Spoken Kashmiri

A LA N G U A G E C OURSE

Omkar N Koul

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF LANGUAGE STUDIES

SPOKEN KASHMIRI : A LANGUAGE COURSE by OMKAR N. KOUL Indian Institute of Language Studies Copyright: The Author Rs. 150. US$ 25 First Published 1987 Second Edition 2004 Published by Indian Institute of Language Studies C-13 Greenview Apartments 33/ Sector 9, Rohini, Delhi 110085

Distributors: Creative Books CB-24, Ring Road, Naraina Delhi 110028

Contents
Transcription ... Introduction .. Lesson 1 ... Lesson 2 ... Lesson 3 ... Lesson 4 ... Lesson 5 ... Lesson 6 ... Lesson 7 ... Lesson 8 ... Lesson 9 ... Lesson 10 ... Lesson 11 ... Lesson 12 ... Lesson 13 ... Lesson 14 Lesson 15 ... Lesson 16 ... Lesson 17 ... Lesson 18 ... Lesson 19 ... Lesson 20 ... Appendix (Classified Vocabulary of Kashmiri) References 134 4 5 11 18 23 28 33 37 42 47 53 59 66 72 79 84 89 95 100 104 110 115

119

Transcription Vowels Front Unrounded High Mid Low Consonants Stops: VI. unasp VI. asp Vd. Unasp. Affricates: VI. unasp. VI. asp. Vd. Unasp. Nasals: Fricatives: VI. Vd. Lateral: Trill: Semi-vowels B. p ph b D. t th d ts tsh m n s z I v i e i: e:

Central Back Rounded

: :

u o

u: o:
:

a R.
t th d

a: P.

V. k kh g

c ch j sh r h

Nasalization of vowels is indicated by the nasal sign over the vowels. The palatalization of consonants is indicated by an apostrophe sign after the consonantal letter: p, b , etc. Abbreviations Abbreviations used are as follows: s. sg. (singular), p. pI. (plural), m. (masculine), f. (feminine), hon. (honorific) non-hon (non honorific), vl. (voiceless), vd. (voiced), unasp (unaspirated) asp. (aspirated), i. (intransitive), t. (transitive), B(bilabial), D(Dental),R (Retroflex), P (Palatal),V (Velar), G (glottal).

Introduction
Area and Speakers The Kashmiri language is called k :shur or k :shir zaba:n by its native speakers. It is primarily spoken in the Kashmir Valley of the state of Jammu and Kashmir in India. According to the 1981 census there are 30,76,398 speakers of the language. The census was not conducted in the year 1991. Keeping in view the rise of the population over last many years, the current number of its speakers will be around four million. Kashmiri is also spoken by Kashmiris settled in other parts of India, and other countries. The language spoken in and around Srinagar is regarded as the standard variety. It is used in literature, mass media and education. Classification and Dialects There is a general consensus amongst historical linguists that Kashmiri belongs to the Dardic branch of the Indo-Aryan family. Grierson (1919), Morgenstierne (1961), Fussman (1972) classify Kashmiri under Dardic group of Indo-Aryan languages. The term Dardic is stated to be only a geographical convention and not a linguistic expression. The classification of Kashmiri and other Dardic languages has been reviewed in some works (Kachru 1969, Strand 1973, Koul and Schmidt 1984) with different purposes in mind. Kachru points out linguistic characteristics of Kashmiri. Strand presents his observations on Kafir languages. Koul and Schmidt have reviewed the literature on the classification of Dardic languages and have investigated the linguistic characteristics or features of these languages with special reference of Kashmiri and Shina. Kashmiri has two types of dialects: (a) Regional dialects and (b) Social dialects. Regional dialects are further of two types: (i) those regional dialects or variations which are spoken in the regions inside the valley of Kashmir and (ii) those which are spoken in the regions outside the valley of Kashmir. Kashmiri speaking area in the valley is ethno-semantically divided into three regions: (1) Maraz (southern and south-

eastern region), (2) Kamraz (northern and north-western region) and (3) Srinagar and its neighboring areas. There are some minor linguistic variations mainly at the phonological and lexical levels. Kashmiri spoken in the three regions is not only mutually intelligible but quite homogeneous. These dialectical variations can be termed as different styles of the same speech. Since Kashmiri, spoken in and around Srinagar has gained some social prestige, very frequent style switching takes places from Marazi or Kamrazi styles to that of the style of speech spoken in Srinagar and its neighboring areas. This phenomena of style switching is very common among the educated speakers of Kashmiri. Kashmiri spoken in Srinagar and surrounding areas continues to hold the prestige of being the standard variety which is used in mass media and literature. There are two main regional dialects, namely Poguli and Kashtawari spoken outside the valley of Kashmiri (Koul and Schmidt 1984). Poguli is spoken in the Pogul and Paristan valleys bordered on the east by Rambani and Siraji, and on the west by mixed dialects of Lahanda and Pahari. The speakers of Poguli are found mainly to the south, south-east and south-west of Banihal. Poguli shares many linguistic features including 70% vocabulary with Kashmiri (Koul and Schmidt 1984). Literate Poguli speakers of Pogul and Pakistan valleys speak standard Kashmiri as well. Kashtawari is spoken in the Kashtawar valley, lying to the south east of Kashmir. It is bordered on the south by Bhadarwahi, on the west by Chibbali and Punchi, and on the east by Tibetan speaking region of Zanskar. Kashtawari shares most of the linguistic features of standard Kashmiri, but retains some archaic features which have disappeared from the latter. It shares about 80% vocabulary with Kashmiri (Koul and Schmidt 1984) . No detailed sociolinguistic research work has been conducted to study different speech variations of Kashmiri spoken by different communities and speakers who belong to different areas, professions and occupations. In some earlier works beginning with Grierson (1919: 234) distinction has been pointed out in two speech variations of Hindus and Muslims, two major communities who speak Kashmiri natively. Kachru (1969) has used the terms Sanskritized Kashmiri and Persianized Kashmiri

to denote the two style differences on the grounds of some variations in pronunciation, morphology and vocabulary common among Hindus and Muslims. It is true that most of the distinct vocabulary used by Hindus is derived from Sanskrit and that used by Muslims is derived from Person-Arabic sources. On considering the phonological and morphological variations (besides vocabulary) between these two dialects, the terms used by Kachru do not appear to be appropriate or adequate enough to represent the two socio-dialectical variations of styles of speech. The dichotomy of these social dialects is not always clear-cut. One can notice a process of style switching between the speakers of these two dialects in terms of different situations and participants. The frequency of this style switching process between the speakers of these two communities mainly depends on different situations and periods of contact between the participants of the two communities at various social, educational and professional levels. Koul (1986) and Dhar (1984) have presented co-relation between certain linguistic and social variations of Kashmiri at different social and regional levels. The sociolinguistic variations of the language deserve a detailed study. Unique Characteristics Kashmiri is closely related to Shina and some other languages of the North-West frontier. It also shares some morphological features such as pronominal suffixes with Sindhi and Lahanda. However, Kashmiri is different from all other Indo-Aryan languages in certain phonological, morphological and syntactic features. For example, Kashmiri has a set of central vowels / , :, 
  / , and dental affricates /ts/ and /tsh/ which are not found in other Indo-Aryan languages. In a similar way, in Kashmiri the finite verb always occurs in the second position with the exception in relative clause constructions. The word order in Kashmiri, thus, resembles the one in German, Dutch, Icelandic, Yiddish and a few other languages. These languages form a distinct set and are currently known as Verb Second (V-2) languages. Note that the word order generated by V-2 languages is quite different from Verb middle languages

such as English. In a V-2 language, any constituent of a sentence can precede the verb. It is worth mentioning here that Kashmiri shows several unique features which are different from the above mentioned other V-2 languages. Script Various scripts have been used for Kashmiri. The main scripts are: Sharda, Devanagari, Roman and Perso-Arabic. The Sharda script, developed around the 10th century, is the oldest script used for Kashmiri. The script was not developed for writing Kashmiri. It was primarily used for writing Sanskrit by the local scholars at that time. Besides a large number of Sanskrit literary works, old Kashmiri works were written in this script. This script does not represent all the phonetic characteristics of the Kashmiri language. It is now being used for very restricted purposes (for writing horoscopes) by the priestly class of the Kashmiri Pandit community. The Devanagari script with additional diacritical marks is used for Kashmiri by writers and researchers in representing the data from Kashmiri texts in their writings in Hindi related to language, literature and culture. It is also used as an additional script (besides Perso-Arabic)or alternate script in certain literary works, religious texts including devotional songs written by Hindu writers outside the valley of Kashmir after their migration from the valley. It is being used by a few journals namely Koshur Samachar, Kshir Bhawani Times, Vitasta, and Milchar on regular basis. Certain amount of inconsistency prevails in the use of diacritic signs. The diacritic signs for writing Kashmiri in this script have recently been standardized and the computer software is available for it. It is not yet used in all the publications. The Roman script is also used for Kashmiri but is not very popular. The Roman script with phonetic diacritic signs is used in the presentation of data from Kashmiri in the linguistic and literary works related to the Kashmiri language and literature written in English. It is also used in instructional materials for teaching and or learning Kashmiri as a second/foreign language through the medium of English. However, there is no uniformity in the use of diacritic signs.

The Perso-Arabic script with additional diacritical marks now known as Kashmiri script has been recognized as the official script for Kashmiri by the Jammu and Kashmir Government and is now widely used in publications in the language. It still lacks standardization (Koul 1996). The computer software is available for writing Kashmiri in this script. Learning of Kashmiri as a second/foreign language In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in learning Kashmiri as a second/foreign language. Kashmiri is being taught as a second language at the Northern Regional Language Centre (CIIL) Patiala since 1971. A limited number of pedagogical materials in the from of language courses and supplementary materials have been produced in Kashmiri so far. Kachru (1969,1973) has made first serious attempt in this regard. Koul(1985,1995) has prepared two textbooks for teaching basic and intermediate level courses in Kashmiri at the NRLC Patiala. They introduce all major structures of the Kashmiri language. Bhat (1982) and Raina(1995) have prepared readers in for teaching Kashmiri at the first two levels at the sochool level. They contain lessons on the Kashmiri script and some structures. Bhat (2001) has prepared an audio-cassette course in Kashmiri with a manual useful for the second language learners of Kashmiri. The present book is essentially a self-instructional course. It contains 20 lessons presenting basic structures of the Kashmiri language. Each lesson contains usually one major structure along with related patterns. All the lessons consist of text, mostly in the form of dialogues, followed by drills, exercises, vocabulary and notes on grammar. Texts are given with equivalent English translations. It is to be noted that these English translations have no one to one correspondence with Kashmiri, either structurally or stylistically but are intended, only to convey the general meaning.

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Drills are provided for the oral practice of the structure and teachable items introduced in each lesson. The types of drills introduced are: Substitution drill, Repetition drill, Transformation drill, and Response drill. The main types of exercises used in this book are: Fill in the blanks using suitable words, completion of sentences, answering of questions, using of words and phrases in sentences etc. The drills and exercise are designed to help the development of learners linguistic competence in the language systematically. The vocabulary section lists lexical items, which occur in the lesson for the first time. The English meanings given for the lexical items are generally restricted to the context they occur in the lesson. The notes on grammar are provided from the functional point of view and the use of technical terms is kept to the minimum. The learners may consult other sources (Kachru 1969, 1973, Koul 1977, 1985, Koul and Hook 1984, Bhat 1986, and Wali and Koul 1997) for more detailed grammatical descriptions. The appendix provides a list of classified vocabulary in Kashmiri. The learners who use this book as a self-instructional course must ensure that they practice drills and attempt exercises given in each lesson with the assistance of a native speaker of Kashmiri or from the lessons recorded, to be obtained from the publishers. This book was first published in 1987. It is reprinted with minor revisions. I would like to thank Mr Sunil Fotedar for making it available on net and encouraging me to bring out its second reprint.

