Electric Power Systems Research 95 (2013) 192199

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Electric Power Systems Research
j our nal homepage: www. el sevi er . com/ l ocat e/ epsr
A new classication for power quality events in distribution systems
Okan Ozgonenel
a,
, Turgay Yalcin
a
, Irfan Guney
b
, Unal Kurt
c
a
Ondokuz Mayis University, Electrical & Electronic Eng. Depart., Kurupelit, Samsun, Turkey
b
AcibademUniversity, Dean of Engineering Faculty, Gulsuyu Mah. Fevzi Cakmak Cad. No. 1, Maltepe, Istanbul, Turkey
c
Amasya University, Technology Faculty, Electrical & Electronic Eng. Depart., Amasya, Turkey
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Received 19 January 2012
Received in revised form22 July 2012
Accepted 18 September 2012
Available online 13 October 2012
Keywords:
Power quality disturbances
Hilbert Huang Transform
Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition
Support Vector Machines
One-against-all method
a b s t r a c t
This paper presents the performance evaluation of support vector machine (SVM) with one against all
(OAA) and different classication methods for power quality monitoring. The rst aim of this study is
to investigate EEMD (ensemble empirical mode decomposition) performance and to compare it with
classical EMD (empirical mode decomposition) for feature vector extraction and selection of power qual-
ity disturbances. Feature vectors are extracted from the sampled power signals with the Hilbert Huang
Transform (HHT) technique. HHT is a combination of EEMD and Hilbert transform (HT). The outputs of
HHT are intrinsic mode functions (IMFs), instantaneous frequency (IF), and instantaneous amplitude (IA).
Characteristic features are obtained from rst IMFs, IF, and IA. The ten featuresi.e., the mean, standard
deviation, singular values, maxima and minimaof both IF and IA are then calculated. These features are
normalized along with the inputs of SVM and other classiers.
Crown Copyright 2012 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Power monitoring has taken on an important role in power sys-
tems. Power quality (PQ); or, more specically, a power quality
disturbance, is generally dened as any change in power (voltage,
current, or frequency) that interferes with the normal operation
of electrical equipment. Power quality concerns various kinds of
electric disturbances such as voltage sag/swell, icker, impulse,
harmonics, DC component of voltage, oscillatory transients, elec-
tromagnetic interference (EMI), and power system outage [1,2].
However, more generally, PQ disturbances can be classied as in
three groups. These are Frequency and amplitude variations and
transient phenomena. Amplitude variations cover voltage vari-
ations under normal operating conditions, excluding faults and
interruptions, short and long interruptions, voltage sags (dips)
and swells, and voltage uctuations known as icker. Transient
phenomena cover voltage unbalance and voltage/current wave-
formdisturbances [3].
To analyze these disturbances, data are often available as a form
of sampled time function that is represented by a time series of
amplitudes. When dealing with such data, the Fourier transform
(FT)-based approach is most often used. FT assumes periodicity of
a given signal and loses the time axis account; however, it is not

Corresponding author. Tel.: +90 362 4377204.

