in agreement between the two
datasets. A key aim is to identify whether any of the above
sources of uncertainty are dominant, and to investigate
potential means of correcting for these. Additionally, we
seek to produce a detailed assessment of errors in each
dataset.
56
(Mis)understanding bubble growth
in magma: Evidence from preserved
volatile concentration gradients in
glass
I.M. MCINTOSH
*1
, E.W. LLEWELLIN
1
,

M.C.S.
HUMPHREYS, M.C.S.
2
, A. BURGISSER
3
, C.I. SCHIPPER
3
,
A.R.L. NICHOLS
4

1
Department of Earth Sciences, Durham University, UK.
(*i.m.mcintosh@durham.ac.uk)
2
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, UK.

3
Institut des Sciences de la Terre dOrleans, CNRS
lUniversite dOrleans, France.

4
Institute for Research on Earth Evolution, JAMSTEC, Japan.

Volcanic eruptions are driven by the nucleation and
growth of bubbles that form as volatiles (chiefly water)
exsolve from magma. Bubbles grow as volatiles in the melt
diffuse down a concentration gradient towards and across
the bubble wall; understanding how this gradient evolves
over time underpins numerical modelling of bubble growth
and is critical to understanding bubble growth mechanisms.
We present analytical results of water concentration
gradients surrounding bubbles in experimentally
decompressed volcanic glasses. These data highlight the
hitherto unrecognised importance of hydration and bubble
resorption during quench, with implications for both
experimental and natural samples. Water speciation data
suggest a mechanism for this quench hydration and
represent a potential approach for correctly interpreting the
cause of hydration profiles observed in natural samples.
Whereas bubble growth theory predicts decreasing
volatile concentrations towards the bubble wall, our data
instead show increasing water concentrations, of up to
3wt%, in the ~30 microns closest to the bubble wall. Water
concentration at the bubble wall must always be the
equilibrium solubility value for the given pressure and
temperature conditions. Observed hydration profiles result
from the increase in equilibrium solubility value as
temperature decreases during the quench to glass, and
locally overprint the broader concentration gradient
resulting from syn-experimental bubble growth. Quench
resoprtion resulting from hydration may reduce bubble
volumes and sample porosities by as much as a factor of
two.
Quench timescales are too rapid (1-5 seconds) for
hydration profiles to be explained by diffusivity of total
water (H
2
O
t
). Speciation data showing molecular (H
2
O
m
)
and hydroxyl (OH) water concentrations around bubbles
reveal that quench hydration is driven by rapid diffusion of
H
2
Om. Speciation data thus offer a methodology for
interpreting the pressure and/or temperature causes
responsible for hydration profiles surrounding bubbles in
natural samples.
H
2
O
t
data are collected using the SIMS-calibrated
backscatter SEM technique of Humphreys et al (2008) and
are presented as 2D greyscale maps of H
2
O
t
variations and
as sample-averaged H
2
O
t
profiles corresponding to different
experimental conditions. H
2
O speciation data are collected
using FTIR Stingray imaging and presented as 2D maps of
H
2
O
t
, H
2
O
m
and H
2
O
m
/H
2
O
t
ratios.
Humphreys, M.C.S. et al (2008) EPSL 270, 25-40.
Granitoid magmatism during
continental rifting: Preliminary
insights from the Oslo Rift, Norway
C. MCLEOD
*1
, A. BRANDON
1
,

R. TRNNES
2
, T. LAPEN
1

1
University of Houston, Dept. Earth and Atmospheric
Sciences, SR1, Houston, Texas, 77204-5007.
(*clmcleod@central.uh.edu)
2
Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Blinderm,
0318 Oslo, Norway.

The rifting of a continent is a crucial step in the Wilson
cycle of supercontinent formation and breakup during
which large scale changes are imposed on the architecture
of the lithosphere. The Permo-Carboniferous Oslo Rift in
southern Norway is a failed intracontinental rift which
developed in the Precambrian continental Baltic Shield and
produced a large variety of alkaline volcanic and plutonic
rock types. The current erosional level is up to 3 km below
the original surface and has exposed the plutonic roots of
the magmatic plumbing systems. Examination of the
granitoid roots within the rift provides the opportunity to 1)
evaluate contributions from mantle and crustal sources
during continental rifting 2) assess the importance of crustal
recycling and 3) investigate the timing of granitoid
petrogenesis so that temporal constraints on rift related
magmatism can be obtained. These fundamental questions
regarding the evolution of a continental rift will be
addressed by a thorough microanalytical geochemical study
of constituent minerals within the exposed plutonic roots.
The granitic units of the Drammen and Finnemarka
intrusive complexes in the Central segment of the Oslo Rift
have previously been studied for their whole rock
geochemical compositions (Trnnes and Brandon, 1992)
1

and therefore form the basis of this work. Rock types
include apilitic porphyry, quartz monzodiorite, rapakivi
granite and oligioclase granite (which are not comagmatic).
Sampled units are predominantly peraluminous (up to 1.2
Al
2
O
3
/(CaO+Na
2
O+K
2
O) and exhibit marked differences in
age corrected Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic compositions e.g the
Finnemarka exhibits rNd values of +3.5 to +4 where as the
Drammen ranges from +1 to +1.5. In-situ U-Pb ages of
zircons from both intrusive complexes will constrain the
timing of magmatism in this segemnt of the rift and
identify the role (or not) of crustal recycling. Additional in-
situ Hf and O isotopic and trace element analyses will
characterise the components of magma source reservoirs
and microdrilling of feldspars for their Sr-isotopic
compositions will asses the role of crystal recycling by
identifying the crystal cargoes of the different intrusive
units.

1
Trnnes and Brandon (1992). Mildly peraluminous high
silica granites in a continental rift: the Drammen and
Finnemarka batholiths, Oslo Rift, Norway. Contributions to
Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 109, 275-294.
57

Norwegian larvikites: Colours &
origin: An oxygen isotope study
I.G. MEIGHAN
*1,2,3
,T. FALLICK
1
,

R. ELLAM
1

1
S.U.E.R.C., East Kilbride. (*iangmeighan@hotmail.co.uk)
2
Geological Survey of N.Ireland, Belfast

3
Geology Department, Trinity College Dublin

Larvikite, a coarse-grained olivine-augite syenite of the
Permian Oslo Province and Norways National Rock,forms
a large intrusive complex extending E and W of Larvik.
This comprises both nepheline- and quartz-bearing varieties
whose colours are light grey(predominant),black or red.
This variation in itself invites O isotopic investigation.
The larvikites of this main body are cumulates with
virtually omnipresent igneous lamination (inwardly inclined
at 45
0
-90
0).
Their emplacement involved multi-injection by
magmatic pulses, each probably coinciding with eruption
from an overlying (now eroded) Kilimanjaro-type central
volcano. Such an open systemmodel accounts for a lack of
major cryptic layering.
8 samples (7feldspars, 1whole rock) define a relatively
narrow delta
18
O range of +5.9 to +7.2 per mil (VSMOW:
analytical precision +/- 0.2, 1 sigma). Our conclusions are:
1. There is no obvious difference between light and dark
larvikite (these can be interlayered)
2. The only significant variation involves the reddened,
quartz larvikite whose feldspar (6.7)and whole rock(7.2)
are elevated relative to the other feldspar values(5.9-
6.2). Thus the reddening cannot be attributed to high T,
subsolidus meteoric water-rock interaction and probably
involved magmatic fluid
3. Excluding the reddened material,the larvikite feldspars
have values close to +6 per mil. Accepting these
approximate magma compositions, the data support
gravity and other isotopic evidence indicating syenite
genesis by deep crustal/ Upper Mantle fractional
crystallisation of alkali olivine basalt magma.
Exploring volcanic-plutonic
connections
V. MEMETI
*1
, J. DAVIDSON
1

1
Durham University, Dept. of Earth Sciences, Science Site,
South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE.
(*valbone.memeti@durham.ac.uk)

Understanding the geochemical connection of arc
volcanic rocks with their underlying magma plumbing
system remains a great challenge in arc studies. Volcanic
and plutonic rocks are often studied separately, but rarely
together as an interconnected plumbing system, which has
often led to inconsistent interpretations in the past. The
challenge is that, in many cases, either the volcanoes are
accessible with their subjacent plumbing system buried, or
the plutons are exposed with their superjacent plumbing
system eroded.
The incentives for studying the entire magma plumbing
system of a volcanic-plutonic complex are 1) to examine if
we can associate certain volcanic rocks with specific
plutonic units and if they are equivalent to one another,
complementary, or not related in their geochemical
characteristics; 2) to determine if we can pinpoint evidence
in the geochemical record of both rock types which
magmatic process(es) caused the large ignimbrite eruptions
compared to the smaller sized volcanic eruptions, 3) to
examine the length and time scales of such processes, and if
mixing drives eruptions - as is often suggested then
determine where mixing occurred (magma reservoir or
conduit), and 4) to try to reconcile the often disparate time
scales and durations of magma processes inferred from both
rock types.
We have collected samples from two calderas in the
USA, where contemporaneous volcanic and plutonic rocks
of the same arc magma plumbing system are juxtaposed,
allowing the examination of the physical and geochemical
connections between the two realms and the overall
evolution of each magma plumbing system through time.
One is the 33 Ma Bonanza caldera of the central San Juan
Volcanic Field in Colorado and the other is the 36-34 Ma
Organ Mountains caldera in New Mexico. Both calderas
have been tilted on their sides due to extensional tectonics
along the Rio Grande Rift. The compositional changes in
these calderas are fairly similar in that they are composed of
crystal-rich to crystal-poor dacites, often crystal-poor
rhyolite, and minor andesite flows and intrusions. The
plutonic rocks range from medium to fine grained diorites
to leucogranites and cluster around granodioritic
compositions. And most importantly, both systems were
magmatically active for only 1-2 myr according to new
Sanidine
40
Ar/
39
Ar geochronology (pers. comm. M.
Zimmerer, New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral
Resources).
We have looked at the structural relationships in the
field and are in the initial stages of establishing geochemical
characteristics of these rocks using whole rock and single
mineral element and isotope geochemistry. We will present
some of our initial results from whole rock element
geochemistry and cathodoluminescence imaging of
minerals from volcanic and plutonic rocks of both calderas
to start address some of the questions outlined above.

58
Magma storage and differentiation
beneath Dabbahu Volcano, Afar,
Ethiopia
H. MILROY
*1

1
(*hmilroy.2011@my.bristol.ac.uk)

Erupted rock types from Dabbahu Volcano, Afar,
Ethiopia have been interpreted as a full fractional
crystallisation suite from a single parent basalt. Petrological
analysis and
40
Ar/
39
Ar dating show no systematic temporal
evolution of erupted products. Evidence from InSAR and
seismic data and melt inclusions suggest shallow magma
storage, while magnetotellurics has imaged substantial
volumes of melt in the upper and lower crust beneath
Dabbahu.
We present results from a two-dimensional numerical
modelling exercise, which tested the hypothesis that the
extreme diversity of compositions found at Dabbahu can be
differentiated and stored at shallow crustal levels by the
episodic injection of basaltic dykes, at intervals consistent
with the known rift spreading rate and the minimum age of
Dabbahu.
The full range of compositions observed at Dabbahu
was reproduced by the modelled system, and stored
simultaneously at shallow crustal levels. Results suggest
that the system may have been evolving for ~300 kyr.
Estimates of the modelled conductivities are compared with
the amounts of melt beneath Dabbahu, estimated by MT
imaging studies.

Constraining the pre-eruptive
storage conditions for the Pollara
eruptions of Salina, Italy
H. MORETTI
*1
, J. GOTTSMANN
1
,

R. SULPIZIO
2
, J.
BLUNDY
1

1
Department of Earth Sciences, Bristol University, Wills
Memorial Building, Queens Road, Bristol. BS8 iRJ.
(*hm12523@bristol.ac.uk)
2
Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e Geoambientali,
Universit di Bari, via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy.

Salina is the second largest of the Aeolian Islands that
form a complex of faults and volcanic arcs to the north of
Sicily, Italy. The explosive eruptions of the Pollara
depression, 26.5-13.6 ka, are believed to be the result of the
invasion and chaotic mixing of a shallow, partially
fractionated, basaltic-andesite by a highly evolved rhyolite.
The invasion by a more evolved magma is unusual and is
supported by the stratigraphy of the air fall deposits. The
volatile content of each body has been calculated by
working back from an assumed value for the mafic body,
requiring a high volatile input from the silicic magma (4-4.5
wt %).
The depths of the magma bodies are assumed to be in
line with those found generally in the Aeolian arc. This
presents a paradox where the more evolved melt is deeper
(200-300 MPa) than the juvenile mafic melt it later invades
(100-200 MPa).
This study will use the volatile content of the numerous
trapped melt inclusions to constrain the storage depths and
ascent history of each magma body and any deeper parent
that may be feeding the shallower chambers. Isotope
anlaysis will examine the degree of crustal contamination
and the melt history will be experimenatlly reconstructed.
Microprobe analysis of the rims of large ubiquitous
plagioclase phenocrysts will be used to determine the speed
of mixing by constraining the rate of chemical diffusion in
banded and streaky pumices.

59

Making granites in the BPIP: How
did the evolved rocks in Centre 3,
Ardnamurchan form?
J. MURRAY
*1
, F.C. MEADE
2
, R.M. ELLAM
3
, V.R.
TROLL
2

1
School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences,
University of Birmingham, UK.
(*JXM337@bham.ac.uk)
2
Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University,
Sweden.
3
Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, UK.

The Ardnamurchan Central Complex is part of the
British Palaeogene Igneous Province (BPIP) and formed in
response to the opening of the North Atlantic Ocean.
Ardnamurchan lies within the Northern Highlands Terrane,
the basement of which is composed of Lewisian granulite
and amphibolite facies gneiss, overthrust by psammites of
the Moine Supergroup. These basement country rocks are
overlain by Jurassic shale, mudstone and limestone. Centre
3, the youngest of the centres in Ardnamurchan, is
dominated by the Great Eucrite, a gabbro lopolith, with a
small proportion of tonalite and quartz monzonite in the
centre.
Using whole rock Sr and Pb isotope ratios, major, trace
and rare earth element (REE) geochemistry, we aimed to
settle the long-standing debate over the exact mechanisms
by which these evolved rocks formed. Richey & Thomas
(1930) proposed a separate stock shaped intrusion, which
cross cuts the earlier gabbros. Other studies (e.g. ODriscoll,
2007) have suggested that Jurassic sedimentary rocks may
have melted and pooled above the centre of the gabbro
lopolith, mixing and forming tonalite and quartz monzonite;
however a full geochemical study has not been previously
undertaken.
Rare earth element data shows significant LREE
enrichment, indicating a strong crustal component to the
magma, but does not differentiate between the similar
Moine and Jurassic REE signatures. However, the evolved
rocks also have a very strong Lewisian granulite-facies Pb
and Sr isotope signature, which indicates that the magma
has assimilated large volumes of Lewisian granulite-facies
gneiss, deep in the lower crust. Therefore, a Moine
influence on the REEs is most likely as the Jurassic rocks
are structurally above the gabbro.
Our findings disprove the theory that the evolved rocks
of Centre 3 are a cap, formed by in-situ melting and mixing
on top of the gabbro lopolith. Instead their formation has
been much more complex. We show that these evolved
magmas formed by AFC processes, with assimilation of
Lewisian granulite-facies basement taking place in the
lower crust. This was followed by assimilation of Moine
country rock within the upper crust, with eventual intrusion
as a central stock, as originally suggested by Richey &
Thomas (1930).

Richey, J, E. & Thomas, H. H. (1930) The Geology of
Ardnamurchan, North West Mull and Coll. Memoir of
the Geological Survey of Great Britain (Scotland),
393pp.
ODriscoll, B. (2007) Geol Mag 144 897-908.
Degassing of sulphur from
sediments in the Siberian Traps
Large Igneous Province
S. NOVIKOVA
1*
, C. YALLUP
1
, M. EDMONDS
1
,

A.V.TURCHYN
1
, J. MACLENNAN
1
, H. SVENSEN
2

1
Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, UK.
(*spn31@cam.ac.uk)
2
Dept. of Physics, PO box 1048 Blindern, 0316 Oslo,
Norway

The eruption of the Siberian Traps igneous province, at
the Permo-Triassic boundary, was synchronous with the
largest mass extinction in the geological record. The
eruptions likely caused a climatic perturbation, although
there is uncertainty regarding its magnitude, as it is unlikely
that the magma itself could contain enough volatiles to have
as dramatic an environmental impact as observed. The
missing component might be the degassing of the country
rocks (oil shales and evaporites) during heating by sill
intrusion [1]. It has been hypothesized that the fluxes of
carbon gases derived during contact metamorphism of
sedimentary rocks and intruded LIPs may be sufficient to
cause climate change of the right order of magnitude [1].
Furthermore, gas-venting structures (filled with magmatic-
sedimentary breccias) have been described in the Lower
Tunguska region of the Siberian Traps, which might
represent pathways through which the gas escaped to the
surface [1]. While there has been much work done in
quantifying the potential carbon yield from the
devolatilisation of sediments, there has been no attempt to
quantify the potential sulphur yield, despite this being
perhaps the most important species for dramatic short-term
climate change. We present bulk rock sulphur and carbon
concentrations, monosulphide, bisulphide and sulphate
concentrations and sulphur isotopic compositions, for both
igneous (sill, lava flow, tephra) and sediments (shale,
evaporates) for the Nepa and Norilsk regions of the Siberian
Traps. We also present homogenised olivine-hosted melt
inclusion major, trace and volatile data for the lavas. We
show that there is evidence for sulphur assimilation from
volatile-rich country rocks, consistent with work done on
mineralised intrusions in the Norilsk region [2]. We
consider the implications of the data for the total volatile
budget of the eruptions.

[1] Svensen, H., Planke, S., Polozov, A. G., Schmidbauer,
N., Corfu, F., Podladchikov, Y. Y., Jamtveit, B., (2009)
Earth and Planetary Science Letters 277, 490500.
[2] Li, C., Ripley E. M., Naldrett, A., Schmitt, A., Moore,
C. (2009) Geology 37, 259-262

60
The post-Minoan plumbing system
behaviour at Santorini Volcanic
field: Implications for the current
unrest phase
C.M. PETRONE
*1
, L. FRANCALANCI
2
,

G.E.
VOUGIOUKALAKIS
3

1
Natural History Museum, Dept Earth Sciences, Cromwell
Road, SW7 5BD London (*C.Petrone@nhm.ac.uk)
2
Dipt Scienze Terra, Universita di Firenze, Firenze-Italy.

3
I.G.M.E., 3
rd
Entrance Olympic Village, Athens-Greece.

The post-caldera islets of Palea- and Nea-Kameni
formed as result of nine eruptive events from 197 B.C till
1950 A.D. in the center of the Santorini Minoan caldera.
These nine eruptive events led to the emplacement of
dacitic lava flows and domes also characterised by the
presence of basalts to andesites magmatic enclaves. Dacitic
rocks have low porphyritic index, which increases with
time. Plagioclase is the prevalent mineral phase, followed
by clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene, opaque minerals and
apatite. Few resorbed xenocrysts of olivine with coronae of
pyroxene are also present. Basaltic to andesitic mafic
enclaves have variable texture spanning the entire range
from cumulate to aphyric. In some eruptive events,
porphyritic enclaves with olivine in groundmass are also
found. Host lavas show a general decrease of the evolution
degree with time, at the same time Mg# of pyroxenes and
anorthite contents of plagioclase decrease from mafic
enclaves to host lavas. Mafic enclaves have major and trace
element compositions falling on the low-silica prolongation
of host lavas compositional trends. Sr isotopes
systematically increase with time and thus toward the less
evolved compositions of lavas and mafic enclaves. The
latter, along with mineral separates, generally show slightly
more enriched radiogenic compositions in respect with host
lavas, with the exception of the 46-47 A.D. products. All
data point to mixing/mingling processes between mafic and
dacitic magmas. Our data suggest the existence of a shallow
layered reservoir where mixing/mingling processes take
place at the interface between the upper dacitic magmas and
the lower mafic magmas. Cumulus processes, crystal
fractionation eventually accompanied by variable degree of
crustal assimilation, also characterised the lower part of the
plumbing system allowing further layering and evolutionary
processes of the mafic magmas which, in turn, generate the
complex and variable textures shown by mafic enclaves.
Different parts of the layered reservoir were frequently and
variably sampled during time, pointing to multiple arrivals
of mafic magmas during the post-Minoan activity of
Santorini suggesting a still very active magma source in
good agreement with the current unrest phase at Santorini
Volcanic field.
Geochemical evidence for relict
degassing pathways in andesite
M. PLAIL
*1
, M. EDMONDS
2
,

M.C.S. HUMPHREYS
3
, J.
BARCLAY
1
, R. HERD
1

1
Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ,
UK (*m.plail@uea.ac.uk)
2
Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EQ, UK

3
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford,
South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3AN, UK

The andesitic Soufrire Hills Volcano (SHV), active
since 1995, emits large fluxes of volcanic gases, even
during eruptive pauses lasting > 1 year. It has been observed
that the flux of gas is largely decoupled from the flux of
magma to the surface, indicating efficient magma-vapour
segregation, followed by vapour transport to the surface.
Evidence for vapour transport through magma is not often
preserved in the erupted rocks, perhaps due to overprinting
during eruption, or because the transport zones themselves
are not usually erupted.
Andesite blocks in deposits from two recent eruptive
events from SHV contain narrow shear zones, up to 2 m in
length and 2-10 cm in width, with alternating darker fine-
grained and lighter coarser-grained bands. Analysis has
shown that the dark, fine-grained bands (grain size ~30-70
m) have very low vesicularity (~1%) with abundant zones
of oxides (<8% vol), cordierite, groundmass cristobalite and
resorbed plagioclase. The light, coarse bands (grain size
~100-350 m) consist of broken plagioclase,
orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene and sparse large amphibole
crystals. Vesicularity ranges from 7 to 19 vol% with
reduced abundance of oxides (<2.4% vol) relative to the
darker non-vesicular bands. Glass is rare to absent in both
types of band. Mineral compositions in the shear zones are
identical to the established mineral compositions in the
andesite at SHV. However, bulk XRF analyses indicate that
some metal concentrations are greatly enhanced relative to
the surrounding andesite. For example, copper
concentrations are up to four times higher than the andesite
host. Copper is typically present as copper sulphide
inclusions in Ti-magnetites and plagioclase phenocrysts.
We hypothesise that the elevated metal concentrations
and presence of abundant, disseminated metal-bearing
grains are evidence that these zones are relic vapour
transport pathways in the shallow volcanic system. Rapid
shear of andesitic material formed brittle fractures either at
the conduit wall or in the shallow dome, along which metal-
bearing vapour or fluid was transported. During shearing,
frictional heating caused both partial melting, and volatile
resorption. These sheared zones may provide the first
petrological evidence for vapour transport at SHV, and a
window onto the early stages of mineralization at island arc
volcanoes.

61

Textural variations of groundmass
microlites in the 2006 and 2010
eruptive products of Merapi
volcano, Indonesia: Evidence for
magma ascent and shallow conduit
processes
K. PREECE
*1
, J. BARCLAY
1
,

R. GERTISSER
2
,

R. HERD
1

1
Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
(*K.Preece@uea.ac.uk)
2
School of Physical and Geographical Sciences, Keele
University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK.

Feldspar microlite textures in scoriaceous and dense
block-and-ash flow (BAF) samples from the 2006 eruption
of Merapi elucidate short timescale variations of shallow
magmatic processes during a typical dome-forming Merapi
eruption that can be compared to microlite textures in the
rapidly extruded lava dome during the cataclysmic eruption
in 2010. Measurements of areal number density (N
A
), mean
microlite size, crystal aspect ratio and groundmass
crystallinity (!), combined with the monitoring record and
field observations, allow interpretation of magma ascent
processes. Crystal size distribution analysis provides
constraints on the timing of crystallisation and identifies
that both growth- and nucleation-dominated crystallisation
regimes existed during the 2006 eruption, resulting from
changing conditions of undercooling ("T) during variable
magma ascent paths. Stage I of the 2006 eruption (BAFs
emplaced between 11
th
May and 1
st
June 2006) was
characterised by variable magma ascent and extrusion
rates, with calculated crystallisation time scales correlating
with the monitoring record of magma moving at shallow
depths within the edifice. Stage II samples (BAFs emplaced
on 14
th
June 2006) provide evidence of more rapid magma
ascent, over a period of a few days, from depths within the
amphibole stability field. Stages III (post 14
th
June BAFs)
and IV (remnants of 2006 dome at the summit) indicate that
later magma batches stalled temporarily at shallower levels
(< ~ 3 km) before being extruded, supporting a previously
proposed idea of a shallow, ephemeral magma chamber at
Merapi. Despite basaltic andesite whole rock compositions,
groundmass glass is rhyodacitic to rhyolitic, with the
compositional variation correlating with groundmass
crystallinity. Plagioclase microlite compositions show
evidence of decompression-induced degassing, often
displaying more alkali-rich (anorthoclase) rims. In contrast,
analysis of the fast-growing 2010 lava dome preserves
evidence of a crystallisation regime more strongly
dominated by nucleation, due to higher "T during faster
ascent.
This work shows that even during an effusive (VEI 1)
dome-forming eruption at Merapi, such as in 2006, magma
ascends quickly from depth, over a period of a few days.
Such behaviour offers little warning time to evacuate the
surrounding densely-populated region, inhabited by over 1
million people. During 2010, higher ascent rates, inhibiting
magma degassing and causing increasing overpressure, are
interpreted to have contributed to the increased explosivity
compared to 2006.
Reconciling sulphur dioxide
emissions from satellite data with
petrological volatile data for
explosive eruptions of Mount Etna,
Italy
L. SALEM
*1
, M. EDMONDS
1
,

B. MCCORMICK
1
, S.
CARN
2

1
Department of Earth Sciences, Downing Street, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, United Kingdom
(*correspondence: ls502@cam.ac.uk)
2
Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and
Sciences, Michigan Technological University,
Houghton, MI, USA

The rise of new satellite-based instruments such as the
Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) grant the opportunity
to measure SO
2
released during volcanic eruptions with
greater sensitivity than ever before [1]. Satellites remain the
safest and most effective method of assessing eruptive SO
2

mass. We present a new OMI dataset of SO
2
emissions from
the eruptions of Mount Etna, Italy, between October 2004
and December 2008. Known uncertainties in the OMI
dataset such as interference from cloud cover, seasonal and
altitudinal variations in detection limit, and variable spatial
resolution are quantified. OMI data are compared to other
satellite and ground-based observations of these eruptions.
The SO
2
output during an eruption is dependent on the
pre-eruptive concentrations of sulphur in the melt and in the
vapour, and on the erupted mass of lava. It has been
observed that a large fraction of sulphur exsolves into
vapour prior to eruption for oxidized magmas [2]. A direct
comparison between gas emissions data and petrological
data, combined with data on erupted volumes, will allow
assessment of the gas/melt ratio for different eruptions, and
for different stages within an eruption, which might be
related to eruption style. The formation of a gas-rich cap
in the magma reservoir prior to eruption, for example, might
lead to high gas emissions relative to erupted magma
volumes at the beginning of an explosive eruption.
Literature will be mined for measurements of sulphur in
olivine-hosted melt inclusions for explosive eruptions
between 2004-2008. The inclusion data will be compared to
the OMI time series to generate an empirical model for
sulphur partitioning between melt and vapour. We will use
the model to predict the SO
2
output for a large historical
eruption of Mount Etna for which no satellite data is
available. To this end, we have analysed olivine-hosted melt
inclusions for major and volatile species in tephra erupted
during the 1669 Monti Rossi flank eruption, which was the
largest eruption in the last four hundred years at Mount
Etna.

[1] McCormick, B.T., et al. 2012. Remote Sensing of
Volcanoes and Volcanic Processes: Integrating
Observation and Modelling. In press. Geological
Society of London Special Publication
[2] Wallace, P.J., M. Edmonds, 2011. The Sulfur Budget in
Magmas: Evidence from Melt Inclusions, Submarine
Glasses, and Volcanic Gas Emissions. Reviews in
Mineralogy and Geochemistry 73 (1) pp.215-246

62
Effects of Shear Strain on
Deformation and Degassing of
Three-Phase Magmas
J. SHIELDS
*1
, L. CARICCHI
2
, D. FLOESS
3
, H. MADER
1
,
M. PISTONE
4
1
School of Earth Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
(*jessie.shields@bristol.ac.uk).
2
University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.