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Lesson 1
1. yi ka: chu? yi chu me:z. yi chu ka:kaz. yi chu kalam. 2. hu ka: chu? hu chu darva:z  . hu chu pankh  hu chu pard  3. yim ka: chi? yim chi me:z. yim chi ka:kaz. yim chi kalam. 4. hum ka: chi? hum chi darva:z  . hum chi pankh  hum chi pard  . 5. yi ka: ch a? yi cha kita:b. yi cha kami:z. yi cha dava:th. 6. yim yim yim yim ka: cha? cha kita:b  . cha k mi:z . cha dav :ts. What is this? This is a table. This is a paper. This is a pen. What is that? That is a door. That is a fan. That is a curtain. What are these? These are tables. These are papers. These are pens. What are those? Those are doors. Those are fans. Those are curtains. What is this? This is a book. This is a shirt. This is an inkpot. What are these? These are books. These are shirts. These are inkpots. What is that?

7. h  ka: cha?

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h  cha g r. h  cha v :j h  cha kursi: 8. hum hum hum hum Drills I. Substitution drill (i) yi/hu chu --duka:n a shop maka:n a house pa:l  a cup kul tree (iii) yi/h  cha ---. k  key d j handkerchief t cap  u:p b  niya:n pullover II. Transformations drill yi chu kul. > yi chu maka:n. > hu chu p a:l  . > hu chu ko:t  h. > yi cha d  :r. > yi cha alm :r. > h cha ka:pi:. > h cha cit >  h. ka: cha? cha gari. cha va:ji. cha kursiyi.

That is a watch. That is a ring. That is a chair. What are those? Those are watches. Those are rings. Those are chairs.

(ii) yim/hum chi --duka:n shops maka:n houses pa:l  cups kul trees (iv) yim /hum cha --k  keys daji handkerchiefs t caps  o:pi b  niya:n  pullovers yim chi kul. yim chi maka:n. hum chi pa:l  . hum chi ko:t  h. yim cha da:ri. yim cha alma:ri. hum cha ka:piyi. hum cha cit  hi.

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Exercises I. Fill in the blanks using Kashmiri equivalents of the words given in brackets yi chu ---(pen) hu chu---(cup) h ! cha ---(window) hu chu ---(tree) hum chi ---(doors) hum" cha ---(caps)

II. Answer the following questions yi ka: chu? (darva:z " ) hu ka: chu? (ko:t# h) hu ka: chu? (pa:l " ) h ! ka: cha? (alm $ :r) h ! k a: cha? (k% &(' yi chu drava:z" . hum ka: chi? (kalam) hum ka: chi? (pard " ) # o:pi) hum" ka: cha? (t hum) ka: cha? (ka:piyi)

III. Write down 20 sentences using words from the table below: yi, hu yim, hum h - , hum) Notes In. this lesson, we lave introduced. pimple declarative and interrogative sentences using demonstrative pronouns, forms of the copular verb in the present tense and an interrogative word ka: what. Dernonstrative pronoun Kashmiri has the following three term system of demonstrative pronouns in the nominative case. Masculine Sg. Pl. yi this yim Feminine Sg. Pl. yi yim) chu chi cha kita:b, v*+ j, k, & k, & ) , alma:ri pard ) , dav* :ts, d* :r, daji, pa:l ) , t . o:pi, da:ri, ka:piyi

Prox

14

Rem II. Rem. II

hu that su that

hum tim

h/ s/

hum0 tim0

These demonstrative pronouns can be used with both animate and inanimate subjects. The third category of demonstrative pronouns has not been used in this lesson. The term ti can also be used alternately with su or s / in case the subject is inanimate. The masculine plural forms yim, hum and tim are used for honorific singular subjects as well. Word-order In Kashmiri, the verb usually comes in the second position. The surface word order of a simple declarative sentence is subject +verb+object. The word-order of a question word interrogative sentence is: subject + interrogative word + verb+ remaining constituents, e.g., yi chu me:z yi ka: chu? Copular verb The copular verb agrees with the subject in both number and gender. Following are forms of the copular verb in present tense used with third person subject: Masculine Sg. Pl. chu cha Gender There are two genders in Kashmiri: masculine and feminine. All the inanimate nouns (as well as animate ones) are assigned to one of the two genders. Feminine Sg. Pl. cha chi This is a table. What is this?

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Number There are two numbers: singular and plural. There are different types of rules for plural formation which apply according to the phonological structure of the words. Some of these rules are indicated below: (1) Most of the consonant ending and vowel / 1 / ending masculine nouns do not change in their plural form: me:z duka:n table( s) shop (s) kalam pard 1 pen(s) curtain(s)

(2) The vowels /o:/ and /o/ changes into /e:/ and /a/ respectively and the word final non-palatal consonants are palatalized: kul tree mo:l father 3 pitcher not 3 a boy kot > > > > kul m2 :l 3 n2 t 3 k2 t trees fathers pitchers boys

(3) Palatal consonants do not change in plural forms: bo:y brother > b 2 :y brothers

(4) The second vowel /u/ in disyllabic words changes to /a/ in plural forms: k4 kur cock batukh duck > > k4 kar cocks batakh ducks

(5) Most of the feminine plurals are formed by adding suffixes -1 or -i depending on the phonological structure of the word. After these suffixes are added, certain other changes may take place Sg. Pl.

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-5

-i

kita:b kami:z k89 ka:pi: g7 r : h cit : u:p t

book shirt key copy watch letter cap

+ + + + + + +

6 6 5

i i i i

> > > > > > >

kita:b 6 k7 mi:z 6 k89 5 ka:piyi gari : hi cit : o:pi t

(6) Besides certain changes in vowels, the consonants /th/, : / and /d : / change into /ts/, /c/ and /j/ respectively, e.g., /t ra:th night dava:th inkpot : a plank p7 t : l 7 nd branch > > > > r 7 :ts nights dav7 :ts inkpots paci planks of wood lanji branches

(7) In one case there is a change of only vowel: ga:v cow > g7 :v cows

(8) The /i/ ending feminine nouns do not change in their plural forms, e.g., beni sister(s). Vocabulary yi hu yim hum h; hum5 chu chi cha cha ka: m m m f f m m f.s. f.p. this that/he these those that/she those is are is are what kursi: duka:n maka:n pa:l 5 kul k89 d7 j : u:p t b 7 niya:n :h ko:t alm7 :r f m m m m f. f. f. f. m. f. chair shop house cup tree key handkerchief cap pullover coat almirah

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me:z ka:kaz kalam beni < l = nd darva:z> pankh ? pard > kita:b k= mi:z dava:th g= r

m m m f m m m f f f f

table paper pen sister branch door fan curtain book shirt inkpot watch

< h cit ka:pi: mo:l < not < kot bo:y k@ kur batukh ra:th paT ga:v v= :j

f. f. m m. m m f f f

letter copy father pitcher boy brother cock duck night a plank cow ring

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Lesson 2
1. yi kus chu? yi chu dob. yi chu s A ts. yi chu cha:n. yi chu mozu:r. 2. hu kus chu? hu chu nB :yid. hu chu dB sil. hu chu duka:nda:r. hu chu gru:s. 3. yim kam chi? yim chi dob. yim chi sits. yim chi cha:n yim chi mozu:r. 4. hum kam chi? hum chi nB :yid. hum chi dB sil. hum chi duka:nda:r. hum chi gr A :s. 5. yim kam chi? yim chi d C a:kt C ar s B :b. yim chi ma:st C arji: yim chi vB ki:l s B :b. yim chi inji:niyar. 6. hum kam chi? hum chi dar sB :b. Who is this? This is a washerman. This is a tailor. This is a carpenter. This is a laborer. Who is that? That is a barber. That is a mason. That is a shopkeeper. That is a farmer. Who are these? These are washermen. These are tailors. These are carpenters. These are laborers. Who are those? Those are barbers. Those are masons, Those are shopkeepers. Those are farmers. Who is this? This is a doctor. This is a teacher. This is an advocate. This is an engineer. Who is that? That is Mr. Dhar.

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hum chi khan sD :b. hum chi r D :na: sD :b. hum chi mohanji: 7. yim cha: ko:l sD :b? a:, yim chi ko:l sD :b yim cha: sohanji? na, yim chin E sohanji: yim chi sha:mji:
F arji:? 8. hum cha: ma:st na, hum chin E ma:st G arji: H a:kt H ar. hum chi d humI cha: nJ rs I ? a:, humI cha nJ rs I .

That is Mr. Khan. That is Mr. Raina. That is Mohanji. Is this Mr. Koul? Yes, this is Mr. Koul. Is this Sohan? No, this is not Sohan. This is Sham. Is that a teacher? No, that is not a teacher. That is a doctor. Are those nurses? Yes, those are nurses.

Drills I. Substitution drill 1. yi/hu chu --s K nur goldsmith kha:r blacksmith cu:kdar chowkidar 3. yim/hum cha: ---? me:jar major sipa:h soldier duka:nda:r II. Transformations drill yi chu sonur. > yi chu kha:r. > hu chu cu:kdar. > hu chu sipa:h. > su chu mozu:r. > su chu dJ sil. > s K cha nJ r I s. > yam chi sorn I r. yim chi kha:r. hum chi cu:kdar. hum chi sipa:h. tim chi mozu:r. tim chi dJ sil. timI cha n J rs I . 2. yim/hum chi --swan I r kha:r cu:kdar 4. yim/hum chi --H arji: ma:st H a:kt H ar s J :b d vJ ki:l s J :b

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Exercises I. Fill in the blanks using Kashmiri equivalents of the words given in brackets: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
L a:kt L ar, yim chin M --yim chi d (lawyer) yim chi mozu:r, yim chin M --(masons) yi chun M n N :yid, yi chu --(carpenter) yi chan M n N r M s, yi cha --(teacher) hu chu duka:nda:r, hu chun M --(soldier) hu chu kha:r, hu chun M --(goldsmith) L a:kt L ar, swa chan M --s O cha d (nurse) s O cha dobba:y, s O chan M --(tailor) tim chi sits, tim chin M --(washermen) L arba:yi, timM chan M ---(nurses) timM cha ma:st

II. Answer the following questions:

L a:kt L ar s N :b? 1, yim cha: d 2. yim cha: vN ki:l sN :b? 3. yim china: mozu:r? 4. humM cha: nN rs M ? L arba:yi? 5. humM cha: ma:st 6. tim cha: duka:nda:r?

(a:) (na) (a:) (na) (a:) (na)

L a:kt L ar sN :b. a:, yim chi d

III. Write down 20 sentences using words from the table below: yi/yim hu/hum su/tim s O /timM Notes In this lesson demonstrative pronouns and question words have been used for animate subjects, along with the forms of chu/chun M chi/chin M cha/chan M gru:s/mozu:r cha:n/cu:kdar L a:kt L ar n N r M s/ d L arba:y ma:st

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copular verb. Question words Following question words are used with animate subjects agreeing with the subject in number and gender: Masculine Sg Pl. kus kam Feminine Sg. kP s Pl. kamQ

Yes-no answer type questions . Yes - no answer type questions are formed by adding interrogative particle -a: to the (copular) verb. When this particle. is, added, the preceding vowel, if any, gets deleted, e.g., chu + a: = cha: chi + a: = cha: cha + a: = cha: chun Q + a: = chuna: chin Q + a: = china: chan Q +a: = chana:

Short answers to such questions can either be a: yes or na no. These short answers may optionally be followed by a complete statement as in the following examples: yi cha: d R a:kt R ar? a:, yi chu d R a:kt R ar. yim cha: vS ki:l? na, yim chin Q vS ki:l. Negation The negative particle n T not - is added after the copular verb in the negative statement, e.g.,
U ar. yim chi ma:st U ar. yim chin V ma:st

Is this a doctor? Yes, this is a doctor. Is this a lawyer? No, this is not a lawyer,

This is a teacher. This is not a teacher.