E-mail addresses: okanoz@omu.edu.tr (O. Ozgonenel),
yalcnturgay@yahoo.com.tr (T. Yalcin), irfan.guney@acibadem.edu.tr (I. Guney),
unal.kurt@amasya.edu.tr (U. Kurt).
capable of providing time information about signal disturbances.
Short time Fourier transform (STFT) provides both time and fre-
quency information, but it suffers severely from the Heisenberg
uncertainty principle [4], causing it to undergo a trade-off
between time resolution and frequency resolution. This is one of
the reasons for the creation of the wavelet transform(or multires-
olution analysis in general), which can give good time resolution
for high-frequency events, and good frequency resolution for low-
frequency events, which is the type of analysis best suited for many
real signals. Wavelet transform[5], which is a popular signal anal-
ysis method, offers continuous and discrete wavelet transforms
(CWT and DWT) [6] and wavelet packet transform(WPT) [7,8] for
the feature extraction of signals.
Many classication algorithms have been developed by
researchers for classication of power electrical disturbances. Inte-
grated Fourier linear combiner and fuzzy expert systems [9] were
used for the classication of transient disturbance waveforms
in power system. S-Transform and two dimensional timetime
(TT) transform [10] have been implemented for electrical fault
identication. In [10], transient disturbance waveforms in power
system were investigated by S-transform with together TT trans-
form methods. It is reported that ST with together TT transform
approaches was able to identify disturbed waveforms. An adaptive
neural network approach for the estimation of harmonic distort-
ions and power quality in power networks was also implemented
[11]. A hybrid system to automatically detect, locate, and classify
disturbances affecting power quality in an electrical power system
is also presented [12]. The least absolute value (LAV) state esti-
mation algorithm has been used to measure the icker voltage
0378-7796/$ see front matter. Crown Copyright 2012 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2012.09.007
O. Ozgonenel et al. / Electric Power Systems Research 95 (2013) 192199 193
Fig. 1. Basic stages of the classication process.
magnitude [13], while the Simulated Annealing (SA) optimiza-
tion algorithm has been used for measuring the voltage icker
magnitude, frequency and the harmonics contents of the volt-
age signal for power quality analysis [14]. An algorithm to detect
the fundamental frequency is proposed. It is based on the chirp-z
transform (CZT) spectral analysis and is able to observe all stan-
dards in force because of its accuracy and working characteristics
[15]. Wavelet multi-resolution decomposition, which combines
frequency domain with time-domain analysis for power disturb-
ance feature extraction, is also proposed [16]; moreover, a wavelet
normentropy-based effective feature extraction method for power
quality disturbance classication problem has been studied by
[17]. Multi-wavelet based neural networks with learning vector
quantization networks are used for power quality disturbances
as a powerful classier [18]. Fuzzy ARTMAP, back propagation
algorithm (BPA) and Radial Basis Function (RBF) networks, in
combination with S Transform, Wavelet transform, and Hilbert
Transform (HT) for classifying power faults, have also been used
[19].
On the contrary, unlike many of the aforementioned decompo-
sitionmethods, EMD is intuitive anddirect, withthe basic functions
based on and derived from the data. The assumptions for this
method are: (a) the signal has at least one pair of extrema; (b) the
characteristic time scale is dened by the time between the succes-
sive extrema; and (c) if there are no extrema, and only inection
points, then the signal can be differentiated to realize the extrema,
whose IMFs can be extracted. Integration may be employed for
reconstruction. The time betweenthe successive extrema was used
by Huang et al. [20] as it allowed the decomposition of signals that
were all positive, all negative, or both. This impliedthat the data did
not have to have a zero mean. This also allowed a ner resolution
of the oscillatory modes.
This paper presents ahybridpower qualitymonitoringapproach