3
University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
4
Geochemistry and Petrology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland

Simple-shear experiments were performed on synthetic,
haplogranitic magmas, with 12-36 initial vol.% CO
2
-rich
bubbles and 0-42 initial vol.% crystals, in a HT-HP
Paterson-type pressure vessel, to final strains between !=0
and !=10. 3-D imaging and analysis of microstructures was
performed using x-ray tomography and Blob 3D software.
Bubble elongation and coalescence begins as low as !=0.3
("
b
20 vol.%) and increases with deformation to produce
planar bubble networks at !=5 ("
b
16 vol.%). Bubble
connectivity, localization of strain and brittle fracturing of
samples increase with crystal content. Progressively lower
bubble volume percentages with increasing strain, along
with strain-hardening rheological behaviour, suggest
significant shear-induced outgassing, which likely occurs
through the development of connected bubble or fracture
networks. Evidence for formation and subsequent closure
of permeable pathways provides an effective mechanism for
considerable degassing of samples, which are analogous to
volcanic conduits at depth. This could explain the observed
transitions from explosive to effusive activity observed at
many silicic volcanoes, as well as the formation of flow-
banded obsidian.

Effect of f O
2
on phase relations and
sulphur mobility during magmatic
differentiation of a basaltic andesite
S. SKORA
*1
, J. BLUNDY
1

1
Memorial Building, Bristol, BS8 1RJ, UK.
(*Susanne.Skora@bristol.ac.uk)

New geochemical data suggest that parental magmas
generated in subduction zones have similar base and
precious metal concentrations compared to that of mid
ocean ridges
(1,2)
. Hence, enrichment of these metals that
ultimately lead to the formation of large porphyry copper
deposits must be explored in the light of magmatic
differentiation processes beneath arcs. A very important
parameter to consider is thereby fO
2
because of the
chalcophile nature of Cu (and many other base and precious
metals), coupled to the redox sensitive mobility of sulphur
(simplified speaking, sulphur is mobile as sulphate under
oxidising conditions, whereas it is immobile as sulphide
under reducing conditions). It is further suggested that
magmatic crystallization under oxidising conditions
(keeping sulphides such as pyrite absent, which would
scavenge Cu) is key in pre-enriching Cu to economically
valuable concentrations
(1)
.
We have conducted a preliminary set of fO
2
-buffered, S-
doped piston cylinder experiments (5 kbar, 950-1150C; fO
2

= QFM-1.5 and + 0.5; QFM = quartz-fayalite-magnetite
buffer), exploring the phase relations of a basaltic andesite
that is representing the most mafic compositions erupted by
Lascar Volcano (Andes, Chile)
(3)
. The liquidus is located at
1100C > T > 1150C. Phases to appear with decreasing
temperature are: spinel FeTi oxides, followed by
orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene & plagioclase. In agreement
with previous studies, we find that e.g. phase relations and
crystallinities at constant temperatures vary with fO
2
, (with
run products being considerably more crystalline under
oxidising conditions). Anhydrite (a sulphate) is the sulphur
bearing phase in oxidising experiments, appearing in run
products at T s 1050C. Sulphur phase-in under reducing
conditions was not yet found, likely owing to the high melt
fraction in these experiments, even at low temperatures
(950C). We speculate that a sulphide will be the sulphur-
bearing phase that joins the assemblage at lower
temperatures.
Anhydrite, in contrast to e.g. pyrite, is not known to be a
good host for Cu. Our preliminary results hence suggest that
oxidising conditions inhibit the formation of a sulphide
phase, keeping sulphur (and by inference Cu) mobile. In
contrast to other studies, we find that sulphate is stable over
sulphide at QFM+ 0.5, which is about 1 log unit lower than
previously reported. This discrepancy is likely explained by
the highly complex behaviour of sulphur as a function of
fO
2
, Fe concentration, Fe/S, melt polymerization, X(H
2
O),
etc. Future experiments will continue to explore phase
relations and sulphur solubility and speciation in
crystallizing, mafic magmas.

[1] Jenner, F.E. et al. (2010) J. Petrol. 51, 2445-2464.
[2] Lee, C.-T. et al. (2012) Science 336, 64-68.
[3] Matthews, S.J. et al. (1999) J. Petrol. 40, 1891-1919.

63

Timescales of upper crustal
residence at Campi Flegrei, Italy
V.C. SMITH
*1
, K. SAUNDERS
2
,

R. ISAIA
3

1
University of Oxford, Research Laboratory for
Archaeology and the History of Art, Dyson Perrins
Bldg, Souths Parks Rd, Oxford OX4 1SA
(*victoria.smith@rlaha.ox.ac.uk)
2
University fo Bristol, Department of Earth Sciences, Wills
Memorial Building, Queens Rd, Bristol BS8 1RJ

3
Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia,
Osservatorio Vesuviano, via Diocleziano 328, 80154
Napoli, Italy

Campi Flegrei caldera, Italy has produced some of the
largest eruptions in Europe, and has been very active in the
last 15 kyrs with more than 60 explosive eruptions.
Zoned clinopyroxene crystals within these eruption
deposits the provide a detailed record of the magmatic
processes. Here we present compositional data, and use
diffusion chronometry to assess timescales of
crystallisation. These data provide information on range of
melts generated beneath Campi Flegrei, magma flux rates,
and timescales of upper crustal storage. It is clear that
magmatic system is open and that upper crustal residence is
short. There is also a clear relationship between vent
location, residence time and compositional evolution.
Changes in the composition of fumarole fluids,
seismicity, and deformation over the last 20 years indicates
that pulses of melt are periodically emplaced in the upper
crust (Chiodini et al., 2012). This data is consistent with our
data that shows that the recent eruptions have tapped
numerous pods of melt that were intuded into the crust
between 1 and ~70 years before the eruption.

Chiodini, G., et al. (2012) Geology 40, 943-946.

Triggering of major volcanic
eruptions recorded by actively
forming cumulates on Tenerife
M.J. STOCK
*1,2
, R.N. TAYLOR
2
,

T.M. GERNON
2

1
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, OX1
3AN (*Mike.Stock@earth.ox.ac.uk)
2
School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of
Southampton, SO14 3ZH

Volcanic eruptions are commonly triggered by the
interaction between two compositionally discrete magma
batches
1
. This may occur within either an open or closed
system and within numerous geologic environments.
However, until now identification of pre-eruptive mixing
events has been difficult in explosive systems, limited
largely to interpretations based on whole rock analysis. We
have recovered partially developed (live) cumulate mush
from the pyroclastic deposits of a series of major eruptions
on Tenerife
2
. These samples represent frozen pieces of the
actively crystallising magma chamber, which are permiated
with the final melt immediatley prior to each catastrophic
eruption. Through petrologic and geochemical analyses we
have used these cumulate nodules as tools for examining
magmatic evolution prior to large-scale explosive volcanic
eruptions on Tenerife.
Cumulate material recovered in each eruption is
petrologically diverse. The most mafic nodules are wherlites
and pyroxenites, which are taken to represent material that
originated close to the chamber floor. Compositions range
through pyroxene hornblendite, horneblende gabbro, gabbro
and syenite, with more evolved samples sourced from
progressivley higher layers. The variety of nodules within
each deposit indicates that the magma resevoir completely
disintigrated on eruption, causing the well-documented
caldera collapse events and ocean-island landslides
2
.
Major- and trace-element zoning profiles across
cumulus plagioclase and clinopyroxene crystals record
prolonged magmatic evolution through fractional
crystallisation, punctuated by periodic mafic recharge
events. However, the most striking feature of these zoning
profiles is the consistant presence of a chemically distinct
zone at the rim of cumulus crystals, which likely grew less
than 1 yr before eruption. These mineral zones record the
presence of a significantly more evolved melt throughout
the cumulate pile. Pre-eruptive mixing with a felsic melt is
confirmed through comparison between the REE
composition of the intercumulus material and the modelled
cumulus clinopyroxene-forming liquids. These felsic-mafic
interactions are likely caused by destabilisation and
overturn of the stratified magma chamber and represent a
potential repeating trigger for large-scale plinian eruptions
on Tenerife. This finding is important for hazard assessment
on a populated island with on-going felsic volcanic activity.

[1] Sparks S. R. J. et al., 1977, Nature, 267, 315-318
[2] Brown et al., 2003, Geological Magazine, 140, 264-288

64
The Alpehu eruption, Sollipulli
Caldera, Southern Chile
K. STREHLOW
*1
, A. FREUNDT
2
,

S. KUTTEROLF
2
, J.C.
SCHINDLBECK
2
1
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol.
(*karen.strehlow@gmx.de)
2
GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel.

The ice-filled Sollipulli Caldera is located in the
Southern Volcanic Zone of the Andean Volcanic Arc,
where subduction of the Nazca Plate induces volcanism.
2900 years ago, the plinian Alpehu eruption, originating
from a vent at the caldera margin, emplaced pyroclastic
flow deposits and more than 14 km of fallout tephra from
eruption columns 16 to 28 km high with mass flow rates up
to 3*10
7
kg/s. In order to better understand triggering and
dynamics of this event as a case study for future activity in
this developing tourist region, we apply stratigraphic,
granulometric, petrologic and geochemical methods to
constrain the magmatic evolution and the eruption history of
the Alpehu Tephra.
The fallout succession is stratigraphically divided by
two prominent ash layers and several lithic-enriched layers,
and has a variable amount of crystal-ash matrix causing a
bimodal grain size distribution. The eastward dispersal fan
is bilobate and asymmetric in shape as well as in lateral
grain-size and component distributions. We attribute these
lateral variations to an atmosphere profile with a
tropospheric northwest wind and a stratospheric southwest
wind such that the longer their fall times the more are
falling particles deflected southeastward. In addition,
interaction with the glacier seems to have variably
phreatomagmatically influenced the eruption such that
subsequent eruption pulses reached different heights in the
atmosphere.
Juvenile components include the vastly dominant, pale-
beige trachytic to rhyolitic pumice, gray and banded
pumices, very crystal-rich pumices resembling cumulates,
and mafic lava nodules, which all together form well-
constrained differentiation trends from basalt to rhyolite that
are compatible with fractional crystallization of the
phenocryst phases. The cauliflower-shaped lava nodules
represent mafic replenishing melt that was quenched against
the colder trachyte/rhyolite magma. From mafic lava
nodules to cumulate-like clasts of intermediate bulk-rock
composition through to the most evolved rhyolitic pumice,
all share the same rhyolitic matrix-glass composition
meaning that variations in bulk-rock compositions merely
results from the variable crystal contents. Crystal re-
distribution in rhyolitic melt thus was the major cause of
compositional zonation in the Alpehu magma chamber,
which resided at 4-11 km depth in the crust as deduced from
cpx-liq barometry. With H
2
O contents of 4-6 wt%
determined from plag-melt equilibria, the rhyolitic melt was
water-saturated at these depths. We thus conclude that the
Alpehu magma was ready to erupt and that minor mafic
replenishment just served as the last straw to break the
camel's back.

Evidence for an open magma
system feeding the compositionally
diverse Laacher See (Germany)
eruption
E. TOMLINSON
*1,2
, V. SMITH
3
, M. MENZIES
2

1
Department of Geology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2,
Ireland (*tomlinse@tcd.ie)
2
Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway University
of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK.

3
RLAHA, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3OY, UK.

The 12,9 ka eruption of the Laacher See volcano (East
Eifel, Germany) represents one of the most violent recent
eruptions in Europe. Approximaltely 6.3 km
3
DRE (Harms
and Schmincke, 2010) of volatile rich phonolite magma
erupted from what has previously been interprered as a
continuously zoned magma chamber (Worner and
Schmincke, 1984a).
Here, we present new major and trace element data for
volcanic glass and clinopyroxene from the Lower, Middle
and Upper Laacher See Tephra (LLST, MLST and ULST).
The data challenges the view that the LLST, MLST and
ULST are directly related by fractional crystallisation (Tait
et al., 1989; Worner and Schmincke, 1984b). There is an
abrupt compostional gap between glasses of the MLST and
ULST, and ULST glass compositions indicate mixing with
a more mafic composition. Co-erupted scoria (not
previously reported) is found throughout the LLST and
MLST. The scoria is basanitic and its trace element
composition is consistent with the ULST mixing end-
member. In addition, mingling between ULST and basanite
is seen at the top if the ULST unit, implying a second input
of basanitic magma into the Laacher See chamber. This is
consistent with compositions of pseudo-oscillatory sanidine
phenocrysts in th ULST, which imply significant
temperature oscillations (Ginibre et al., 2004)
This picture of varying melt composition (and
temperature) at Laacher See is consistent with the emerging
view that magma systems show temporal variability in
temperature, crystallinity and melt composition and also in
the gradients of these variables, as well as being subject to
extensive open system processes (Bachmann and Bergantz,
2008).

Harms, E. and Schmincke, H.U., (2010) Contrib. Mineral.
Petr. 138, 84-98.
Worner, G. and Schmincke, H.U. (1984a) J. Petrol. 25,
805-835.
Tait, S.R., Wrner, G., Van Den Bogaard, P. and
Schmincke, H.-U. (1989) J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res. 37,
21-37.
Worner, G. and Schmincke, H.U. (1984b) J. Petrol. 25,
836-851.
Ginibre, C., Worner, G. and Kronz, A. (2004) J. Petrol. 45,
2197-2223.
Bachmann, O. and Bergantz, G.W.. (2008) Rev. Mineral.
geochem. 69, 651-674.

65

What lies beneath? A Sr and Pb
isotope study of intrusive rocks on
the Isle of Mull
M. TURNBULL
*1
, F.C. MEADE
2
, G.R. NICOLL
3
,
R.M. ELLAM
4
, V.R. TROLL
2
1
Midland Valley Exploration, Glasgow, G2 2HG, UK
(*marie@mve.com)
2
Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, SE-
753 36, Uppsala, Sweden
3
Neftex, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, OX14 4RY, UK
4
Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, East
Kilbride, G75 0QF, UK

The Isle of Mull underwent extensive periods of volcanic and
intrusive activity 60-55 Ma, forming 3 intrusive centres. Mull lies
within the Northern Highlands Terrane, but is in close proximity to
two major terrane boundaries, the Moine Thrust and the Great Glen
Fault. Using detailed whole-rock geochemistry (major, trace and rare
earth elements, Sr and Pb isotopes) the effect of crustal contamination
on the intrusive rocks has been investigated and a prominent lack of
Pb isotope data, particularly for Centres 1 and 2 has been remedied.
The gabbros analysed appear to correlate with two distinct
magma sources representing the REE compositions of the Mull lava
fields (Kerr et al. 1999). Centre 1 gabbros show a trend similar to the
Central Mull Tholeiites whereas Centre 2 gabbros echo the LREE
enriched pattern of the Late Mull magma type. Kerr et al. (1999)
used trace elements and Sr isotopes to show that the
recorded variations in composition were directly related to
magma chamber location and depth. Our new trace element
data appears to support these variable sources and our Pb
isotope data add weight to the concept that Centre 1 is more
contaminated due to the initial intrusion of hot basic
material into fresh Moine crust. The Pb and Sr data show
that both the mafic and felsic rocks of Centre 2 have far less
Moine contamination. This may be due to faster ascent in an
established plumbing system, reducing interaction times
between magma and crust. However, Centre 2
geographically overprints Centre 1, meaning the magmas
would have traversed the same crust, which could have lost
the majority of its fusible components during the earlier
(Centre 1) magmatism. Centre 3 is located 5km NW of the
earlier two intrusions in fresh crust and shows a
comparative increase in Moine contamination. No clear
evidence of lower crustal (Lewisian Gneiss) contamination
is seen, nor any indication of lateral magma transport from
the adjacent Grampian Highlands (Dalradian) terrane.

Kerr, A.C., Kent, R.W., Thomson, B.A., Seedhouse, J.K. &
Donaldson, C.H. (1999) Geochemical evolution of the
Tertiary Mull volcano, western Scotland, Journal of
Petrology, Vol. 40, no. 6, pp873-908.

Degassing of sulphur from shale
adjacent to a dolerite sill in Skye:
implications for the volatile budget
of large igneous provinces
C. YALLUP
1
, M. EDMONDS
*1
,

A.V.TURCHYN
1

1
Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, UK.
(*me201@cam.ac.uk)

We demonstrate, from a detailed outcrop-scale study,
that the mass of sulphur liberated from sediments during
contact metamorphism around a sill intrusion is similar to
the mass of sulphur dissolved in the magma. This finding
suggests the contribution of sulphur from sediment
degassing might be just as significant as magmatic
degassing during the emplacement of LIPs. We show that
sulphur and carbon have been devolatilised from shales
immediately surrounding a 3-metre thick dolerite sill in
Elgol, Skye, Scotland. Localised partial melting occurred
within a few cm of the contact in the shale, generating melt-
filled cracks. Sedimentary pyrite decomposed on heating
within 80 cm of the contact, generating sulphur-rich gases
(a mixture of H
2
S and SO
2
) and pyrrhotite. The remaining
pyrrhotite was progressively enriched in
32
S, due to the
production and loss of SO
2
, which fractionates
34
S, even at
high temperatures. Further decomposition and oxidation of
pyrrhotite resulted in hematite and/or magnetite within a
few cm of the contact. Iron sulphates were produced during
cooling and oxidation within 20 cm of the contact.
Decarbonation of the sediments due to heating is also
observed and is most clear at the upper contact of the sill,
where carbon loss correlates with increasing o
13
C,
consistent with loss of methane gas. The features observed
in the shales are consistent with a short-lived intrusion,
emplaced in <5 hours. The dolerite magma contains
pervasive pyrite and localized sulphur concentrations
greater than the sulphur concentration at sulphide liquid
saturation, consistent with late-stage addition of sulphur
(perhaps from sediments) at a late stage. The sulphur
isotope data does not show unequivocal evidence for
sulphur assimilation, but in order to explain the depletion in
34
S it is necessary to invoke degassing and/or assimilation of
sedimentary sulphur. Our study provides evidence for
desulphurisation, as well as decarbonation, of shales
adjacent to an igneous intrusion. The liberated fluids, rich in
sulphur and carbon, are likely to be focused along regions
of low pore fluid pressure along the margins of the sill. This
enhancement of the magmatic sulphur budget by sediment
degassing has important implications for the climate impact
of large flood basalt eruptions that erupt through thick,
volatile-rich sedimentary sequences. Questions remain
regarding the mechanisms by which the fluids reach the
surface, if at all, and whether it is through assimilation into
the magma, or migration through fractures.

66
MORB like noble gas signatures
within Western Antarctic Rift Zone
M.W. BROADLEY
*1
, C.J. BALLENTINE
*1
,

R. BURGESS
*1

1
SEAES The University of Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
(*michael.broadley@postgrad.manchester.ac.uk)

The Western Antarctic Rift Zone (WARZ) represents a
major area of Cenozoic extension between East and West
Antarctica. The rift has been exhibiting extensive volcanism
since the middle Eocene to present and represents one of the
Earths major extensional zones [1]. The cause of this large
scale extension is still subject to debate with both active and
passive extension being proposed as the likely cause. Noble
gas isotopes can provide new information on deep mantle
processes which are driving the rifting. The noble gas
abundance and iotopic composition within 11 mantle
xenolith from Northern Victoria Land have been determined
to further our understanding of the WARZ.
The fluid inclusion present within mantle xenolith
provide the best medium through which magmatic volatiles
can be transported to the surface and still be able to retain a
pristine magmatic signature [2]. The mantle xenoliths
analysed can be classified into three suites based on
location of discovery. All samples were located within
alkali basalt dykes and they range in composition from
spinel peridotite to olivine pyroxenite [3]. Samples were
analysed for He, Ne and Ar using a VG5400 mass
spectrometer. Samples were crushed in vacuo to release gas
from fluid inclusion within the crystal and to avoid
releasing any radiogenic gas held within the matrix. Sample
exhibiting alteration or addtion of cosmogenic nuclide were
excluded from this study.
The
3
He/
4
He ratio extracted from the samples ranged
from 6.25 8.68R
A
(R
A
=
3
He/
4
He ratio of Air) with an
average of 7.4R
A
this values is similar to the value
attributed to MORB mantle of 8R
A
1R
A
. The samples
were found to also contain a
20
Ne/
22
Ne ratio ranging from
air to 11.85. With
40
Ar/
36
Ar ratio measured ranging from
309 to 1139. All isotopic ratios measured fall within a
MORB like mantle signature with the addition of an air
derivived component.
This combined noble gas signature greatly differs from
that found in Plume source material with the
3
He/
4
He ratio
of plumes ranging from 12 - 50R
A
[4] and therefore the role
of plume driven rifting can be ruled out in this case. The
ratios within the xenoliths also differs from the value
obtained from other rift zones which are thought to have
sampled the Sub Continental Lithospheric Mantle (SCLM)
with the
3
He/
4
He ratio of 6.1R
A
0.9R
A
[5] noticeably
differing from the values obtained from the WARZ
samples. The data obtained within this study suggestes that
the rifting seen within Antarctica has evolved past the point
of passive lithospheric melting and is now dominated by
active upwelling of MORB like mantle.

[1] Nardini et al. (2009) J. Pet 50 1359 1375.
[2] Burnard et al (1994) J. Geophy. Res 99 17,709 17,715.
[3] Perinelli et al (2011). 52 665 690.
[4] Stuart et al (2003). Nature 424 57 59.
[5] Gautheron and Moreira (2002). EPSL 199 39 47
The Snap Lake Kimberlite; A True
Composite Intrusion
R.A. BROOKER
*1
, R.C. OGILVIE-HARRIS
1
,

T.M.
GERNON
2
, R.S.J. SPARKS
1
,

M. FIELD
3

1
(*richard.brooker@bristol.ac.uk)
2
School of Ocean & Earth Sciences. University of
Southampton.

3
DiaKim Consulting Ltd, Wells, Somerset.

There is some debate in the literature regarding the
nature of the Snap Lake kimberlite intrusion (NW
Territories, Canada). Field et al. (2009) have suggested it
represents two distinct magmas, one rich in xenolithic
olivine (ORK) and one olivine poor (OPK). These authors
suggest the ability to bring different amounts of
xenocrystic olivine load to the surface could be important
as a proxy for diamond grade and size distribution. In
contrast, Kopylova et al. (2010) suggested there was a
single magma with variable degrees of alteration that impart
the false impression of two phases of magmatism. The
result of this study (part published in Gernon et al., 2012)
not only strongly supports the notion of two magmas, but
also that these were intruded simultaneously to give the
first described example of a true composite kimberlite
intrusion. Detailed field mapping, geochemistry and
consideration of petrological differences on macro- and
micro-scopic scales show how the two magmas intruded
whilst still partially molten with ongoing loss of volatiles.
Careful analyses of the spatial distribution, texture and
composition of phlogopite phenocrysts shows distinct
pressure-temperature histories for the two magmas and how
they can be seen to mingle but stop short of full mixing.
Mixed batches of kimberlite magma may be more common
that previously thought, but it is surprising that incomplete
mixing of two chemically similar compositions is preserved
in the Snap intrusion. This might reflect the rapid timscale
of intrusion and solidification.

Field, M. et al., (2009) Lithos 112S, 23-35.
Kopylova et al. (2010) Canadian Mineralogist 48, 549-570.
Gernon et al., (2012) Journal of the Geological Society 169,
1-16.
67

Vesiculation of a rhyolitic melt:
New insights from hot-stage
microscopy experiments
J. BROWNING
*1
, H. TUFFEN
1
, M. JAMES
*1

"
Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University.
(*john.browning.2012@live.rhul.ac.uk)

Although pumice is an end-member product of gas-rich
explosive volcanism, the process of bubble growth which
leads to the formation of pumiceous textures are not well
constrained. Vesiculation in rhyolitic melts is a primary
control on some of the largest explosive eruptions. This
study presents the results of a series of experiments which
have utilised hot-stage microscopy techniques to track
vesicle growth in an initially vesicle-poor rhyolitic melt.
Using rhyolitic obsidian erupted from Chaiten, Chile in
2008 (containing ~1.38 wt. % H2O), thin wafers were held
at atmospheric pressure for periods of between 5 minutes
and 2 days in the hot-stage, at temperatures between 575
oC
and 875
oC.
In-situ vesiculation was directly observed and
the growth of individual bubbles measured using image
tracking code in MATLAB. It was found that bubble growth
rates increased with both temperature and bubble size. The
average growth rate at the highest temperature of 875
oC
is
~1.27 mm s-1, compared with the lowest observed growth
rate of ~0.02 mm s-1 at 725
oC;
below this temperature, no
growth was observed. Average growth rate Vr follows an
exponential relationship with temperature and melt viscosity
where Vr = exp (0.0169T) and Vr = exp (-1.202m). The
extent of diffusive degassing from wafer surfaces was
estimated with simple diffusion models. Diffusive loss was
found to be negligible during brief high-temperature
experiments but became increasingly important in slower,
lower temperature experiments. Several stages of bubble
growth were directly observed, including initial relaxation
of deformed existing bubbles into spheres, extensive growth
of spherical bubbles, and, at higher temperatures, close
packing and foam formation. An advantage of the imaging
techniques used here is that bubble-bubble interactions can
be observed in-situ at a scale of 2 to 3 microns. Evolving
bubble number densities (BND) with time were determined,
allowing nucleation rates to be estimated. Maximum
observed BNDs were 3.4 1012 m-3 with maximum
increases of around 160 % observed in samples with lower
initial vesicularity (< 5.7 1011 m-3). Experimentally
determined rates of nucleation, growth and coalescence
assist in the reconstruction and vesiculation history of
quenched products and in models of magma vesiculation at
shallow levels.

Trace element systematics of zircon
from I- and S-type granites
A.D. BURNHAM
*1,2
, A.J. BERRY
1,3
, I.S. WILLIAMS
3
,
R.B. ICKERT
4
1
College London (*a.burnham08@imperial.ac.uk)
2
3
Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National
University, Canberra.

4
Berkeley Geochronology Center, California 94709, USA.

Zircon is an invaluable accessory mineral because it
provides robust determinations of magmatic ages and
withstands subsolidus and hydrothermal alteration, thereby
recording geochemical and thermobarometric data indelibly.
Detrital zircons (e.g. Hadean grains from the Jack Hills) can
only provide information about their parental magmas
where there are well-characterised natural and experimental
samples to compare to. Rare earth element patterns in zircon
have been shown to reflect the oxidation states of their host
rocks, though Ce and Eu can be decoupled by crystallisation
of feldspars, which readily incorporate Eu
2+
. Bulk rock Fe
oxidation state ratios, Fe-Ti oxide systematics and S
concentrations in apatite all indicate that S-type granites are
generally more reduced than I-type granites (Chappell &
White, 2001). This study presents data from zircons
separated from granites (sensu lato) of the Lachlan Fold
Belt, Australia, to assess the extent to which source and
process can be identified from Ce, Eu and other trace
element systematics of populations of crystals.
Trace elements in zircons from a range of I- and S-type
granites from the Lachlan Fold Belt, Australia (selected to
cover a range of ages, major element and isotopic
compositions) were analysed by laser ablation mass
spectrometry. Simultaneous U-Pb age determination
allowed inherited (xenocrystic) crystals to be identified and
disregarded.
Ce anomalies in zircons from the I-type granites were
larger by a factor of ~10, indicating that the oxygen fugacity
of these magmas was ~4 orders of magnitude higher.
Despite multiple recent attempts to calibrate this
oxybarometer (Trail et al., 2011; Burnham and Berry, 2012;
Trail et al., 2012), further work is required to interpret the
Ce anomalies fully. Surprisingly, there is a systematic
difference between the Eu anomalies in the two granite
types (more negative in the S-type granites). This is likely
to be due to the relative oxidation states of the melts, and
suggests that the Eu anomaly records redox information
despite the influence of plagioclase on the Eu budget of a
magma. Differences in the abundances of other elements,
including U, Th, Li, P, and Hf will also be discussed with
reference to the relative contributions of source composition
and magmatic differentiation for these variations.

Burnham and Berry (2012). Geochimica et Cosmochimica
Acta 95, 196-212.
Chappell & White (2001). Transactions of the Royal Society
of Edinburgh 83, 1-26.
Trail et al. (2011). Nature 480, 79-82.
Trail et al. (2012). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 97,
70-87.
68
A tale of two magmas: Petrological
insights into mafic and intermediate
explosive volcanism at Volcn de
Colima, Mexico
J.M. CRUMMY
*1
, I.P. SAVOV
1
,

D.J. MORGAN
1
, M.
WILSON
1
, C. NAVARRO-OCHOA
2
, S. LOUGHLIN
3

1
Institute of Geophysics & Tectonics, School of Earth &
Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
(*j.crummy@see.leeds.ac.uk)
2
Observatorio Volcanologico de Colima, Universidad de
Colima, Colima, Mexico.

