TestingofGeosynthetics

continued ..continued
Prof K. Rajagopal
Department of Civil Engineering g g
IIT Madras, Chennai
e-mail: gopalkr@iitmac in e-mail: gopalkr@iitm.ac.in
Recap of earlier lecture Recapofearlierlecture
Physical properties fundamental material Physicalproperties fundamentalmaterial
propertiese.g.specificgravity,massperunit
area etc area,etc.
Mechanicalproperties strengthproperties
e g tensile strength punching strength etc e.g.tensilestrength,punchingstrength,etc.
Test i ng of Geosynt het i c s - 2 2/30
Hydraulic Properties of Geotextiles HydraulicPropertiesofGeotextiles
Apparent Opening Size ApparentOpeningSize
Crossplanepermeability
l bili Inplanepermeability
Gradientratio
Longtermpermeability
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Apparent Opening Size (ASTM D4751) ApparentOpeningSize(ASTMD4751)
The ASTM method also called as the dry method TheASTMmethod,alsocalledasthedrymethod
usesglassbeadsofuniformsize
The test method involves in sieving uniform sized Thetestmethodinvolvesinsievinguniformsized
glassbeadsthroughthegeotextile
M i d i h i i l i l f Mainadvantageisthatitisrelativelyfaster
comparedtoothermethods.
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Pr oc edur e of AoS dr y si evi ng t est
Take50gmmassofsmallestsizeglassbeads(75)and
sievethemfor10minutesanddeterminethepercentage
retainedonthegeotextile.Repeatwithnexthighersize g p g
glassbeadsuntilthepercentageofglassbeadspassing
throughisx%orless.
AgraphisdrawnbetweenglassbeadsizeonXaxisand g p g
thepercentpassingonYaxis
Ifx%ofacertainparticlesizeisretainedonageotextile,
theO
x
ofthegeotextileisthesizeoftheparticleinmm
x
g p
(usually90%and95%areusedintheliterature)
ASTMdesignatedAoS isO
95
corresponding5%particles
passingthroughthegeotextile p g g g
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Equi pment s used f or AoS t est
15
10

f
i
n
e
r
5
p
e
r
c
e
n
t

0
10 100 10 100
par t i cl e si ze (mi c r ons)
Typi c al dat a f r om dr y si eve anal ysi s on a woven geot ex t i l e Typi c al dat a f r om dr y si eve anal ysi s on a woven geot ex t i l e
O
90
= 150mi c r ons
O
95
= 230 mi c r ons
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Limitations & Precautions Limitations&Precautions
Thick nonwoven geotextiles may entrap the glass Thicknonwovengeotextiles mayentraptheglass
beads
Yarns in some geotextiles may move during the Yarnsinsomegeotextiles maymoveduringthe
testthusaffectingtheAoS value
Gl b d i l fl i d f i Glassbeadsmaysimplyfloatinsteadofgoing
throughthegeotextilebecauseoftheirlowmass
Electrostaticforcesmaydevelopthusaffecting
theresults antistaticsprayisused
Test i ng of Geosynt het i c s - 2 8/30
Hydr odynami c Test Met hod f or AoS
Also called as wet sieving method.
Uniform size sand particles are used in the test. p
Geosynthetic with sand particles is repeatedly dipped
in water and taken out. Percent of sand particles
passing through the geotextile is determined after each passing through the geotextile is determined after each
test.
Procedure of test is similar to that using glass beads. g g
This procedure overcomes many of the limitations of
the dry sieve test
In some codes, well graded sand is washed down by
water and the soil particles collected below the
geotextile are analysed geotextile are analysed
Test i ng of Geosynt het i c s - 2
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No of cycl es of i mmer si on=100
R t 10/ i t Rat e=10/mi nut e
quant i t y of sand=100 g
Hydr odynami c devi c e used at I I T Madr as f or AoS t est
Test i ng of Geosynt het i c s - 2
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y y
11/30
Test i ng of Geosynt het i c s - 2
Filterdesigncriteria
Fine soil particles should not be lost (piping limit)
f Pore opening size should be large enough for the water to
flow through the geotextile freely (permeability limit)
Piping limit: O
90
s D
85
ofsoilforgranularsoils
Permeabilitylimit: O
90
> D
15
ofsoil
d O > 0 05 andO
90
> 0.05mm
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Cr oss-pl ane per meabi l i t y t est (ASTM D4491)
A
t
h
k
iA k q
n n
A
= =
Const ant head t est
50 mm head difference
q
k
t
n
= =
between the upper and
lower surfaces of
geotextile
hA t A