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Honorific titles The honorific titles sW :b (Hindi-Urdu sa:hib) and ji: are added with the names of persons for indicating respect or politeness. Whereas sW :b is added generally to the surnames of Hindus and Muslims, ji: is added to the first (and middle) names of Hindus only. dar s X :b mohanji:/mohanla:lji: Mr. Dhar Mohanji/Mohanlalji

Both s X :b and ji: are used with the professional titles of persons belonging to both communities, e.g.,
Y a:kt Y ar s X :b d Y ar sX :b/ma:st Y ar ji: ma:st

Vocabulary kus m.s. kam m.p. kas f.s. kamZ f.p. dob m.s. s Z ts cha:n m mozu:r n X :yid m d X sil m duka:nda:r gru:s m Y a:kt Y ar d inji:niyar who who who who washerman tailor carpenter laborer barber mason shopkeeper farmer doctor engineer
Y ar ma:st nX r Z s s [ nur kha:r cu:kdar me:jar sipa:h a: na nZ s X :b ji: vX ki:l

teacher, master nurse m goldsmith m blacksmith m chowkidar major soldier yes no not honorific title polite title lawyer

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Lesson 3
A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. yim k\ ts shur chi? yim chi z] shur. hum k\ ts chi? hum chi tre shur. hum] k\ ts ko:ri cha? hum^ cha tso:r ko:ri _ k] chi? tim k\ :ta:h l \ d _ k] tim chi p:tsh l \ d yim] cha: she zana:n ] na, yim] cha sath. _ h mar ] d? hum cha: \ :t na, hum chi nav. yim] k\ :tsa:h kursiyi cha? yim] cha d\ h. How many children are these? These are two children. How many are those? Those are three children. How many girls are those? Those are four girls. How many boys are those? Those are five boys. Are these six women? No, these are seven. Are those eight men? No, those are nine. How many chairs are these? These are ten. This is a good garden. This place is clean. This place is very beautiful. These flowers are white. Those flowers are pink. The grass is green. These two trees are good. This water is cold. The tea is hot. The sun is hot. This boy is short. Those two boys are not short. This girl is short (in height). Those women are short. This cloth is blue.

2. yi chu akh ja:n ba:g. yi ja:y cha sa:ph. yi ja:y cha sat_ ha: khu:bsu:rath. yim po:sh chi saphe:d. hum po:sh chi gul \ :b. ga:s ] chu sab ] z. yim z] kul chi ja:n. yi po:n chu sar ] d. ca:y cha gar ] m. ta:ph chu tot.
_ k ] chu tshot _. 3. yi l\ d _ k] chin ] tshot _ . hum z] l \ d _. yi ku:r cha tshot hum] zana:n ] cha tsh ` ci. yi chu nu:l kapur.

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yim chi ni:l palav. yi cha ni:j ka mi:z. yimb cha ni:ji ka mi:zb . Drills I. Substitution drill (1) yim/hum kats ---? yinsa:n c kb la d kul ja:nvar (3) yi/hu shur chu --c ul ga:t c tshot zu:tc h za :vul II. Transformations drill yi chu zu:tc h kul. yi chu za :vul kul. hu chu nu:l po:sh c la d c kb . hu chu tshot c b j ku:r. h d cha ga:t c h. h d zana:n cha zi:t ck c b chu ga:t c ul. su l a d su chu da:na:. Exercises I. > > > > > > > >

These clothes are blue. This is a blue shirt. These are blue shirts.

(2) yimb /humb ka ts ---? kita:b b kursiyi zana:n b ko:ri (4) yi/h d ku:r cha --c tshot ch zi:t za :vij ga:t bc j

c h kul. yim chi zi:t yim chi za :vil kul. hum chi ni:l po:sh. c la d c kb . hum chi tshot humb cha ga:t bc ji ko:ri. hume zana:n e cha ze:chi. ck c b chi ga:t bc l. tim l a d tim chi da:na:.

Fill in the blanks using Kashmiri equivalents of the words given in brackets: 1. yim chi p:tsh ...(boys) 6. yim kul chi (short)

25

2. yim chi sath ... (men) 3. humg chan g dh h ...(women) 4. yi ba:g chu :(beautiful) 5. yim po:sh chi ...(white) II. Answer the following questions: 1. yim kh :ta:h chi? f g chi? 2. yim kh ts maka:n 3. yi cha: zu:tf h kul? 4. hu cha: saphe:d po:sh? f g m? 5. yi ca:y cha: gar 6. ta:ph cha: tot? 7. po:n chuna: sarf g d? f g chuna: sab g z? 8. ga:s 9. yim china: sa:ph paiav? f g l? 10. yim china: satf ha: ga:t

f g ko:ri cha ... (slim) 7. hum f g ... (cold) 8. ca:y chan f g ... (blue) 9. po:sh chin f g ko:ri cha ... (tall) 10. yim

(dh h) (she) (a:) (na) (a:) (na) (na) (a:) (a:) (a:)

yim chi d h h.

II. Write down 20 sentences using words from the table below: yi/hu/h i fg yim/hum/hum su/s i fg tim/tim
fg shur/shur chu/chun fg ba:g cha/chan fg maka:n j chi/chin po:sh ko:ri kul

sa:ph ja:n zh :vul/z h :vil f h zu:tf h/zi:t zh :vij/zh :viji nu:l/ni:l/ni:j/ni:ji

Notes Numerals In this lesson cardinal numerals from 1 to 10 have been introduced. All the numerals have been given in the appendix.

26

Adjectival complements The copular verb a:sun to be takes adjectival (adjectives/ adjective phrases) as complements besides nominal and adverbial. There are two kinds of adjectives: (1) those which are not inflected for number and gender of the. nouns they modify; and (2) those which are inflected. Adjectives like sab k l z green, saphe:d white, gulm :b, pink, ja:n good, sar n o d cold., p o m hot etc. fall in the da:na: wise khu:bsu:rath beautiful gar first category of adjectives. Following are the forms of some of the adjectives which are inflected for number and fender of the nouns they modify Masculine Sg. nu:l vq zul 1odur kruhun zs :vul zu:tp h votp h p ul ga:t p tshot tot Pl. ni:l p r l vq z p r r led prh p r n kr zs :v p r l p h zi:t vet p h p r l ga:t p tshot t s t Feminine Sg. ni:j prj vq z prr led prh p r n kr zs :vij ph zi:t v s t ph p rp t j ga:t p tshot t s ts Pl. ni:ji vq zji ledri kr s hni zs :viji ze:chi vechi p r ji ga:t tsh q ci pr tats

blue red yellow black slim tall fat wise short hot

Question word ku ts how many The question word ku ts is used for both masculine and feminine objects. ku :ta:h/ ku ts is used for masculine, and ku :tsa:h or k o :ts o for feminine objects only, e.g.,
pk p r /ko:ri ks ts ls d pk pr ks :ta:h/k s ts l s d p r :ts p r ko:ri ks :tsa:h/k

How many boys/girls How many boys How many girls

27

Vocabulary kv ts kv :ta:h m. kv :tsa:h f. kv :ta:h m. w x :ts y k f. khu:bsu:rath saphe:d wx ga:s m wxz sab kul m po:sh po:n m wxd sar ca:y f w tshot m.s. nu:l m kapur m. palav m da:na: w ul m.s. ga:t zv :vul m.s. ja:nvar m. how many how many how many how many how many beautiful white grass green tree flower water cold tea short (in size) blue cloth clothes wise wise slim bird ja:n ja:y sa:ph satw ha: shur ku:r wk wx lv d zana:n tot mar x d akh wx z tre tso:r ba:g p:tsh she sath v :t wh nav dv h gul v :b good f place clean very child girl boy woman m hot man/men one two three four m garden five six seven eight nine ten pink

28

Lesson 4
1. yi chu mo:n pa:n. This is my body. yi chu mo:n kalz { . This is my head. yi chu co:n buth. This is your face. z{. yi chu co:n ath This is your hand. 2. yim chi me:n athz { . These are my hands. yim chi me:n kh | r. These are my feet. yim chi c } :n kan. These are your ears. yim chi c } :n netz h. These are your thumbs. 3. yi cha me:n nas. This is my nose. yi cha me:n gz { j. This is my finger. yi cha c } :n gardan. This is your neck. yi cha c } :n zav. This is your tongue. z { cha ma:ni gz { ji 4. yim These are my fingers. z { cha ma:ni bumz { . yim These are my eyebrows. z { cha ca:ni zang z{. yim These are you: legs. z { cha ca:ni } ch. yim These are your eyes. 5. yi chu tuhund mas. This is your hair. z h. yi chu tuhund kot This is your knee. ~ This is your chin. z { nz h | gan. yi cha tuh  nz yad . yi cha tuh This is your belly.  nd kot h. 6. yim chi tuh These are your knees.  nd vut h. yim chi tuh These are your lips.  nari. yim cha tuh nz These are your arms.  nz  ch. yim cha tuh These are your eyes. 7. yi chu t msund necuv. This is his/her son. yim chi t ms nd mo:l m :j. These are his/her parents. yim cha t ms nz These are his/her daughters.  ko:ri. 8. yi chu tihund bo:y. This is his/her/their brother  nd :shina:v yim chi tih These are his/her/their relatives.  nz beni. yi cha tih This is his/her/their sister.

29

nz hamsa:yi. These yim cha tih are neighbors.

his/her/their

Drills I. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Response drill

? (a:) yi cha: tuhund ath a:, yi chu mo :n ath . nz n r? (a:) yi cha: tuh a:, yi cha me:n n r. nd kh r? (a:) yim cha: tuh a:, yim chi me.n kh r. yi cha: mo:n phok? (no) na, yi chun tuhand phok. yi cha: mo:n kan? (na) na, yi chun tuhund kan. cha: tuh nz gji? (na) yim na, yim chan ma:ni gji. yi cha: tuhund necuv? (na) na, yi chun mo:n necuv. nz beni? (a:) yi cha: tuh a:, yi cha m:e:n beni. nd b :y? (na) na, yim chin me:n b :y. yim china: tuh nz ku:r? (na) yi chana: tuh na, yi chan me:n ku:r.

II. Transformations drill 1. yi chu mo:n kan. 2. yi chu co:n :shina:v. nz n r. 3. yi cha tuh nz zang. 4. yi cha tuh 5. hu chu t msund bo:y. 6. hu chu t msund do:s. 7. yi cha t ms nz ku:r. 8. yi cha t ms nz beni. 9. hu chu mo:n do:s. 10. hu chu co:n necuv. Exercises I. Fill in the blanks using Kashmiri equivalents of the words given in brackets. (nose) 7. yi chu tuhund (friend) > > > > > > > > > > yim chi me:n kan. yim chi c :n :shina:v yim cha tuh nz nari yim cha tuh nz zang . hum chi t ms nd b :y. hum chi t ms nd do:s. yim cha t ms nz ko:ri. yim cha t ms nz beni. hum chi me:n do:s. hum chi c :n neciv.