based on EEMD and SVM. EEMD and basic statistical calcula-
tions of its outputs are used for feature extraction. Moreover,
SVM is used for classifying the analyzed power disturbances.
To show the performance of the proposed methods, different
well-known classiers are tested. Among all the tested classica-
tion algorithms, the suggested analytical procedures, followed by
SVM-OAA, give a reliable solution for classifying non-stationary
power disturbances. The proposed PQ monitoring approach is
easy to implement and presents reliable solution with high accu-
racy.
2. Materials and methods
The suggested classication process is shown in Fig. 1.
As seen in Fig. 1, all major power quality issues such as voltage
sag/swell, icker, harmonics, transients, DC offset, electromag-
netic interference (EMI), and interruptions have been investigated.
Training procedure has been achieved by using synthetically gen-
erated data. Moreover, the supply frequency and icker frequency
are randomly chosen between 49.5Hz and 50.5Hz and between
8Hz and 25Hz, respectively. Sampling frequency is set at 25.6kHz
in compliance with the real-time data. This yields a 32003 data
matrix for a three-phase system. The testing procedure was com-
pleted by using real-time data supplied by TUBITAK (The Scientic
and Technological Research Council of Turkey). The data collected
by the National Power Quality Monitors (NPQMC) during an event
breaking normal operating conditions are transferred by means
of a network infrastructure which is formed in the NPQMC. The
data collected in the center are kept in databases and le systems
after processing themon time and location basis to consider their
distribution in the country.
EEMD is mainly a signal processing technique to extract dis-
tinctive features; namely, IMFs. Feature selection requires a series
of calculations based on statistics such as maxima, minima, sin-
gular value, standard deviation, and mean. Next, the singular
value decomposition (SVD) technique is used for calculating some
additional properties of the features singular values. SVDwas cho-
sen simply because the data matrix is not square. It has been
observed that additional properties of the feature vectors increase
the performance of the classication algorithm. Finally, SVMwith
a one-against-all (OAA) approach is used for classication of PQ
events.
Sections 2.12.4 give the mathematical background of the pro-
posed feature extraction and selection algorithms.
2.1. EMD
EMD is a self-adaptive signal-processing method that has been
successfully applied in non-stationary signal processing. The EMD
method is based upon the local characteristic time scale of the sig-
nal and could decompose the complicated signal function into a
number of IMFs. IMFs reect the intrinsic and real physical infor-
mation of analyzed the signals. Moreover, the superposition of IMF
components can reconstruct the analyzed signal (Eq. (1)). EMD
194 O. Ozgonenel et al. / Electric Power Systems Research 95 (2013) 192199
Fig. 2. A owchart of EMD algorithm.
method is a sifting process; to decompose one IMF component
requires many sifting cycles. The sifting process actually serves two
purposes: to eliminate riding waves and to make the wave proles
more symmetrical with respect to zero (Fig. 2).
The EMD algorithm used in this study comprises the following
steps:
(i) Identify all the extrema (maxima and minima) of the signal,
x(t).
(ii) Generate the upper and lower envelope by the cubic spline
interpolation of the extrema points developed in step (i).
(iii) Calculate the mean function of the upper and lower envelope,
m(t).
(iv) Calculate the difference signal d(t) =x(t) m(t).
(v) If d(t) becomes a zero-mean process, then the iteration stop
and d(t) is an IMF1, named c
1
(t); otherwise, go to step (i) and
replace x(t) with d(t).
(vi) Calculate the residue signal r(t) =x(t) c
1
(t).
(vii) Repeat the procedure from steps (i) to (vi) to obtain IMF2,
named c
2
(t). To obtain c
n
(t), continue steps (i)(vi) after n iter-
ations. The process is stopped when the nal residual signal
r(t) is obtained as a monotonic function.
At the end of the procedure, we have a residue r(t) and a collec-
tion of n IMF, named fromc
1
(t) to c
n
(t). Now, the original signal can
be represented as:
x(t) =
n