3
British Geological Survey, Edinburgh, UK.

Volcn de Colima in western Mexico explosively erupts
basalt to high-silica andesite magmas. Detailed petrological
and geochemical analyses of Holocene tephra fallout
deposits reveal two distinct magma types: I. typical calc-
alkaline series magmas; and II. mixed calc-alkaline -
alkaline magmas. Group I magmas comprise basalt to high-
silica andesite (50.7 to 60.4 wt.% SiO
2
) and typically
contain phenocrysts of plagioclase + clinopyroxene +
orthopyroxene + Fe-Ti oxides hornblende olivine.
Crystallinity varies from 10-25 vol.% dominated by
plagioclase in a groundmass comprising highly vesiculated
glass with abundant microlites. Back-scatter electron (BSE)
microscope images together with electron microprobe
analyses (EPMA) reveal complex zoning patterns and
compositional variations in plagioclase and pyroxene
phenocrysts which have been interpreted to have resulted
from a complex crystallisation history involving multiple
magma mixing and decompression events.
Group II magmas comprise basalt to basaltic-andesite
(48.3 to 57.5 wt.% SiO
2
) and contain 10-15 vol.% crystals
comprising clinopyroxene + olivine + phlogopite +
plagioclase + Fe-Ti oxides hornblende orthopyroxene.
The groundmass comprises highly vesiculated glass with
abundant microlites of the same mineral phases.
Clinopyroxene and olivine phenocrysts have high-Mg cores
(Mg# 88-89) that display strong dissolution with clear
resorption and recrystallisation. EPMA analyses reveal
large compositional differences with the surrounding
growth zone (Mg# 80) indicating recrystallisation and re-
equilibration within a compositionally different melt. This
composition of the clinopyroxene is similar to that of the
Group I magmas.
Whole-rock geochemical and Sr and Nd isotopic
analyses reveal strong trends in the Group II magmas
towards the composition of monogenetic cinder cones
composed of phlogopite-bearing alkaline lamprophyre
situated to the north of Volcn de Colima. The alkaline
magmas are thought to have formed from partial melting of
metasomatically enriched veins within the lithospheric
mantle. We suggest the high Mg clinopyroxene cores of the
Group II magmas crystallised from such alkaline melts,
which then mixed with the parental mantle-derived melts of
the Group I magmas.
Dynamics of deforming partially
molten regions and the nucleation of
dykes
M. DIEZ
*1
, J. BLUNDY
2
,

A. HOGG
3

1
Shcool of Earth Sciences. University of Bristol.
(*mikel.diez@bristol.ac.uk)
2
School of Mathematics. University of Bristol

The dynamics of deforming partially molten regions at
different tectonic boundaries is an outstanding problem
involving the crossing of many spatial scales, from melt
pockets to much larger transport structures. These regions
are the source for a large volume of the magmatism
occurring in the planet. Thus, their dynamics plays an
important role on volcanism and plutonism, specifically
through processes leading to dyke formation. In the last two
decades or so, field studies of exposed lower crustal
migmatitic domains, cooling and deforming intrusive bodies
and fossil arcs reveal that partially molten regions organize
from pore micron-scale into centimetre-size bands, leading
to meter-size transporting dikes. Experiments on deforming
synthetic aggregates in simple shear also confirm the
organization of partially molten mixtures into shear bands.
Even though dyke propagation has been intensively studied,
processes governing the previous stage of dike initiation
still remain poorly known. These processes control the
initial dimensions of the dike and thus will have a large
impact on its propagation dynamics once it leaves the
source. We look for a theory that accounts for the time and
spatial scales inferred from field and experimental studies.
We propose that in this theory dike initiation occurs through
a nucleation stage governed by melt segregation and
compaction within a deforming mixture. This stage would
be followed by the comparatively better understood
propagation stage, mainly governed by channel flow. In this
study we focus on the first nucleation stage. We make use
of two-phase theory for mixtures undergoing shear flow,
and derive solutions in pure shear. Dyke nucleation and the
role of damage is then explored in different conditions, such
as stretching host-rocks on top of diapiric upwellings and
lithospheric regions undergoing extension.
69

The Red Hills Intrusive System:
Easternmost porphyry copper
deposit in southwestern North
America
A.K. GILMER
*1
, J.R. KYLE
2

1
Virginia Div. of Geology and Mineral Resources.
(*amykgilmer@gmail.com)
2
Department of Geological Sciences, Jackson School of
Geosciences, The University of Texas at Austin.

The Red Hills intrusive system hosts the easternmost
Laramide porphyry copper deposit in southwestern North
America. The Red Hills pluton crops out near the southern
margin of the 32-Ma Chinati Mountains caldera. Zircon U-
Pb, molybdenite Re-Os, and sericite
40
Ar/
39
Ar analyses yield
ages of 64, 60, and 61 Ma, respectively, indicating that the
Red Hills magmatism and mineralization are distinctly older
than other Cenozoic magmatism (4817 Ma) in Trans-Pecos
Texas. The Red Hills intrusive system is contemporaneous
with and genetically related to other Laramide magmatic
systems (7554 Ma) that host porphyry copper deposits in
Arizona, southwestern New Mexico, and northern Mexico.
These results significantly extend the Laramide magmatic
province eastward and suggest that Laramide subduction-
related magmatism and deformation are coextensive over a
broad area of southwestern North America.
Fluid inclusion studies of the mineralized quartz
stockwork in the Red Hills quartz monzonite constrain
pressures from 20 to 30 MPa, corresponding to depths of
formation of 2 to 3 km. Estimated salinities for the fluid
inclusions from quartz veins associated with phyllic
alteration range from 33 to 47 wt. % NaCl equiv. The high
salinities of these fluids suggest a magmatic source.

Gilmer, A, K., Kyle, J. R., Connelly, J. N., Mathur, R. D.,
Henry, C. D., (2003) Geology Vol 31, page 447-450.
Gilmer, Amy K., (2001) Age and characterization of the
Red Hills porphyry copper-molybdenum deposit and its
relationship to the Chinati Mountains caldera, Presidio
County, Texas. University of Texas at Austin, MS.
thesis, 213 pages.

The structure and evolution of
shallow magmatic systems emplaced
in fold-and- thrust belts a case
study of Cerro Negro, Neuqun
Province, Argentina
D. GRER
*1
, F. CORFU
2
,

O. GALLAND
1

1
Physics of Geological Processes (PGP), University of
Oslo, Oslo, Norway. (*derya.guerer@gmail.com)
2
Department of Geoscieces, University of Oslo, Oslo,
Norway.

In contrast to the classical concept of magma ascent in
extensional settings, recent studies show that volcanism also
occurs in compressional settings. The nature of the interplay
between magmatism and tectonics in fold-and-thrust belts
however, remains a major question, notably in active
margins. The mechanisms of magma transport in such
settings and whether magmatism affects tectonic
deformation need to be addressed.
Therefore, we carried out detailed structural mapping
and sampling of the Cerro Negro intrusive complex, at
Tricao Malal, Neuqun Province, Argentina. This intrusive
system belongs to a magmatic province in the Agrio fold-
and-thrust belt, located between 37S and 38S in the
Argentinean foothills of the Andes. The fold-and-thrust belt
has resulted from intense E-W shortening, and contains
tight folds and thrusts, trending N-S. The intrusive complex
crops out as a network of sills and dykes around a main
intrusion, all of which are of andesitic composition.
The Cerro Negro plumbing system is well exposed so
that the relations between the intrusions and the tectonic
structures can be studied. We have identified at least two
geometries of intrusion: sills that have been folded in an
open anticline, and subvertical dykes that strike N-S, i.e.
perpendicular to the shortening. According to field
observations, the main intrusive body and the dykes have
formed in a central anticline, the dykes being close to the
hinge, suggesting that there is a structural control on magma
emplacement. Furthermore, the dykes locally crosscut the
folded sills. No deformation has been observed in the dykes,
possibly due to their location close to the anticlinal hinge.
This suggests that sills predate or are coeval with
deformation, whereas dykes postdate deformation. From the
structural and temporal relationships between the anticline
and the dykes we infer that local stresses controlled the
formation of the dykes during outer-arc stretching. This
illustrates how tectonic deformation may control magma
emplacement. Conversely, the traces of the main tectonic
structures curve around the intrusive complex, suggesting
that the latter influenced the tectonic deformation.
New U-Pb data for zircons for both dykes and sills yield
ages of 11-12 Ma, indicating that the lifetime of the
magmatic system was less than 1 m.y. Absolute dating
confirms that the dykes were emplaced during a time of
active shortening. This study contributes the first robust
evidence of substantial regional shortening at least until 11
Ma in the area.
70
Water/rock interaction and volcanic
behavior
B. HEMMINGS
*1
, A. JASIM
1
, F. WHITAKER
1
, B. BUSE
1
,
J. GOTTSMANN
1

1
University of Bristol (*brioch.hemmings@bristol.ac.uk)

Hydrology is of key importance in volcanic island
settings. On the volcanic Caribbean island of Montserrat its
importance is evident: storm rainfall can trigger landslides,
mudflows and devastating flooding but it also recharges the
aquifers of the extinct Centre Hills (CH), which supply
drinking water for the entire island. Within the active
Soufriere Hills Volcano (SHV), superheating of circulating
fluids can produce explosive phreatic eruptions and the
chemical interaction of these fluids with the edifice rocks
can lead to flank weakening and potentially catastrophic
collapse. However, the very presence of an active
hydrothermal system provides an attractive target for
geothermal energy development. In order to mitigate the
hazards and effectively exploit the resources associated with
the hydrological and hydrothermal systems it is critical to
understand the fundamental physical and chemical
interactions that occur in the development and propagation
of such systems.
The progression of volcanic activity on Montserrat from
north to south over ~2.5 Ma provides a unique insight into
the temporal behavior of a system from the building of a
volcanic edifice, composed of a lava core surrounded by
volcaniclastic aprons (SHV), to the eventual erosion back to
the central core of an extinct volcano (Silver Hills, SH).
This transition results from an interplay between physical
and chemical processes that vary both temporally and
spatially. Episodic and intense storms incise and erode the
variably consolidated volcaniclastic deposits, transporting
material seaward via ephemeral rivers. These storm events
also have the potential to trigger volcanic hazards such as
dome collapses and pyroclastic flows, as well as lahars.
However, the physical processes are affected by water-
rock interactions which modify the physical properties of
rocks and deposits, such as hydrothermal weakening of the
edifice and reduction of slope stability. Chemical reactions
between circulating fluids (both meteoric and hydrothermal)
and country rock also have a dramatic effect on
permeability and porosity, with important implications for
the ongoing maturation of the hydrological system and the
eventual distribution of aquifer and aquitard units.
The nature and product of the chemical interactions
depend on climatic and topographic controls, but also the
thermal and chemical conditions. Chemical processes
evolve as the volcanic activity and thus the hydrothermal
activity wanes. For example, on the active SHV
hydrothermal alteration is dominant, locally leading to
complete destruction of the igneous texture, while on the
neighboring extinct CH (0.5 Ma older) meteoric weathering
dominates. While the distribution of meteoric weathering is
potentially controlled by the hydrothermal alteration
history, it is also capable of over-printing its signature.
Through field observations, sample examination,
reaction experiments and numerical modeling, we explore
development and maturation of hydrological systems on
Montserrat.
Experimental insights into the
formation of amphibole reaction
rims: Texture, mineralogy, and
processes of formation
S. HENTON DE ANGELIS
*1
, J. LARSEN
1
,

M. COOMBS
2
,
A. DUNN
3
1
Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks.
(*pelee83@gmail.com)
2
Alaska Volcano Observatory, U.S. Geological Survey
(USGS).

3
Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of
Alaska Fairbanks.

Amphibole is an important mineral present in many
calc-alkaline volcanic deposits. A hydrous phase, volcanic
amphibole is only stable at pressures greater than ~100 MPa
(approx. 4 km) and in melts containing at least 4 wt % H
2
O.
When removed from their thermal and barometric stability
field, amphiboles decompose to form aggregate rims of
anhydrous minerals. Reaction rim thicknesses have been
used to estimate timescales and rates of magma ascent, an
important parameter in determining eruptive style.
However, the process of reaction rim formation is complex;
numerous magmatic properties exert a control on the
reaction process (e.g. magma compositions and viscosities)
and multiple forcing factors may be responsible for their
formation (e.g. heating, decompression, or changes in
magma chemistry). Few studies have performed in-depth,
systematic, and quantitative investigations of reaction rim
textures and mineralogy: as a result, amphibole reaction
rims are poorly understood. We present the results of an in-
depth experimental study into the formation of amphibole
reaction rims. The experimental series took samples to
differing degrees of thermal of barometric instability, over
different time scales, ranging from 3 144 hours. The
resulting reaction rims were analyzed using a variety of
analytical imaging and X-ray mapping techniques. We find
that a range of different processes can contribute to the
formation of reaction rims. A key result is that the
mineralogical and textural features of many experimental
heating-induced amphibole reaction rims are
indistinguishable from natural reaction rims attributed by
past studies to decompression (and subsequently used to
infer magma ascent rates).
71

Changes in heavy metal distribution
and deposition at Pos Volcano,
Costa Rica
M. HINRICHS
*1
, H. RYMER
1
,

S. BLAKE
1
, M. GILLMAN
1

1
Environment, Earth and Ecosystems, The Open University,
Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA
(*m.hinrichs@open.ac.uk)

Activity at Pos volcano, Costa Rica, is characterised by
periodic cycles of activity. The volcano entered its current
phase in 2008, since when there has been a steady increase
in the level of activity. There has been a build up in gas flux
and this has led to an increased deposition of heavy metals.
The deposition of these heavy metal plume components,
and their incorporation into soil, is of key interest because
soils act as geochemical sinks. Once discharged to the
environment heavy metals can accumulate and be a
potential source of contamination for plants and animals
(Alloway, 1995).
This study investigates the pattern of heavy metal
transport, deposition and distribution in Pos soils over a
period of two years (2010- 2011). Soils of agricultural and
non-agricultural sites at two horizons (0-10 cm and 20-30
cm) were collected and their trace element content analysed.
Samples were taken from eleven sites between the active
vent and ~6 km downwind, as well as from two control sites
that were unaffected by the activity.
None of the metals analysed (Fe, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Zn,
Se, As and Hg) showed a concentration above guideline
thresholds. However, concentrations increased during the
sampling period, suggesting changes in metal distribution
and concentration as a result of the increase in volcanic
activity. Concentrations generally increased with distance
away from the active vent, and were highest in the
agricultural soils 4-6 km downwind of the source. Heavy
metal concentrations in the soils from the control sites were
lower than the sites affected by the active vent, confirming
that the plume is a contributing factor to the total metal
content. Widespread increases of metal concentrations in
agricultural soils caused by long-range transport of
contaminants are therefore a risk that needs to be
considered.

Alloway, B.J., (1995), Soil processes and the behaviour of
heavy metals. In: Heavy Metals in Soils, Blackie
Academic and Professional, London. 11-37.

Platinum group element
geochemistry of the Scourie Dykes:
Insights into the Lewisian
subcontinental lithospheric mantle
H.S.R. HUGHES
*1
, I. MCDONALD
1
,

A.C. KERR
1

1
School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University,
Park Place, Cardiff, UK. CF10 3AT.
(*HughesH6@cf.ac.uk)

Increasing awareness of critical metals such as the
platinum group elements (PGE) has seen renewed
exploration effort for these elements. This research forms
part of a larger investigation into the potential for Ni-PGE
mineralisation in western Scotland and Northern Ireland,
incorporating Archaean, Caledonian, and Palaeogene lavas
and magma conduits in an attempt to understand the
underlying factors controlling mineralisation.
The NW-SE trending Scourie Dyke swarm comprises a
variety of deep-seated mafic and ultramafic dykes, intruded
into the Lewisian tonalite trondhjemite granodiorite
foreland at the end of the Ivernian deformation, between
2.42 to 2.38 Ga (Davies et al., 2012).
Dyke samples have been collected from across the
mainland Lewisian foreland, encompassing a variety of
dyke types (Tarney & Weaver, 1987) including picrite,
olivine gabbro, and dolerite suites. All 72 samples collected
were analysed for major and trace elements, and a
representative selection of 32 samples were assayed for bulk
PGE. Prior to this investigation, few analyses existed of the
Scourie Dykes, with only 5 published PGE analyses (Frick
et al., 1994). This research now forms the most
comprehensive geochemical database of Scourie Dykes to
date.
All dyke groups display normalised rare earth element
(REE) patterns that are moderately enriched in the light
REE, however the picrite and olivine gabbro dykes are most
enriched in light REE. The dolerite group dykes have flatter
REE patterns, but the highest total REE concentrations. All
dykes are enriched in large ion lithophile elements (some of
which may be caused by variable dyke alteration) and
depleted in high field strength elements.
Total PGE+Au concentrations range from 38.3 ppb
(olivine gabbro group) to 2.7 ppb (dolerite group). All
dykes show fractionated PGE trends, enriched in Pd-group
PGE (PPGE). Dolerite dykes show a marked depletion in Ir-
group PGE (IPGE), indicating a lower degree of mantle
melting, leaving a significant residue of Ir-Os alloys in the
source. Chalcophile element ratios (e.g. Cu/Pd) are typically
higher than estimated primitive mantle, suggesting that the
Archaean subcontinental lithospheric mantle underwent low
degrees of partial melting thereby contributing low
concentrations of PGE to the S-undersaturated parental
magmas of the Scourie Dykes.

Davies, J.H.F.L., et al. (2012) Goldschmidt Conference.
Frick, L.R., et al. (1994) Goldschmidt Conference.
Tarney, J. and Weaver, B.L. (1987) Geological Society
Special Publication Vol. 27, pp. 217-233.
72
Fe
3+
/"Fe in hydrous glass
M.C.S. HUMPHREYS
*1
, R.A. BROOKER
2
,

D. G.
FRASER
1
, V.C. SMITH
3
1
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South
Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3AN, UK
(*madeleine.humphreys@earth.ox.ac.uk)
2
Memorial Building, Queens Road, Bristol, BS8 1RJ,
UK

3
Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of
Art, Dyson Perrins Building, South Parks Road, Oxford,
OX1 3QY, UK

The Fe oxidation state of arc magmas, and the Fe
3+

contents of spinels in primitive arc basalts, are typically
much higher than in mid-ocean ridge basalts. This has been
interpreted by some as a result of the transfer of slab-
derived components into the mantle wedge (Evans et al.
2012), and by others as the result of differentiation or late-
stage degassing processes within the arc crust (Lee et al.
2010). Recent studies have reported a correlation between
Fe
3+
/Fe
2+
and H
2
O in primitive arc melt inclusions,
suggesting a clear link between slab components and
oxidation state (Kelley & Cottrell 2009). It is clear that the
volatile contents of melts may re-equilibrate very rapidly,
but the effect of changing H
2
O on Fe
3+
/Fe
2+
is unclear.
We present data that suggest that observed correlations
between H
2
O and Fe
3+
/Fe
2+
can be expained in part by
considering the acid-base proprties of the melt (Fraser
2005). In particular, basic behaviour of FeO and amphoteric
behaviour of Fe
2
O
3
, combined with changes in melt basicity
relating to dissolution of H
2
O, can explain increasing Fe
oxidation state with increasing H
2
O. We discuss the
implications of these results for using melt inclusions to
investigate the oxidation state of the earths mantle.

Evans, K. et al. (2012) Geology doi: 10.1130/G33037.1
Fraser, D.G. (2005) Annals of Geophysics 48, 549-559
Kelley, K.A. & Cottrell E. (2009) Science 325, 605-607
Lee, C.T. et al. (2010) Nature 468, 681-685

Depositional and textural
characteristics of dry maar
volcanoes in northern Tanzania
H.B. MATTSSON
*1

1
Institute of Geochemistry and Petrology, Clausiusstrasse
25, ETH Zurich, 8003 Zurich, Switzerland.
(*hannes.mattsson@erdw.ethz.ch)

Many of the apparent phreatomagmatic landforms in
northern Tanzania lack the classical evidence for
phreatomagmatic fragmentation and/or deposition (such as
accretionary lapilli, plastering against obstacles, vesiculated
tuffs, etc.). Instead, the landforms are dominated by fluidal
shaped pyroclasts and dry deposition (e.g., efficient grain-
size segregation in the eruptive plume and depositional
characteristics indicative of grain-flow). In addition to this,
the eruptive centers are predominantly located on top of a
horst structure (i.e., the Kerimasi block) in an arid
environment where evaporation greatly exceeds rainfall on
an annual basis. Thus, the source of water required to drive
the phreatomagmatic fragmentation process is unclear in
this area of the East African Rift. However, because of the
geochemistry of the magmas involved (predominantly
melilititic in composition) the vigor of the eruptions and the
high degree of fragmentation can be attributed to rapid
exsolution of CO
2
during ascent of the melilititic magmas.
These types of magmas have been shown experimentally to
be able to hold up to 18 wt.% CO
2
dissolved within the melt
structure at upper-mantle pressures (Brooker et al., 2001),
and it is likely that delayed nucleation during rapid
decompression resulted in massive exsolution of CO
2
which
may explain the highly explosive character of these
apparently phreatomagmatic landforms.

Brooker, R., A., Kohn, S., C., Holloway, J., R., McMillan,
P., F., (2001) Chemical Geology 174, 225-239.

73

Temporal geochemical changes in
the Miocene Ignimbrite succession
on Gran Canaria: Crustal
contamination or mantle
heterogeneity?
P. NICHOLLS
1
, V. TROLL
1,2
, B. ELLIS
3
, A. BARKER
1
, I.
BINDEMAN
4
1
Department of Earth Sciences (CEMPEG), Uppsala
University, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden
2
Departamento de Fsica (GEOVOL), Universidad de Las
Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria,
Canary Islands, Spain.
3
ETH, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich,
Switzerland
4
Dept. of Geological Sciences 1272 University of Oregon
Eugene, OR 97403-1272, USA

Recent work by Bindeman et al (2008) on the
Yellowstone system has postulated the progressive
assimilation of crustal volcanic material into the magmas
that fed large scale silicic explosive eruptions. This is
recorded in oxygen isotopes of the eruptive products. Gran
Canaria hosts a long-lived volcanic system which
incorporates shield basaltic lavas and an extensive
succession of Miocene silicic ignimbrites and lavas (the
Mogan and Fataga formations, > 1400km
3
). These
ignimbrites were sampled for oxygen isotopes to see
whether the Gran Canarian magmas were influenced by a
similar assimilation process or whether temporal changes in
the mantle compositions, as proposed by previous workers
(eg Cousens et al 1990).
Oxygen isotopes show a progressively more negative
excursion up section (14-12 Ma) which confirms that in the
late stage of the Miocene cycle a change in the magma
composition feeding the eruptions occurred. These more
negative values are consistent with similar trends described
by Bindeman. However, it is also noted that Strontium
isotope ratios decrease at around the same time while Pb
isotopes show correlated excursions too. These observations
appear to point towards a mantle source change being more
plausible than crustal contamination as the latter would
likely produce an increase in strontium isotope ratios rather
than a decrease. This appears to indicate that crustal
contamination played little part in the later stages of
Miocene activity on Gran Canaria, and that oxygen-
strontium isotope correlations suggest a change in mantle
source. This would reflect a change from a mixed source
involving EM1, DMM and HIMU to a higher proportion of
the HIMU-like component towards the end of Miocene
activity , likely a function the waning of the EM1-like
component in the supply column.

Bindeman et al. (2008) J. of Petrology, 49, pp. 163-193.
Cousens et al. (1990) Earth Planet Sci Lett, 96, pp. 319-
335.
The source of A-type magmas in
two contrasting settings:
Constraints on processes and
tectonics from UPb, LuHf and
ReOs isotopes
PANKHURST, M.J.
*1,2
, SCHAEFER, B.F.
1
,

TURNER,S.P.
1

1
GEMOC, Macquarie University, Sydney 2109, Australia.

2
School of Earth & Environment, University of Leeds, UK.
(*matthew.pankhurst@mq.edu.au)

We observe a convergence of process within two
different geodynamic generating post-orogenic, high-
temperature, A-type magmas. The production of these
distinctive magmas and concomitant formation of stable
lithospheric domains is suggested to be the key factor for 1)
ending orogenesis and 2) producing stable pinning blocks
that influence subsequent tectonic evolution. The end of the
ca. 514 480 Ma Delamerian Orogeny, southeastern South
Australia, is marked by ~10 Myr of bimodal A-type
magmatism. Mostly felsic products were emplaced at
shallow crustal levels, and outcrop in an ~300 km arc
coincident with a gravity high, interpreted as voluminous
mafic intrusives at mid crustal levels. Here ReOs and Lu
Hf isotope ratios record a dominantly juvenile lithospheric
mantle source, from which mafic parental melts fractionated
to produce the granites. Raised lithospheric temperatures
were caused by in-welling of aesthenosphere that followed
convective thinning of an unstable (thickened) lithospheric
column, along the strike length of the orogeny. In contrast,
ReOs and LuHf isotope ratios of the A-type magmas that
comprise the ca. 1598 1583 Ma Mesoproterozoic Gawler
Felsic Large Igneous Province, central South Australia,
record a dominant evolved lower crust component mixed
with small amounts of juvenile lithospheric mantle. Plume
head arrival resulted in a regionally elevated geotherm,
driving partial melting of the most fusible portions of the
upper lithosphere. This produced rapid, voluminous,
bimodal magmatism that lasted for ~15 Myr, and ended the
Wartakan Orogeny. These two end member case studies
highlight the observation that A-type magmatism is always
transient. The contemporaneous fusion of both mantle and
crust represents a common, stabilizing influence on the
lithospheric column regardless of tectono-magmatic setting.

74
Sm-Nd and U-Pb isotope
geochemistry of the Sweetwater
Wash and North Piute plutons,
Mojave Desert, California
S. PHILLIPS
*1
, J. HANCHAR
1
, C. MILLER
2

1
Department of Earth Sciences, Memorial University of
Newfoundland, St. John's, NL Canada A1B 3X5
(*s.phillips@mun.ca)
2
Earth & Environmental Sciences, Vanderbilt University,
Nashville, TN 37235-1805, USA

In situ analyses of the isotopic and trace element
composition of minerals at the sub-grain scale have proven
to be effective tools for understanding the origins and
evolution of magmatic systems. The ability to
simultaneously measure Sm-Nd and U-Pb isotopes by LA-
ICP-MS allows a high-resolution spatial and temporal
snapshot of crystallisation history.
The late Cretaceous Sweetwater Wash Pluton (SWP) in
the Mojave Desert, California, provides an excellent
oppurtunity to utilise these techniques in order to
understand the petrogenesis of continental arc granites. This
peraluminous granite is well understood in terms of major
& trace element geochemistry (Mittlefehldt & Miller) and
accessory phase geochemistry (Wark & Miller). A
preliminary study of monazite in the SWP (Fisher) suggest
that the rNd signature of the source region is retained
(~1700 Ma) yet U-Pb ages show an isotopic resetting during
emplacement at ~75Ma. Mineral scale heterogeneity also
demonstrates extrememe isotopic disequilibrium in
monazite and titanite, whereas REE concentrations are
consistant with closed-system fracational crystallisation
The current study is aimed at using these geochemical
tools to further constrain the petrogenesis of the SWP and
place it in its regional context. Upcoming fielwork involves
systematic sampling throuhg a transect of the pluton to
examine the spatial changes from the edge to the centre of
the pluton as recorded in monazite and zircon.

Mittlefehldt, D.W. and Miller, C.F. (1983) Geochemica et
Cosmochemica Acta, 47, pp. 109-124.
Wark, D.A. and Miller, C.F. (1993) Chemical Geology, 110,
pp. 49-67.
Fisher, C.M. (2011) Unpublished PhD. Thesis.

The lattice strain model applied to
coexisting garnet and clinopyroxene
J. PICKLES
*1
, J. BLUNDY
1
, C.B. SMITH
1

1
University of Bristol. (*Joe.Pickles@bristol.ac.uk)

Understanding the behaviour of elements and minerals
subducted into the mantle is important in helping to
interpret the behaviour of volatiles and processes in the
overlying mantle wedge. Through high-pressure and high-
temperature experiments we investigate the behaviour of
elements, specifically how elements partition between
garnet and clinopyroxene in the subducting slab.
The lattice strain model (Blundy and Wood, 1997) was
developed on, and is routinely applied to, the partitioning of
elements between a mineral and its equilibrium melt. In
this study we investigate the applicability of the lattice
strain model when applied to the partitioning of rare earth
elements (REE) between garnet and clinopyroxene (cpx).
We also investigate the potential of the lattice strain model
being utilised as a geothermometer.
The data generated in this work are combined with
published experimental data to compare the thermodynamic
theory and the experimental data. We show that lattice
strain model theory accurately predicts the experimental
data. We develop new terms allowing the calculation of the
Youngs modulus and ideal cation size through the major
element composition without needing to know either
temperature or pressure. We show that the lattice strain
model can be used to calculate temperature for the
experimental data. However, the accuracy of the
temperature prediction is highly dependent on the Youngs
modulus of the garnet. To circumvent this issue we also
present an empirical thermometer based on the REE
partitioning between garnet and cpx. Both models have a
greater accuracy than the widely used geothermometer of
Ellis and Green, 1979.