1. yi cha me:n

30

2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

yi chan me:n... (eye) 8. yi cha tuh nz (mother) yi chu co:n (knee) 9. yim chi tuh nd (parents) yi chu tuhund (thumb) 10. yim cha tuh nz (sisters) yi chu tuhund (brother) nd (neighbor) hum chi tuh

II. Answer the following questions: 1. yim kam chi? (do:s) yim chi me:n do:s. 2. hum kam chi? ( :shina:v) nd hamsa:yi? (na) 3. yim cha: tuh nd b :y? 4. hum cha: tuh (a:) nz ku:r? 5.yi cha: tuh (na) nz beni? 6. h cha: tuh (a:) 7. yi k msund bo:y chu? (mo:n) 8. hum k ms nd do:s chi? (tuh nd) 9. h k ms nz beni cha7 (me:n) k ms nz ko:ri cha? (tuh nz ) 10. hum III. Write down 20 sentences using words given in the table below:
yi/yim/yim hu/h /hum/hum su/s /tim/tim chu/chun mo:n/co:n do:s chi/chin me:n/c :n mo:l m :j cha/chan ma:ni/ca:ni ko:ri/beni nd ch/kan tuhund/tuh nz/tuh nz tuh t msund/t ms nz

Notes Possessive Pronouns Possessive pronouns have the following forms agreeing with the subject in number (and status) and with object in both number and gender:

31

Subject Person 1st (sg) 1st (pl) 2nd (sg) 2nd (pl) 3rd (sg.) prox. 3rd (sg) rem. 3rd (pl) prox. Rem. Inter. (sg) (pl) Vocabulary mo:n me:n me:n ma:ni co:n c :n c :n ca:ni tuhund tuh nd tuh nz tuh nz t msund tihund t ms nd tih nd t ms nz

Masculine Sg. Pl.

Object

Feminine Sg.

Pl. ma:ni sa:ni ca:ni tuh nz y ms nz t ms nz yimanh nz yih nz timanh nz tih nz k ms nz k h nz

mo:n me:n me:n so:n s :n s :n co:n c :n c :n tuhund tuh nd tuh nz y msund y m s nd y ms nz t msund t ms nd t ms nz yimanhund yimanh nd yimanh nz yihund yih nd yih nz timanhund timanh nd timanh nz tihund tih nd tih nz k msund k ms nd k ms nz k hund k h nd k h nz

m.s. m.p. f.s. f.p. m.s. m.p. f.s. f.p. m.s. m.p f.s. f.p. m.s. m.s. m.p. m.p. f.s.

my my my my your your your your your your your your his/her his/her his/her his/her his/her

k ms nz k h nz pa:n kal buth ath kh r kan net h nas zav g j gardan bum zang ch mas

f.p. f.p. m.s. m. m. m. m. m. m. f. f. f. f. f. f. f. m.

whose whose body, self head face hands foot/feet ear/ears thumb(s) nose tongue finger neck eyebrow leg eye hair

32

tih nz t ms nz tih nz k msund k hund k ms nd k h nd k ms nz k h nz :shina:v

f.s. f.p. f.p. m.s. m.s. m.p. m.p. m.s. f.s.

h his/her kot his/her h gan his/her yad h whose vut whose n r whose necuv whose beni whose mo:l m :j whose hamsa:yi relatives

m. f. m. m. f.

knee chin belly lip(s) arm son sister parents neighbor(s)

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Lesson 5
1. yim chi dar s :b. dar s :b chi s :n hamsa:yi. yi cha ru:pa:ji, dar s :b n a:shen yim chi d shvay sat ha: sh ri:ph. a:kt ar. dar s :b chi d rame:sh chu yihund necuv. shi:l cha yih nz ku:r. uma: cha rame:sh n zana:n. rame:sh chu bank mane:jar. uma: cha ka:le:j lekcarar. sohn chu rame:shun do:s. su chu sark :r mul :zim. sohn n beni rama: cha shi:l n ves. yim cha shvay an h rishi. sohn n pita:ji chi akh he:k dar. t tim chi sat ha: mi:r. 2. dar sa:bun maka:n chu sat ha: . bod i:nuk. maka:nuk pash chu t This is Mr. Dar. Mr. Dar is our neighbor. This is Rupaji, Mr. Dars wife. Both of them are very gentle. Mr. Dar is a doctor. Ramesh is his son. Shiela is his daughter. Uma is Rameshs wife. Ramesh is a bank manager. Uma is a college lecturer. Sohan is Rameshs friend. He is a government servant. Sohans sister Rama is Shielas friend. Both of them are unmarried. Sohans father is a contractor. He is very rich.

Mr. Dars house is quite big. The roof of the house is (made) of tin. maka:n k darva:z chi mazbu:t. The doors of the house are strong. maka:nci da:ri cha shi:shci The windows of the house are made of glass.

34

maka:n c kira:y cha p:tsh sa:s r p yi. so:n maka:n chu l kut kul chi tso:r kamr . co:k chu bod . shra:n kut h chi z . maka:nuk :gun chu ja:n. Drills I. Transformation drill > > > > >

The rent of the house is sa:s five thousand rupees. Our house is small. There are four rooms in all. The kitchen is big. There are two bathrooms. The compound of the house is good.

yi chu maka:nuk darva:z . yi cha maka:n c d :r. yi chu dar s :bun do:s yi chu yihund hamsa:yi. yi chu sohnun bo:y. II. Response drill

yim chi maka:n k darva:z yim cha maka:n ci da:ri. yim chi dar sa:b n do:s. yim chi yih nd hamsa:yi. yim chi sohn n b :y.

yi kuhnnd :shina:v chu? (mo:n) yi chu mo:n :shina:v yi cha: tuhund hamsa:yi? (a:) a:, yi chu so:n hamsa:yi. yim cha: tuh nd do:s? (a:) a:, yim chi me:n do:s. yi k h nz ku:r cha? (ra:mji:yin) yi cha ra:mji:yin ku:r. yim k h nd neciv chi? (dar s :b n) yim chi dar s :b n neciv. yim k hnz ko:ri cha? (ko:l s :b ni) yim cha ko:l s :b ni ko:ri. maka:n k m :likh kam chi? (b ) b chus maka:nuk m :likh Exercises I. Fill in the blanks using Kashmiri equivalents of the words/phrases given in brackets: 1. dar s :b chi hamsa:yi. 2. ru:pa:ji: cha a:shen. 3. sha:mji: chi neciv (our) (Mr. Dars) (Mr. Rainas)

35

4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

rame:sh chu do:s. (Sohans) rama: cha beni. (Sohans) pita:ji chi sa t ha: mi:r. (Rams) . .... chu sh ri:ph (owner of the house) cha n mazbu:t (windows of the house) he:k dar. chi t (my friend) chu so:n hamsa:yi. (your friend)

II. Answer the following questions using cues: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. dar s :b k h nd hamsa:yi chi? rame:sh kuhund necuv chu? sohnl kus chu? rama: k s cha? he:k dar kam chi? t rame:sh ka: chu? uma: k s cha uma: k h nz ves cha? sohn kuhund do:s chu rama: k h nz beni cha? (me:n) (dar s :bun). (rame:shun necuv) (sohn n beni) (kha:n s :b) (lekcarar) (rame:sh n zana:n) (shi:l n) ( rameshun) (sohn n)

III. Write down 15 sentences using words from the table given below: ramesh/sohn rama:/uma: dar s :b Notes Possessive nouns Following suffixes are added to the animate nouns changing them in possessive nouns agreeing with the object in number and gender: chu/chun cha/chan chi/chin
ar so:n/s :n risht da:r/Da:kt mo:n/me:n hamsa:yi/v ki:l tuhund/tuh nd do:s

36

Masculine Sg. Pl -un -in Examples: ra:mun necuv ra:m n neciv ra:m n g r ra:m ni gari Vocabulary

Feminine Sg Pl -in -ini Rams son Rams sons Rams watch Rams watches

mi:r a:shen wife d shvay both pita: sh ri:ph gentle bod i:n yihund m.s his/her t yih nz f.s. his/her darva:z yih nd m.p. his/her mazbu:t yih nz f.p. his/her d :r bank m. bank pash manejar manager shi:sh ka:le:j m. college kira:y lekcarar lecturer sa:s sarka:r f government r p yi l kut m.s. small mul :zim kamr m. room do:s co:k m. kitchen ves :gun m compound an hu:r he:k dar an h rish f.s. unmarried t h m. bathroom shra:n kut

rich father m. big m. tin m. door m strong f. window m. roof m. glass f. rent thousand f rupees employee friend girls girl friend m.. unmarried contractor

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Lesson 6
1. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. A. B. toh kam chiv? bi chus rame:sh. toh chiva: k :shir? a:, b thus k :shur. yim kam chi? yim chi ra:ke:sh toh chiva: ba:r n? na, s chi do:s. toh chiva: panj :b? na, b chus n panj :b, b chus bang :l. me:n zana:n cha panj :b. Whats your name? Im Ramesh. Are you a Kashmiri? Yes, Im a Kashmiri. Who is this? This is Rakesh. Are you brothers? No, we are friends. Are you a Punjabi? No, I am not a Punjabi, Im a Bengali. My wife is a Punjabi. Whats your name? Im Rama. This is Uma. Are you sisters? No, we are friends. Im a Gujarati. Rama is a Kashmiri. Im Kashmiri too. My husband is a Marathi. Whats your name? I am Nazir. Whats your name? Im Raja. This is Sara. Are you friends? No, we are sisters. Do you belong to a village?

2. A. toh kam chiv? B. b chas rama:. yi cha uma:. A. toh chava: ben ni? B. na, s cha ves . b chas gujr :t. rama: cha k :shir. A. b ti chas k :shir me:n bartha: chi mar :t h. 3. A. B. A. B. ts kus chukh? b thus n zi:r. ts k s chakh? b chas ra:j . yi cha sa:r . A. toh chava: ves ? B. na, s cha ben ni. A. ts chukha: ga:muk?

38

B. a:, b chus ga:muk. A. toh chava: sha:r ci B. a:, s cha sha:hr ci. Drills I. Substitution drill 1. b chus bang :l k :shur panj :b gujr :t ga:muk 3. b chas k :shir ga:m c sha:hr ci panj :b bang :l II. Transformations drill
a:kt ar. b chus d b chus duka:nda:r. b chas inji:niyar. b chas v ki:l ts chukh dob. ts chukh na:yid. ts chakh n r s. ts chakh ma:st arba:y. su chu k :shur. su chu panj :b. s cha ga:m c.

Yes, I am. Are you from the city? Yes, we belong to the city.

2. s chi bang :l k :shir panj :b gujr :t ga:m k 4. s cha ves ben ni k shiri ga:m ci sha:hr ci

> > > > > > > > > > >

a:kt ar. s chi d s chi duka:nda:r. s cha inji:niyar. s cha v ki:l.

toh chiv dob. toh chiv n :yid. toh chav n rs . toh chav ma:st arba:yi. tim chi k :shir. tim chi panj :b. tim cha ga:m c .

39

s cha sha:hr c. Exercises I.

>

tim cha sha:hr c .