i=1
c
i
(t) +r(t) (1)
Often, r(t) is regarded as c
n+1
(t) [20].
The sifting process should be applied with care, for carrying the
process to an extreme could make the resulting IMF a pure fre-
quency modulated signal of constant amplitude. To guarantee that
theIMF components maintainenoughphysical senseof bothampli-
tude and frequency modulations, a criterion should be dened for
the sifting process to stop. This can be accomplished by limiting
size of the standard deviation (SD), it is similar to the Cauchy con-
vergence test, computed from the two consecutive sifting results
as
SD =
T

t=0
_

d
i1
(t) d
i
(t)

2
d
2
i1
(t)
_
(2)
where d
i
(t) is proto (candidate)-mode function.
A typical value for SD can be set between 0.2 and 0.3. As a com-
parison the two Fourier spectra, computed by shifting only ve out
of 1024 points from the same data, can have an equivalent SD of
0.20.3calculatedpoint-by-point. Therefore, SDvalueof 0.20.3for
the sifting procedure is a very rigorous limitation for the difference
between siftings [20].
In Fig. 2, Extrema <3 indicates that the residue becomes a mono-
tonic function fromwhich no more IMFs can be extracted.
2.2. EEMD
One of the major drawbacks of the EMD algorithm is the
appearance of mode mixing. Therefore, the EEMD algorithm was
introduced. The algorithm denes the IMF set for an ensemble of
trials, each one obtained by applying EMD to the signal of inter-
est with added independent identically distributed white noise of
the same standard deviation. The problemof mode mixing can be
overcome by taking into account the properties of white noise [21].
The steps for the EEMD algorithmare as follows:
i. Add a white noise series n(t) to the targeted signal, named x
1
(t)
in the following description, and x
2
(t) =x
1
(t) +n(t).
ii. Decompose the data x
2
(t) with the EMD algorithm.
iii. Repeat Steps (i) and (ii) until the trial numbers, regardless of
added white noise, consistently register the same power. The
new IMF combination C
ij
(t) is achieved when i is the iteration
number and j is the IMF scale.
iv. Estimate the mean (ensemble) of the nal IMF of the decompo-
sitions as the desired output:
EEMD c
j
(t) =
n
i

i=1
c
ij
(t) (3)
where n
i
denotes the trial (ensemble) numbers.

n
=

n
i
(4)
wheren
i
is thenumber of ensemblemembers, is thenal standard
deviation of error, which is dened as the difference between the
input signal and the corresponding IMFs [22].
In practice, the number of ensemble members is often set to 100
and the standard deviation of white noise series is set to 0.1 or 0.2.
2.3. Comparison of EMD and EEMD decomposition for feature
extraction and selection
The extracted IMFs by EMD and EEMD are shown in Fig. 3a and
b. The low-level IMF contains high-frequency components; while
the high-level IMF contains low-frequency components.
In Fig. 3a, the IMFs with EMD algorithm have side effects that
reduce the accuracy of the classication algorithms. However, the
EEMDalgorithmdoes not present side effects andis, therefore, used
in this study. Another criterion is the Pearson product-moment
correlation coefcient (R). It is a measure of the correlation (lin-
ear dependence) between two variables (X and Y), giving a value
between +1 and 1 inclusive.
O. Ozgonenel et al. / Electric Power Systems Research 95 (2013) 192199 195
Fig. 3. (a) Feature vectors (IMFs) for a voltage sag signal with EMD. (b) Feature vectors (IMFs) for a voltage sag signal with EEMD.
An equivalent expression gives the correlation coefcient as the
mean of the products of the standard scores. Based on a sample
of paired data (X
i
, Y
i
), the sample Pearson correlation coefcient is
dened in Eq. (5).
R =
1
n 1
n

i=1
__
X
i

X
_ _
Y
i

Y
__
(5)
where (X
i

X)/
X
,

X and
X
are the standard score, sample mean,
and sample standard deviation of X. Table 1 shows the R values for
EMD and EEMD.
Table 1 also proves that EEMDhas better resolution for the ana-
lyzed PQ events.
2.4. Hilbert-Huang Transformation Method (HHT)
HHT represents the original signal X(t) into the time frequency
domain by combining the empirical mode decomposition with the
Hilbert transform. The advantage of using HHT for feature extrac-
tion procedure can be summarized in Table 2.
EMD can decompose signal into a nite number of n IMFs
(C
j
, j =1,2,3...,n), which extract the energy associated with various
intrinsic time scales and residual r
n
; this step is called the sifting
Table 1
Relation with rst IMFs and current power signal.
Cross-Correlation EMD EEMD
IMFhealthy state 0.9762 1.0000
IMFvoltage sag 0.8819 0.9081
IMFvoltage swell 0.9300 0.9685
IMFvoltage icker 0.9700 0.9950
IMFharmonics (3, 5, 7) 0.7855 0.7861
IMFtransient 0.5685 0.6104
IMFdc component 0.9244 0.9357
IMFEMI 0.5334 0.6429
IMFoutage 0.9313 0.9856
196 O. Ozgonenel et al. / Electric Power Systems Research 95 (2013) 192199
Table 2
Comparison of frequently used mathematical methods for feature extraction [20,21].
Fourier STFT Wavelet HHT
Basis Non-adaptive Non-adaptive Non-adaptive Adaptive
Frequency Convolution: Global Convolution: Regional Convolution: Regional Differentiation: Local
Presentation Energy-frequency Energy-time-frequency Energy-time-frequency Energy-time-frequency
Non-linear No No No Yes
Non-stationary No No Yes Yes
Feature Extraction No Discrete: No Continuous: Yes Discrete: No Continuous: Yes Yes
Theoretical base Theory complete Theory complete Theory complete empirical
process described as in Eq. (6). IMFs, as a class of functions, satisfy
two denitions. In the whole data set, the number of extrema and
the number of zero-crossings must be either equal or differ at most
by one. At any point, the mean value of the envelope dened by the
local maxima and minima is zero.
The Hilbert transformis then applied to each IMF component C
j
:
v
j
(t) =
1