Blundy, J.D. and Wood, B.J. (1994) Nature 372, 452-454.
Ellis, D. and Green, D. (1979) Contributions to Mineralogy
and Petrology 71, 13-22.

75

The role of ice cavities in lava lobe
formation
H. REYNOLDS
*1
, D. WOODCOCK
1
,

J. GILBERT
1
, S.
LANE
1

1
Lancaster LA1 4YQ. (*hannah.i.reynolds@gmail.com)

Lava lobes are small volcanic features (~ 10 m high)
which have been observed at various locations in Iceland
and at Nevados de Chilln, Chile. However, the mechanism
for the creation of lava lobes remains controversial. It is
plausible that lava was emplaced within pre-formed ice
cavities which were themselves generated by volcanic
fumaroles. This study investigates the feasibility of this
theory using an analogue experimental approach. The
generation of ice cavities by fumarolic activity was
investigated on a laboratory scale and an experiment was
designed to observe and quantify the physical processes
which took place. All significant heat transfer processes
were considered and a model of the melting process was
constructed based on experimental observations. The
laboratory-generated cavities were found to most closely
resemble a truncated prolate spheroid in morphology. Lava
lobes are commonly conical; various processes are
suggested to explain the difference between the field
observations and those observed in the laboratory. A cavity
growth rate of 1.8 x 10
-4
m
3
s
-1
was estimated using
experimental data. This equates to a period of 6 x 10
5
s to
generate an ice cavity (4 m in height), which is realistic
when compared to the ascent time of rhyolitic magma. This
study discusses the major contributing factors which affect
cavity growth and morphology including: meltwater
drainage; debris and impurities within the ice; fumarole
dynamics, and ice deformation. Experimental data obtained
during this study could be used to calibrate more
sophisticated analogue or numerical models of the physical
processes of fumarolic ice melting.

Phreatomagmatic edifices produced
by lava-sediment interaction
P. REYNOLDS
1
*, R. BROWN
1
,

E. LLEWELLIN
1
, T.
THORDARSSON
2
, K. FIELDING
3
,
1
Dept. Earth Sciences, Durham University, Science Labs,
Durham, UK. DH1 3LE
(*peter.reynolds@durham.ac.uk)
2
School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh,
Edinburgh EH9 3JW
3
Level 9, The Adelphi Building, 1-11 John Adam Street,
London WC2N 6AG

Rootless cones are formed during the explosive
interaction of pahoehoe lava and unconsolidated substrate.
Previous studies have focused on the architecture of cone
groups and proposed generic models for the formation of
cones, without a detailed assessment of their lithofacies
architecture. This research in progress aims to determine the
physical volcanology of a dissected rootless cone, and
determine how the preserved deposits can be used to infer
lava flow substrate conditions. Field studies in the
Columbia River Flood Basalt Province, Western USA,
detail transitions from Surtseyan-style tephra jetting to
Hawaiian fire fountaining within individual edifices, likely
to be the result of decreasing water:magma ratios with time.
The explosive brecciation of host rock, sub-flow quenching
of pyroclasts and admixture of substrate material are also
found to be important facies-forming processes. These
processes highlight previously unrecognised complexity
during the growth of rootless cones arising from subtle
variations in substrate conditions. Intimate mixtures of
contact metamorphosed substrate and spatter fall deposits
within the cone also have implications for the interpretation
of peperitic textures in other volcanic settings. This study
forms part of a wider project detailing the architecture of
fissure derived products in Flood Basalt settings.
76
Concentrations of critical metals in
the Carnmenellis biotite granite,
Cornwall, UK
B.S. SIMONS
*1
, J.C.. ANDERSEN
1
,

R.K. SHAIL
1

1
Camborne School of Mines, University of Exeter,
Tremough Campus, Penryn, TR10 9EZ.
(*bjs207@exeter.ac.uk)

Modern technological developments rely increasingly
on resources that have not been the subject of traditional
exploration and mineral extraction. Emission reduction and
low carbon energy production are particularly strong drivers
for the rising demand for a number of rare metals. The
term critical metals increasingly refer to the metals that
are of strategic significance for technological development,
and where the supplies are considered to be significantly at
risk. This group includes beryllium (Be), gallium (Ga),
germanium (Ge), tungsten (W), bismuth (Bi), indium (In),
tin (Sn), antimony (Sb) and the rare earth elements (REE),
which are particularly significant for components in wind
turbines, photovoltaic cells and nuclear power stations.
Many critical metals are concentrated in polymetallic
mineral deposits related to granitic igneous provinces, such
as the Variscan intrusions of SW England and Germany.
However, the geochemical behaviour of the metals in
igneous systems remains poorly constrained. The lack of
geochemical knowledge leads to poor understanding of the
concentration mechanisms within the crust, and ultimately
to poor models for their igneous fractionation and
subsequent magmatic-hydrothermal mineralisation.
This study investigates critical metals within a carefully
selected sample of the Carnmenellis granite (from Holmans
test mine near Troon, Camborne). The granite was selected
as an example of the dominant type of coarse-grained
porphyritic biotite granite in Cornwall, partly because of the
the unweathered and unaltered mineral assemblage, and
partly because the granite in this location has not
experienced mineralisation.
Whole rock geochemical data indicate that Be, Ga, Ge,
In, Sn, W and Bi are present in higher concentrations than
average continental crust. Sn and Bi show a 5 times
enrichment compared to expected values in crustal rocks
with averages of 12.4 and 0.27 ppm respectively. Ge and In
show a 2 to 3 times enrichment, with average values of 3.26
and 0.17 ppm whereas Ga shows a 1.5 times enrichment
with an average of 24.5 ppm.
The future objectives of the study are to better constrain
the concentrations of the critical metals in the different
types of granite in SW England, and to establish the
partition coefficients between the granitic source magma
and their constituent minerals. This information will be used
to assess the mechanisms of metal concentration within the
host granites, and the significance of the individual granite
types as critical metal sources for the magmatic-
hydrothermal mineralisation systems.

The nature of deep mantle from
Afar plume picrites
F.M. STUART
*1
, N.W. ROGERS
2
, I. PARKINSON
2
, M.
DAVIES
2
1
Isotope Geosciences Unit, SUERC, East Kilbride G75 0QF
(*fin.stuart@glasgow.ac.uk)
2
Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, Open
University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA.

Most mantle plumes are widely believed to originate in
the core-mantle boundary. The earliest basalts erupted by
mantle plumes are typically hotter than those derived from
the convecting upper mantle and offer a window into the
composition of the deep mantle. For instance, the earliest
picrites erupted by the Iceland plume are strongly enriched
in primordial He (
3
He/
4
He ~ 50 R
a
), indicating an origin in a
mantle reservoir that has been isolated from convection for
most of Earth history. These basalts have, however, a range
in radiogenic isotope and incompatible trace element ratios
that overlap MORB and cannot simply be reconciled with
pristine primordial mantle dominating the plume head.
In an attempt to provide further constraints on the
source of plumes we have analysed the He-Sr-Nd-Pb
isotopic composition of the earliest basalts from the ~30 Ma
Ethiopian flood basalt province. Picrites from the Dilb
section and characterized by high Fe and Ti contents for
MgO = 14-15% that implies that the parent magma was
derived from a high temperature small melt fraction, most
probably from the Afar plume head. The picrites are
characterized by a narrow range of
87
Sr/
86
Sr (0.70396
0.70412) and
206
Pb/
204
Pb (18.82-19.01), and
3
He/
4
He of
olivine phenocrysts that never exceed 21 R
a
. These
observations imply that the Afar plume was sourced in a
discrete mantle reservoir that is less degassed and more
enriched in incompatible elements than the convecting
upper mantle. By contrast, the source region is more
degassed than the mantle of the proto-Iceland plume and
appears to be significantly more homogeneous. This
suggests that the largest mantle plumes are not initiated in a
single deep mantle domain with the same depletion history,
and they do not mix with convecting mantle to the same
extent.

77

Recognising mush disaggregation in
basaltic systems: The distribution of
olivine compositions in Icelandic
basalts and picrites
A.R. THOMSON
*1
, J. MACLENNAN
2

1
BS8 1DR, UK. (*andrew.thomson@bristol.ac.uk)
2
Cambridge, CB2 3EQ.

The importance of magmatic mushes in controlling both
the behaviour and compositional evolution of magmas has
recently been a topic of widespread interest, espeically in
relation to silicic systems. There is also plenty of evidence
suggesting that mushes play an important role in the
development of basaltic systems. For instance cumulates are
an important feature both in the basal wrecks of basaltic
volcanos and in ophiolitic sequences worldwide. However,
despite this knowledge there has been a surprising lack of
effort to identify the compositional and petrographic
signature of mush zone processes in the eruptive products of
basaltic volcanos. In this study we demonstrate that a
number of previously unexplained petrological observations
can be understood within the framework of magmatic mush
dissaggregation.
A statistical investigation into the forsterite content of
Icelandic olivine macrocrysts within individual eruptions,
and the relationship to their carrier basaltic liquids was
achieved using a large compilation of electron microprobe
data. 11 eruptions were examined where glass composition
and more than 60 crystal core analyses were available.
Kernel density estimates and cluster modelling identified at
least one statistically significant peak in olivine
distributions. In 10 of the 11 eruptions it is observed that
90% of olivines are too forsteritic to be in equilibrium with
the erupted melt. From the 11 eruptions, 8 show unimodal
distributions of macrocryst olivine forsterite content, two
are bimodal and one is polymodal. In all cases a peak in the
distribution occurs at forsterite contents that are 2-3 mol%
higher than those expected for olivines in equilibrium with
the carrier liquid. These observations combined cannot be
explained by simple models of equilibrium or fractional
crystallisation.
To account for the observations a three-stage model is
required. In the first stage, fractional crystallisation and
crystal settling generate a mush pile on the floor of a
magma chamber. Compositional stratification is present in
this mush, with the olivines at its base being more forsteritic
than those at its top, reflecting the evolution of liquid
compositions during fractional crystallisation. In the second
stage, diffusion occurs in the mush across two different
paths. Individual olivine crystals homogenise, removing
internal zonation, whilst larger-scale chemical diffusion
occurs across the entire mush acting to generate a single
peak in olivine compositions close to the mean forsterite
content of the olivines in the crystal pile. Finally, the mush
is disaggregated throughout the chamber interior shortly
before eruption takes place. Quantitative models of this
process indicate that the observed offset peak in olivine
compositions can be generated after 42-8000 years of
diffusion in a mush pile, depending on the mush thickness.
Loading, compaction and injection:
Investigating ground deformation
on Mt Etna's Northeast Crater
Flowfield
A. DAVIES
*1

1
Department of Geography, Girton College, University of
Cambridge (*ajd202@cam.ac.uk)

Loading by recent lava flows can strongly influence the
siting of flank eruptions by downwarping the surface. This
increases stress at the edge of the flowfield, encouraging
eruptions. Downwarping can be measured through
levelling. However, lava compaction also causes volcanic
subsidence. Therefore, downwarping is only confirmed if
benchmarks close to, but off the flow subside by a similar
amount to those benchmarks on the flow. Vertical
movements recorded on the Northeast Crater flowfield on
Mount Etna between 1975 and 1980 confirmed
downwarping, which progressively decreased. However,
there was an abrupt increase in subsidence following the
1981 north flank eruption. Here, the ground deformation
was proportional to the thickness of the total flowfield.
This indicated downward movement associated with north
flank dyke injections (and subsequent eruptions) is
controlled by the thickness of the total flowfield, rather than
the most recent lava flows (Murray, 1988).
There has been no new lava loading on the Northeast
Crater flowfield since 1981. However, in 2008, a dyke was
injected beneath the Northeast Crater flowfield and
considerable summit subsidence was observed.
This investigation aims to establish if downwarping is
continuing, and whether downwarping contributed to the
2008 dyke injection. If downwarping is not evident, it can
be reasoned that the lack of downwarping contributed to the
lack of subsequent eruption from the injected dyke. A
further research aim is to establish if abrupt flowfield
subsidence associated with dyke injection is still
proportional to the thickness of the total flowfield.
The data being used for this investigation is part of an
ongoing annual survey of ground deformation on Mount
Etna. Data collected through precise levelling in 2007,
2008, 2011 and 2012 from a traverse set up in 1975 will be
used. (I was involved as a fieldworker in 2012). At the time
of abstract submission, only very minor data analysis has
been performed. Preliminarily, subsidence is known to be
ongoing and to have decreased between 2008 and 2012. It
is thought that the subsidence associated with the dyke
injection is no longer proportional to the thickness of the
flowfield, but further analysis is needed to confirm this.
A greater appreciation of the causes of ground
deformation will improve understanding of eruptive
behaviour. Understanding eruptive behaviour is crucial to
minimising hazards, with the aid of hazard mapping, land
use planning, and hazard forecasting. Mount Etna's
characteristic slow basaltic flows present little risk to human
lives, but as Mount Etna is Sicily's main income source,
facilitating tourism and agriculture, flank eruptions can have
a significant economic impact on the local region.
Therefore, the local region would also benefit from
improved understanding of the ground deformation.
Murray, JB (1988) J Volcanol Geoth Res, 35, p. 121-139.
78
Detection and categorization of
geyser eruption dynamics: Insights
from infrasound monitoring at
Yellowstone National Park
P.J. DEMONTE
*1
, J.B. JOHNSON
1
,

A. QUEZADA-REYES
2

1
Boise State University.
(*philippademonte@u.boisestate.edu)
2
New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology.

Volcanic phenomena such as volatile bubble bursts, gas
jets, eruption plumes and pyroclastic flows are strong
emitters of infrasound, low frequency (0.02-20 Hz) elastic
air waves. These surface-to-air pressure perturbations can
be easily detected, making infrasound an invaluable
accompanyment to seismic monitoring. Gaining direct
visual observations of the infrasound signal source
mechanisms is difficult at volcanoes. However, geysers at
Yellowstone, which are easily accessible and display a wide
range of behaviours, provide useful analogues for silicic
volcanoes.
The aims of our study are to acoustically detect and
characterize the eruption dynamics of individual geysers at
Yellowstone in order to better understand multi-phase fluid
dynamics in geothermal systems. In addition we are using
the geysers to test the effectiveness of electronic condenser
microphones (ECMs) and micro-electro-mechanical-
systems (MEMS) in the development of low-cost acoustic
sensors for volcano monitoring.
Between August 9
th
to 14
th
, 2011, three arrays of four
MEMS were deployed around Lone Star Geyser (LSG) and
Great Fountain Geyser (GFG) in the Lower Geyser Basin at
Yellowstone. An infrasound array was also deployed at
Sawmill Geyser (SMG) for an hour on 16
th
August 2011.
Data were analyzed for their spectral content, acoustic
energy and waveform characterization. To quantify and
compare the pressure fields generated during explosive
phases, video footage shot at the geysers was synced with
the coincident acoustic signal recordings.
Results show that distinct wave forms, eruption
durations and inter-eruption periods were detected for the
three geysers. SMG was found to generate periodic
infrasound dominated by energy in the 1-40 Hz band; its
signal source mechanisms are interpreted as: 1) steam-filled
bubble oscillations and 2) subsequent bursting at the free
surface resulting in violent steam and water discharge. LSG,
whose eruptions are characterized by ~18 m/s jets for
around 30 minutes, produces higher frequency infrasound
and audio-band signal evolving from 20-60 Hz to 40-85 Hz.
This is interpreted as phase transition in LSGs eruptions
from mostly water (low acoustic radiation) to steam (high
acoustic radiation). During the final stage of an eruption at
GFG on August 11, bi-modal infrasound pulses of up to 0.7
Pa-m were detected. Modelling the pulses as volumetric
sound sources, we infer that up to 32 m
3
of fluid was
ejected.
Between October 9
th
to 21
st
, 2012, three arrays of eight
infrasonic sensors (7 ECMs; 1 MEMS) were deployed at
different locations in the Lower Geyser Basin. We are
currently applying back azimuth and semblance analysis to
the recorded data to spatially and temporally locate multiple
geyser sources.
On the lack of InSAR
measurements of deformation at
Central American Volcanoes
S.K. EBMEIER
*1
, J. BIGGS
1
AND

T.A. MATHER
2

1
University of Bristol. (*sk.ebmeier@gmail.com)
2
Univeristy of Oxford.

A systematic survey of three years of L-band InSAR
measurements of the Central American Volcanic Arc shows
a striking lack of magmatic deformation. We make
measurements at 20 of the 26 historically active volcanoes,
none of which were deforming magmatically (2007-2010),
although we do measure shallow subsidence associated with
flow deposits or edifice instability at three volcanoes. We
use time series variance to estimate minimum InSAR
deformation detection rates for Central America (average of
2.4 cm/yr) and show that the majority (>78%) of
deformation events measured at other volcanic arcs would
have been measurable at the same levels of noise as
observed in Central America. We estimate that if magmatic
volcano deformation were spread evenly across historically
active volcanoes worldwide, there would be <2%
probability of none of Central America's 26 volcanoes
deforming.
Central Americas high proportion of basalts to
andesites and relative lack of shallow magma storage may
contribute to the low number of observations of deformation
relative to other parts of the world. Other factors with the
potential to inhibit the geodetic expression of magma
movement include vertically elongated chamber geometries
and high volatile contents.

Ebmeier, S.K., Biggs, J. and Mather, T.A. (in revision) On
the lack of InSAR measurements of deformation at
Central American Volcanoes. Journal of Geophysical
Research Solid Earth.
Ebmeier, S.K., Biggs, J., Mather, T.A. and Amelung, F. (in
press) Applicability of InSAR to tropical volcanoes:
insights from Central America. Geological Society
Special Publication, Remote-sensing of volcanoes and
volcanic processes: integrating observation and
modelling
79

Hydroacoustic, infrasonic and
seismic monitoring of the submarine
eruptive activity and subaerial
plume generation at South Sarigan,
May 2010
D.N. GREEN
*1
, L.G. EVERS
2
,

D. FEE
3
, R.S. MATOZA
4,

M. SNELLEN
5
, P. SMETS
2
, D. SIMONS
5
1
AWE Blacknest, Reading, UK.
(*dgreen@blacknest.gov.uk)
2
KNMI, De Bilt, The Netherlands.

3
Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, Fairbanks,
USA.
4
Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Scripps
Institution of Oceanography, University of California,
San Diago, USA.
3
Acoustic Remote Sensing Group, Faculty of Aerospace
Engineering, Delft University of Technology, The
Netherlands.

Explosive submarine volcanic processes are poorly
understood, due to the difficulties associated with both
direct observation and continuous monitoring. In this study
hydroacoustic, infrasound, and seismic signals recorded
during the May 2010 submarine eruption of South Sarigan
seamount, Marianas Arc, are used to construct a detailed
event chronology. The signals were recorded on stations of
the International Monitoring System, which is a component
of the verification measures for the Comprehensive
Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty. Numerical hydroacoustic and
infrasound propagation modelling confirms that viable
propagation paths from the source to receivers exist, and
provides traveltimes allowing signals recorded on the
different technologies to be associated. The eruption
occurred in three stages, separated by three-hour periods of
quiescence. 1) A 46 hour period during which broadband
impulsive hydroacoustic signals were generated in clusters
lasting between 4 and 15 minutes. 85% of the 7606
identified events could be classified into 8 groups based on
their waveform similarity. The time interval between
clusters decreased steadily from 80 to 25 minutes during
this period. 2) A five-hour period of 10Hz hydroacoustic
tremor, interspersed with large-amplitude, broadband
signals. Associated infrasound signals were also recorded at
this time. 3) An hour-long period of transient broadband
events culminating in two large-amplitude hydroacoustic
events and one broadband infrasound signal. A speculative
interpretation, consistent with the data, suggests that during
phase (1) transitions between endogenous dome growth and
phreatomagmatic explosions occurred with the magma
ascent rate accelerating throughout the period; during phase
(2) continuous venting of fragmented magma occurred, and
was powerful enough to breach the sea surface. During the
climactic phase (3) discrete powerful explosions occured,
and sufficient seawater was vaporised to produce the
contemporaneous 12km altitude steam plume.

Crustal deformation between
volcanic segments of the Askja and
Kverkfjll central volcanoes,
Northern Iceland
R. GREEN
*1
, R.S. WHITE
1
T. GREENFIELD
1
J.
TARASEWICZ
1
, H. SOOSALU
2
, J. KEY
1

1
Bullard Labs, Dept of Earth Sciences, Cambridge.

2
Geological Survey of Estonia, Tallin, Estonia.

Seismicity within Iceland clusters spatially mainly
within extensional volcanic systems and is often associated
with active volcanic centres and geothermal systems.
However in the Northern Volcanic Zone, unusually intense
upper crustal seismicity is observed in a region between the
fissure swarms of the Askja and Kverkfjll volcanic
systems
This seismicity is persistent through time, and
episodically we observe swarms of micro-seismic events
locating along linear arrays, believed to be faults. Data
presented here from a dense University of Cambridge
seismometer network provides evidence of sets of parallel
north-easterly striking near vertical faults, with left lateral
strike slip motion. Manual refinement and relative
relocation techniques enable the micro-seismicity to be well
located along a narrow vertical plane striking parallel to the
direction of the earthquake slip vectors.
The continuous strike slip motion along these multiple
faults would result in the collective rotation of the faults and
the crustal blocks between them. This is known as the
bookshelf mechanism of accommodating crustal
extension (Mandl, 1987).
The tectonic deformation probably partitions as it does
in these areas because the spreading direction is oblique to
the trend of the volcanic rift. There are few fissures or
magmatic surface features in the area (Hjartardttir, 2009)
with which to correlate the seismicity, probably because it is
frequently resurfaced by volcanic flows. It is possible that
high stresses in the region are as a result of its position
between volcanic segments within which the main
extension and magma input occurs.

Mandl, G., (1987) Tectonic deformation by rotating parallel
faults: the bookshelf mechanism, Tectonophysics,
141, 277-316.
Hjartardttir, A., (2009) The fissure swarm of the Askja
volcanic system along the divergent plate boundary of N
Iceland, Bulletin of Volcanology, 141, 277-316.

80
Local earthquake tomographic
imaging of a magma chamber
beneath Askja Volcano, Iceland
T. GREENFIELD
*1
, R. GREEN
1
, J. KEY
1
, H.R. MARTENS

1
, M.A. MITCHELL
1
,

R.S. WHITE
1
1
Bullard Laboratories, University of Cambridge.
(*tg286@cam.ac.uk)

We have used a tomographic travel time inversion to
map a pronounced low velocity anomaly interpreted as a
magma chamber ~ 7 km below the caldera of the Askja
Central Volcano in Iceland. We have operated a high
quality seismic network of 25-30 broad-band seismometers
around the Askja Volcano in the Northern Volcanic Zone
since 2006. Using a subset of ~1100 well constrained
earthquakes distributed across the region, P and S-wave
arrival times have been used to constrain a 1D velocity
model of the Askja region using the program VELEST
(Kissling et al 1994). The arrival time picks were then input
into a finite difference tomographic inversion program
(Roecker et al 2006) and used to invert for a 3D velocity
model beneath Askja.
Strong (!Vp ~ -10%) low velocity anomalies are
recorded beneath the most recent caldera within the central
volcano and beneath the plain to the west of
Her!ubrei!artgl. These low velocity anomalies are both
interpreted as large magma accumulation bodies. Beneath
the strong low velocity anomalies within the mid crust,
poorly resolved low velocity regions extend sub-vertically
into lower crust and are interpreted as melt channels linking
the magma body beneath the volcano with melt ponding in
the lower crust or at the Moho. Synthetic model recovery
tests show that the shape of the two large low velocity
anomalies are well resolved though the magnitude of the
velocity anomaly could be underestimated. Additional work
using travel time delays and S-wave attenuation from
regional and teleseismic arrivals will add further constraints
to the size and magnitude of the low velocity bodies.

Kissling, E., Ellsworth, W. L., Eberhart-phillips, D. and
Kradolfer, U. (1994) Initial reference models in local
earthquake tomography, Journal of geophysical
Reserach 99, 19,635-19,646.
Roecker, S., Thurber, C., Roberts, K. and Powell, L. (2006)
Redefining the image of the San Andreas Fault near
Parkfield, California using a finite difference travel time
computation technique Tectonophysics 426, 189-205.

Large-scale ground deformation at
Uturuncu volcano: Evidence for
magma rise from the Altiplano-
Puna Magma Body
J.M. HICKEY
*1
, J. GOTTSMANN
1
& R. DEL POTRO
1

1
UK (*james.hickey@bristol.ac.uk)

This study focuses on the driving mechanism behind a
70 km wide region of ground uplift centered on Uturuncu
volcano, in the Altiplano-Puna region of southern Bolivia.
We use Finite Element Analysis to test first-order
parameters that constrain a viable model for the observed
maximum line of sight uplift rate of 1 2 cm/yr between
1992 and 2006. Stresses from pressure sources with finite
geometries are solved numerically using COMSOL
Multiphysics, accounting for both homogeneous and
heterogeneous mechanical rock properties in elastic and
viscoelastic rheologies. To constrain crustal heterogeneity
we invert seismic velocity data which indicates the
prevalence of a very large low velocity zone at depths of
approximately 17 km below the surface. Combined with
other geophysical observations this is deduced to represent
the regional Altiplano-Puna Magma Body (APMB). We
induce a viscoelastic crustal rheology using the standard
linear solid model to account for monotonic time-dependent
deformation and a crust with an anomalously high heat flux
and thus inelastic conditions. Investigating crustal
heterogeneity alongside homogeneity highlights the
significant effect of a mechanically weak source-depth
layer. This alters surface deformation patterns by absorbing
more of the subsurface displacement, thereby acting as a
buffering mechanism. As elastic models are unrealistic in
this scenario and only account for the spatial component of
the observed uplift, their results are used only to guide the
source parameters tested in the viscoelastic models. We
then demonstrate a range of possible causative source
geometries but reject spherical and oblate shapes on the
grounds of their depth below the APMB and likely
unsustainable pressurisation given the expected crustal
mechanics. A prolate shape protruding from the APMB is
thus favoured. Our final preferred model suggests that
pressurisation of a magma source extending upward from
the APMB is causing the observed surface uplift and alludes
to a continued increase in this pressure to explain both the
spatial and temporal patterns. We also demonstrate how a
pressure-time function may play a first order role in
explaining the temporal deformation pattern.

81

A comparison of seismically imaged
hydrothermal vents with field and
laboratory analogues
M. HOGGETT
1
N. SCHOFIELD
2
S.M. JONES
2
1
Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences Dept.,
University of Birmingham.
(*murrayhoggett@gmail.com)
2,
Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences Dept.,
University of Birmingham.

Intrusion of igneous sills into a sedimentary basin can
cause thermal maturation of organic matter and the
generation of significant quantities of greenhouse gases -
methane and carbon dioxide. At the same time, pressure can
build to the point of rupturing the overlying strata to form a
hydrothermal vent, causing an explosive eruption of the
gases to the ocean and atmosphere.
Such sudden releases of greenhouse gases hold the
potential to cause rapid global climate change. As an
example, methane generated next to North Atlantic Igneous
Province sills has been postulated to be responsible for the
Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum. However, both
methane and carbon dioxide have finite residence times in
the atmosphere. If these gases were delivered to the
atmosphere slowly, they would be removed by natural
processes before they could significantly affect climate.
Hence, to draw any conclusions as to the importance of sill-
vent complexes in causing climate change, we must know
the flux of these gasses up the conduit. Little work has been
carried out to address this issue.
We present brand new images of hydrothermal vents
made by running spectral decomposition on a high
resolution 3D seismic dataset from the Bass Basin in
southern Australia. This technique has allowed us to image
the vents and their conduits to a much higher level of detail
than ever before. A comparison of several of these newly
imaged vents is made with field studies on the morphology
of supra-sill hydrothermal vents and kimberlite pipes, and
with laboratory experiments on diatremes. The vent
morphologies are used to place bounds on the likely flux of
gases through the vent, and also on the duration of
explosive activity, in order to shed light on their importance
in causing rapid global climate change.