Fill in the blanks using Kashmiri equivalents of the words given in brackets: 1. b chus (lawyer) 11. b chas (Punjabi) 2. b chus (carpenter) 12. b chas (teacher) 3. s chi ( Kashmiri) 13. toh chiv (villagers) 4. ts chukh (shopkeeper)14. toh chiv (friends) 5. ts chukh (Bengali) 15. toh chav (villagers) 6. ts chakh (Punjabi) 16. toh chav (sisters) 7. hu chu (barber) 17. hum chi ... (barbers) 8. h cha (tailor) 18. hum cha (friends) 9. su chu (wise) 19. tim chi (short boys) 10. s cha (wise) 20. tim cha (tall girls)

II. Answer the following questions: 1. toh chiva: k :shir? (a:) a: b chus k :shur. 2. toh chiva: bang :l? (a:) 3. toh chiva: d (a:) a:kt ar? 4. toh chiv: duka:nda:r? (a:) 5. b chusa: panj :b? (na) na, toh chivn panj :b. 6. b chusa: v ki:l? (na) 7. b chasa: zi:t (na) h? 8. b chasa: v t (na) h? 9. ts chukhna: k :shur? (na) na, b chusn k :shur. 10. ts chakhna: ga:t (na) j? 11. su chuna: zu:t h? (na) 12. s chana: kr h n (na) 13. tim china: panj :b? (na) 14. tim chana: ja:n ko:ri? (na) III. Write down 20 sentences using words from the table below:

40

b / s ts /toh su/tim s /tim Notes

chus/chas chiv/cha/chu chukh/chakh chiv/chav

k :shur/k :shir/k :shir/k :shiri panj :b/bang :l ga:muk/ga:m k/ga:m c/ga:m ci sha:hruk/sh:hr k/sha:hr c/ sha:hr ci

In this lesson personal pronouns have been introduced in the nominative case along with the forms of the copular verb in the present tense. Personal pronouns in the nominative case Masculine Feminine Sg. Pl. Sg. Pl. 1st per. b as b s nd 2 per. ts toh ts toh rd 3 per. (within sight) hu hum h hum 3rd per. (out of sight) su tim s tim Note that second and third person masculine plural forms of personal pronouns are used for honorific singulars as well. e.g.,
a:kt ar. toh chiv d hum chi v ki:l. tim chi k :shir.

You are a doctor. He is a lawyer. He is a Kashmiri.

Copular verb forms in the present tense Following are the forms of the copular verb be in Kashmiri in present tense agreeing with the subject in person, number and gender: Masculine Feminine Sg. Pl. Sg: P1. 1st per. thus chi chas chi 2nd per. chukh chiv chakh chav

41

3rd per.

chu

chi

cha

cha

It is to be noted that second and third person masculine plural forms are used for honorific singulars as well. Examples are already given above. Interrogative particle /-a: / The interrogative particle /-a:/ can be added to the negative copular verb form ending in -n , e.g., b chusn k :shur. b chusna: k :shur. Vocabulary b s ts s. toh p. chus m.s chas f.s. bang :l chukh m.s chakh f.s. chiv p. chav f.p. k :sh r f.s. I we you you am am Bengali (you) are (you) are (you) are (you) are Kashmiri gujr :t h mar :t do:s k :shur m.s. bartha: ga:muk m shahruk m ben ni panj :b k :shiri f.p. k :shir m.p. Gujarati Marathi friend Kashmiri husband a villager belonging to a city sisters Punjabi Kashmiri Kashmiri I am not a Kashmiri. Am I not a Kashmiri?

42

Lesson 7
A. namaska:r. Namaskar (Greetings) B. namaska:r. toh chiva: Namaskar. How are you? va:ray? A. ahan ma:hra: va:ray. Im fine. B. toh ka: chiv kara:n? What are you doing? A. bl chus kita:b para:n. I am reading a book. B. shi:l ka: cha kara:n? What is Shiela doing? A. shi:l cha cit Shiela is writing a letter. h le:kha:n? B. shur cha: ginda:n? Are children playing? A. vi:n cha re:d iyo: bo:za:n. Vina is listening to radio. shan cha palav chala:n. Shana is washing clothes. B. mi:n kati cha? Where is Meena? A. mi:n cha bat rana:n. Meena is cooking food. B. ka:zi? no:kar kati chu? Why? Where is the servant? A. su chu az be:ma:r. He is sick today. B. be:bi: kati cha? Where is Baby? A. be:bi: cha TV vucha:n. Baby is watching TV. *** A. toh kot :siv gatsha:n Where were you going ra:th? yesterday? B. b o:sus ba:zar gatsha:n. I was going to the market. toh kati :siv ? Where were you? A. b o:sus dava: heva:n. I was purchasing a medicine. B. n zi:r s :b kati :s? Where was Mr. Nazir? He was looking for A. tim :s k   tsh:d some papers. a:n. B. n si:m ka: :s kara:n? What was Nasim doing? A. s :s pan n palav She was stitching her clothes. suva:n. A. ts osukha: bat kheva:n? Were you eating your food? B. na, b o:sus ca:y cava:n. No, I was taking tea.

43

A. rama: :sa: b niya:n vo:na:n? B. na, s :s tasvi:r bana:va:n. A. ts ka: o:sukh kara:n? B. b o:sus k :m kara:n. Drills I. Substitution drill 1. b chus /chas bat kheva:n ca:y cava:n kita:b para:n h le:kha:n cit 3. ts chukh/chakh iyo: bo:za:n re:d ca:y bana:va:n ginda:n ba:zar gatsha:n II. Transformations drill b chus kita:b para:n. h le:kha:n. b chas cit s chi bat kheva:n. ts chukh ca:y cava:n. ts chakh b niya:n vo:na:n. toh chiv palav chala:n. iyo: bo:za:n. su chu re:d s cha TV vucha:n. tim chi saph :yi: ka:ra:n > > > > > > > > >

Was Rama knitting a sweater? No, she was drawing a picture. What were you doing? I was doing some work.

2. s chi/cha palav chala:n bat rana:n saph :yi kara:n TV vucha:n 4. toh chiv/chav .. ca.y bana:va:n b niya:n vo:na:n palav suva:n palav chala:n

b o:sus kita:b para:n. b :s s ciTh le:kha:n. s :s bat kheva:n. ts o:sukh ca:y cava:n. ts :s kh b niya:n vo:na:n. toh :siv palav chala:n. iyo: bo:za:n. su o:s re:d s :s TV vucha:n. tim :s saph :yi: kara:n.

44

Exercises I. Fill in the blanks using appropriate words: 1. b kita:b 2. toh palav iyo: 3. su re: d 4. tim ca:y 5. rama: palav 6. ts ci t h 7. toh bat 8. s wa TV 9. tim ba:zar 10. n si:m dava:

II. Answer the following questions using cues: 1. toh ka: chiv kara:n? 2. toh ka: chiv vo:na:n? 3. toh ka: chiv cava:n? 4. ts ka: c hukh para:n? 5. ts ka: chakh le:kha:n? 6. tim ka: :s heva:n? 7. toh kot :siv gatsha:n? 8. toh ka :siv bana:va:n? 9. toh ka: :siv suva:n? a:n? 10. tim ka: :s tsh: d (reading) b chus para:n. (sweater) (tea) (book) (letter) (medicine) (market) (picture) (clothes) (papers)

III. Write down 20 sentences using words given in the table below: b / s/ts /toh su/tim/s /tim chus/chas/chukh chakh/chu/chiv chi/cha/chav o:sus/ :s s/ :s a:s /o:sukh/ :s kh :siv /a:s v /o:s kita:b para:n h le:kha:n cit bat rana:n ca:y bana:va:n palav chala:n ginda:n/heva:n

Notes Main verb roots

45

In Kashmiri main verb roots are of two types : consonant ending roots and vowel ending roots. Most of the verbs have consonant ending roots and only a limited number of verbs (about seven) have vowel ending roots. Infinitives are formed by adding -un suffix to the roots: Verb roots 1. parkarle:kh2. kheceniInfinitive parun to read karun to do le:khun to write khon to eat con to drink nun to take

Notice that certain phonological changes take place while forming infinitive forms in the second category of verbs. Present progressive The present progressive is formed by adding the suffix -a:n to the main verb roots and by using the present auxiliary verbs agreeing with the subject, in person, gender and number. Present auxiliary verbs Note that the present auxiliary verb forms and the copular verb forms of the copular verb be are the same. Past auxiliary verbs Following are the forms of the past auxiliary verb a:s be agreeing with the subject in person, gender and number. Masculine Sg. Pl. o:sus :s o:sukh :siv :s o:s Feminine Sg. Pl. :s s a:s :s kh a:s v :s a:s

1st Per. 2nd Per. 3rd Per.

46

Note that the second and third person masculine plural forms are used for honorific second and third person singular subjects respectively, e.g.,
h para:n. you (hon.) were reading a letter. toh :siv cit tim :s kita:b para:n. He (hon.) was reading a book.

Past progressive Sentences with past progressive are constructed by adding the progressive suffix -a:n. to the main verb and by using the auxiliary form of the verb agreeing with the subject in person, number and gender. Vocabulary namaska:r va:ray karun le:khun gindun bo:zun chalun iyo: re:d kati bat ranun az bema:r TV vuchun k :m a term of greeting kot where used by a Hindu for gatshun to go a Hindu. dava: m medicine alright hon to buy to do k some to write ka:kaz m paper(s) un to play tsh:d to search to listen panun m. own to wash suvun to stitch m radio khon to eat where con to drink m food vo:nun to knit to cook tasvi:r f picture to day bana:vun to make sick saph :yi: f cleanliness m television saph :yi kar n to clean to see, to watch f work

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Lesson 8
A. B. A. B. A. B. toh kati chiv ro:za:n? b chus ro:za:n siri:n gr . toh ka: k :m chiv kara:n? b chus ka:r ba:r kara:n. kamuk ka:r ba:r? s chi ts han hund ka:r ba:r kara:n. asi chu akh duka:n ami:ra: k dl . toh ka: chiv kara:n? A. b chus ma:st ar. B. toh kar chiv sku:l gatsha:n? A. b chus navi baji sku:l gatsha:n . B. va:pas kar chiv yiva:n? A. tso:ri baji. B. toh ka: chiv par na:va:n? A. b chus hisa:b t gri:zi: par na:va:n. B. mo:n necuv chu d himi para:n. su chu sakh mehnath kara:n. himi para:n. me:n ku:r cha :t s cha sil :y ti hecha:n. s cha sat ha: ja:n geva:n. A. acha:? b ti o:sus geva:n. l d k chu mo:n l kut ha:ki: ginda:n. Where do you live? I live in Srinagar. What do you do? I am in business. Which business? We deal in apples. We have a shop at Amira Kadal. What do you do,? I am a teacher. At what time do you go to school? I go to school at 9 oclock. At what time do you return? At 4 0 clock. What subjects do you teach? I teach mathematics and English. My son studies in the tenth class. He works very hard. My daughter studies in the eighth class. She learns stitching (of clothes) too. She sings very well. Is it? I also used to sing. My younger son plays hockey.

48

su chu nav vuhur. 2. b chus p:tsi baji nendri v tha:n. b chus ath buth chala:n. b chus d shvay s :r kara:n. b chus sheyi baji shra:n kara:n b chus :t hi baji ca:y cava:n b chus navi baji daphtar ne:ra:n. b chus d hi baji daphtar va:ta:n. b chus sheyi baji gar yiva:n. Drills 1. Substitutionl drill

He is nine years old. I get up at 5 0 clock. I wash my hands and feet. I go for a walk daily. I take a bath at 6 0 clock. I have my tea at 8 0 clock. I start for my office at 9 0 clock. I reach my office at 10 0 clock. I come home at 6 0 clock.

1. b chus/chas ro:za:n. 2. b chus/chas daphtar bambyi (Bombay) gatsha:n . :t dili (Delhi) hi baji a:gra: (Agra) dahi baji anantna:g (Anantnag) kahi baji jemi (Jammu) bahi baji 3. mo:n necuv chu para:n.. 4. toh chiv parna:va:n doyimi hisa:b treymi gri:zi: tsu:rimi k :shur Kashmiri p :tsimi ko:nu:n law sheymi saynas science II. Response drill toh chiva: ka:r ba:r kara:n? toh chiva: no:kri: kara:n? toh chiva: geva:n? (a:) a:, b chus ka:r ba:r kara:n. (a:) a:, b chus no:kri: kara:n. (na) na, b chusn geva:n.

