1. Agonist --------- (Peter Baumann) A molecule or compound bind to the receptor and causes it to response or activate. 2.

Antagonist-------- (Duke Do) A molecule or compound competes with the natural ligand to bind with the receptor and deactivate it. 3. Upregulation------- (Pankaj Jagasia) Cells exposed for a prolonged period of time to very low concentrations of a messenger and have more receptors available. 4. Downregulation------ (John Majewski) High concentration of a messenger is maintained outside of the cell membrane causing the receptors reduce in availability. 5. Signal Transduction----- (Anamika Mishty) The diverse sequences of events link receptor activation to cellular responses. 6. Protein Kinase------- (Sahba Safavi) This is the kinase enzyme that modifies other proteins by transferring phosphate groups from the donor molecules like the ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) to specific substrate and this process calls phosphorylation usually results in a functional change of the target protein by changing enzyme activity, cellular location, or association with other proteins. 7. First Messenger------ (Dennis Wang) This is the extracellular chemical messenger to reach the cell and bind to their specific plasma membrane receptor. 8. Second Messenger---- (Deborah Brubaker) This is the substances that enter or are generated in the cytoplasm as a result of receptor activation by the first messenger. 9. Neuron------- (Javier Giron) Basic unit of the nervous system is the individual nerve cell. Generating electrical signals that move from one part of the cell to another part of the same cell or to neighboring cells by release of chemical messengers call neurotransmitters. 50% of the human CNS and the rest is glial cells 10. Central Nervous System-- (Wesley Jones) (CNS) Composed of the brain and spinal cord 11. Peripheral Nervous System- (Francesca McGuffie) The nerves that connect the brain and spinal cord with the bodys muscles, glands, sense organ, and other tissues. 12. Synapse---- (Jean-Claude Momo) Junction between 2 neurons where one neuron alters the electrical and chemical activity of another. Most synapses occur between an axon terminal of one neuron and a dendrites or the cell body of a second neuron. But it could be any other combinations: dendrites and dendrites, dendrites and cell body, axon and axon.

13. Neurotransmitter----- (Nitin Shankar) The chemical messenger uses by the neuron for communication. Cause EPSPs and IPSPs 14. Blood-Brain Barrier--- (Brendan Cummings) Astrocyte is one type the glial cells that stimulate the formation of tight junctions between cells that make up the walls of capillaries found in CNS or the blood-brain barrier. 15. Apoptosis----- (Jessica Ha) The neurons undergo a programmed self-destruction in the developing of CNS. 16. Action Potential---- (Sora Kim) The large alterations in the membrane potential; the membrane potential may change by as much as 100mV. Very rapid as brieaf as 1-4 mlSec and may repeat at frequencies of several hundred/second 17. Neuromodulator----- (Karan Mehta) Via second messengers cause more complex metabolic effects in the postsynaptic cell. Its action is usually slower than neurotransmitter. 18. Sympathetic System----- (Alexander Novichenok) One of the 3 major part of the autonomic nervous system (ANS or visceral nervous system or involuntary nervous system) or part of the peripheral nervous system that acts as a control system to mobilize the bodys nervous system fight-or-flight response (a physiological reaction that occurs in response to a perceived harmful event, attack, or threat to survival.) It is constantly active at a basic level to maintain homeostasis. 19. Parasympathetic System-- (Bradley Walker) One of the 3 major part of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) or part of the peripheral nervous system that regulate of internal organs and glands occurs unconsciously. It is responsible for stimulation of rest-and-digest or feed-and breed activities that occur when the body is at rest, especially after eating, including sexual arousal, salivation, lacrimation (tears), urination,digestion and defecation.

The enteric nervous system (ENS) or intrinsic nervous system is one of the main divisions of the autonomic nervous system and consists of a mesh-like system of neurons that governs the [1] function of the gastrointestinal system. The ENS is capable of autonomous functions[4] such as the coordination of reflexes;