Anatomy of the onset of the current
repose period at Volcn de Colima
during July 2011
O. LAMB
*1
, N. VARLEY
2
, T. MATHER
1
,

D. PYLE
1

1
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford
2
Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Colima.
(*oliver.lamb@univ.ox.ac.uk)

After nearly 13 years of continuous activity which
included multiple periods of lava-dome extrusion and
explosive activity, Volcn de Colima (VdC) in Mexico
ceased erupting in July 2011. Historical activity at VdC has
been dominated by two century-long cycles, 1814-1913 and
1913-present, with the transition between these cycles
marked by a major eruption in 1913, which occurred after a
period of quiescence (Luhr and Carmichael, 1980). We have
used a suite of statistical tools (including detrended
fluctuation analysis and spectral analysis) to analyse the 13
months of continuous volcano-seismic data collected in the
period up to and including the beginning of the repose
period. These statistical techniques will be used to
investigate whether there are any detectable changes in the
characteristics of seismic timeseries which may give clues
to the process or processes that may have led to the
cessation in activity. These statistical techniques have
previously been shown to work well when analysing
fluctuations in the behaviour of both VdC (e.g. Varley et al.,
(2006), Lachowycz et al., (2013)) and Soufrire Hills,
Montserrat (e.g. Nicholson et al., (2013). The aim of this
work is to improve our recognition and understanding of the
nature of eruptive pauses during long-lived dome-forming
eruptions.

Lachowycz, S. et al., 2013. Long-range correlations
identified in time-series of volcanic seismicity during
dome-forming eruptions. (In preparation).
Luhr, J.F., Carmichael, I.S.E., 1980. The Colima Volcanic
Complex, Mexico: Part I. Post-caldera Andesites from
Volcn Colima. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 71, 343-372.
Nicholson, E. et al., 2013, Timeseries analysis reveals
timescales of cyclical degassing at Soufrire Hills
Volcano, Montserrat, Earth and Planetary Science
Letters (submitted).
Varley, N. et al., 2006. Applying statistical analysis to
understanding the dynamics of volcanic explosions.
From Mader, H. M., et al., (eds) Statistics in
Volcanology. Special Publications of IAVCEI, 1, 5776.
Geological Society, London

82
Modes of volcano growth and
linkages to sub-volcanic intrusions
determined using seismic reflection
data from the Ceduna Sub-basin
(offshore S Australia)
C. MAGEE
*1
, E. HUNT-STEWART
1
,

C.A.L. JACKSON
1

1
College, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2BP,
England, UK. (*c.magee@imperial.ac.uk)

Temporal and spatial changes in volcano morphology
and internal architecture can influence eruption style and
location. However, the external and internal characteristics
of volcanoes and their relationship to the sub-volcanic
intrusive networks are often difficult to visualise in 3D
owing to outcrop limitations. We use high-quality 2D
seismic reflection data from the Ceduna Sub-basin, offshore
South Australia to quantitatively analyse 48, pristinely-
preserved, continental basaltic shield volcanoes, and a
genetically-related, upper crustal, sill-complex plumbing
system (c. 42 Ma). Detailed seismic mapping has allowed
the 3D geometry of each edifice to be reconstructed and the
internal seismic facies to be studied. The volcanoes have
central summits 0.050.76 km high, basal diameters of
1.8018.89 km, average flank dips of <12 and range in
volume from 0.1266.31 km
3
. Intra-volcano parallel seismic
reflections are interpreted to represent temporally separate
eruptions originating from a central vent, and suggest that
shield volcano growth typically occurred by a proportional
increase in summit height and basal diameter. As the shield
volcanoes often overlie lateral sill tips, we suggest that the
intermittent eruption phases correspond to the emplacement
of incremental magma pulses within the laterally extensive
sill-complex. Our observations indicate that the volcanoes
are not fed by an underlying, centralised magma chamber.
Furthermore, several studies have shown that extensive sill-
complexes accommodate a significant proportion of lateral
magma flow in the upper crust, implying that sill-fed
volcanoes may not directly overlie the lower crustal or
mantle source of the magma. These results emphasize the
applicability of seismic reflection data to quantifying
volcano classification and to understanding the evolution of
volcanic systems.

Sill geometries in 3D seismic data:
Implications for sill emplacement
B. MANTON
*1
, J.A. CARTWRIGHT
2,1

1
School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University,
U.K. (*mantonbm@cf.ac.uk)
2
Department of Earth Sciences, Oxford University, U.K.

3D seismic datasets are used to map Palaeogene age
sills that intrude Mesozoic sediments, in two regions along
the European Atlantic Margin: the NE termination of the
Rockall Trough; and between the More and Voring Basins.
The sills were emplaced at variable stratigraphic levels, into
basins dominated by mudstones.
Sills that are emplaced at depths in the range of 1.5 - 4
km propagate concordantly, before transgressing at
approximately 45, often asymmetrically so that the sill is
transgressive along only along part of its margin. Sills
emplaced at shallower depths (0.2-1.5 km), into
homogenous fine-grained sediments are predominantly
transgressive, forming bowl-shaped geometries. Sills
emplaced in the near-surface (<0.3 km) have lava-like
morphologies.
Variations in sill geometry correlate to changes in host
rock lithification state, and its composition. Concordant sills
at greater depths indicate fractures following bedding planes
in well lithified rock. Sill transgression at such depths is
primarily caused by forced folding at the seafloor, causing
stress rotation in the host rock.
Continuous transgression at shallower levels is
indicative that sill geometry is less affected by bedding
planes but more affected by continuous changes in the host
rock elasticity. Sills at the shallowest levels have
morphologies which indicate the host deformed by ductile
flow rather than fracturing during emplacement. The host is
interpreted to have been unconsolidated for that to be
possible.
Sills are also observed to propagate along fault planes
within some harder units. Sills transgressing along multiple
faults can create stepped geometries. These stepped
geometries are observed to limit sill inflation at the sill
margins.

83

Causes of continuous activity at
Arenal volcano, Costa Rica:
Preliminary results from a volcano-
tectonic study
C. MULLER
*1
, R. DEL POTRO
1
, J. GOTTSMANN
1
, J.
BIGGS
1
, , M. DIEZ
1
, M. PROTTI
2
, G. SOTO
3
, W.
TAYLOR
3
1
Volcanology Research Group, School of Earth Science,
Bristol University, UK. (*cyril.muller@bristol.ac.uk)
2
OVSICORI-UNA, Costa Rica.

3
OSIVAM-ICE, Costa Rica.

Interactions between tectonic and volcanic systems are
not well understood. Here we present the initial results of a
joint study combining several dozen UNAVCOs permanent
GPS stations, a gravimetric campaign and geological field
results at Arenal volcano which showed more than four
decades of relatively low-level continuous effusive activity
since its reawakening in 1968. Our results indicate that the
magmatic system of Arenal volcano is being built in an
active extensional area, which may have promoted the low-
level yet persistent activity.
Costa Rica is located in the western part of Caribbean
Plate; the Cocos Plate subducts along the Middle America
Trench (MAT). Low mechanical coupling between the two
plates has generated a trench-parallel motion up to 10 mm
yr
-1
toward the North-West, which creates shear stresses
between the MAT and the volcanic arc. Located in the
volcanic arc, Arenal volcano, a basaltic-andesitic
stratovolcano, grew within a comparable short timescale of
a 7ka. The tectonic setting is complex and active
seismogenic faults surround the Arenal volcanic edifice.
After 440 years of dormancy, Arenal erupted in July 1968.
The eruptive period lasted until 2010, during which
approximately 0.55 km
3
(2 m
3
s
-1
in 1968 to 0.086 m
3
s
-1

between 2000 and 2004; of lava and pyroclasts have been
erupted.
Gravimetric measurements detect an E-W negative
anomaly with 10 mgal amplitude while the GPS velocities
shows a centimetric shear strain located within the volcanic
arc. These geophysical techniques plus geological field
observations suggest the settlement of the volcanic complex
on a pull-apart basin. We propose a hypothesis in which the
reported long-lived low effusion rate volcanic activity
would be a consequence of local extensional tectonics and
relatively high heat fluxes typical of active volcanic arcs.

ARGOS: Geophysical study of
Alutu
A. NOWACKI
*1
, J.M. KENDALL
1
, I. BASTOW
2
, M.
WILKS
1
, J. BIGGS
1
, A. AYELE
3
, S. FISSEHA
3
, E.
LEWI
3
, W. HUTCHISON
4
, D. PYLE
4
, F. SAMROCK
5
, A.
KUVSHINOV
5
, A. JACKSON
5

1
School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol., UK
(*andy.nowacki@bristol.ac.uk)
2
College, London, UK.
3
Intitute for Geophysics, Space Science and Astronomy,
Addis Abab University, Ethiopia.
4
5
Institute of Geophysics, ETH Zurich, Switzerland.

Alutu is a stratovolcano that lies between the Ziway and
Langano Lakes of the Main Ethiopian Rift. The aim of the
multidisciplinary ARGOS (Alutu Research Geophysical
ObservationS) project is to better understand the magmatic
and hydrothermal plumbing system of the volcano in an
effort to assess hazards and geothermal potential. A small
(7.3 MW) pilot geothermal plant has been in operation on
and off since 1999, but not all wells have been productive.
In this project we bring together satellite measurements
(InSAR and GPS), seismicity and seismic imaging,
magnetotellurics, and geologic mapping in an effort to
understand the geothermal structure and fluid migration
patterns.
Many of the best geothermal fields are located on sites
prone to magmatic or hydrothermal unrest, and Alutu is no
exception; rapid ground deformation has been remotely
observed using InSAR (Biggs et al., 2011). Our hypothesis
is that the ground deformation is caused by repeated
injection of magma beneath the Alutu edifice, which in turn
drives a structurally-controlled hydrothermal system. The
ARGOS programme is designed to test this hypothesis,
determine the nature of the causative source of ground
displacement, analyse the imposed stresses within the
reservoir and their influence on coupled fluid flow. It will
also hopefully reveal why some boreholes are useful
sources of geothermally heated water, whilst others are not.
In early 2012 an array of 12 broadband seismometers
were deployed around the volcano. These data will be used
to help delineate active faults and infer spatial and temporal
variations in stress. At the same time, magnetotelluric data
were collected at 50 stations and soil CO
2
measurements
were made across the volcano. The magnetotelluric data
will be inverted for the 3D conductivity structure beneath
the volcano and the soil CO
2
survey will help map out
fractures that operate as major gas escape routes. The results
will be integrated with existing InSAR and GPS data, and
together with detailed geologic mapping will help develop
an understanding of the recent volcanic history of Alutu.
Early results from the seismic part of the experiment
suggest that most earthquakes beneath Alutu are
concentrated along rift valley border faults trending NNE
SSW, at shallow depths (less than 5 km), at the east of the
edifice. This correlates with CO
2
flux measurements at the
surface, suggesting a joint tectonichydrothermal driver for
seismicity.
84
Seismic and acoustic indices using
the registered energies on
Tungurahua volcano, Ecuador
P. PALACIOS
1,2
, H.M. MADER
1
, J.M. KENDALL
1

1
School of Earth Science, University of Bristol.
(*pablo.palacios@bristol.ac.uk)
2
Geophysical Institute of National Polytechnic School,
Ecuador.

Tungurahua volcano, located at the centre of the Eastern
Cordillera of Ecuadorian Andes, reactivated in 1999
generating many episodes of ash falls and pyroclastic flows
up to the present. Stronger episodes have occurred since
July 2006, with eruptions ranging VEI 2-3, producing
moderate damage to surrounding villages. Since 2006, the
Geophysical Institute of the National Polytechnic School, in
Quito-Ecuador, have installed a broadband network with
seismic and acoustic sensors, and collected the data in real
time [1].
The construction of the seismic and acoustic indices,
based on these main eruptions, might be useful to follow an
on-going crisis, and to forecast the volcanic behaviour in
term of minutes to hours. An index is a dimensionless and
relative measure, and its interpretation depends on the
reference values used in its construction. The average
energies released in the stronger eruptions are used here as
reference values. The interpretation of the volcanic
behaviour also depends on the Volcano Acoustic Seismic
Ratio (VASR), the ratio between the acoustic and seismic
energies [2].
Assuming a stable partitioning of the released energy
during the eruptions, it is possible to demonstrate that the
expected acoustic and seismic indices become equal for
both deterministic and stochastic cases. The data analysis of
the stronger eruptions of Tungurahua volcano, and some of
its minor crisis periods, appear to be quite consistent with
these models.
The difference between the indices (seismic index
acoustic index) suggests that seismicity is greater than
infrasound prior to a new pulse and that the converse may
indicate the end of an eruption. With the normalized VASR
(the ratio between the indices) and the spectrograms of the
seismic and acoustic signals, we can identify explosions and
pyroclastic flows during the eruptions. In addition, the
indices show promise as a possible method for generating a
forecast in terms of minutes prior to the generation of
pyroclastic flows.

[1] Kumagai H., Nakano M., Maeda T., Yepes H., Palacios
P., Ruiz M., Arrais S., Vaca M., Molina I., Yamashina
T. (2010), Broadband seismic monitoring of active
volcanoes using deterministic and stochastic
approaches, J. Geophys. Res., 115, B08303, doi:
10.1029/2009JB006889.
[2] Johnson J., Aster R. (2005), Relative partitioning of
acoustic and seismic energy during Strombolian
eruptions, JVGR, 148, 334-354, doi:
10.1016/j.volgeores.2005.05.002.
Monitoring Cascade volcanoes
using InSAR
A.L. PARKER
*1
, J. BIGGS
1
,

T. WRIGHT
2
, Z. LU
3
1
(*Amy.Parker@bristol.ac.uk)
2
School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds.
3
USGS Cascades Volcano Observatory, Vancouver, USA.

Measurements of ground deformation have proven to be
a key component of successful volcano monitoring
networks. One such technique, Interferometric Synthetic
Aperture Radar (InSAR), uses the phase shift between
successive satellite radar images to produce ground
deformation measurements. A large InSAR dataset has been
acquired for the Cascade volcanoes in the western USA, but
snow cover, vegetation, steep topography and atmospheric
artefacts have limited its application, causing incoherence
and compromising the accuracy of measurements. We are
working to overcome these limitations by using multi-
temporal InSAR techniques to investigate ground
deformation at Medicine Lake Volcano, CA.
Levelling surveys throughout the 20
th
century have
revealed caldera-wide subsidence at Medicine Lake
Volcano. However, the low spatial resolution of
measurements mean little is known about the full extent of
the deformation field. Past InSAR studies have offered little
improvement due to poor coherence across the caldera. To
improve upon these studies, we compare the results of three
analysis techniques: stacking, persistent scatterer InSAR
(StaMPS) and PI-RATE. We find that all methods indicate
slow, steady subsidence of the edifice, which we compare to
the results of past geodetic surveys. We use our results as
inputs to inverse models of volume loss at depth. By
coupling these analytical solutions to a thermal model, we
investigate the possibility that present day subsidence is due
to cooling and crystallisation of a sill.

85

A photogrammetric feasibility study
for DEMs of gulleys in Ecuador
J.J. RATNER
*1
, D.M. PYLE
1
,

T.A. MATHER
1

1
Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Oxford
(*jacqueline.ratner@earth.ox.ac.uk)

Laguna Cuicocha in Ecuador is a volcanic lake elevated
600 m above and to the west of a town called Cotacachi.
Due to new instances of seismicity and aqueous de-gassing
attributed to renewed volcanic activity, the volcanic hazards
of the area have recently come under scrutiny. Secondary
lahars and similar debris flows of mobilized sediment are
interpreted as a main concern, based on historic scarp faults
and flow channelization that will be likely directed down
gulleys (called quebradas) towards the populated valley to
the east.
This study is an exploration of methods for constructing
3D topographic maps, called Digital Elevation Models
(DEMs), of the Lagunas quebradas. The method of choice
for this study is photogrammetry- a composite DEM built
from correlating recognizable points from a set of digital
photographs. Using a basic point-and-shoot camera,
hundreds of photographs with overlapping imagery were
collected along a section of one quebrada. The method of
photo collection was based on previous techniques (James,
et al. 2006) with significant deviations intrinsic to the field
site. Foliage precluded target deployment and photos were
collected from the quebrada floor; this method was selected
as preferable to aerial or more complex methods (involving
lasers, targets, LiDAR, etc.) in order to serve as a test for
citizen-based photogrammetry in un-idealized locations.
Similarly, the programs used for photo analysis and DEM
construction (Photosynth, MethLab, Bundler) were selected
for their availability to the public and relative accessibility
to non-experts.
DEMs are critical inputs for lahar and other flow
modeling, but must be kept up-to-date in order to provide
accurate scenario guesses. In the event of landscape
alteration (due to a landslide, slump, human activity, etc.) a
new DEM needs to be constructed, but the amount of time
needed for appropriate data collection can be an
impediment. Should this accessible method of ground-based
photogrammetry prove feasibile for this location, it would
have potential applications for involving citizens in future
data collection. Utilizing local involvement, DEMs can be
updated much more rapidly than by relying upon scientists
and experts alone, and future methods that utilize
collaborative efforts may prove to be useful for hazard
management in many locations across the globe.

Mike R James et al., Oblique Photogrammetry with Visible
and Thermal Images of Active Lava Flows, Bulletin of
Volcanology 69, no. 1 (May 30, 2006): 105108.
Decreases in LP seismicity before
the May 2011 eruption of the
persistently restless Telica
Volcano, Nicaragua
M. RODGERS
*1
, H. GEIRSSON
2
, M. WITTER
2
, D.C.
ROMAN
3
, P. LAFEMINA
2
, A. MUOZ
4
, V. TENORIO
4
1
University of South Florida, USA
(*mjrodger@mail.usf.edu)
2
The Pennsylvania State University, USA.

3
Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington D.C.,
USA.
4
Instituto Nicaraguense de Estudios Territoriales
(INETER), Nicaragua

The occurrence of long-period (LP) events is a
common short-term seismic precursor to eruptive activity.
However, at persistently restless volcanoes such as Telica
Volcano, Nicaragua, potentially important precursory
signals can be missed due to the constant high background
rate of seismicity. Seismic observations at Telica have
demonstrated the intense background activity over the past
two decades. Background seismicity at Telica is
characterised by LP events with energy predominantly in
the 2 Hz and 4 Hz bands. In March 2010 deployment of the
TElica Seismic ANd Deformation (TESAND) network was
completed, consisting of six broadband seismometers, ten
continuous GPS stations and a pressure sensor. In May 2011
Telica volcano erupted with a three-week-long series of
explosions. We analyse 34 months of seismic and geodetic
data surrounding this eruption in an attempt to identify
precursory changes. The GPS stations show dominantly
regional tectonic deformation, i.e. we do not see clear signs
of volcanic deformation preceding the eruption. RSAM and
spectral analysis of broadband data suggest precursory
changes in seismic behaviour at three different time scales.
Eight months before the eruption, we observe a one month
long swarm of high-frequency (14 Hz) events and a
concurrent cessation of the LP (2 Hz) events. Eight to ten
weeks before the eruption, we observe a sharp decrease in
LP (4 Hz) seismicity. Finally, three to five weeks before the
eruption the high-frequency events return. Over 300,000
seismic events have been detected in the 34 month period
since installation of the first broadband seismometer. We
located the 100 largest amplitude events per month for a
nine month period before the May 2011 eruption. These
events cluster beneath the main vent and in smaller clusters
surrounding the edifice. The dense instrumentation at Telica
has allowed us to identify significant decreases in LP
activity preceding an explosive eruption. We suggest this
decrease may be related to changes in the degassing
pathways.

86
Geodetic data shed light on ongoing
caldera subsidence at Askja, Iceland
H. RYMER
*1
, E. DE ZEEUW-VAN DALFSEN
2

1
Faculty of Science, The Open University.
(*h.rymer@open.ac.uk)
2
Insitut

de Physique du Globe de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cit,
Paris, France

Subsidence within the main caldera of Askja volcano in
the North of Iceland has been in progress since 1983. Here,
we present new ground and satellite based deformation data,
which we interpret together with new and existing micro-
gravity data, to help understand which processes may be
responsible for the unrest. From 2003-2007 we observe a
net micro-gravity decrease combined with subsidence and
from 2007-2009 we observe a net micro-gravity increase
while the subsidence continues. We infer subsidence is
caused by a combination of a cooling and contracting
magma chamber at a divergent plate boundary. Mass
movements at active volcanoes can be caused by several
processes, including water table/lake level movements,
hydrothermal activity and magma movements. We suggest
that here, magma movement and/or a steam cap in the
geothermal system of Askja at depth, are responsible for the
observed micro-gravity variations. We rule out the
possibility of a shallow intrusion as an explanation for the
observed micro-gravity increase and suggest magma
intruded into the residing magma chamber at Askja.
Compressibility of this magma and the magma residing in
the magma chamber as well as the compressibility of the
surrounding rock may be the reason why this additional
magma did not create any detectable surface deformation.

de Zeeuw-van Dalfsen, Rymer, H, Sturkell, E, Pedersen, R,
Hooper, A, Sigmundsson, F & feigsson, B. (2012)
Bull Volc (in press).
Rymer, H., Locke, C.A., feigsson, B. G., Einarsson, P &
Sturkell, E. (2010) Terra Nova 22(4): 309-313.

Locating the source of volcanic
noise, a picture tells a thousand
hertz
E. SWANSON
*1
, M. SCASE
2
,

D. GREEN
3

1
University of Bristol. (*gleecs@bris.ac.uk)
2
University of Nottingham

3
AWE Blacknest

Volcanic plumes represent a significant hazard both
near to and at distance from source. Unfortunately, high
temporal resolution monitoring, especially in the case of
more remote systems, is often lacking. Due to their
turbulent nature, these plumes are a substantial source of
sub 10 Hz sound; meaning infrasonic methodology has the
potential to fill the monitoring void. Recent studies of
volcano infrasound have drawn upon research from the
aero-acoustics industry, fitting the large scale jet noise
spectrum (LSS) to that observed during column generating
eruption events (Matoza et al 2011). However, due to the
differences between volcanic plumes and the pure gas jets,
from which the aero-acoustics spectra are created, further
laboratory studies are required to investigate the true source
of the volcanic signals.
In the absence of industrial standard anechoic chambers,
and indeed in terms of the field application of experimental
findings, successful source localisation methods are
paramount. Inverse beamforming, as opposed to the
commonly used delay and sum methodology, offers a
means to achieve the required spatial resolution of the
generated sound field.
In a set of preliminary studies at the University of
Nottingham, a 48 microphone array was used to
demonstrate the ability of the inverse method in conditions,
less than ideal for acoustic investigations. In addition to the
sound information, a schlieren data set was gathered,
providing details of the plume structure and entrainment
rate. Findings from these experiments are now being used
to design a thorough laboratory and field study of the
sources of sound from sustained volcanic eruptions

Matoza,R., et al (2009) Geophysical Research Letters Vol,
36 L08303.

87

Examining Seismic Precursors to
Eruptions at Volcanoes in
Extensional Stress Fields Using an
Experimental Approach
R. WALL
*1
, C.R KILBURN
1
,

P. MEREDITH
2

1
Aon Benfield UCL Hazard Centre, Dept of Earth Sciences,
University College London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
(*richard.wall.09@ucl.ac.uk)
2
Rock & Ice Physics Laboratory, Dept of Earth Sciences,
University College London, WC1E 6BT, UK.

Quantitative analyses of seismic precursors to volcanic
eruptions have focussed on volcanoes in compressional
background stress fields at subduction zones. We use the
results from new laboratory rock-fracture experiments on
basalt from Mt Etna, in Sicily, to extend studies to
volcanoes in extensional stress fields.
Sequences of volcano-tectonic (VT) earthquakes before
flank eruptions on Etna can develop over months-years,
during most of which cumulative numbers of events
increase exponentially with time. To recreate field
conditions, we used the fault jog method to generate
extensional stress within a regional compressional stress
field. Two parallel slots, 2 mm wide, were cut at 30 to the
axis in cylindrical samples, 40 mm across and 110 mm long.
The perpendicular offset between slots was held at 10 mm,
but the slot overlap was varied from 0 to 10 mm. Water
saturated samples were deformed under triaxial stress at a
strain rate of 10
-5
s
-1
, 60 MPa confining pressure and 20
MPa pore fluid pressure. Axial strain, volumetric strain and
the number of acoustic emissions (AE) and their energy
were measured as proxies for the accumulation of crack
damage within each sample.
Our first results show exponential increases with time in
the cumulative number of AE events (analogues of VT
events). The trends are consistent with a new theoretical
model for which the exponential trend is characterised by
the energy stored in the atomic structure at absolute
temperatures and confining pressures above zero. The
characteristic stored energy can be calculated using rock
composition, temperature and confining pressure. In our
experiments, the exponential trends yield values for the
characteristic stored energy of 28-36 MJ m
-3
. These
compare well with the calculated values of 32 (+/- 20%) MJ
m
-3
. The good agreement suggests that field precursors can
be used as a basis for deterministic forecasts of eruptions.
Digital mapping of accommodation
structures associated with
emplacement of the Maiden Creek
intrusion, Henry Mountains, Utah
P.I.R. WILSON
*1
, K.J.W. MCCAFFREY
2
, R.E.
HOLDSWORTH
2
, J.P. DAVIDSON
2
, P.J. MURPHY
1

1
School of Geography, Geology and the Environment,
Kingston University, Penryhn Road, Kingston-upon-
Thames, KT1 2EE (*p.wilson@kingston.ac.uk).
2
Durham, DH1 3LE.

High-level sill and laccolith complexes form an
important part of volcanic plumbing systems in which
magma is emplaced as a series of sub-horizontal tabular
sheets. Most studies of these intrusions concentrate on their
geometry and internal architecture, while only a few pay
particular attention to emplacement-related deformation
structures in the host rock that record how magma is
accommodated within the crust, i.e. the space problem.
This research aims to develop a greater understanding of
how igneous intrusive bodies are emplaced and
accommodated within the shallow crust.
Maiden Creek, a satellite intrusion to the Mount Hillers
intrusive complex (Henry Mountains, SW Utah), is a sill-
like body with a complex elliptical shape with several
finger-like lobes. Traditional field mapping, outcrop studies
and detailed data collection of deformation structures have
been combined with digital mapping using FieldMove
and terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) in order to enable 3D
modelling of the intrusive bodies and emplacement-related
host rock deformation. Kinematic and geometrical studies
of emplacement-related structures in the host rocks are
supplemented by microstructural and geochemical studies
of deformed host rocks, plagioclase feldspar and amphibole
phenocryst populations within the intrusions, and the
intrusion-host rock contact zone. Fabrics recognised include
both solid-state (associated with accommodating structures)
and magmatic features (associated with magma flow).
Detailed outcrop studies across two neighbouring lobes
have identified a sub-horizontal shear zone which runs
along the top contact of each intrusion. This shear zone
separates low-/moderately-deformed sandstones above from
highly deformed sandstones below and between the two
lobes, hence acting as a detachment zone. Strain within the
highly deformed sandstones is dominated by compressional
faults, fractures and fabrics which point to a bull-dozing
mechanism for lobe emplacement. Fabrics (stretched
plagioclase phenocrysts) within the igneous rock, seen on
the upper surface of the intrusive lobes directly beneath this
shear zone show that the shear zone was contemporaneous
with magma emplacement. The shear zone therefore
appears to have played a critical role in accommodating
magma emplacement.

88
Comparing predictions of an
integral model with observations of
the Eyjafjallajkull 2010 plume
M.J. WOODHOUSE
*1
, L.J. DOWSON
2
,

J.C. PHILLIPS
2

1
School of Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
(*mark.woodhouse@bristol.ac.uk)
2
UK.

Volcanic eruption columns inject large quantities of
volcanic ash into the atmosphere. The dispersion of ash
over large areas results in significant disruption to
international transport and infrastructure. The weakly-
explosive phase of the 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajkull,
Iceland, demonstrated the severe and extensive
consequences of relatively small eruptions to aviation.
Accurate modelling of the dispersion of ash in the
atmosphere requires, as input, knowledge of the source
conditions at the volcanic vent, in particular the source mass
flux of material.
It is currently not possible to measure the source mass
flux directly. This has led to the development of inversion
methods to estimate the source mass flux based on its
relationships to the plume height. However, it is difficult to
include all atmospheric controls on the plume ascent, such
as wind and varying atmospheric stratification, into such
relationships.
Integral models of volcanic plumes provide an
alternative approach to estimating source conditions. Here
we use an integral model of wind-blown volcanic plumes
(Woodhouse, Hogg, Phillips & Sparks, 2012) that
incorporates detailed meteorological data to estimate the
height of volcanic plumes for specified source conditions,
and we compare the model predictions to observations of
the volcanic plume at Eyjafjallajkull, 2010.
During the Eyjafjallajkull eruption, plume heights
were recorded by a weather radar, providing a high
temporal resolution time-series of plume heights. The radar
data records variation in the plume height on 24-hour time
scales. Model predictions can be matched to the
observations during the first week of explosive activity with
a near-constant source mass flux, with the varying plume
height controlled predominately by the atmospheric wind.
In constrast, scaling-law relationships would predict abrupt,
order-of-magnitude changes in the source mass flux.
In addition, during the Eyjafjallajkull eruption a web-
camera captured frequent images of the plume. In contrast
to the single-point radar data, web-camera images record
additional information on plume structure and dynamics.
However, only a portion of the web-camera images provide
useful data. Here we analyse the web-camera dataset to
determine plume trajectories and plume profiles and
compare these to predictions from integral models. We
show that our integral model is able to describe the wind-
affected trajectory of the plume and the growth of the plume
due to the entrainment of ambient air. By matching the
model trajectory to the observed trajectory, estimates of the
volcanic source conditions can be made.