49

toh chiva: siri:n gr ro:za:n?

(na) na, b chusn siri:n gr ro:za:n tuhund necuv cha: ha:ki: ginda:n? (a:) a:, su chu ginda:n. tuh nz ku:r cha: gava:n? (a:) a:, swa cha gava:n. III. Transformation drill toh kati chiv ro:za:n? > b chus/chas ro:za:n ga:m . >
s chi/cha ro:za:n sha:hr . > mohn chun ginda:n. >

tim chi sku:l gatsha:n tim cha geva:n. Exercises I.

> >

toh kati :siv ro:za:n? b o:sus/ :s s ro:za:n ga:m . s :s/a:s ro:za:n sha:hr . mohn o:sn ginda:n. tim :sa sku:l gatsha:n. tim a:s gava:n.

Fill in the blanks using Kashmiri equivalents of the words given in brackets: I. s chin ga:m .. 2. b chusn .. kara:n 3. b chus .. gar gatsha:n. 4 s chi va:pas .. yiva:n. bo:y chu .para:n. 5. mo:n l kut 6. me:n beni cha .. he cha:n. 7. mohn chu .. vuhur. 8. b chus/chas .. kara:n. 9. s chi .. daphtar va:ta:n. 10. toh chiv .. s :r kara:n. (live) (business) (8 0 clock) (10 0 clock) (9th class) (stitching) (11) (working hard) (11 oclock) (daily)

II. Answer the following questions: 1. toh kati chiv ro:za:n ? 6. toh k ts v lh r chiv? 2. toh ka: k :m chiv kara:n? 7. toh ka: chiv hecha:n? 3. toh chiva: no:kri kara:n? 8. toh kar chiv nendri

50

4. toh chiva: geva:n? 5. toh k a: chiv ginda:n?

v tha:n? 9. toh kar chiv daphtar/ sku:l gatsha:n? 10. va:pas kar chiv gar yiva:n?

III. Write down 20 sentences using words given in the table below: b / s chus/chas/chi/o:sus/ :s s ts /toh chukh/chakh/chiv o:sukh/ :s kh/ :siv su/s chu/cha/o:s/ :s tim/tim :s/ :s kh/a:s v Notes Present and past indefinite construction The present and past indefinite constructions are formed by adding the suffix -a:n to the main verb, and by using the forms of present or past auxiliary verbs agreeing with the subject in person, gender and number. Adverbs of place The locative case markers - and -i are added to the consonant ending adverbs of place for indicating the location, e.g., siri:naglr + = siri:n gr in Srinagar amira: kad l + = ami:ra:k dl : at Amira Kadal dil + i = dili in Delhi A zero suffix is added to the -a: ending adverbs of place: a:gra: + = a:gra: Adverbs of time kita:b para:n, le:kha:n, ha:ki: ginda:n,parlna:va:n hecha:n, gatsha:n shra:n kara:n, yiva:n s  r va:ta:n, ne:ra:n daphtar

51

The suffix -i is added to all the constituents of adverbs of time phrases to indicate the definiteness, e.g., tre tso:r p:tsh she +i +i +i +i baje + i baje + i baje + i baje + i = treyi baji = tso:ri baji = p:tsi baji = sheyi baji at 3 oclock at 4 oclock at 5 oclock at 6 oclock

Notice that certain morphophonemic changes take place after these suffixes are added: The semi-vowel /y/ is added after the final vowel of monosyllabic roots, and the final vowel of the disyllabic words is elided before the suffix -i is added to it. Coordinate conjunction morpheme t and The coordinate conjunction morpheme t and is used to conjoin two or more than two noun phrases, verb phrases or sentences which are of the similar structure, e.g., mohn t ra:j chi para:n. toh chiv k :shur t gri:zi: para:n mohn chu zu:t h t ra:j chu tshot . Vocabulary ro:zun to live,to stay ka:r ba:r m business kamuk m.s of what ts h m apple mi:ra:k d l m Amira kadal sku:l m school baje hour, oclock va:pas return yun to come hechun gevun ha:ki: f vuhur m. nend r f v thun ath -buth d hay s :r m to learn to sing hockey years old sleep to get up hands and face daily a walk Mohan and Raj are studying. You study Kashmiri and English. Mohan is tall and Raja is short.

52

va:pas yun to return hisa:b m mathematics gre:zi: m English sakh very hard mehnath hard work sil :y stitching shra:n karun to take a bath

par na:vun daphtar m ne:run va:tun gar m shra:n m

to teach office to start to reach home bath

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Lesson 9
1. buth chal. k :m kar. kita:b par. kalam an. cit h le:kh. sku:l gatsh. sabakh kar ya:d. ha:ki: gind. 2. shra:n k riv. akhba:r p riv. ca:y ceyiv. ba:zar g tshiv. sabzi: niv. k :m k riv. palav badl :viv. daphtar ni:riv. 3. sho:r m k riv, tsh p k riv. ca:y m ceyiv, d d ceyiv. Wash your face. Do your work. Read your book. Bring your pen. Write a letter. Go to school. Learn your lesson. Play hockey. Please take your bath. Please read the newspaper. Please take your tea. Please go to the market. Please bring vegetables. Please do your work. Please change your clothes Please start out for the office.

Do not make noise, keep quiet. Do not drink tea, drink milk. TV m vuchiv, pan n k :m Do not watch TV., do k riv. your own work. ts h m kheyiv, bat Do not eat apples, eat kheyiv. your meals. re:d iyo: m bu:ziv, g tshiv Do not listen to radio, p riv. go (and) study. Close the door. Open the window.

4. darva:z kart band. d :r m tsra:vt .

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bijli: za:lt . sabakh part . nov mazmu:n le:kht . n v kath bo:zna:vt . sku:l c k :m ha:vt . vakh t mat kart za:yi. 5. ba:zar g tshtav. sabzi: ntav. tse:r mat k rtav jaldi: k rtav. m :l palav ch ltav n v palav tshuntav. s :r k rtav. varzish k rtav. Drills I. Substitution drill (1) kita:b par (read) (see) (write) (buy) (bring) (buy) (see) (eat) (take) (bring)

Switch on the light. Learn your lesson. Write down a new essay. Narrate a new story. Show your school assignment. Do not waste time. Please go to the market. Please bring vegetables. Please dont be late. Please hurry. Please wash dirty clothes. Please put on new clothes. Please go for a walk. Please do physical exercises.

h li:khiv (2) cit

(3) ts h het

(4) ha:ki gindtav

(write) (bring) (see) (read) (take) (play) (see) (bring) (buy) (change)

II Transformation drill (1) kita:b par. iyo: bo:z. re:d TV vuch. > > > kita:b p riv. iyo: bu:ziv. re:d TV vuchiv.

55

(2)

(3)

(4)

ts
 h an. bat  khe. k :m kar. buth chal. sku:l ne:r. sabzi: ran. akhba:r par. tsh  p  k riv. palav heyiv. b niya:n vu:niv. tasvi:r ban :viv. shra:n k riv. gar  g tshiv. ca:y cet  . ts
 h khet  . d  d ant  . bat  rant  . k mi:z chalt  .

> > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > >

ts
 h niv. bat  kheyiv. ts  kar k :m. ts  chal buth. ts  ne:r sku:l. ts  ran sabzi:. ts  par akhba:r. toh k riv tsh  p  . toh heyiv palav. toh vu:niv b niya:n. toh ban :viv tasvi:r. toh k riv shra:n. toh g tshiv gar  . ca:y ceytav. ts
 h kheytav. d  d ntav. bat  r ntav. k mi:z ch ltav.

Exercises 1. Fill in the blanks with suitable words: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. tsh  p  kar, sho:r .......  iyo: m ....... kita:b par, re:d pan  n ......... kar, TV m  ........ daphtar m g tshiv, gar  ......... bat  ........, ca:y m ........ ts
 h ........ d  d m .......... m :l  palav ........., sa:ph tshuniv. d :r ........ band, darva:z ......... sabakh ....... ya:d, vakh  t mat  ........... za:yi. ba:zar ............, n v k mi:z ...........

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II. Write down four types of imperative forms of the following verbs and use them in your own sentences: 1. khon 2. con 3. hon 4. parun 5. le:khun 6. vuchun 7. gatshun 8. anun 9. shra:n karun 10. ya:d karun 11. tshunun 12. badla:vun 14. ranun 15. vo:nun 16. ha:vun 17. chalun 18. bo:zun 19. gindun 20. m tsra:vun karun 1. k :m kar 3. k :m kart  Notes Imperative constructions The imperative constructions are formed by using the imperative forms of the verbs and the second person subject can be dropped. Imperative verb forms are of two types: singular and plural. The singular non-honorific forms are derived by adding - suffix to the verb root forms and the plural forms are derived by adding -iv suffix to the verb roots. Notice that in case the verb root ends in a vowel, /y/ glide is inserted between the two vowels. The plural forms are used for honorific singular person as well. The singular forms are thus used for non-honorific singulars alone. I lI Verb root Singular/Non- Plural/Honorific Sg honorific bo:z par le:kh khe ni bo:z par le:kh khe ni bu:ziv p  riv li:khiv kheyiv niyiv 1 kar 2 3 k riv kart  2. k :m k riv 4. k :m k rtav.) 4 k rtav

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Notice that when the suffix -iv is added to the root the vowel of the stem is raised in height as a result of vowel harmony rule, e.g., bo:z par + + iv = iv = bu:ziv p  riv

Jussiv imperatives In Kashmiri, besides the simple imperative forms indicated above, there are additional two forms of jussive imperative forms which are formed by adding the suffix -ti to the verb roots in their singular (non-honorific), and -ytav to the verb roots for forming the plural or honorific singular forms, e.g., Verb root parbo:zle:khniheI Singular/Non-honorific part  bo:zt  le:kht  nit  het  II Plural/Honorific p  rtav bu:ztav li:khtav niytav heytav

Notice that the initial /y/ of the suffix results in the palatalization of tine stem final consonant. It also causes the raising of the vowel of the stem in height. Semantically, jussive imperative forms carry extra emphasis, request or definiteness of the proposed action. Conjunct verbs A noun (or an adjective) and a verb are conjoined to form conjunct verbs. In this case the main verb takes all the inflexions required. Examples of the conjunct verbs introduced in the present lesson are as follows: shra:n karun ya:d karun to take a bath to memorize/to remember

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The negative particles m and mat  The negative particle m dont is used with simple imperative forms of the verbs and the negative particle mat  with the jussive imperative forms. These morphemes precede the imperative forms of verbs, e.g., kita:b m par. cit  h m  li:khiv. philim mat  vucht  . re:d  iyo: mat  bu:ztav. Vocabulary sabakh m bijli: f ya:d m ya:d karun d  :r f vakh  t m za:yi m za:yi karun tse:r m tse:r karun jaldi: f varzish f jaldi: kar  n tsh  p  f tsh  p  kar  n lesson electricity memory to memorize window time waste to waste late to be late hurry exercise to hurry quiet to keep quiet m tstra:vun to open za:lun to burn, to light mazmu:n m essay bo:z na:vun to narrate sabzi: f vegetable anun to bring band karun to close badla:vun to change band closed panun m.s.self sho:r m noise sho:r karun to make noise m :l  dirty tshunun to wear Dont read the book. Dont write the letter. Dont w atch the film. Dont listen to radio.