K
n
=permeability(m/s)
g
Water allowed to flow
through an opening of 25
di t
n
Ah=headdifference(m)
A=areaofflow(m
2
)
mm diameter
Volume of flow (>1 litre) in
a given time (>30 seconds)
=permittivity(s
1
)
t=thicknessofgeotextile
a given time ( 30 seconds)
is measured
Temperature correction
q=flowrate(m
3
/s)
needs to be applied finally
13/30 Test i ng of Geosynt het i c s - 2
Cr oss-pl ane per meabi l i t y t est devi c e
geotextile sample
water column
geotextile sample
manometers
to measure
head of water
b d above and
below
geotextile
14/30
Test i ng of Geosynt het i c s - 2
Cr oss-pl ane Per meabi l i t y Test devi c e
Water
outlet
15/30
Test i ng of Geosynt het i c s - 2
Numer i c al Ex ampl e
Data from a test on cross-plane permeability is given below.
Estimate the permeability coefficient and the permittivity.
1200 ml of water collected in 180 seconds under 50 mm
head of water Thickness of the geotextile is 0 65 mm head of water. Thickness of the geotextile is 0.65 mm.
Diameter of the opening in the permeability device is 25 mm.
Flow rate q = 1200/180 = 6.67 ml/s = 6.67*10
-6
m
3
/s
A = t/4*(0.025)
2
= 4.91*10
-4
m
2
AH = 50 mm = 0.05 m
P bilit ffi i t k /iA 1 77*10
4
/ Permeability coefficient k
n
= q/iA= 1.77*10
-4
m/s
Permittivity = k
n
/t = 0.27/s
Test i ng of Geosynt het i c s - 2 16/30
Falling head permeability test Fallingheadpermeabilitytest
h
a k
h
h
t A
a
t
k
f
o n
10
log 3 . 2
A
= =
k
n
= permeability coefficient
t = thickness of the geotextile
f t l b t til a = area of water column above geotextile
A = area of flow (25 mm diameter)
h
o
= initial height of water column = 80 mm
h =final height of water column =20 mm h
f
= final height of water column = 20 mm
At = time taken for the water head to fall from h
o
to h
f
Test i ng of Geosynt het i c s - 2 17/30
I n pl ane per meabi l i t y Test s (ASTM D4716)
Test is performed at different gradients of Testisperformedatdifferentgradientsof
0.25,0.5and1.0
Normalpressureisappliedonthesample p pp p
Minimumsizeofsampleis300mm300mm
Geotextile should be sandwiched between Geotextileshouldbesandwichedbetween
twothickrubbersheetstopreventany
leakage
18/30
Test i ng of Geosynt het i c s - 2
Schemat i c of i n pl ane per meabi l i t y devi c e
Length = L
geotextilesample
Length L
gradientofflow,i =waterhead/length
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Inplanepermeabilitydevice
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I n pl ane per meabi l i t y Test s (ASTM D4716)
i iA ) (
Const ant head t est
L h i
q
t
k
t w i
k
iA
k
q
p
p p
/ ;
) (
A = = =
= =
u
iw
k
p
;
q=rateofflow(m
3
/s)
k = in plane permeability coefficient (m/s) k
p
=inplanepermeabilitycoefficient(m/s)
i =gradientofflow=Ah/L
Ah=headdifferenceinflow(m)
L length of the sample (m) L=lengthofthesample(m)
w=widthofthesample(m)
t=thicknessofthesample(m)
u t i i it (
2
/
3
/ )
21/30
Test i ng of Geosynt het i c s - 2
u =transmissivity(m
2
/sorm
3
/sm)
Numericalexample inplaneflow
Datafromaninplanetransmissivityflowtestonajutegeotextile
isgivenbelow.Calculatethetransmissivityandinplane
permeabilitycoefficient. permeability coefficient.
Oneliterofwatercollectedin60seconds.Thicknessofthe
geotextileis2mm.Widthandlengthofthesampleare300mm.
Headdifference=300mm.
i = 300/300 = 1 i =300/300=1
q=1/60=0.0167l/s=1.67*10
5
m
3
/s
k
p
=q/i*w*t=1.67*10
5
/(1*0.3*2/1000)=0.027m/s
p
q ( )
u =k
p
*t=0.027*2/1000=5.55*10
5
m
2
/s
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3.00E05
2 00E 05
2.50E05
3.00E 05
s
e
c
)
1.50E05
2.00E05