Woodhouse, M.J., A.J. Hogg, J.C. Phillips & R.S.J. Sparks
(2012) Submitted to Journal of Geophysical Research.
Dispersal and timing of major
eruptive events at Ischia (Italy),
insights from distal tephra records
P. ALBERT
1
, E. TOMLINSON
*2,1
,

L. CIVETTA
3
, S. WULF
4
,
R. BROWN
5
, V. SMITH
6
, G. ORSI
3
, C. LANE
6
,

M.
MENZIES
1

1
Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway University
of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK.

2
Department of Geology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2,
Ireland (*tomlinse@tcd.ie)
3
Instituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia,
Osservatorio Vesuviano, Napoli, Italy
4
GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam,
Germany
5
Durham, DH1 3LE, UK

6
RLAHA, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3OY, UK.

Volcanic activity at Ischia is characterised by
alternating periods of resurgence, intense volcanic activity
and quiescence (Orsi et al. 1996). Volcanism at Ischia
began prior to 150 ka, with the largest eruption being the 56
ka, caldera-forming Monte Epomeo Green Tuff (MEGT).
Unravelling eruptive history from proximal deposits can be
problematic due to burial, resurgent uplift and erosion. In
such cases, archives recording distal tephra layers can
provide valuable information about eruptive frequencies and
repose periods.
Explosive activity on Ischia has produced several
important distal tephra markers, including the C-18 (60.3
ka) in the Tyrrhenian Sea (Paterne et al. 1988) and the Y-7
(56 4 ka) in the Ionian Sea (Keller et al. 1978; Kraml
1997). These tephras were linked to the MEGT and to an
older eruption, the Unita Monte San Angelo (UMSA), by
the original authors. Refining such correlations is important
because the Y-7 and C-18 tephras reside close to the marine
isotope stage 3/4 climatic transition, which occurs beyond
the limit of radiocarbon dating. Consequently, widespread
ash dispersals from Ischia enable the assement of climatic
leads and lags between different Mediterranean
environmental archives.
In this contribution, we provide major and trace element
glass data for Ischia tephras from proximal stratigraphies,
whilst distally from Lago Grande di Monticchio (Italy) and
other key archives. The tephras span 75-20 ka (USMA to
the St Angelo Tuff) and represent volcanic eruptions
producing widespread ash dispersals in the Mediterranean
region. We define diagnostic geochemical fingerprints for
key Ischia tephras and provide proximal-distal correlations
for a number of important Ischia layers. The correlations are
used to constrain the age and repose times of magmatic
activity on Ischia.

Orsi G, Piochi M, Campajola L, D'Onofrio A, Gialanella L,
Terrasi F (1996) J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 71, 249
257.
Keller, J., Ryan, W.B.F., Ninkovich, D., Altherr, R., (1978).
Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 89, 591604.
Kraml, M., (1997) Ph.D Thesis Albert-Ludwings-
Universitat Freiburg. pp. 216.
Paterne, M., Guichard, F., Labeyrie, J., (1988) J. Volcanol.
Geoth. Res. 34, 153-172.
89

Does volcanology work? Evidence
from the volcanic fatalities record
M.R. AUKER
*1
, R.S.J. SPARKS
1
,

L. SIEBERT
2
, H.S.
CROSWELLER
1
, J. EWERT
3
1
University of Bristol, UK. (*ma6549@bristol.ac.uk)
2
Smithsonian Institution (Ret.), Washington, D.C., USA.

3
USGS, Vancouver, WA, USA.

Demonstrating conclusively the efficacy of proactive
volcanic disaster risk reduction is of great importance in
ensuring the continued use of such techniques. To this end,
we firstly explore basic temporal trends in the volcanic
fatalities record, and then propose a new measure: the
Volcanic Fatalities Index (VFI). The VFI is defined as the
number of fatalities divided by the product of the number of
recorded volcanic events (fatal and non fatal) and
population, in a fixed time period.
If vulnerability to volcanic hazards as measured by
fatalities was only controlled by population and numbers of
events, then the VFI should be approximately independent
of time if vulnerability remained unchanged. However, the
VFI declines markedly with time. Values are high and
variable in the 17
th
and first half of the 18
th
centuries, likely
due predominantly to poor data quality. The VFI falls
sharply over the latter half of the 18
th
century, with an
approximately steady decrease observed from 1800
onwards. This reduction in the VFI by about an order of
magnitude since 1800 is consistent with a real decrease in
vulnerability to volcanic hazards. Key explanatory factors
include improvements in scientific hazards assessments and
early warning systems, timely evacuations, better
preparedness, and greater population awareness.
A simple postulate is that had no progress been made in
volcanic disaster risk reduction, the VFI would have
remained at approximately its 1900 value throughout the
20
th
century. This value can be used to estimate the fatalities
that might have occurred as a consequence of increased
exposure due to exponential population growth. We
estimate this number as approximately 85,000, compared to
the actual number of 31,728 (the eruptions of Pele and
Nevado del Ruiz excluded).
These results provide a numerical indication of the
benefits of proactive volcanic risk management, marking an
improvement on previous qualitative and anecdotal
evidence.

A glimpse into the future earth
science on trial!
R. BRETTON, J. GOTTSMANN, R. CHRISTIE
The United Nations has played a vital role in improving
the governance of natural hazards including volcanic unrest
and its possible escalation towards a volcanic eruption. The
multi-hazard nature of volcanic unrest including seismicity,
ground instability, lahar generation and the release of toxic
gases epitomises the complexity scientists and decision-
makers face amid substantial scientific and technological
uncertainty during an unrest crisis.
The International Decade of Natural Disaster Reduction
1990-2000 generated an increased interest in and concern
for disaster-related issues and in particular proactive risk
prevention. World Disaster Conferences in Yokohama
(1994) and Hyogo (2005) and regional conferences, such as
those in Latin-America in Cartagena (1994) and Manizales
(2004), have led to action priorities, guidelines and policy
tools. A Global Assessment Report is now issued every two
years.
But little has changed since Kofi Annan, the then
Secretary-General of the UN, said in 1999 Prevention and
mitigation are not only more humane than cure: they are
also much cheaper The scientific community understands
the importance of the connection between disasters, climate
change and policy makers. Prevention policy is too
important to be left to governments and international
agencies alone. That is a mistake. In order to succeed it
must also engage civil society, private sector and the media.
We know what has to be done. What is now required is the
political and social commitment to do it.
The driver for "renewed political and social
commitment" is likely to come from an unexpected source.
Human Rights cases in Strasbourg, France and San Jose,
Costa Rica have clarified the rights to life, private and
family life, and freedom of information in the context of
natural hazards.

90
The structure and emplacement of
the Rocche Rosse obsidian lava
flow, Aeolian Islands, Italy
L. BULLOCK
*1
, R. GERTISSER
1
, B. ODRISCOLL
1

1
School of Physical & Geographical Sciences, Keele
University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
(*l.a.bullock@keele.ac.uk)

The emplacement kinematics of silicic lava flows are
not well understood, due to a paucity of observations on
active flows [3]. The measurement of textural and structural
features can serve as an important tracer for silicic lava flow
emplacement and deformation. The Rocche Rosse obsidian
lava flow (123040 AD) [1, 2] represents the youngest
outpourings of the Monte Pilato pumice cone on the
northern coast of Lipari (Aeolian Islands, Italy). The flow
surface is characterised by a brecciated flow top, flow
ramps and complex folding. In this study, structural
measurements on surface features and quantitative textural
data are coupled with detailed mapping and cross sectional
interpretations of the Rocche Rosse obsidian to gain insight
into its rheological behaviour and emplacement history.
We present a new 1:3,000 scale structural map of the
Rocche Rosse obsidian. Complex folds and refolded folds
(sheath folds) are mapped on a scale of decimeters to tens of
metres. Planar (primary banding and fold axial planes) and
linear (fold hinges and stretching lineations) structures
suggest overall flow-perpendicular foliation and flow-
parallel lineation trends (with localised anomalies, where
structural observations do not conform to the trends). Small-
scale flow folding on a decimeter scale is extensive, as is
the generation of larger-scale folding. Spherulites are
apparent, with strain analysis, textural observations and
crystal-size distribution (CSD) measurements suggesting
multiple populations of subcircular to ellipsoidal spherulites
exist. A complex range of spherulite textural fabrics and
shape profiles points to protracted down-temperature
spherulite formation that can be linked to specific stages in
the emplacement history and deformation regime of the lava
flow.
The dominant foliation and lineation trends are
interpreted as a function of flow frontal compression (at
shallower topographic gradients) and mid-flow constriction
(steeper topographic gradients) occurring during flow
emplacement. Initial compression leads to the generation of
small scale folding, with increased cooling (leading to
crustal thickening) and compression resulting in a second
and, possibly, a third generation of larger-scale folding and
sheath folding. Variations in structural and textural trends
relate to areas of complex deformation, such as at the flow
front or flow margins.
The detailed textural and structural features documented
here provide important constraints on the rheological
properties of the Rocche Rosse obsidian, important for
understanding the structural kinematics and emplacement
mechanisms of this silicic lava flow.

[1]

Arrighi, S. et al. (2006) Phys. Earth Planet. Int. 159,
225-233. [2]

Clay, P. et al. (2012) Contrib. Mineral.
Petrol. DOI 10.1007/s00410-012-0813-x. [3]

Tuffen, H.
et al. (2012) Geophys. Res. Abs. 14, EGU2012-11451-2,
2012
A statistical method for
determining the volume of volcanic
fall deposits
R. BURDEN
*1
, L. CHEN
2
,

J.C. PHILLIPS
1

1
(*rose.burden@brsitol.ac.uk)
2
School of Mathematics, United Kingdom

Volumes of tephra fall deposits are difficult to
determine due to the commonly poor preservation of
proximal and distal areas of the deposit. Typically these
volumes are found by extrapolating exponential or power-
law relationships found from isopach maps drawn for the
areas of the deposits that are preserved. However the
construction of isopach contours is dependent on human
interpretation of field measurements and can be highly
variable, so imposing subjectivity on the final volumes
found.
Here we have investigated the spatial correlation
relationships of thickness measurements from fall deposits
to the vent location to produce a purely statistical method to
objectively determine the volume of a deposit, without the
production of isopach maps. Integration of a log linear
regression model for thickness measurements with distance
from the vent is applied to the field measurements without
any prior interpretation. The use of an exponential function
in this method is based purely on the statistical requirement
that data needs to be transformed to a normal distribution
and is not informed by physical processes. At a fixed
distance from the vent there can be significant variability in
the thickness data from a deposit that can lead to large
uncertainties in the volumes found, a feature of the deposit
that is lost in the production of isopach maps. To account
for this variability in the data a Bayesian approach has been
adopted which provides a systematic method for
determining the uncertainty in the volume estimated.
Volumes calculated from our method correspond well to
those previously determined by alternative approaches. The
quantification of uncertainty in field measurements and
model error, and the removal of subjectivity incurred by the
production of isopach maps, suggests the method presented
here can offer benefits in determining the volumes of fall
deposits.

91

Ecological impacts of degassing and
deposition from recent activity at
Volcn Turrialba, Costa Rica
B. BURSON
*1,2
, R. MARTIN
1

1
Department of Geography, University of Cambridge CB2
3EN
2
Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA
(*bethan.burson@open.ac.uk)

Volcanic degassing releases a variety of volatiles which
are locally deposited. Biomonitoring has be used to indicate
the spatial patterns of deposition
1
, but the extent to which
persistent volcanic degassing pollutes nearby ecosystems
has been less well investigated. Since 1996, when the latest
phase of degassing began at Volcn Turrialba
2
, there has
been increasing damage to the surrounding vegetation.
Using soil pH and element analysis of grasses alongside
ecological data, it was found that acidification from
Turrialba is the component of volcanic degassing that has
the strongest effect on local ecosystems.
Soil pH and ICP-OES analysis of grass (Poa annua)
samples were used to identify the spatial distribution of the
deposition of volcanic elements, which was statistically
assessed using Principle Components Analysis (PCA). Acid
deposition decreases with distance downwind (west) from
the volcano. This is accordant with results from Masaya
(Nicaragua), where acidifying species such as HCl are
rapidly scavenged from the plume and deposited nearby
3
.
The concentration of the volcanogenic elements Cd, Co,
Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Rb (PC1) in Poa annua is highest
several km west of the volcano. These may be deposited
after acidifying compounds, and therefore further
downwind from the volcano. The concentration of the base
cations Ba, Ca and Sr (PC2) in Poa annua is anti-correlated
with soil pH. These are probably being leached from acidic
soils, which been observed in grasses at volcanoes
elsewhere
1
. Acidifying species that are rapidly deposited
from the plume may also be responsible for leaching the
elements in PC1 from the soil closer to the volcano,
producing an apparent centre of deposition several km from
the source.
These results were correlated with data from a
vegetation incidence survey using Canonical
Correspondence Analysis (CCA) as well as a tree
defoliation index. The diversity of understory flora is much
lower at sites exposed to the plume, though some plant
species are more tolerant to volcanic degassing. According
to CCA, the diversity of flora is best explained by the pH of
the soil. Defoliation of trees is positively correlated with
acidity. Furthermore, since no elements were found at
phytotoxic levels in Poa annua, it is concluded that acid
deposition is the most important cause of vegetation impacts
from degassing at Turrialba.

Martin, R.S. et al. (2010) Bulletin of Volcanology 72(8),
1009-1020.
Martini, F. et al. (2010) Journal of Volcanology and
Geothermal Research 198, 416-432.
Delmelle, P. et al. Environ Sci Technol 35(7), 1289-1293.
Advances in the construction of
volcanic records from marine
sediment cores: A review and case
study (Montserrat, West Indies)

M. CASSIDY
*1
, J. TROFIMOVS
2
, M.R. PALMER
1
, W.
SYMONS
1

1
National Oceanography Centre, University of
Southampton, European Way, Southampton, SO14
3ZH. (*m.cassidy@soton.ac.uk)
2
Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia,
4000

This work tests and reviews current techniques used to
generate volcanic eruption records from marine sediment
cores using the volcanic island of Montserrat as a case
study. The data is presented using cores sampled both
proximally (8-14 km) and distally (55 km) from south and
south west offshore Montserrat.
Based on these studies we suggest the following
protocol for generating volcanic records from submarine
sediment cores: (1) visual sedimentological logging of
visible tephras, (2) the use of time-efficient, non-destructive
and high spatial resolution techniques that are able to detect
and locate potential tephra horizons (e.g., XRF core
scanning and magnetic susceptibility), (3) sampling of
targeted horizons for microscope analysis to discriminate
between primary and reworked volcanic deposits (this has
been achieved here by using specific criteria related to clast
morphology, compositional maturity, sorting and
sedimentological facies indicators), and (4) dating the
intervening hemipelagic sediment, by AMS radiocarbon
dating on foraminifera (when younger than 47 ka) and, for
older marine sediment, using oxygen isotope stratigraphy.
As a result of this procedure, more discrete volcanic
events have been recognised than previous marine
tephrochronological studies in this region.

92
Landslide processes at Montserrat,
Lesser Antilles, and their
implication for tsunami generation
M. COUSSENS
*1
, P. TALLING
1
,

S. WATT
1
, M. CASSIDY
1
,
M. PALMER
1

1
National Oceanography Centre Southampton, European
Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH
(*mfc1e12@soton.ac.uk)

The ongoing eruption of Soufrire Hills volcano,
Montserrat, has involved multiple dome collapses, which
have produced pyroclastic flows and ultimately led to the
offshore deposition of >65% of the total erupted material.
The largest collapse in 2003 had a volume of 0.2 km
3
, and
generated a local tsunami 1m high that was recorded 48 Km
away on the shores of Guadeloupe. Several much larger
landslide deposits have been detected offshore Montserrat
via swath bathymetry and seismic surveys, the largest of
which involved ~20 km
3
of material. Although infrequent,
such events may generate regionally significant tsunamis.
However, their potential for tsunami generation is strongly
dependent on whether these landslides were formed in
single or multiple stages, and in where the material was
sourced from (i.e. volcanic flank failure versus the
incorporation or secondary failure of seafloor sediment). To
provide a better understanding of landslide and tsunami
hazards around this volcanic island, it is important to
constrain landslide magnitude, frequency, and specific
emplacement processes. The recently collected cores from
IODP Expedition 340 provide samples of multiple
landslide, fallout and turbidite deposits spanning the
development of Montserrat. Here, we describe the current
state of knowledge regarding the eruption and mass-wasting
history of Montserrat, and show how the new core samples
will be used to advance this understanding. We aim to
understand better the emplacement processes of the largest
landslides around Montserrat; to investigate the relative
frequency, and any episodic behaviour, of the different
mass-wasting processes around Montserrat; and to provide a
clearer record of the early development of Montserrat by
integrating onshore and offshore data.
Interactions between mitigation
strategies: Implications for the
scientific bases of mitigation policy
S. DAY
*1
, C. FEARNLEY
2

1
Aon Benfield UCL Hazard Centre, Department of Earth
Sciences, University College London
(*ucfbsjd@ucl.ac.uk)
2
Institute of Geography and Earth Sciences, Aberystwyth
University.

Recent events in natural disasters, such as the
malfunctioning of the Japanese tsunami warning system in
the 2011 Tohoku tsunami, reveal a need for a systematic
classification of mitigation strategies; an understanding of
the scientific uncertainties that affect the effectiveness of
such strategies; and an understanding of how the different
types of strategy within an overall mitigation policy
interact, often destructively, to reduce the effectiveness of
overall mitigation policies. This occurs especially where
policies deal with multiple hazards and interactions between
those hazards (multihazards) and their impacts
(multirisks). The variety and complexity of volcanic
hazards means that these issues are particularly important
for volcanologists.
We divide mitigation strategies into permanent;
responsive; and anticipatory. Permanent mitigation
strategies such as coastal and river flood defences or land
use restrictions around volcanoes, are both costly and
brittle in that when they fail they can actually increase
mortality by their influence upon peoples expectations and
their actions during disasters. Such strategies therefore
critically depend on the accuracy of the underlying hazard
assessments. Responsive mitigation strategies such as
tsunami and lahar warning systems rely on capacities to
detect and quantify the hazard source events and to transmit
warnings fast enough to enable at risk populations to decide
and act effectively. Self-warning and voluntary evacuation
is also usually a responsive mitigation strategy. Uncertainty
in the nature and magnitude of the detected hazard source
event is often the key scientific obstacle to responsive
mitigation; public understanding of both the hazard and the
warnings, to enable their decision making, is also a key
factor that hazard scientists can address. Anticipatory
mitigation strategies use interpretation of precursors to
hazard source events and are used widely in mitigation of
volcanic hazards. Their critical limitations, due to
uncertainties in time, space and magnitude relationships
between precursors and hazard events, are perhaps better
understood by volcanologists than by other hazard
scientists.
Understanding the interactions between these different
types of mitigation strategy, especially in the multirisk
environment of a complex natural disaster, requires models
of rapid decision making under high levels of both
uncertainty and danger. We propose that the Observation-
Orientation-Decision-Action (OODA) loop model (Boyd,
1987) may be a particularly useful model, especially in its
emphasis that flexibility counteracts uncertainty.

Boyd, J.R. A Discourse on Winning and Losing
[http://dnipogo.org/john-r-boyd/]
93

Eruption and depositional facies of
the Stob na Doire Ignimbrite
Member, Glencoe, NW Scotland:
Fault-bounded rheomorphic/lava-
like and eutaxitic ignimbrites
J. DIETZ
*1
, D. BROWN
1
,

R. DYMOCK
1

1
(*0901873d@student.gla.ac.uk)

Glencoe, NW Scotland, exposes the roots of a late
Silurian-early Devonian (~420-400 Ma) caldera volcano.
The caldera is dominated by a succession of silicic
pyroclastic rocks, together with intermediate and silicic
lavas, and intrusions. The caldera sequence comprises a
wide range of ignimbrite lithofacies, which represent major
explosive eruptions associated with volcano-tectonic
subsidence and piecemeal caldera collapse. Subsidence was
incremental and occurred along a series of cross-cutting
faults (Moore & Kokelaar 1998). We report on a newly-
identified sequence of ignimbrites, previously interpreted as
lavas and attributed to the Bidean nam Bian Andesite
Member (Moore & Kokelaar 1998), and explain their
eruption and depositional history. We propose the name the
Stob na Doire Ignimbrite Member for these rocks.
The Stob na Doire Ignimbrite Member is located on the
flanks of Stob na Doire on the Buachaille Etive Mor massif
in eastern Glencoe. Its northernmost exposure is fault-
bounded against sandstones and breccias of the Glas Choire
Sandstone Member. The lowermost part of the exposure
comprises ~40 m of crystal- and lithic-rich andesitic-dacitic
rheomorphic/lava-like ignimbrites. These ignimbrites
display a strong flow-fabric/parataxitic texture and folds are
locally present. The fabric is near vertical in the vicinity of
the fault but progressively shallows up sequence and away
from the fault, indicative of active subsidence and ponding
during the eruption. The high-grade nature of these
ignimbrites records a sustained, low-fountaining, boil-over
type eruption.
The rheomorphic/lava-like ignimbrites pass up into an
~100 m thick sequence of andesitic-dacitic ignimbrites
comprising both eutaxitic welded lapilli-tuffs and non-
welded lapilli-tuffs and breccias, indicative of a change to
more pumiceous Plinian eruptions. The transition is marked
by ~5 m of alternating rheomorphic lapilli-tuffs with
distinctive strongly eutaxitic lapilli-tuffs, locally with basal
vitrophyres. The sequence then passes up in to more typical
massive lapilli-tuffs, locally with lithic breccia horizons,
and moderately welded eutaxitic zones. These ignimbrites
record granular fluid-based pyroclastic density currents, and
are indicative of waxing and waning of the eruption due to
variations in mass flux.

Moore, I., Kokelaar, P., (1998) Bulletin of the Geological
Society of America 110, 1448-1466.
Bentonised silicic pyroclastic fall
deposits at the base of the
Palaeogene Skye Lava Field which
possess welded ignimbrite like
fabrics
S.M. DRAKE
*1
, A.D. BEARD
1
1
College, University of London, Malet Street, London,
WC1E 7HX (*drakesimon1@gmail.com)

Silicic pyroclastic rocks deposited prior to basaltic lava
fields within the British-Irish Palaeogene Igneous Province
(BIPIP) are unrecorded. We report on the first such
occurrence from beneath the lowermost Skye Lava Field at
An Carnach, Strathaird Peninsula, Isle of Skye, NW
Scotland. Here contemporaneous basic and silicic eruptions
are recorded by former silicic ash-fall deposits which
contain chlorite mica stacks. The presence of these stacks
likely indicate basaltic ash settled out in a marine water
column (Merriman and Peacor 1999). The silicic-ash fall
deposits were subsequently altered to K-bentonite by either
intrusion of a later adjacent tholeiitic sill, or by the weight
of the overlying lava pile.
The alteration of the protolith to K-bentonite has
resulted in a remarkable eutaxitic like fabric which is
defined by a strong planar fabric which has frequently been
deflected around heterolithic lapilli. This fabric was
produced in the cold state since it lacks recognised hot state
characteristics (Branney and Sparks 1990). In the field the
K-bentonite strongly resembles a silicic welded ignimbrite.
Classification to K-bentonite was only possible using an
electron microprobe since the Al and Si peaks were much
higher and lower respectively than those expected in a
silicic welded ignimbrite.
The ability to distinguish between ancient bentonite
and welded ignimbrite in the field is therefore called into
question and may have implications for volume
considerations of silicic welded ignimbrite in some volcanic
terrains, and the paucity of silicic air-fall deposits in others.
Branney, M.J. and Sparks, R.S.J. 1990. Fiamme formed
by diagenesis and burial-compaction in soils and
subaqueous sediments. Journal of the Geological Society of
London. 147. 919-22
Merriman, R J. and Peacor, D.R. 1999. Very low- grade
metapelites: Mineralogy, microfabrics and measuring
reaction progress. In: Low grade metamorphism (M Frey
and D Robinson. Blackwell Science Oxford Pp160.

94
The importance of conduit erosion
J.B. HANSON
*1
, A.C. RUST
1
, M.J. PAVIER
1
, J.C.
PHILLIPS
1

1
University of Bristol (*jonathan.hanson@bristol.ac.uk)

Conduit geometry is known to affect flow processes and
critical points such as the fragmentation level.
Consequently, conduit flow models are becoming
increasingly sophisticated in terms of conduit shape and
elastic deformation. Conduit erosion (ie. the permanent
removal of material) would modify conduit geometry
during eruptions and thus may be influential in terms of
eruption dynamics. However, there has been very little
modelling of conduit erosion and conduit erosion and
conduit fluid dynamic models have yet to be coupled.
Finite element analysis is a powerful tool to elucidate
the behaviour of the wall-rock during both dynamic and
static loading such as those which occur in volcanic
systems, and is capable of dealing with inherently non-
linear and complex systems. Our initial investigations have
focused on the static effect of the conduit over- and under-
pressures determined by steady 1-D models of Costa et al,
2009 (ranging from +30MPa to -106 MPa, with respect to
lithostatic). Changing the rheology of the wall rock from
elastic to elastic-plastic, using reasonable rock properties
(Youngs Modulus = 40 GPa, Poissons ratio = 0.25, and
Yield Strength =2-20MPa) has a significant effect both on
conduit displacement and the volume damaged (e.g. 50,000
m
3
). This damage will be particularly important in areas of
conduit underpressures, as this material will implode into
the conduit; erosion in damaged overpressured areas
requires a further mechanism to remove material (e.g.
magmatic shear stress or particle collisions).
The amount of damaged material strongly (orders of
magnitude) depends on the initial size of the conduit, the
yield strength of the material and the applied pressure
difference. Lithological variations along the conduit wall
(i.e. materials with differing strength properties, e.g. granite
to schist, as seen at volcanoes such as Ramadas, Argentina)
are very important for conduit erosion and thus conduit
geometry evolution and potentially fragmentation level
progression.
The FEA work is complemented by field studies at
Vesuvius volcano, Italy, on the Pollena, Avellino and
Pompeii deposits. Lithics of various lithologies (notably
carbonates and older volcanics) indicate the occurrence of
conduit erosion along a large portion of the conduit
(estimated to be ~5 km long, with a division between the
hosting rocks at around 1800m below the summit
Macedonio et al, 1994). Detailed size and shape analysis of
the lithic material suggests there is a correlation with the
previous fabric of the wall rock material, rather than a
distinction based on erosive mechanism.

Costa, A., Sparks, R.S.J., Macedonio, G., and Melnik, O.
(2009) EPSL 288, 455-462.
Macedonio, G., Dobran, F., and Neri, A. (1994) EPSL 121,
137-152.

Modelling disaster risk scenarios at
La Soufrire, Guadeloupe
S. JENKINS
*1
, R. SPENCE
2
,

P. BAXTER
3
, J.C.
KOMOROWSKI
4
, S. BARSOTTI
5
, T. ESPOSTI-ONGARO
5
,
A. NERI
5

1
University of Bristol. (*Susanna.Jenkins@bristol.ac.uk)
2
Cambridge Architectural Research.

3
University of Cambridge.
4
Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris.
5
Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia.