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Lesson 10
A. t  hi ka: gatshi?  B. me diyiv p  :s  . b  hem k  "!$# %&!'# (*) A. k+ :t p , :s + ? B. hath r . p + yi diyiv. ba:k+ y p , :s + an + va:pas. A. toh ka: ka: , niv? B. b + an + tomul, t + masa:l + . A. asi cha: ti:l? B. ti:l chu. ba:k+ y ci:z chin + . maslan nu:n, madre:r, ca:y, ka:phi: vag, :r + . What do you want? Please give me money. I will purchase some articles. How much money? Give me 100 rupees. Ill bring back the balance. What would you bring? Ill bring rice and spices. Do we have oil? Yes, we have. We do not have other things like salt, sugar, tea coffee etc.

A. tse ka: gatshiy? What do you want? B. me gatshi dava: ra:mas I need medicine for Ram. kuth. A. t , mis ka: chu? What is the matter with him? B. t , mis chu kalas do:d. He has a headache. / a:kt / ar s, :bas pr + tsh. A. d Ask the doctor. / a:kt / ar s, :b chin + B. d The doctor is not at his shop. duka:nas pat/ h. timan ti He is also not feeling well. / hi:kh. chun + t , biyath t A. acha:. yim ni zi ph , l dava:. O.K. Take these two tablets. yim dava: ph, l kheyi su He will take these tablets with ca:yi s + :t. su gatshi sha:m tea. He will be alright by ta:m t / hi:kh. sha:man gatshi evening. He will go to (see) / a:kt / aras nish. su d the doctor in the evening. *** A. kamras manz kam chi? Who are in the room? B. kamras manz chi shur. There are children in the room. A. tim ka chi ka ra:n? What are they doing?

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B. mohn 0 chu k1 mi:zi baTan la:gan. shi:li cha palvan k2 35476'8:9;8$< => A. yi ka: chu me:zas pat ? h? B. yi chu akh lipha:ph @ . A. ath manz ka: chu? B B. ath manz chi pA :s @ . A. yath kursi: tal ka: chu? B. kursi: tal chu gila:s. Drills I. Substitution drill 1. me diyiv pA :s @ (dun) heyiv (hon) h A :viv (ha:vun) A niv (anun)

Mohan is fixing buttons in his shirt.Shiela is ironing clothes. What is this on the table? This is an envelope. What is in it? There is money in it. What is under this chair? There is a glass under the chair.

2. me ka: gatshi (me) gatshiy (tse) gatshiv@ (t C hi) gatshi (t A mis)

? hi:kh (me) 4. ra:mas di kita:b (ra:m) 3. me chun @ t A biyath t tse chuyn @ (tse) (ra:ji) t C hi chun @ (tohi) (shi:l @ ) t A mis chun @ (tamis) (sa:r @ ) timan chun @ (timan) (ku:r)
II. Transformation drill 1. me diyiv akhba:r tse ka: gatshiy? 3. t A mis chu kalas do:d B ? kas di pA :s @ . 4. l A d 5. ko:ri an palav. III. Response drill > > > > > asi diyiv akhba:r t C hi ka: gatshiv @ ? timan chu kalas do:d. B ? kan di pA :s @ . lA d ko:ran an palav.

? a:kt ? ar sA :b) 1. duka:nas pat? h kam chi? (d

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D a:kt D ar sE :b. duka:nas patD h chi d 2. da:ri patD h ka: chu? (pard F ) 3. mezas tal ka chu? (tomul) 4. kita:bi tal ka: chu? (kalam) 5. darva:zas nish ka: chu? (sandu:kh) 6. kursiyi nish ka: chu? (lipha:phl) 7. ba:gas manz kus chu? (ba:gva:n) 8. na:vi manz kus chu? (hE :Nz)
Exercises I. Fill in the blanks using Kashmiri equivalents of the cues given in brackets. 1. t G hi ka: . . . .? (want) 6. t E mis cha: ? (headache) 2. me . . . tems F nz kita:b. (give) 7. timan . . . kus chu? (near) 3. asi . . . E zuk akhba:r. (bring) 8. .. . patD h kus chu? (shop) 4. tse . . . nE v gE r. (want) 9. . . manz kam chi? (house) 5. t G hi . . . . yi kursi:? (want) 10. gila:s chu . . . tal. (chair) II. Answer the following questions: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. tuh F ndis kalas patD h ka: chu? tuh F ndis athas manz kE ts gji cha? tuh F ndis maka:nas manz kE ts kamr F chi? t G hi nish kam chi ro:za:n? me:zas tal ka chu? tuh F ndis garas nish ka: chu? tuh F ndis garas manz kam karn chi? t G hi s F :t kam chi ro:za:n? toh ka: E niv me kuth? D hi:kh? t G hi cha: t E biyath t

III. Write down sentences using the following words and phrases: manz, patD h, nish, kuth, tal, s F :t, k H IKJML7N'O P7NMQRN:S$T'SKJ

62

t U biyath, kV7W5X7Y'Z:[ \ n, bat] un la:gun. III. Write down the dative case forms of the following nouns: gar \ , darva:z\ , mo:l, shur, dU :r, ku:r, kursi:, kita:b, shi:l \ , ] a:kt ] ar. d Notes Personal pronouns in dative case Personal pronouns in dative case are as follows: Mas./Fem. Sg. Pl. st 1 Person me asi 2nd Person 3rd Person tse t U mis t ^ hi timan

Notice that the second and third person plural forms are used for honorific singulars as well. The pronouns do not change for gender. Demonstrative pronouns in dative case Following are the forms of the demonstrative pronouns used with inanimate and animate objects in date case: Inanimate Sg. Pl. yath yemis h ^ th human tath timan Animate Sg. Pl. yiman yiman homis human t U mis timan

Prox. Rem I (within sight) Rem II(out of sight)

The plural forms are used for honorific singulars as well. Dative case

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The subjects in dative case are formed by adding -as or -is suffixes to the masculine nouns and the feminine nouns which end in -i. The suffix -i is added to the feminine nouns: darva:z_ akhba:r shi:l _ kul shur mo:l ku:r zana:n kita:b kursi: + as + as + as + is + is + is +i +i +i +i = = = = = = = = = = darva:zas akhba:ras shi:las kulis shuris m` :lis ko:ri zana:ni kita:bi kursiyi

Notice that -as is added to the - a vowel ending or the consonant ending masculine nouns preceded by low vowel. The suffix -is is added to the consonant ending masculine nouns which are preceded by a high or mid back vowel. The suffix -i is added to all other feminine nouns. As a result of adding of these suffixes, certain morphophonemic changes occur. Postpositions In Kashmiri postpositions are of two types: (1) Those which follow the nouns in dative case, and (2) those which follow the nouns in ablative case. In this lesson, we have used the postpositions: manz in, inside, tal under, nish near, nearby paTh on, s a :t with and kuth for. All the se postpositions follow the subjects in dative case: me:zas patb h/tal/nish/ /s _ :t/, /kuth/ etc. kita:bi patb h/tal/nish/ s _ :t /kuth/ etc. In case postpositions follow a subject noun phrase containing a determiner and noun, both the constituents of the phrase take the dative case form:

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d ke akh l c d mo:n bo:y yi shur yi gar e h f ku:r h f gc r

= = = = = =

c kis lc d d kas me:nis bc :yis

yemis shuris yath garas homis ko:ri h f th gari

Future forms of verbs The following suffixes are added to the consonant and vowel ending main verb roots for forming the future forms agreeing with the subject in person and number. Person Consonant ending Sg. Pl. 1st -e -av 2nd -akh -iv 3rd -i -an Examples: b e kar e I will do. c s karav. ts e karakh. toh k c riv. su/s f kari. tim karan. Vocabulary gatsh g p c :s e sa:ma:n hath r f pyi ba:ke y want, desire m money m things m hundred f rupees remaining b e dime I will give. c s dimav. ts e dikh. toh diyiv. su/s f diyi. tim/time din. Vowel ending Sg. Pl. -me -may -kh -yiv -yi -n

d hi:kh t acha: phol s e :t sha:m ta:m

well alright m tablet with m evening up to

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va:pas anun tomul m masa:l h m ti:l m maslan nu:n m mj dre:r m ka:phi: f kuth kal h do:d m pr h tshun pati h

to bring back rice spices oil for example salt sugar coffee for headache to ask on, at

nish manz i un bat k h j :z la:gun klKm5n7o'p:q h n tal lipha:ph h gila:s ba:gva:n na:v t j biyath

m m

m m m f m

near in, inside button boatman to fix to iron under envelope glass gardener boat health

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Lesson 11
A toh kar g r tshiv dili? B. b s gatsh s paga:h. toh kar yiyiv? A. b s yims kr :lkath. B. t t hi s s :t kam gatshan? A. ramesh a:si me s s :t. t r mis chu r kis do:stas kh:dar. B. toh g r tshiva: basi kath kin s re:li patu h? A. r s gatshav basi kath. va:pas yimav re:li. B. az cha satu ha: garmi:. maka:nas andar chu dam huh. p r kiv, nebr s kani behmav. A. vt n gatshi tse:r. b s ne:r s . paga:h vunkan r :siv toh dili. B. a:, r s ne:rav sub s han r :t u hi baji. dili va:tav she baje: sha:m ta:m. A. ra:me:sh kati a:si vunkan? b s so:z s tr mis shech. B. tim a:san gari. toh k r riv timan t u eli:pho:n. A. acha:ji. t t hi s s :t sapdi vt n dili mula:ka:th. t t hi cha: mo:n pata: dili hund? When will you go to Delhi? Ill go tomorrow. When will you come? Ill come day after tomorrow. Who will accompany you? Ramesh will accompany me. A friend of his is getting married. Will you go by bus or by train? Well go by bus. Well come back by train. It is very hot today. It is suffocating inside the house. Come on, let us sit outside. Now it will be late. Ill leave. Youll be in Delhi tomorrow at this time. Yes, well start at 8 o clock in the morning. Well reach Delhi by 6 oclock in the evening. Where will be Ramesh at this time? Ill send him a message. Hell be at home. Ring him up. Alright. Ill now see you in Delhi. Do you have my address in Delhi?

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B. me chun v pata:. toh li:khiv w ayri: patw h. yath d A. t x hi brh kani ka: chu? B. yi chu akh sandu:kh. A. ath andar ka: chu? B. yath manz chi ky z|{~}: ka:kaz. A. t hi d chin kin ka: cha? B. yi cha alm :r. ath manz cha kita:b . A. me:zas kho:v r kin k a chu? B. yi chu akh d ab . A. d abas tal kani ka: chu? B. yi chu tavliya:. A. me:zas pat kani ka chu? B. yi chu shra:puc. Drills I. Substitution Drills

I do not know. (Please) write in this diary. What is in front of you? This is a box. What is inside it? There are some important papers inside it. What is on your right hand side? It is an almirah. There are books inside it. What is on the left hand side of the table? It is a box. What is under the box? It is a towel. What is behind the table? It is a knife.

1. toh kar g tshiv gar ? 2. b a:s paga:h dili. v :tiv (va:tun) s a:sav yiyiv (yun) ts a:sakh ni:riv (ne:run) toh :siv ban :viv (bana:vun) su a:si 3. maka:nas brh kani chu ba:g. pat kani d chin kin kho:v r kin nebr kani II. Response drill l.

( s) (ts ) (toh) (su)

t hi broNh kani ka: chu? (me:z) me broNh kani chu me:z.

