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Q.1 Describe the static characteristics of an instrument.

[10M]

Q.2 Explain the types of test signals used for the determination of dynamic characteristics. [10M] Q.3 List the different errors in measurement? Explain each in detail? Q.4 a Define the follo!ing "i #rithmetic mean "ii $ange "iii Dispersion "i% #%erage de%iation "% &tandard de%iation "%i 'ariance Q.4 b (hree resistors of ha%ing resistances of 2)* ohm+ )** ohm+ 3,) ohm are connected in parallel.(he 2)* ohm resistor has -*.*2) fractional error+ the )** ohm resistor has .*.*3/ fractional error and the 3,) ohm resistor has -*.*14 fractional error. Determine a the total resistance neglecting errors. b total resistance considering the errors of each resistor . c the fractional error of the total resistance based upon the rated %alues. [4M] Q.) Explain briefly the performance characteristics of an instrument. UNIT-II (SIGNALS AND THEIR REPRESENTATION) [10M] [10M] [6M]

Q.1 Explain the standards test signals in detail and !ith suitable !a%eforms.

[10M]

Q.2 Explain the periodic and #periodic signals and deri%e the expression for periodic signals. [10M] Q.3 Explain the techni0ues of pulse code modulation. Q.4 Describe the sampling of data? 1o! it is different from pulse modulation. Q.) 2rite short note on3"any t!o "i #mplitude 4odulation "ii 5hase 4odulation "iii 6re0uency 4odulation [10M] [10M] [10M]

UNIT-III (TRANSDUCERS) Q.1 2hat is a transducer? Explain the classifications of transducers !ith examples? Q.2 Explain in detail the factors affecting the characteristics and choice of transducers. [10M] [10M]

Q.3 Explain the construction and principle of !or7ing of a L'D( ? Describe the ad%antages and disad%antages . [10M] Q.4 Explain the construction and !or7ing principle of strain gauge? 8lassify the strain gauge? deri%e the expression for the strain gauge factor? [10M] Q.)a (he output of an L'D( is connected to a )% %oltmeter through an amplifier !hose amplification factor is 2)*. #n output of 2m% appears across the terminals of L'D( !hen the core mo%es through a distance of *.)mm. 8alculate the sensiti%ity of L'D( and that of the !hole set.up. (he milli.%oltmeter scale has 1** di%isions. (he scale can be read to 19)th of a di%ision . 8alculate the resolution of the instrument in mm. [5M] Q.) b # strain gauge is bonded to a beam *.1m long and has a cross.sectional area 4cm2 .:oung modulus for steel is 2*,;<9m2 . (he strain gauge has an unstrained resistance of 24* ohm and a gauge factor of 2.2. 2hen a load is applied the resistance of gauge changes by *.*13ohm. 8alculate the change in length of the steel beam and the amount of force applied to beam. [5M] UNIT-IV ( DIGITAL VOLTMETERS) Q.1 Explain !ith a neat bloc7 diagram of a ramp type D'4. List the ad%antages = disad%antages .[10M] Q.2 Explain !ith a neat bloc7 diagram of dual slope integrating D'4? Q.3 Explain !ith a neat bloc7 diagram of successi%e approximation type D'4? List the ad%antages=disad%antages? Q.4 Explain !ith a neat bloc7 diagram of continuous balance type D'4? [10M] [10M] [10M]

Q.) Explain !ith a neat bloc7 diagram of microprocessor based ramp type D'4? List the ad%antages =disad%antages. [10M]

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