As part of the CASAVA project, potential consequences
of an eruption at La Soufrire volcano, Guadeloupe, have
been quantified for the local population and infrastructure
through development of an impact model. For a given
eruption scenario, and on a 250m grid, the model
incorporates hazard information about areas potentially
affected by ash fall (vertical loading) and/or pyroclastic
density currents (peak dynamic pressure, temperature and
duration) sourced from numerical modelling able to
describe the transient and 3D features of the phenomena.
This is combined with vulnerability information derived
from engineering and medical analyses of the exposure and
response of humans and buildings to these hazards. Model
outputs include maps of the numbers and severity of human
casualties and building damage for each given scenario. The
impact model is further coupled with a dynamic casualty
management model that then tracks the rescue, transport
and treatment of casualties to estimate the impact of the
eruption on the emergency services and on casualty
numbers with time following the eruption. This allows
dynamic mapping of human survival in space and time
following the eruption scenario and can be combined in GIS
with emergency management data to support public
officials responsible for planning for a crisis. To identify
suitable actions that could be taken to reduce the loss of
lives and infrastructure, the consequences from different
disaster risk scenarios can be tested by varying the crisis
conditions for each model run. For example, by
incorporating short- and long-term mitigation activities (e.g.
partial evacuation, construction of additional road
capacity), differing emergency management (e.g. the
location of triage centres) or simulating alternative disaster
conditions (e.g. reduced rescuing capacity because of ashy
conditions). The models are deliberately generic in nature
and could be applied to any volcano, providing input hazard
scenarios and appropriate exposure and vulnerability data
are available.

95

Revised Estimates for the Volume of
the Minoan Eruption
E.N. JOHNSTON
*1
, R.S.J SPARKS
1
,

J.C PHILLIPS
1

1
UK. (*glxej@bristol.ac.uk)

Assessments of erupted volumes are prone to a number
of potentially significant sources of error or omission. Large
caldera-forming eruptions are associated with three main
types of deposit: intracaldera ignimbrite fill; outflow
ignimbrite sheets; and tephra fall-out. Volumes of all three
components are rarely estimated which often leads to
uncertainties in total volume estimations. The Bronze Age
(Minoan) eruption of Santorini is a classic example of this.
Four Minoan eruptive phases have been recognised on
Santorini. Interpretations of these phases are straightforward
and non-controversial. Difficulties, however, arise regarding
the phase 3 deposits; one enigma is how these cold,
pyroclastic flows could have been erupted over the steep
caldera cliff walls but were deposited on shallow slopes
(typically 15 but up to 30). We propose that the caldera
was completely infilled by pyroclastic material during
phases 2 and 3. Only when the caldera was filled was it
possible for the phase 3 deposits to overflow the caldera rim
and produce outflow sheets. Initial calculations suggest an
infill volume in excess of 23 km
3
. We suggest this material
has been down-faulted during caldera collapse. Geophysical
and seismic data are consistent with a large volume of
down-faulted intracaldera fill, both of which indicate
several hundred metres of low density deposits on
Santorinis caldera floor. This model has implications for
estimates of the size of the eruption. Our initial results, in
addition to the most recent published estimate of 60 km
3
DRE, suggests the volume of the eruption should be raised
to 72-93 km
3
DRE, making it the largest known explosive
Holocene eruption.

Stratigraphy and eruption history
of peralkaline welded ignimbrites,
Island of Pantelleria, Italy
N. JORDAN
*1
, M. BRANNEY
1
,

M. NORRY
1

1
University of Leicester. (*njj5@le.ac.uk)

A revised volcanic stratigraphy is presented for the
ignimbrites of Pantelleria, a peralkaline caldera volcano
situated in the submerged continental rift between Africa
and Sicily. The volcano has been active for 325 ka
(Mahood & Hildreth, 1986), producing at least six major
ignimbrites from large central eruptions, which appear to
have alternated with numerous minor pumice falls and lavas
from scattered local centres. The main ignimbrites can be
traced along superb coastal exposures and have been logged
in detail. Eruption-units have been defined by the position
of palaeosols and a type section designated. Lithic breccias
and pumice fall deposits associated with these major
ignimbrites are interpreted as part of the same eruption
overcoming correlation problems encountered by previous
workers (cf Mahood & Hildreth, 1986).
The ignimbrites are 2 to >20 m thick, welded to
rheomorphic and cover most of the island, recording
devastating, radial, high-temperature density currents. Five
of the six major ignimbrites contain lithic breccias, which
have commonly been interpreted as recording caldera
collapse events, but the details of individual calderas are not
clear. The ignimbrites were erupted between 175 and 50 ka
suggesting that the early history of the island (325 to
175 ka) differs from later stages in that only local pumice
and lava-producing eruptions have occurred. This means
that the amount of erupted magma increased in the later
stage as the ignimbrites represent eruptions of many times
the volume of the local centres.
Distal peralkaline tephras have been found around the
Mediterranean as far away as ~1200 km. With only this
volcano erupting peralkaline compositions, it suggests that
eruptions from Pantelleria have had a substantial impact on
their environment. We infer that there were few Plinian
events on the island, and that the distal tephras may be co-
ignimbrite ashfall deposits.

Mahood, G.A., Hildreth, W., (1986) Bulletin of Volcanology
48, 143-172.

96
Drilling into a super-eruption
caldera? Initial report of the
proximal rhyolites revealed by the
Snake River deep drill hole, Idaho
T. KNOTT
*1
, M. BRANNEY
1
,

M. REICHOW
1
, M.
MCCURRY
2
AND THE HOTSPOT TEAM

1
Dept. of Geology, University of Leicester, University
Road, Leicester, UK. (*trk2@le.ac.uk)
2
Dept. of Geosciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello,
USA.

Project HOTSPOT seeks to understand voluminous
bimodal volcanism and magma generation in the Snake
River-Yellowstone LIP, USA. A 1.9 km-deep drill hole in
the Snake River Plain, southern Idaho has cored the mid-
Miocene rhyolitic succession marginal to the putative Twin
Falls explosive centre and provides a unique window into
otherwise concealed proximal deposits. Four rhyolitic
eruption-units occur separated by basalt lavas, palaeosols
and volcaniclastic sediments. Whole-rock, glass, and
mineral chemical data (XRF, EMP) from the top and base
of each facilitate correlation with units exposed distally, and
aid volume calculations of some of the most catastrophic,
hot super-eruptions in Earth history. Rhyolite 1, the lowest
unit, is >1322.78 m thick and extends beyond the base of
the well. Its pyroclastic origin is indicated by a eutaxitic
foliation with abundant obsidian chips (25 mm). Its
thickness suggests ponding in the margin of a caldera.
However lithic mesobreccias, as characterise caldera fills
elsewhere, are not seen. Lake sediments (18 m) separate it
from overlying Rhyolite 2 (159.41 m thick), which has a
non-brecciated glassy base, a lithoidal centre also with 25
mm obsidian chips and an upper glassy rheomorphic
autobreccia. It is probably a proximal outflow correlative of
an ignimbrite exposed further south. Rhyolite 3 (8.84 m
thick) is glassy, with upper and lower autobreccias 5.7 m
and 1.5 m thick. It is separated from Rhyolite 2 by a 2.7 m-
thick zone of glass clasts in clay, which may represent an
altered zone within a single eruption-unit. Laminated lake
sediments 64 m thick, basalt lavas, 67 m thick, 23 m
sediments, and 30.5 m basalt lava with an upper palaeosol
are succeeded by Rhyolite 4 (127.1 m thick). This has a
glassy basal autobreccia (4.5 m), well-developed flow
banding and no visible pyroclasts, and may be part of the
6.3 Ma, <200 m thick Shoshone rhyolite lava [1].
&"' ()*+,)-./ 0, 123# 4"5678 !"#$%&'( *+,$('- +. /&%#(&#
!"#$ 997:97"
Glacial modulation of eruptive
activity at Volcn Sollipulli, Chile
S.M. LACHOWYCZ
*1
, D.M. PYLE
1
,

T.A. MATHER
1
, K.
MEE
2
, J.A. NARANJO
3
1
(*stefanl@earth.ox.ac.uk)
2
British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, UK.
3
SERNAGEOMIN, Santiago, Chile

There is growing evidence that changes in ice cover on
stratovolcanoes may influence the timing and rate (e.g.,
Watt et al. [2011]) as well as the style (e.g., Mee et al.
[2009]) of eruptive activity. These effects could potentially
be enhanced at those volcanoes with ice-filled large craters
or calderas, which also pose particular hazards in the event
of renewed activity and with changing climate. One such
edifice is Volcn Sollipulli in Chile, located at ~39S
between Llaima and Villarrica in the Southern Andean
Volcanic Zone. This little-studied volcano has a ~4 km wide
summit caldera containing ~6 km
3
of ice, which is believed
to have formed without any explosive eruption [Gilbert et
al., 1996].
In this study, we examine how ice cover and intra-
caldera ice has influenced the style of late Quaternary
eruptive activity at this volcano, and possibly the timing of
caldera formation. We present preliminary results from
study of the field relationships, textures, and geochemistry
of the eruption stratigraphy exposed around the caldera
wall, as well as some more distal eruption deposits. A wide
range of volcanic lithofacies are observed, probably
reflecting varying degrees of interaction between glacial
meltwater and the erupting lava, in addition to the extent of
alteration and remobilisation of these eruption products.
These lithofacies appear to range between various end-
members, which we use as the basis of a novel, simple
classification scheme that relates to the inferred formation
processes.
From these eruption deposit sequences, we also infer the
palaeo-ice depth through time. Indications of a short time
period between the latest pre-caldera and first post-caldera
units constrain caldera formation to during or shortly after a
period of deglaciation. This is consistent with the
occurrence at nearby Llaima and Villarrica of assumed
caldera-forming, ignimbrite-forming eruptions during
deglaciation following the Last Glacial Maximum [Lohmar
et al., 2005], and contrasts with recent modelling of the
potential influence of ice loading on caldera formation
[Geyer & Bindeman, 2011].

Geyer, A., & I. Bindeman (2011) J. Volc. Geotherm. Res.
202, 127142.
Gilbert, J.S., et al. (1996) Bull. Volc. 58, 6783.
Lohmar, S., et al. (2005) 6
th
International Symposium on
Andean Geodynamics Extended Abstracts, 442445.
Mee, K., et al. (2009) Bull. Volc. 68, 363376.
Watt, S.F.L., et al. (2011) Quat. Int., 246, 324343.

97

Development of a database of
volcanic ash layers from ocean
drilling cores as a record of global
explosive volcanism
S.H. MAHONY
*1
, R.S.J. SPARKS
1
,

N.H. BARNARD
3

1
University of Bristol. (*Sue.Mahony@bristol.ac.uk)

Ocean drilling is a largely untapped source with the
potential to generate a more complete record of global
volcanism through time. Creation of a global dataset of ash
layers through time is the initial aim of this work, these
layers will then be translated into volcanic eruptions of
varying magnitude, essentially forming a global time series
of explosive volcanic eruptions. This will then be used to
examine magnitude-frequency relationships, look to see
how rates of activity change through time and space, link
with tectonic, glacial/interglacial and climate cycles.

The huge potential for information to be gained by
observing ocean drilling cores can be complicated by the
uncertainties associated with many physical processes.
These uncertainties occur during eruption, through
transport, to deposition, burial, coring and the eventual
identification and measurement of ash layers. If these
uncertainties can be quantified then it is possible to analyse
the record by stochastic ensemble models.

The cores we have focused on are those from the
Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP), Ocean Drilling
Program (ODP) and the Deep Dea Drilling Program
(DSDP). Data are initially being gathered from literature
generated by IODP, with a series of ground truthing
campaigns to rigourously test the quality of this data.
Alternative approaches to data collection are being
attempted to use the physical properties data to identify ash
layers. This indends to make ash layer identification and
measurement more consistent, and create a more complete
ash layer record.

Lithofacies architecture of the
Stallachan Dubha Ignimbrite
Member, Ardnamurchan, NW
Scotland: valley-filling ignimbrites
and the incursion of pyroclastic
density currents into a lake
C. MCLEAN
*1
, J. BUCHANAN
1
,

P. REYNOLDS
1, 2
, P.
NICHOLLS
1, 3
, R. DYMOCK
1
, C. PATMORE
1
, D. BROWN
1

1
(*0900129m@student.gla.ac.uk)
2
Science Labs, Durham, DH1 3LE (present address)
3
Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala Universitet,
Villavgen 16, Uppsala, Sweden (present address)

The Palaeogene Ben Hiant Member of Ardnamurchan,
NW Scotland, comprises a thick sequence of breccias and
conglomerates interpreted as debris flow deposits (Brown &
Bell 2007). These rocks are unconformably overlain by a
recently identified sequence of pyroclastic rocks, which we
interpret as ignimbrites. We propose the name the
Stallachan Dubha Ignimbrite Member for these rocks.
Silicic explosive eruptions generated pyroclastic density
currents that deposited a range of ignimbrite lithofacies.
Lateral thickness variations in the ignimbrites record the
localised filling of the palaeotopography. Periodically, the
pyroclastic density currents entered small lakes and the ash
was subject to aqueous reworking.
Three phases of eruption have been recognised in the
sequence. Phase 1 was marked by the emplacement of
rheomorphic tuffs and breccias. The rheomorphic tuffs
display a strong flow-fabric/parataxitic texture and folds are
locally present. The tuffs coarsen up in to a massive lithic
breccia which contains boulders of the rheomorphic tuff and
local country rock, before fining to rheomorphic tuff. The
massive lithic breccia records a significant increase in mass
flux, perhaps related to a high-energy vent clearing event,
and/or vent collapse, and/or erosion of the substrate.
Phase 2 is marked by the emplacement of a sequence of
stratified tuffs, lapilli-tuffs and breccias. The tuffs and
lapilli-tuffs are planar- to cross-stratified and alternate with
massive lapilli-tuffs and breccias. In the finer units,
convolute laminae and ripples are present. These rocks
record the entry of a dilute pyroclastic density current into a
small lake and the aqueous reworking of finer pyroclasts.
Phase 3 is marked by the emplacement of a valley-
filling crystal-rich massive lapilli-tuff. This unit
unconformably overlies both Phase 1 and 2 rocks, including
siltstones interpreted as lacustrine deposits associated with
Phase 2. The lapilli-tuff comprises up to 50% crystals of
plagioclase feldspar in an ashy matrix. Locally, breccia
lenses, dominated by clasts of Phase 1 rheomorphic
ignimbrite are present.

Brown, D., Bell, B., (2007) Bulletin of Volcanology 69,
847-868.
98
The respiratory health hazard of
volcanic ash: Factors affecting the
formation and toxicity of
cristobalite
C. NATTRASS
*1
, C. HORWELL
1

1
Institute of Hazard, Risk & Resilience, Department of
Earth Sciences, Durham University, Science Labs.,
South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
(*claire.nattrass@durham.ac.uk)

Concern of the potential respiratory health hazard posed
by exposure to volcanic ash was raised after the 1980
eruption of Mount St Helens, due to high concentrations of
crystalline silica in the ash. The toxic potential of crystalline
silica is well-known and the silica polymorphs quartz and
cristobalite are known carcinogens. Volcanic ash can
contain up to 23 wt.% crystalline silica (Horwell et al.,
2010), however toxicological studies have shown that the
ash produces a much lower toxic response than would be
expected for a dust containing this proportion of crystalline
silica.
Volcanic cristobalite is formed metastably in volcanic
domes by vapour-phase deposition and the devitrification of
glass. Temperatures in the volcanic dome setting are
typically <850 C, much lower than the 1470 C needed to
form stable cristobalite. Collapse of these unstable domes
generates highly respirable, cristobalite-rich volcanic ash.
Substitutions of up to 3 wt. % Al
2
O
3
into the cristobalite
structure have been observed (Horwell et al., in review) and
we hypothesise that these impurities allow the formation of
cristobalite within the dome environment and affect the
toxic potential of the cristobalite within the ash.
Laboratory studies synthesising crystalline silica from
an amorphous colloidal silica sol have shown that with the
addition of Al and Na impurities a pure cristobalite phase
can be formed at temperatures lower than the 1470 C
threshold. Under the same conditions pure silica, with no
added impurities, formed tridymite, demonstrating the
addition of impurities alone can alter the silica polymorph
produced. However, further work is needed to constrain
conditions needed for cristobalite formation at temperatures
found within volcanic dome systems. Future toxicological
tests on these synthetic samples will help gain an insight as
to whether impurities can affect the toxicity of crystalline
silica and the implications this has for the volcanic ash
respiratory hazard.

Horwell et al. (2010) Bulletin of Volcanology 72:249253
Horwell et al. (In review) Particle and Fibre Toxicology

Exploring the mechanisms of
basaltic fragmentation: Insights
from textural analysis
E.J. NICHOLSON
*1
, K.V. CASHMAN
1
,

A. RUST
1

1
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills
Memorial Building, Bristol (*en12525@bristol.ac.uk)

Explosive volcanism can generate large volumes of
volcanic ash, with potentially significant economic and
environmental implications. Recent eruptions, such as that
of Eyjafjallajokull in 2010, have highlighted the need for
improved understanding of both the mechanisms involved
in ash generation and the controls on the size distribution
and morphology of erupted pyroclasts. Mafic eruptions, in
particular, exhibit a wide range of eruption styles that
generate pyroclasts with variable sizes, shapes,
vesicularities and crystallinities. We are investigating links
between eruption style and pyroclast characteristics, with
the goal of using these data both to gain insight into the
processes governing fragmentation and to develop
characteristic source parameters for different eruption
conditions
We are examining tephra samples from basaltic
eruptions ranging from magmatic to phreatomagmatic and
with crystallinities from negligible to >50%. Preliminary
analyses show that fragmentation in these samples cannot
be simply explained by expansion and interaction of
exsolving bubbles (that is, the fragmentation mechanism
commonly attributed to silicic magmas). For example, ash
from the 2011 subglacial eruption of Grimsvtn, Iceland,
consists largely of broken, dense glass, with less abundant
irregularly shaped glass shards formed from the interstices
of a population of large bubbles exhibiting a relatively
narrow size distribution (bubble diameters of 10-50 um).
These data contrast with the moderately to highly vesicular
clasts produced by Hawaiian-style fire fountains. They also
contrast with pyroclasts from magmatic eruptions of mafic
arc volcanoes, such as Fuego, Guatemala, which are highly
crystalline and poorly to moderately vesicular. Together this
small survey raises interesting questions about both where,
how, and when gas loss occurs in mafic eruptions and the
role of crystals in the fragmentation process.

99

Deforming a volcano by surface
deposit loading: How loading may
mislead classic deformation
analyses
H. ODBERT
*1
, B. TAISNE
2
, S. TAIT
3

1
(*h.odbert@bristol.ac.uk)
2
Earth Observatory of Singapore, Singapore.

3
Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, France.

The deformation of a volcanic edifice before, during
and after an eruption is often interpreted as a response to
pressurisation or depressurisation of parts of the magmatic
system below ground (e.g. magma reservoirs). Typically,
surface displacements are compared to numerical models to
estimate the elastic response of the crust to such
pressurisation. Model inversion techniques are routinely
used to infer the size, shape and volume or pressure change
of pressure sources using these kinds of models. A best fit
solution is obtained by minimising the misfit between the
modelled and observed ground displacements. This allows
the system parameters of interest to be constrained. Such
approaches require a number of simplifying assumptions
and typically neglect the influence of complicating factors,
such as compressibility of magma in the system and the
crustal response to surface loading of erupted material (i.e.
lava domes, pyroclastic density current deposits, etc.). Here,
we explore the effects a deposit load on ground
displacement, and how they compare to deformation from
classic burried pressure point source models.
Over 1 km
3
of lava has been erupted since 1995 by the
Soufrire Hills Volcano, Montserrat. Much of this material
has moved offshore but there remains a substantial subaerial
and submarine deposit around the volcanos flank. We
measure the distribution of deposits, and hence the load,
around the flanks of the volcano using recent topographic
survey data. We then model the elastic crustal response of
the deposit load across Montserrat, in terms of expected
associated ground deformation. We discuss our results in
the context of deformation source model inversions and
show how such inversions may be mislead when loading is
neglected.

Peles tears and spheres insights
into the fragmentation of low
viscosity magmas
L.A. PORRITT
*1, 2
, J.K. RUSSELL
2
,

S.L. QUANE
3

1
University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. (*gllap@bristol.ac.uk)
2
University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.

3
Quest University Canada, Squamish, Canada.

Peles tears are a well known curiosity commonly
associated with low viscosity basaltic explosive eruptions.
However, these pyroclasts are rarely studied in detail and
there is no full explanation for their formation. These
intriguing pyroclasts have smooth glassy surfaces,
vesiculated interiors, and fluidal morphologies tending
towards droplets and then spheres as they decrease in size to
<2 mm. We present a detailed characterisation of Peles
tears from the 1959 fire-fountaining eruption of Kilauea Iki
involving size and density measurements. Using thin section
and SEM analysis we also consider their internal and
external morphologies, porosity and bubble size
distributions, and surface textures. Finally we consider the
mechanisms of magma fragmentation, timescales of
relaxation, and cooling rates that are responsible for their
formation.

Porritt, L.A., Russell, J.K., Quane, S.L. (2012) Earth and
Planetary Science Letters 333-334, 171-180.
100
The atmospheric habit of fine
volcanic ash
G.S. PRATA
*1
, B.E. REED
2
, T.A. MATHER
1
,

D.M.
PYLE
1
, D.M. PETERS
2
1
Dept. of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford
(*gemma.prata@earth.ox.ac.uk)
2
Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary
Physics (AOPP), Clarendon Laboratory, University of
Oxford

Lack of information on the physical, compositional and
optical characteristics of volcanic ash and properties that
affect its residence time, aggregation and interaction with
other atmospheric species (e.g. ash-nucleated ice) represents
a major gap in basic knowledge and understanding.
Measurements of the physical, compositional and optical
properties of fine ash are needed as input for radiative
transfer models and dispersion models (e.g. Stohl et al.,
1998; Costa et al., 2006). A comprehensive database of
information for dispersion models will provide useful data
for environmental impact assessments (e.g. human, animal
and plant health impacts) and at a fundamental level provide
new information for studying volcano-climate interactions
(e.g. Watson, 1997; Robock, 2000; Durant et al., 2010).
These new measurements will also be very valuable for
satellite retrievals of volcanic ash that rely on assumptions
of the optical properties, size distribution and morphology
of ash particles (e.g. Prata, 1989; Wen & Rose, 1994; Prata
& Grant, 2001). The overall aim of this research is to fill an
important gap in our understanding of the atmospheric habit
of fine volcanic ash and processes governing its
sedimentation.

Costa A., Macedonio G. & Folch A. (2006) Earth and
Planetary Science Letters 241, 634-647.
Durant A., Bonadonna C. & Horwell C. (2010) Elements 6,
235-240.
Prata A. J. (1989) Geophysical Research Letters 16, 1293-
1296.
Prata A. J. & Grant I. F. (2001) Quarterly Journal of the
Royal Meteorological Society 127, 2153-2179.
Robock, A. (2000) Reviews of Geophysics, 38, 191-219.
Stohl A., Hittenberger M. & Wotawa G. (1998)
Atmospheric Environment 32, 4245-4264.
Watson A. J. (1997) Nature 385, 587-588.
Wen S. & Rose W. (1994) J. Geophys. Res 99, 5421-5431.

The skys the limit: Mapping
volcanic deposits using kites
J. STONE
*1,3
, J. BARCLAY
1
,

P. COLE
2
, S. LOUGHLIN
3
, P.
SIMMONS
1

1
University of East Anglia. (* jonathan.stone@uea.ac.uk)
2
Montserrat Volcano Observatory.

3
Britisth Geological Survey.

Aerial photographs are very useful for mapping the
extent and variability of volcanic products. However the
acquisition of these images is often expensive and
infrequent, requiring the use of a helicopter or light aircraft.
Kite Aerial Photography (KAP) can be a cheaper
alternative, allowing for low altitude, high-resolution
images to be rapidly and frequently taken. A camera can be
attached to a kite and flown over a deposit, with vertical
images stitched together to form a mosaic. Using KAP in
Montserrat, a group of volunteer scientists from the local
Community College took a series of aerial photographs of a
river valley at various times before and after lahars to
document geomorphic change. The method produced some
very promising results and has acted as a conduit for public
involvement in monitoring. This project has demonstrated
the low cost and relative ease of this method in a volcanic
setting. Depending on the type of camera used, future
applications could vary from photographs to
photogrammetry and the generation of DEMs.
101

Strombolian to phreatomagmatic
explosive eruption: The Cova de
Pal Crater eruption on Santo
Anto, Cape Verde Islands
R.W. TARFF
*1
, S.J. DAY
2

1
University of London. (*r.tarff@ucl.ac.uk)
2
Aon Benfield UCL Hazard Research Center, Department
of Earth Sciences, University College, London.

Episodes of hazardous phreatomagmatic explosive
activity, often prolonged and complex, occur within
eruptions at high-elevation vents on many oceanic island
volcanoes. The water driving these explosions is sourced
from freshwater aquifers within the volcanic edifices. An
understanding of how groundwater enters the eruption
conduits is key to effective warning and mitigation of the
resulting hazards, including an understanding of how long
such eruptions may last. Here we describe near-vent
deposits from a single prehistoric eruption at the large Cova
de Pal crater on the island of Santo Anto, Cape Verde
Islands that included both mild Strombolian magmatic and
violently explosive phreatomagmatic activity. The
phreatomagmatic sequence includes extensive low-
temperature, lithic-rich phreatomagmatic pyroclastic flow
and surge deposits, indicating a prolonged series of more
and less violent explosive episodes whose characteristics
are indicated by variations in clast size distributions and
clast assemblages. The underlying Strombolian deposits,
which grade up from welded spatter to unwelded, often
blocky scoria, contain distinctive strongly flow-banded
angular sub-glassy clasts. These also form a distinct bed of
large clasts at just below the phreatomagmatic deposits.
Comparison of these clasts with the Strombolian scoria
indicates that they are fragments of chilled margins from the
walls of the eruptive conduit. Disintegration of the chilled
margin allowed a sudden increase in groundwater flow into
the conduit causing the onset of the phreatomagmatic
explosive phase of the eruption. Subsequent variations in
groundwater influx rates as different parts of the
groundwater aquifer drained into the conduit may explain
the many explosions recorded by the complex
phreatomagmatic sequence.
Towards quantifying the arc-scale
and global magmatic response to
deglaciation
S. WATT
*1
, D. PYLE
2
,

T. MATHER
2

1
Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre
Southampton, University of Southampton Waterfront
Campus, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK
(*sebastian.watt@noc.soton.ac.uk)
2
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford

There is a growing body of evidence that the retreat of
ice sheets after the last glacial maximum (LGM) resulted in
temporarily enhanced levels of volcanism. This has been
postulated on the scale of individual edifices, and on
regional scales in intraplate and rift settings. It has been
proposed that this pattern was of global significance in
contributing to rising atmospheric CO
2
concentrations, and
thereby formed a feedback process for global warming.
However, the impact of deglaciation on volcanic arcs has
been incompletely explored. Volcanic arcs account for 90%
of present-day subaerial volcanic eruptions, and for
volcanically-sourced volatiles they are of first-order
significance. Without understanding fluctuations in arc
volcanic output, an assessment of global changes in
volcanic activity cannot be made.
Here, we present the first systematic assessment of the
response of glaciated volcanic arcs to deglaciation. By using
comprehensive compilations of eruption records from
southern Chile, augmented by records from the Cascade and
Kamchatka arcs, we show that the post-glacial increase in
volcanism was relatively small in comparison to non-arc
volcano-tectonic settings. Where ice unloading was at its
greatest, eruption frequency approximately doubled for ~5
kyr, but this pattern is at the limit of statistical significance.
The same period coincides with a few notably large
explosive eruptions. In less heavily glaciated regions, no
pattern can be deduced at the resolution of available data.
While eruption patterns are commonly episodic, the timing
of increases in activity does not always show a clear link to
deglaciation.
In light of the above, we critically examine available
eruption records in an effort to constrain global-scale
changes in volcanic output. Great caution must be exercised
when attempting to quantify variation in volcanism from
such data. Due to extremely sparse sampling (i.e. highly
incomplete data), temporal and spatial biases must be
corrected. Spatial variation in sampling rates is particularly
significant. In some highly active volcanic regions, such as
Indonesia, as few as 1 in 20,000 VEI 2 eruptions have
been identified during the 520 ka time period. Globally,
>99% of all eruptions of VEI 2 have not been identified.
Because of this, variations in eruption rate between
glaciated and non-glaciated regions cannot be precisely
quantified. We suggest that, at most, global eruption rates
may have doubled after the last glaciation, from 137 ka.
Although volcanism may have been an important source of
CO
2
in the early Holocene, it cannot have been a dominant
control on changes in atmospheric CO
2
after the LGM. To
improve our ability to constrain global-scale patterns in
magmatic processes, there is a need for improved records of
past volcanic activity, particularly from several low-latitude
regions, where data are extremely sparse.
102
Constraints on the physical
characteristics of volcanic activity
on Venus
M.W. AIREY
*1
, T. A. MATHER
1
, D. M. PYLE
1

1
University of Oxford, UK. (*martin.airey@earth.ox.ac.uk)

Volcanoes and their deposits are ubiquitous on Venus,
being some of the most recognisable geological phenomena
in the surface record. Clues to their origin, mode of
formation, composition, and style of eruption can be
gathered on inspection of the wealth of data acquired over
more than 50 years of modern Venus observation, from the
Russian probes and landers of the 60s, 70s, and 80s, through
Magellans mapping cycles in the 90s to the highly
successful Venus Express spacecraft operational today.
The style of volcanic activity on Venus differs from that
on Earth due to the very different prevailing conditions into
which they erupt; Venus has a surface temperature of ~730
K and a surface pressure of ~92 Earth atmospheres (Kliore,
et al., 1986). When conducting an investigation into what
may characterise the eruptive style of volcanoes under these
conditions, a broad array of environmental, chemical, and
physical factors must be considered.
The core of this investigation was based on the linking
of two previously developed models of volcanic processes
that can be parameterised for Venusian conditions. The
conduit flow model Conflow (Mastin, 2011) in order to
simulate processes below the surface and the volcanic
plume model described in Glaze & Baloga (1996) in order
to simulate processes above the surface. The approach taken
here is to conduct a comprehensive study of the mass flux
threshold (by way of vent diameter as a proxy) between
buoyancy and collapse using realistic assumptions of initial
physical and geological conditions to obtain a best estimate
of the initial vent parameters with which to calculate the
threshold boundaries at various temperatures, volatile
contents, and elevations. These findings were then
compared with case studies derived from the Magellan radar
data set.
When selecting case studies, localities were sought that
provide examples of deposits that suggest a range of styles
of volcanic activity upon which to test the models and
impose constraints upon volcanic processes. Once selected,
the available satellite data (primarily from the Magellan
data repository) from the subject region was acquired and,
from those, the values of various measured/derived surface
properties could be extracted upon which to base the
interpretation of the corresponding volcanic terrains in
question.
Results from the explosivity/buoyancy modelling study
were then used in conjunction with the interpretation of the
terrains to provide constraints on the eruption parameters
suggested by the various observed deposits.