r
a
t
e

(
m
3
/
s
5.00E06
1.00E05
F
l
o
w
0.00E+00
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Pressure (kPa)
Var i at i on of i n pl ane f l ow r at e w i t h nor mal pr essur e
Test i ng of Geosynt het i c s - 2
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Radialinplaneflowapparatus
r
r q
t
k
= =u
) / ln(
1
2
h
t
k
p
A
= =
t
u
2
Test i ng of Geosynt het i c s - 2
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GradientRatioTest(ASTMD5101)
overflow
100mmsoil
column
geotextile
50mm
25mm
MANOMETERS
PERMEAMETER
Test i ng of Geosynt het i c s - 2
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Flowthroughasoilunderlainbyageotextilefilterlayerisanalysed
Compatibilitybetweenthetwoisestablished
Gradientratiotest
Flowthroughasoilunderlainbyageotextile
filter layer is analysed filterlayerisanalysed
Compatibilitybetweenthetwoisestablished
Diff t h d f t d Differentheadsofwateraremeasured
50 / ) (
25 / ) (
1 2
h h
h h
GR

=
l
h
3
50 / ) (
2 3
h h

Mass of piped particles = mass/sample area
soil
geotextile
h
1
h
2
h
3
For good compatibility between the
geotextile and soil, steady state GR value
should be less than 3.
50mm
25mm
25mm
Test i ng of Geosynt het i c s - 2 26/30
2.5
NONWOVEN WOVEN
1.5
2
V
A
L
U
E
0.5
1
G
R

V
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
TIME(HR)
Gradientratiotestsontwodifferenttypesofgeotextilesandbeachsand
After long time, steady state of flow is established
Test i ng of Geosynt het i c s - 2 27/30
Afterlongtime,steadystateofflowisestablished
Long term flow test Longtermflowtest
The gradient ratio apparatus can also be used Thegradientratioapparatuscanalsobeused
fordeterminingthepermeabilitycoefficient
over long term Flow rates can be determined overlongterm.Flowratescanbedetermined
afterestablishingsteadyconditionsand
permeability coefficient can be determined permeabilitycoefficientcanbedetermined.
Interpretationoftestresultsasinthetestsin
soil mechanics laboratory soilmechanicslaboratory
Test i ng of Geosynt het i c s - 2 28/30
Test i ng of Geosynt het i c s - 2 29/30
Schematic results from long term permeability tests
Recap Recap
Determination of different hydraulic properties Determinationofdifferenthydraulicproperties
ofgeotextiles
Opening Size OpeningSize
Crossplanepermeability
Inplane permeability Inplane permeability
GradientRatio
L T Fl LongTermFlow
Test i ng of Geosynt het i c s - 2 30/30