_
+

c
j
()
t
d (6)
where c
j
(t) and v
j
(t) are real part and imaginary part of an analytic
signal z
j
(t):
z
j
(t) = c
j
(t) +jv
j
(t)
z
j
(t) = A
j
(t) exp(jw
j
(t))
(7)
With amplitude, (IA), and phase dened by the expressions:
IA(t) =
_
c
j
(t)
2
+v
j
(t)
2

j
(t) = arctan
_
v
j
(t)
c
j
(t)
_
(8)
Therefore, the instantaneous frequency (IF), was given by:
IF(t) =
d
j
(t)
dt
(9)
Thus, the original data can be expressed in the following form:
x(t) =
n

j=1
A
j
(t) exp
_
i
_
w
j
(t) dt
_
(10)
Figs. 4 and 5 show IA and IF curves for healthy and voltage sag
signals. Fig. 6 shows the IA values for all analyzed PQ events.
3. Singular value decomposition (SVD)
SVD is used for calculating singular values and increases the
accuracy of the classication algorithm. Singular values give more
Fig. 4. Instantaneous amplitude (IA) for healthy and voltage sag signal.
information for identication of the system. SVD is a part of hierar-
chical classication on multiple feature groups in this study.
For any real mn matrix A, there exist orthogonal matrices
U = [u
1
, u
2
, ..., u
m
] R
mm
,
V = [v
1
, v
2
, ..., v
m
] R
nn
,
(11)
such that:
A = UV
T
(12)
where = diag(
1
,
2
, ...,
min(m,n)
)) R
mn
and
1

2
...

min(m,n)
0.
The
i
is the ith singular value of A in non-increasing order and
the vectors u
i
and v
i
are the ith left singular vector and the ith right
singular vector of A for i =min(m,n), respectively [22]. The singular
values of matrix A are unique, while the singular vectors corre-
sponding to distinct singular values are uniquely determined up to
the sign.
Fig. 5. Instantaneous frequency (IF) for healthy and voltage sag signal.
Fig. 6. IA corresponding to rst IMF for all disturbances.
O. Ozgonenel et al. / Electric Power Systems Research 95 (2013) 192199 197
Fig. 7. Singular values for training data set.
Fig. 7 shows singular values for analyzed power signals. Fig. 7
only shows 3 sets of data over 90 training data sets. In Fig. 7, SV1
represents singular values for the healthy signal, SV2 for voltage
sag, SV3 for voltage swell, SV4 for icker, SV5 for harmonics, SV6
for transients, SV7 for DC component, SV8 for EMI and nally SV9
for the voltage interruption signal.
4. Support vector machines (SVMs)
SVMs are a class of learning machines that nd optimal hyper-
planes among different classes of input data or training data in a
high dimensional feature space F, and new test data can be clas-
sied using the individual hyper-planes. The optimal hyper-plane,
found during a training phase, makes the smallest number of train-
ing errors [23]. Fig. 8 illustrates an optimal hyper-plane for two
classes of training data.
Let {x
i
,y
i
}, i =1,2,. . .,N be N training data vectors x
i
with class
label y
i
. Given an input vector x, an SVM constructs a classier of
the form:
f (x) = sign
_
N