Glaze, L. S., and Baloga, S. M. (1996) Sensitivity of
buoyant plume heights to ambient atmospheric
conditions: Implications for volcanic eruption columns,
J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 101, 1529-1540.
Kliore, A. J., Moroz, V. I., and Keating, G. M. (1986) The
Venus International Reference Atmosphere, Pergamon
Press, Oxford.; Mastin, L. G. (2011) Conflow v1.0.5,
http://vhub.org/resources/453.
Effusive activity at Somma-
Vesuvius: lava flow-field
characteristics from 1631 to 1944
S.K. BROWN
*1,2
, M.C. SOLANA
1
,

C.R.J. KILBURN
3

1
School of Earth and Enivironmental Sciences, University
of Portsmouth, Burnaby Building, Burnaby Road,
Portsmouth, PO1 3QL. (*sarah.k.brown@bristol.ac.uk)
2
Memorial Building, Queens Road, Bristol BS8 1RJ.

3
Aeon-Benfield Hazard Research Centre, UCL, Gower St.,
London WC1E 6TP.

Vesuvius in southern Italy is among the most densely
populated active volcanoes. Although famous for its
destructive Plinian eruptions, its recent activity, between
1631 and 1944, was primarily effusive and Strombolian,
producing numerous lava flows that inundated the
populated lower slopes.
Here we present data compiled for 183 eruptions during
the last eruptive period, with additional data regarding all
major flank events. These eruptions fed the emplacement of
lava flow-fields which on average reached 4km in length,
with a maximum length identified of <8km. Both simple
and compound flow-fields are recognised, with typical
surface areas of less than 5km
2
, and approximately two-
thirds achieved their maximum lengths after more than one
week.
Although most activity was focussed at the summit,
flank vents also developed with lava flow-fields affecting
correspondingly distal areas. Eccentric vents formed in the
southern edifice at approximately 300m above sea level at a
mean distance of 4.2km from the summit. A submarine pit
crater, newly correlated with the 1861 eruption, highlights
the potential for vent development at low altitudes.
Flank vents normally developed when the summit crater
had filled with lavas, and eccentric vents were preceded by
three days of increased felt seismicity. Such events can thus
potentially be forecast with at least a 24-hour warning, and
even after the onset of eruption, several days may be
available before a settlement is threatened. The design of
an effective emergency response to future effusions is thus a
feasible objective.

103

Lava channel networks
H.R. DIETTERICH
*1
, K.V. CASHMAN
1,2

1
Department of Geological Sciences, University of Oregon,
Eugene, Oregon, USA. (*hrd@uoregon.edu)
2
UK.

A crucial question for assessing lava flow hazard, as
well as understanding flow emplacement at volcanoes
around the world and on other terrestrial planets, is what
controls the lengths of lava flows. John Guest sought to
answer this question by investigating the emplacement of
lava flows at Mt Etna that, despite very different eruptive
rates and durations, yielded flows of the same final length
(Guest et al., 1987). This observation can also be made of
Hawaiian lava flows, many of which have a length of ~ 25
km regardless of effusion rate, except where the longer
flows have been topographically confined into single
channels. We hypothesize that both flow length and
advance rate of Hawaiian lava is modulated by the
development of complex channel networks.
To analyze the creation of lava channel networks, we
focus on the bifurcations and confluences that create them.
We hypothesize that flow interaction with topographic
obstacles will result in flow splitting, while flow
confluences will be driven by topographic confinement or
the merging of parallel lobes due to lateral spreading. Our
analysis of the Hawaiian channel networks reveals that
greater pre-eruptive slopes correlate with more parallel
channels, supporting that flow height, which is reduced on
steeper slopes, could control bifurcation formation.
However, in analogue experiments, flows are able to
overtop obstacles at high velocity when a bow wave
thickens the flow upslope of the obstacle. We also
document how cooling influences confluence formation
after a bifurcation with molten basalt experiments that show
that levee formation inhibits the formation of confluences
between parallel flow lobes. Further analysis of lava
channels as interconnected networks, combined with an
investigation of flow thickness, yields insight into the
evolution of channel networks during emplacement. This
work has implications for flow prediction, diversion
barriers, and the interpretation of terrestrial and planetary
lava channel networks and flow morphology.

Guest, J.E., Kilburn, C.R.J., Pinkerton, H., and Duncan,
A.M., (1987) Bulletin of Volcanology 49, 527-540.

Kalkarindji - the forgotten volcanic
province
P.E. MARSHALL
*1
, M. WIDDOWSON
1

1
Volcano Dynamics Group, Envinronment, Earth &
Ecosystems, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton
Keynes, UK. MK7 6AA. (*peter.marshall@open.ac.uk)

Kalkarindji, the oldest Phanerozoic continental flood
basalt province (CFBP), covers a large part of the northern
Australian desert, being well preserved due to its location
on the stable Australian craton. The province enjoys an
anonymity not usually afforded to structures of this size,
due mainly to this remote location. Dated at 505-510 Ma,
the province now consists of scattered basaltic suites across
northern and central Australia, which if connected indicate a
minimum eruptive volume of 1.5 ! 10
5
km
3
.
The most extensive of these suites, the Antrim Plateau
Volcanics (APV), lies SE of Lake Argyle, stretching for
400,000 km
2
with thicknesses of 0.7 - 1.1 km. They are
predominantly evolved, low-Ti tholeiitic basaltic andesites
exhibiting extreme crustal contamination signatures.
Therefore, the composition of the Kalkarindji lavas are
quite distinct from other tholeiitic CFBP successions.
Field reconnaissance reveals flow units to be thick (40 -
60 m) sheet-like aphanitic basalt with vesiculated or rubbly
flow-tops. Four different flow types, seen throughout the
province, are identified, based on geochemistry,
morphology and volcanolgy. We present new data from
boreholes and field samples, building up a
volcanostratigraphy across the APV.

104
Levee control on the evolution of
lava flow fields
M. NOLAN
*1
, M.C. SOLANA
2
,

C.R.J. KILBURN
3

1
SEES, Burnaby Building, Burnaby Road, Portsmouth, PO1
3QL
2
Aeon-Benfield Hazard research Centre, UCL, Gower St.,
London WC1E 6TP

Traditional lava flows studies (e.g. Guest et al 1987,
Kilburn and Lopes 1988, Kilburn and Lopes 1991)
established five mechanisms controlling the growth of flow-
fields: New flows originating from the vent, Breaching of
levees, Breaching/ reactivation of fronts, Bifurcation of
channels and
Overtopping. An analysis of the frequency of these
mechanisms showed that breaching is one of the most
important process for the growth of flow fields. Breaches
from the medial sides of lava channels on Etna frequently
occur where a pulse of lava stops and inflates and is clearly
favoured by topography. Even slight topographical
irregularities favour the deformation and breaching of
channels. On slopes with a lower gradient the sinuosity in
lava channels increases and in 57% of the cases examined,
curvature of the channel led to breakouts or over-topping. In
the majority of these instances, the breakout occurred on the
outside bend of the flow.
Rock mechanic tests on levee samples confirmed that
the strength and mode of failure varied substantially
between levee types and even between different orientations
within the same levee. The alignment of crystals and
vesicles also had a significant impact in reducing the
strength of the rock. As expected, massive levee types
with low vesicularity were found to be the most resistant
and rubbly the weakest.

Inflation, drainage and lava-water
interaction during the emplacement
of the Nesjahraun, Iceland
J.A STEVENSON
*1
, N.C. MITCHELL
2
,

M. CASSIDY
3
, H.
PINKERTON
4
1
School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh.
(*john.stevenson@ed.ac.uk)
2
S.E.A.E.S. University of Manchester
3
National Oceanography Centre, University of
Southampton
4
Lancaster Environment Centre, University of Lancaster

This study describes the emplacement of the
Nesjahraun, a basaltic lava flow that entered the lake
ingvallavatn, SW Iceland. It combines LiDAR, sidescan
sonar and Chirp seismic data with field observations to map
the flow field and investigate the varied behaviour of the
lava.
The lava in the central part of the flow field has a platy-
ridged surface, similar to other lava flows in Iceland and on
Mars. This is interpreted to have formed by unsteady
inflation of the brittle crust of stationary sheet pahoehoe,
causing it to break into plates. The ridges of broken
pahoehoe slabs formed as the plates of crust moved
vertically past each other in a process similar to the
formation of shatter rings. Along the shoreline, stacks of
thin (520 cm thick), vesicular, flows rest upon and
surround low (<5 m) piles of coarse, unconsolidated,
variably oxidised spatter. Offshore from the pahoehoe lavas,
the gradient of the flow surface steepens, suggesting a
change in flow regime and the development of a talus ramp.
Formation of a 250-m-wide open channel through the
flow field allowed the inflated central part of the flow to
drain rapidly, flowing as aa lava that eroded the channel
walls, carrying broken pahoehoe slabs, lava balls and rafts
of compound shelly pahoehoe lava and leaving a network of
drained channels and tubes in the upstream part of the flow.
The aa channel split into individual flow lobes 2050 m
wide along the shore. Aa clinker is exposed on the waters
edge, as well as glassy sand and gravel, which has been
locally intruded by small (<1 m), irregularly shaped, lava
bodies. Mounds consisting predominantly of scoria lapilli
and the large paired half-cone of Grmelur were formed in
phreatomagmatic explosions. The aa flow can be
identified underwater over 1 km offshore, and the sidescan
data show that the flow lobes remained coherent flowing
down a gradient of <10.
We suggest that formation of this type of platy-ridged
lava, where the plates are smooth and the ridges are slabs of
broken pahoehoe, can occur without significant horizontal
transport, as the surface crust is broken into plates in situ.
The Nesjahraun demonstrates that, even in the absence of
ocean waves, phreatomagmatic explosions are ubiquitous
and that pahoehoe flows are much more likely to break up
on entering water than aa flows, which, with a higher flux
and shallow underlying surface gradient, can penetrate
water and remain coherent over distances of at least 1 km.

105
VMSG 2013 List of Delegates
Delegate List
Name E-mail Institution
Martin Airey martin.airey@earth.ox.ac.uk University of Oxford
Paul Albert p.albert@es.rhul.ac.uk Royal Holloway
Jens Andersen J.C.Andersen@exeter.ac.uk University of Exeter
Paul Anderson pea005@bham.ac.uk University of Birmingham
Catherine Annen catherine.annen@bristol.ac.uk University of Bristol
Chris Arkwright j.c.arkwright@open.ac.uk The Open University
Willy Aspinall willy.aspinall@bristol.ac.uk University of Bristol
Melanie Auker ma6549@bristol.ac.uk University of Bristol
Jenni Barclay j.barclay@uea.ac.uk University of East Anglia
Dan Barfod d.barfod@suerc.gla.ac.uk SUERC
Heidi Barnes heidimairim@gmail.com
Andrew Beard ubfb018@mail.bbk.ac.uk Birkbeck
Samuel Bewick samuel.bewick@open.ac.uk Open University
Juliet Biggs juliet.biggs@bristol.ac.uk University of Bristol
Stephen Blake s.blake@open.ac.uk The Open University
Jon Blundy jon.blundy@bris.ac.uk University of Bristol
John Bowles john.bowles@wanadoo.fr University of Manchester
Julie Boyce julie.boyce@monash.edu Monash University
Mike Branney mjb26@le.ac.uk University of Leicester
Richard Bretton rb8425@my.bristol.ac.uk University of Bristol
Michael Broadley michael.broadley@postgrad.manchester.ac.uk University of Manchester
Richard Brooker richard.brooker@bristol.ac.uk University of Bristol
David Brown david.brown@glasgow.ac.uk University of Glasgow
Sarah Brown sarah.k.brown@bristol.ac.uk The University of Bristol
John Browning john.browning.2012@live.rhul.ac.uk Lancaster University
David Budd david.budd@geo.uu.se Uppsala University
Liam Bullock l.a.bullock@keele.ac.uk Keele University
Rose Burden rose.burden@bristol.ac.uk University of Bristol
Anthony Burnham a.burnham@bristol.ac.uk University of Bristol
Bethan Burson bethan.burson@googlemail.com Open University
Luca Caricchi luca.caricchi@unige.ch University of Geneva
Kathy Cashman glkvc@bristol.ac.uk University of Bristol
Michael Cassidy m.cassidy@soton.ac.uk University of Southampton
Janet Catchpole janet.catchpole@btopenworld.com
Ana Carracedo a.carracedo.1@research.gla.ac.uk SUERC
David Chester jg54@liv.ac.uk University of Liverpool
Paul Cole pdcole2@gmail.com Plymouth University
Frances Cooper frances.cooper@bristol.ac.uk University of Bristol
Maya Coussens mfc1e12@soton.ac.uk Southampton University
Paul Cragg paulcragg001@gmail.com
Elizabeth Cramer e.l.cramer@open.ac.uk The Open University
Annabel Crowther arc66@cam.ac.uk Cambridge University
Julia Crummy j.crummy@see.leeds.ac.uk University of Leeds
Brje Dahren borje.dahren@geo.uu.se Uppsala University
Jon Davidson j.p.davidson@durham.ac.uk University of Durham
Alistair Davies davies.alistair@gmail.com University of Cambridge
Simon Day ucfbsjd@ucl.ac.uk University College London
Sarah Henton De Angelis pelee83@gmail.com University of Alaska Fairbanks
Alexandra De Joux a.kaye-2@sms.ed.ac.uk University of Edinburgh
Rodrigo Del Potro r.delpotro@bristol.ac.uk University of Bristol
Philippa Demonte philippademonte@u.boisestate.edu Boise State University
Hannah Dietterich hrd@uoregon.edu University of Oregon
Jonathan Dietz jonathandietz1@gmail.com University of Glasgow
Mikel Diez mdiez11235@gmail.com University of Bristol
Kate Dobson kate.dobson@manchester.ac.uk University of Manchester
Amy Donovan ard31@cam.ac.uk University of Cambridge
Simon Drake drakesimon1@gmail.com Birkbeck
Angus Duncan angus.duncan@beds.ac.uk University of Bedfordshire
Susanna Ebmeier sk.ebmeier@gmail.com University of Bristol
Marie Edmonds me201@cam.ac.uk University of Cambridge
Holly Elliott holly.elliott@noc.soton.ac.uk University of Southampton
Ben Ellis ben.ellis@erdw.ethz.ch ETH Zurich
Fran Entwistle eefe@leeds.ac.uk University of Leeds
Laura Evenstar l.evenstar@abdn.ac.uk University of Bristol
Peter Fawdon peter.fawdon@open.ac.uk The Open University
Carina Fearnley cjf9@aber.ac.uk Aberystwyth University
April Fitzgerald-Hudson a.fitzgerald.hudson@keele.ac.uk Keele University
Anne Forbes a.e.s.forbes@open.ac.uk The Open University
Heye Freymuth glxhf@bristol.ac.uk University of Bristol
Raffaella Fusillo raffaella.fusillo@bristol.ac.uk University of Bristol
Thomas Gernon thomas.gernon@noc.soton.ac.uk University of Southampton
Ralf Gertisser r.gertisser@keele.ac.uk Keele University
Robin Gill robingill@f2s.com Royal Holloway
Amy Gilmer amykgilmer@gmail.com University of Bristol
Joachim Gottsmann j.gottsmann@bristol.ac.uk University of Bristol
Tanya Gray tanya.gray@bristol.ac.uk University of Bristol
Robert Green rgcg3@cam.ac.uk University of Cambridge
David Green dgreen@blacknest.gov.uk AWE Blacknest
Tim Greenfield tg286@cam.ac.uk University of Cambridge
106

Clayton Grove clayton.grove@durham.ac.uk University of Durham
Leanne Gunn l.s.gunn@open.ac.uk The Open University
Derya Gurer derya.guerer@gmail.com University of Oslo
Jonathan Hanson jonathan.hanson@bristol.ac.uk University of Bristol
Margaret Hartley meh43@cam.ac.uk University of Cambridge
Ben Hayes mrbhayes@gmail.com Cardiff University
Brioch Hemmings brioch.hemmings@bristol.ac.uk University of Bristol
James Hickey james.hickey@bristol.ac.uk University of Bristol
Kelby Hicks kh471@cam.ac.uk University of Cambridge
Anna Hicks a.hicks@uea.ac.uk University of East Anglia
Melanie Hinrichs m.hinrichs@open.ac.uk The Open University
Murray Hoggett murrayhoggett@gmail.com University of Birmingham
Marian Holness marian@esc.cam.ac.uk University of Cambridge
Eoghan Holohan eoghan.holohan@ucd.ie University College Dublin
Adrian Hornby

University of Liverpool
Martin Hughes admin@minersoc.org Mineralogical Society
Sion Hughes s.hughes@open.ac.uk The Open University
Hannah Hughes hughesh6@cf.ac.uk Cardiff University
Madeleine Humphreys madeleine.humphreys@earth.ox.ac.uk University of Oxford
Will Hutchinson williamh@earth.ox.ac.uk University of Oxford
Evgenia Ilyinskaya e.ilyinskaya@gmail.com Bristish Geological Survey
Paul Jarvis pj12520@bristol.ac.uk University of Bristol
Alia Jasim alia.jasim@bristol.ac.uk University of Bristol
Adam Jeffrey a.j.jeffery@keele.ac.uk Keele University
Susanna Jenkins susanna.jenkins@bristol.ac.uk University of Bristol
Eleanor Jennings esj26@cam.ac.uk University of Cambridge
Lisa Jepson lisa.abbott@postgrad.manchester.ac.uk University of Manchester
Dougal Jerram dougal@dougalearth.com Dougal Earth Limited
Emma Johnston glxej@bristol.ac.uk University of Bristol
Adrian Jones adrian.jones@ucl.ac.uk University College London
Rosie Jones r.e.jones-3@sms.ed.ac.uk The University of Edinburgh
Nina Jordan njj5@le.ac.uk University of Leicester
Maren Kahl m.kahl@leeds.ac.uk University of Leeds
Jessica Kandlbauer j.kandlbauer@bristol.ac.uk University of Bristol
Michael Kendall gljmk@bristol.ac.uk University of Bristol
Jackie Kendrick kendrick@min.uni-muenchen.de Ludwig-Maximilan University
Christopher Kilburn c.kilburn@ucl.ac.uk University College London
Geoff Kilgour g.kilgour@bristol.ac.uk University of Bristol
Marthe Klocking mk618@cam.ac.uk University of Cambridge
Tom Knott trk2@le.ac.uk University of Leicester
Stefan Lachowycz stefanl@earth.ox.ac.uk University of Oxford
Oliver Lamb oliver.lamb@univ.ox.ac.uk University of Oxford
Yan Lavallee

University of Liverpool
Phillip Leat ptle@bas.ac.uk British Antarctic Survey
Julien Leuthold julien.leuthold@bristol.ac.uk University of Bristol
David Litchfield david.litchfield.12@ucl.ac.uk University College London
Marion Louvel marion.louvel@grenoble.cnrs.fr Institut Neel
John Maclennan jcm1004@cam.ac.uk University of Cambridge
Heidy Mader h.m.mader@bristol.ac.uk University of Bristol
Craig Magee c.magee@imperial.ac.uk Imperial College
Sue Mahony sue.mahony@bristol.ac.uk University of Bristol
Ben Manton mantonbm@cf.ac.uk Cardiff University
Freya Marks fmarks21@gmail.com
Peter Marshall peter.marshall@open.ac.uk The Open University
Tamsin Mather tamsinm@earth.ox.ac.uk University of Oxford
Hannes Mattsson hannes.mattsson@erdw.ethz.ch ETH Zurich
Brendan McCormick btm26@cam.ac.uk Queens College
Dave McGarvie dave.mcgarvie@open.ac.uk The Open University
Iona McIntosh i.m.mcintosh@durham.ac.uk Durham University
Charlotte McLean 0900129m@student.gla.ac.uk University of Glasgow
Claire McLeod clmcleod@central.uh.edu University of Houston
Sorcha McMahon sorcha.mcmahon@bristol.ac.uk University of Bristol
Fiona Meade meade.fiona@gmail.com Uppsala University
Ian Meighan ianmeighan@hotmail.co.uk SUERC
Vali Memeti valbone.memeti@durham.ac.uk University of Durham
Hilary Milroy hilary.milroy@btinternet.com University of Bristol
Helena Moretti helena.moretti@btinternet.com University of Bristol
Dan Morgan d.j.morgan@leeds.ac.uk University of Leeds
Duncan Muir duncan.muir@bristol.ac.uk University of Bristol
Cyril Muller cyril.muller@bristol.ac.uk University of Bristol
Irving Munguia irving.munguiagonzalez@bristol.ac.uk University of Bristol
Laura Murdoch laura.m.murdoch@gmail.com University of Strathclyde
Joanne Murray jxm337@bham.ac.uk University of Birmingham
John Murray j.b.murray@open.ac.uk The Open University
Claire Nattrass claire.nattrass@durham.ac.uk University of Durham
David Neave dan27@cam.ac.uk University of Cambridge
Peter Nicholls lahar@hotmail.com Uppsala University
Emma Nicholson en12525@bristol.ac.uk University of Bristol
Graeme Nicoll graeme.nicoll@neftex.com Neftex
Svetlana Novikova spn31@cam.ac.uk University of Cambridge
Andy Nowacki andy.nowacki@bristol.ac.uk University of Bristol
Henry Odbert h.odbert@bristol.ac.uk University of Bristol
107
Julie Oppenheimer julie.oppenheimer@bristol.ac.uk University of Bristol
Pablo Palacios pablo.palacios@bristol.ac.uk University of Bristol
Kris Palubicki kris.palubicki@my.open.ac.uk The Open University
Matthew Pankhurst d.j.morgan@leeds.ac.uk University of Leeds
Amy Parker amy.parker@bristol.ac.uk University of Bristol
Chiara Maria Petrone c.petrone@nhm.ac.uk The Natural History Museum
Stacy Phillips s.phillips@mun.ca Memorial University of Newfoundland
Jeremy Phillips j.c.phillips@bristol.ac.uk University of Bristol
Joe Pickles joe.pickles@bristol.ac.uk University of Bristol
Mattia Pistone mattia.pistone@erdw.ethz.ch ETH Zurich
Melissa Plail m.plail@uea.ac.uk University of East Anglia
Lucy Porritt lucyporritt@hotmail.com University of Bristol
Gemma Prata gemma.prata@earth.ox.ac.uk University of Oxford
Katie Preece k.preece@uea.ac.uk University of East Anglia
Jacqueline Ratner jacquelr@earth.ox.ac.uk University of Oxford
Heather Rawcliffe h.rawcliffe.1@research.gla.ac.uk University of Glasgow
Marco Reichow mkr6@le.ac.uk University of Leicester
Peter Reynolds peter.reynolds@durham.ac.uk University of Durham
Hannah Reynolds hannah.i.reynolds@gmail.com Lancaster University
Jenny Riker jenny.riker@bristol.ac.uk University of Bristol
Teal Riley trr@bas.ac.uk British Antarctic Survey
Elspeth Robertson elspeth.robertson@bristol.ac.uk University of Bristol
Mel Rodgers mjrodger@mail.usf.edu University of South Florida
Alison Rust alison.rust@bristol.ac.uk Bristol University
Hazel Rymer h.rymer@open.ac.uk The Open University
Lois Salem ls502@cam.ac.uk University of Cambridge
Christopher Satow c.satow@rhul.ac.uk Royal Holloway
Kate Saunders kate.saunders@bristol.ac.uk University of Bristol
Andy Saunders ads@le.ac.uk University of Leicester
Nick Schofield n.schofield@bham.ac.uk University of Birmingham
Anne Schopa anne.schopa@bristol.ac.uk University of Bristol
Thomas Sheldrake tom.sheldrake@bristol.ac.uk University of Bristol
Jessica Shields jessie.shields@bristol.ac.uk University of Bristol
Isobel Sides irs29@cam.ac.uk University of Cambridge
Bethany Simons bethsimons1234@gmail.com Cambourne School of Mines
Susanne Skora susanne.skora@bristol.ac.uk University of Bristol
Jean-Francois Smekens jsmekens@asu.edu Arizona State University
Vicki Smith victoria.smith@rlaha.ox.ac.uk University of Oxford
Kate Smith k.smith@exeter.ac.uk University of Exeter
Carmen Solana carmen.solana@port.ac.uk University of Portsmouth
Stephen Sparks steve.sparks@bristol.ac.uk Bristol University
Charlotte Stamper c.stamper@bristol.ac.uk University of Bristol
John Stevenson john.stevenson@ed.ac.uk University of Edinburgh
Michael Stock mike.stock@earth.ox.ac.uk University of Oxford
Ellen Stofan ellen@proxemy.com
Jonathan Stone jon.stone10@gmail.com University of East Anglia
Karen Strehlow karen.strehlow@gmx.de University of Bristol
Finlay Stuart fin.stuart@glasgow.ac.uk SUERC
Elizabeth Swanson gleecs@bris.ac.uk University of Bristol
Yoshihiko Tamura tamuray@jamstec.go.jp JAMSTEC
Bob Tarff bobanddonna@talktalk.net Birbeck College
Andrew Thomson andrew.thomson@bristol.ac.uk University of Bristol
Emma Tomlinson tomlinse@tcd.ie Trinity College Dublin
Valentin Troll valentin.troll@geo.uu.se Uppsala University
Marie Turnbull marie@mve.com
Marit Van Zalinge m.vanzalinge@bristol.ac.uk University of Bristol
Geoff Wadge g.wadge@reading.ac.uk University of Reading
Richard Wall richard.wall.09@ucl.ac.uk University College London
Matt Watson matt.watson@bristol.ac.uk University of Bristol
Sebastian Watt sebastian.watt@noc.soton.ac.uk Southampton University
Daniel Weidendorfer daniel.weidendorfer@erdw.ethz.ch ETH Zurich
Bradley West brad.g.west@bristol.ac.uk University of Bristol
Robert White rsw1@cam.ac.uk Cambridge University
Rebecca Williams rw89@le.ac.uk University of Leicester
Lionel Wilson l.wilson@lancaster.ac.uk Lancaster University
Penelope Wilson penelope.small@gmail.com Kingston University
Mark Woodhouse mark.woodhouse@bristol.ac.uk University of Bristol
Christine Yallup christine.yallup@googlemail.com University of Cambridge

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Volcanic and Magmatic Study Group (2013) Bristol

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Annual Meeting 2013

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