i=1
a
i
y
i
K(x
i
, x) +b
_
(13)
where {a
i
} are non-negative Lagrange multipliers, each of which
corresponds to a training data, b is a bias constant, and K(.,.)
is a kernel satisfying the conditions of Mercers theorem [24,25].
Fig. 8. Optimal hyperplane.
Frequently used kernel functions are the polynomial kernel
K(x
i
, x
j
) = (x
i
.x
j
+1)
d
and Gaussian Radial Basis Function (RBF),
K(x
i
, x
j
) = e
|x
i
x
j
|
2
/2
2
.
The problem of nding the optimal hyperplane is specied by
the following quadratic programming problem:
Minimizing:
W(a) =
N

i=1
a
i
+
1
2
N

i=1
N

j=1
a
i
a
j
y
i
y
j
K(x
i
, x
j
) (14)
subject to:
N

i=1
a
i
y
i
= 0 (15)
0 a
i
C, i = 1, 2, ..., N
The above quadratic programming problemcan be solved with
traditional optimization techniques. The vectors for which a
i
>0
after optimization are called support vectors.
4.1. One-against-all method
For a k-class problem, the one-against-all method constructs k
SVMmodels. The ith SVMis trained with all of the training exam-
ples inthe ithclass withpositive labels andthe others withnegative
labels. The nal output of the one-against-all method is the class
that corresponds to the SVMwith the highest output value. Given
a set of training examples D{(x
1
, y
1
), (x
2
, y
2
), ..., (x
N
, y
N
)}, where
the ith sample x
i
R
n
and y
j
{1, ..., k} is the class of x
j
the ith SVM
solves the following optimization problem [2628] (where c >0 is
a regularization parameter for the tradeoff between model com-
plexity andtraining error, and
i
measures the (absolute) difference
between f (x) = (w
i
)
T
(x) +b
i
and y
i
.):
min
1
2
(w
i
)
T
w
i
+c
N

i=1

i
j
(16)
198 O. Ozgonenel et al. / Electric Power Systems Research 95 (2013) 192199
Table 3
Comparisons of the performances of the one-against-all (OAA) and the one-against-one (OAO) SVMclassiers.
Total number of training/testing segments Classication (SVM) One Against All (OAA)One Against One (OAO)
90/25 HS VSG VSW VF VH VTR VDC EMI VI
HS 32 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
VSG 1 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
VSW 0 0 22 1 0 0 0 0 0
VF 0 0 0 32 0 0 0 0 0
VH 0 0 0 0 33 0 0 0 0
VTR 0 0 0 0 0 43 0 1 0
VDC 0 0 0 0 0 0 33 0 0
EMI 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 32 0
VI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22
HS: healthystate, VSG: voltagesag, VSW: voltageswell, VF: voltageicker, VH: voltageharmonics, VTR: voltagetransients, VDC: DCvoltage, EMI: electromagnetic interference.
Table 4
Number of measurement point [2931].
Number of measurement points
Voltage level Load type
Heavy Industry Industry + urban Urban only Total
NB NF NB NF NB NF NB NF
33kV 8 16 17 28 14 16 39 60
154 kV 3 5 10 13 9 9 22 27
380 kV 1 1 4 7 0 0 5 8
Total 12 22 31 48 23 25 66 95
NB: number of buses, NF: number of feeders.
subject to
(w
i
)
T
(x
j
) +b
i
1
i
j
, y
j
= i
(w
i
)
T
(x
j
) +b
i
>1 +
i
j
, y
j
/ = i

j
i
0; j = 1, ..., N
(17)
The decision function of the ith SVMis
f (x) = (w
i
)
T
(x) +b
i
(18)
A point x is in the class that corresponds to the largest value of
the decision functions: the class of
x = argmax
i=1,...,k
(w
i
)
T
(x) +b
i
(19)
A comparative study is carried out in the next section that com-
pares the performances of the OAO (one-against-one) and OAA
(one-against-all) decomposition methods in training the proposed
multiclass SVMs. The results of the application of the proposed
algorithmto the data set are presented in Table 3.
Diagonal elements represent the correctly classied PQ
disturbances while non-diagonal elements represent incorrect
classication results (Table 3).
5. Experimental results and discussions
Toevaluate the performance of the proposedpower qualityclas-
sication algorithm, a total of 115 PQ disturbance data were used.
The PQ signals in each class were divided into 90 training sets and
25 test sets. The polynomial kernel is used as the kernel function
and the parameter d is chosen as 2 in the SVMclassier. The exact
number of the training and testing segments for each PQ event
is shown in Table 2. Testing data were obtained from TUBITAK.
This is an ongoing project and is devoted to taking the nationwide
power quality gures of the Turkish Electricity Transmission Sys-
temthrougheldmeasurements carriedout byapplication-specic
mobile monitoring equipment. In this project, PQ measurements
are being carried out according to IEC 610004-30, except for a
continuous seven-day sampling rate in the selected locations. In
the transmission system, most of the bus bars have more than one
incoming and outgoing feeder. Therefore, the number of measure-
ment points can be taken as the number of feeders for currents and
as the number of bus bars for voltages. The classication of these
points as heavy industry, urban + industrial, and urban sites are
given in Table 4, with respect to voltage level. It is noted that there
are more than 95 incoming and outgoing feeders at 33 measured
transformer substations [2931]. The real-time data are acquired
in 3s, which corresponds to 150 periods.
The most accurate multi classiers (OAA) for each PQ dataset
are indicated by red font. As seen from Table 2, the OAA method
(Error =0%, Precision=100%) is superior to the OAO method
(Error =16%, Precision=84%). Therefore, the OAA decomposition
method is chosen for the multiclass SVMin this study. According to
the results of the test data, the effectiveness of the proposed SVM
algorithmis madesuitablebyincreasingtheRBFkernel parameters
standard deviation (sigma 0.1 to 1). The polynomial kernel is worse
than the RBF kernel due to the CPU time. It has been observed that
additional properties of the feature vectors such as singular values
increase the performance of classication algorithm. The perfor-
mance of SVMalgorithmwith OAA and OAO is calculated as 100%
and 84%, respectively. Nevertheless, the performance of SVMalgo-
rithm decreases dramatically without using singular values of IF
and IA values and is calculated as 80% with OAA and 56% with OAO,
respectively. Table 5 gives a comparison of the different classiers
on the training and testing data.
Table 5
Comparison of performances of the different classiers.
Classier Error Accuracy Time (s)
SVM-Linear 0.4000 0.6000 2.136
SVM-Poly d=2 0.0000 1.000 12.711
SVM-RBF sigma =0.1 0.2800 0.7200 8.208
SVM-RBF sigma =1 0.0000 1.000 10.686
Gauss Mixture Model 0.2555 0.7444 1.493
AdaBoost +Naive Bayes 0.0400 0.9600 3.529
Bagging+Naive Bayes 0.1600 0.8400 2.577
O. Ozgonenel et al. / Electric Power Systems Research 95 (2013) 192199 199
6. Conclusion
In this paper, a different PQ monitoring approach based on
EEMD, HHT, and SVMwas proposed. EEMDwas used for signal con-
ditioning technique and two distinctive features, IA and IF, were
obtained by HHT. Then a series of statistical calculations was per-
formed to form feature matrix. The algorithm is found capable of
classifying many PQ disturbances with a high accuracy.
SVM with radial basis (sigma =1) kernel function was used for
the decision-making unit and presented high accuracy among the
other classiers. The proposed algorithm was applied to two sets
of data, one for generated data on a computer and the other for
the data obtained from TUBITAK. Practical applications showed
that the proposed hybrid algorithm can be used in power quality
monitoring software.
The analysis and results presented in this work clearly showthe
potential capability of the suggestedhybridalgorithminclassifying
the distorted PQ waveforms.
Acknowledgement
Theauthors wouldliketothankTUBITAKfor supplyingreal-time
data.
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