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2. 3. 4. 5.

t hi pat kani ka: chu? (darva:z ) t hi d chin kin ka: cha? (d :r) t hi kho:v r kin ka: cha? (kursi:) me:zas tal kani ka: chu? (sondu:kh)

Exercises I. Fill in the blanks using suitable words: 1. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. toh kar. gar ? 2. gari ka: .? me . a:san me:n do:s. b . re:li pat h, va:pas . basi kath. s . paga:h dili. t hi . sapdi paga:h yath al ma:ri . kani ka: chu? kursiyi . kani chu me:z. s :nis maka:nas . kani chu ba:g.

II. Answer the following questions using cues: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5: 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. toh kar yiyiv va:pas? (paga:h) b yim va:pas paga:h. t hi s :t kam yin? (me:n do:s) toh kith k n g tshiv? (ka:ri manz). toh kati :siv paga:h vunkan? (gari) t hi s :t kar sapdi mula:ka:th? (k :lkath) tuh ndis garas brh kani ka: chu? (sku:l) tuh indis daphtaras pat kani ka: chu? (ba:g) tuh nd do:s kar a:san y eti? (sha:man) t hi cha: mo:n pata:? (a:) b kar yim tuhund gar ? (paga:h)

III. Use the following words/phrases in sentences: paga:h, k :lkath, kh:dar, basi kath, garmi:, tse:r gatsh un, vunkan, shech so:z n, mula:ka:th s apdun, zaru:ri:

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Notes Auxiliary verb in presumptive or future tense Following are the forms of the auxiliary verb a:s be in presumptive or future tense agreeing with the subject in number and person in the nominative case: 1 person 2nd person 3rd person Examples: b a:s para:n s a:sav paka:n. ts a:sakh para:n. toh :siv paka:n. su/s a:si para:n. tim/tim a:san paka:n. I will be reading. We will be walking. You will be reading. Youll be walking. He/she will be reading. They will be walking.
st

Sg. a:s a:sakh a:si

Pl. a:sav :siv a:san

The second and third person plural forms are used for honorific singular subjects as well. In case the subject is in dative case, following are the forms of the verb a:s have agreeing with the subject in person and with object in number: Person 1st 2nd (Sg) 2nd (Pl.) 3rd Examples: me a:si/a:san asi a:si/a:san Ill have We will have Sg. a:si a:siy a:sivi a:si Pl. a:san a:snay a:snav a:san

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tse a:siy/a:snay t hi a:siv /a:snav t mis a:si/a:san timan a:si/a:san

You will have You will have He will have They will have

The coordinate conjunction morpheme kin or. The coordinate conjunction morpheme kin is used to conjoin two sentences of similar structure after the deletion of repeated elements in the second sentence. Examples: 1. 2. 3. toh g tshiva: basi kath? toh g tshiva: re:li kath? toh g tshiva: basi kath kin re:li?

Adverbs In this lesson certain adverbs indicating direction like brh kani in front d chin kin right hand side, kho:v r kin left hand side, tal kani underneath, pat kani behind have been used. When these adverbs are used (as postpositions), the subject noun or noun phrase which immediately precedes them is put in the dative case using the dative case markers. Vocabulary paga:h k :lkath tomorrow day after tomorrow kh:dar m marriage bas f. bus kin or re:l f. rail garmi: f. hot tse:r gatshun to be late

ab d

m. pakun tal kani tavliya: f. pat kani shra:puc m. bihun dam m nebr kani

box to walk underneath towel behind knife to sit suffocation outside

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vunkan shech f so:zun eli:pho:n m t kho:v r kin pata: m

ayri: at present d f. message brh kani to send sondu:kh m. telephone zaru:ri: towards left mula:kath m address sapdun

diary in front box important meeting to happen

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Lesson 12
A. t hi porva: akhba:r? B. a:, me por. A. ka: cha n v khabar? B. kha:s n k *:'' riv. A. acha: diyiv. B. r t iv. A. azkal chu sha:hras manz s rk s. t hi vuch va:? B. shurav vuch. me mu:l n vakh t. A. t hi hotva: nov maka:n m l? B. na, vuni ni. me vuch u:tri akh, magar yi chu drog. Did you read the newspaper? Yes, I read. What is new (Any new news)? Nothing in special. Read it. OK. Give it to me. (Please) take it. There is a circus in the city these days. Did you see it? The children saw it. I could not get time. Did you purchase the new house? No, not yet. I saw one day before yesterday, but it is expensive. A. ko:ta:h k :math chus? How much is the price? B. lagbag vuh lach r p yi. About twenty lakh rupees. A. maka:n ko:tah bod How big is the house? chu? B. maka:n chun za:d bod The house is not very big. It . ath manz chi tre kamr , has three (bed) rooms and a akh b :t sitting (drawing) room, a hakh, co:k t z shra:n kut kitchen and two bathrooms. h. maka:nci da:ri t darva:z chi ja:n The windows and doors of the l kri h nd. house are made of good timber. A. :gun cha:? Is there a compound? B. a:, akh l kut :gun ti Yes, it has a small compound chus t gara:j ti. maka:n a:v and a garage too. I liked the me pasand. house. A. t hi ka korv az? What did you do today? B. az :s chut It was a holiday today. I did a i:. me k r va:riya:h k :m. me on lot of work. I purchased ba:zr sa:ma:n. me ch l (certain) things from the

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palav. me le:chi k hi do:stan. me 1uk:h akh mazmu:n akhba:r kh :tr . sub han k r me ba:gas manz k :m. t hi ka: korv ? A. sub han go:s b : s :ras. hi baji. me va:pas a:s :t h. me li:ch kis do:stas cit bank manz p :s . k d sarl t b g yi ba:zar kahi baji. asi hot palvan kuth kapur. kapur dut s tsas. b go:s r shi:dun gar . su o:s n gari. b a:s gar t shgus kis as. b go:s hushiya:r gant tso:ri baji. me ceyi ca:y t t a:s t hi nish yo:r. B. yeti pat h kot g tshiv? A. b gatsh va:pas gar . sar:l asi me pra:ra:n. Drills I. Repetition drill 1. me por akhba:r. 2. me p r akhba:r. me p r kita:b. me pari kita:b . 3. tse onuth akh me:z. 4. tse nith z me:z. tse nith kursi:.

market. I washed clothes. I wrote some letters to friends. I wrote an article for the newspaper. I worked in the garden in the morning. What did you do? I went for a walk in the morning. I came back at 8 oclock. I wrote a letter to a friend. I drew money from the bank. Sarla and I went to market at 11. We purchased cloth for clothes. (We) gave the cloth to the tailor. I went to Rashids house. He was not at home.I came home and slept for an hour. I woke up at 4 oclock. I had tea and came to see you here. Where will you go from here? Ill return. home. Sarla will be waiting for me.

me lu:kh mazmu:n. me li:kh mazmu:n. me li:ch ciTh. me 1echi ciThi. tse hotuth kapur. tse hetith palav. tse hets th g r.

74

tse anath kursiyi. 5. t hi cholv buth. 6. t hi ch liv palav. t hi ch jiv d j. t hi chajiv daji. II. Substitution drill 1. b go:s gar (gatshun) a:s (yun) tsa:s (atsun) dra:s (ne:run) 3. s g yi daphtar. a:yi tsa:yi dra:yi 5. toh g yivi gar . a:yiv tsa:yiv dra:yiv 7. s g yi gar . a:yi tsa:yi dra:yi III. Response drill 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7 toh kot g yiv ? (gar ) toh kar a:yiv ? (ra:th) ts kar a:kh? (u:tr ) ts kar g yakh? (sub han) su kot gav? (dili) s kot g yi? (gar ) tim kar dra:yi? (sha:man)

tse hetsath gari. t hi nuv akh akhba:r. t hi niyiv palav. t hi niyiv k mi:z. t hi niyiv k mi:z .

2. b g yas ba:zar. a:yas tsa:yas dra:yas 4. ts go:kh sku:l. a:kh tsa:kh dra:kh 6. su gav gar . a:v tsa:v dra:v 8. tim/tim g yi gar . a:yi tsa:yi dra:yi

b go:s/g yas gar . b a:s/a:yas ra:th. b a:s/a:yas u:tr b g yas sub han. su gav dili. s g yi gar . tim dra:yi sha:man.

Exercises

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I.

Fill in the blanks using appropriate form of the verbs given in brackets: 1. t hi ka: .? (parun) 2. tse ka: .? (le:khun) 3. tse . kita:b? (anun) 4, tse . akhba:r? (vuchun) 5. t m . mazmu:n? (le:khun) 6. t m . cit h? (parun) 7. su . gar ? (gatshun) 8. s . daphtar? (yun) 9. tim . ba:zar? (ne:run) 10. timav akhba:r? (hon)

II. Answer the following questions using cues: 1. ts kar a:kh? 2. ts kar a:yakh? 3. t hi ka: porv ? 4. t hi ka: 1u:khv ? 5. t hi ka: ch liv ? 6. t hi ka: hotv ? 7. t hi ka: on vi? 8. t hi ka: vuch v ? 9. toh kot g yivi? 10. toh kar shgiv ? (ra:th) b a:s ra:th. (u:tri) (akhba:r) (mazmu:n) (palav) (kapur) (pankh ) (s rks) (daphtar) hi baji) ( :t

III. Use the following words/phrases in sentences: 1. khabar 2. azkal 3. vakh t me:lun 4. drog a:sun 5. lagbag 6. chuTi: a:s n 7. s :ras gatshnn 8. sh gun 9. hushiya:r gatshun 10. pra:run. Notes Past tense

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In this lesson both intransitive and transitive verbs are used in simple past tense. Intransitive verbs in the past tense The forms of verbs agree with the subject in person, gender and number. Following are the forms of some intransitive verbs: Person Masculine 1st Sg. Pl. yun a:s a:yi gatshun go:s g yi shgun shgus shg pon po:s peyi va:tun vo:tus v :t nd 2 a:kh a:yivi. go:kh g yiv shgukh shgiv po:kh pey v vo:tukh v :tiv rd 3 a:v a:yi gav g yi shg shg pav peyi vo:t v :t Transitive verbs in the past tense In case the subject is Ist or 3rd person, the forms of transitive verbs agree with the object in gender and number. Following are the forms of some transitive verbs: Person Masculine 1st /3rd Sg. Pl. parun por p r Object Feminine Sg. Pl. p r pari Feminine Sg. Pl. a:yas g yas sh jis peyas v :ts s a:yakh g yakh shjikh peyakh v :ts kh a:yi g yi shj peyi v :ts

a:yi g yi sh ji peyi va:ts a:yivi g yivi sh jiv peyiv va:ts v a:yi g yi sh ji peyi va:ts

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le:khun anun karun ha:vun vuchun khon con

1u:kh on kor ho:v vuch khev cav

li:kh n k r h :v vuch kheyi ceyi

li:ch n k r h :v vuch kheyi ceyi

1e:chi ani kari ha:vi vuchi kheyi ceyi

In case the subject is in second person, forms of verbs agree with it in number and/or status, and with the object in gender and number: Masculine Sg. poruth lu:khuth onuth koruth ho:vuth vuchuth kho:th co:th porv 1u:kh v on v kor v ho:v v vuchiv kho:v co:v P1. p rith li:khith nith k rith h :vith vuchith kheyath ceyath p riv li:khiv niv kariv h :yiv vuchiv kheyiv ceyiv Feminine Sg. p rIth li:chith nith k r th h :v th vuch th kheyath ceyath p rv li:chiv niv k r v h :v v vuchiv kheyiv ceyiv Pl. pareth le:chath aneth kareth ha:veth vucheth kheyath ceyath pariv le:chiv aniv kariv ha:yiv vuchiv kheyiv ceyiv

2nd Per (sg/non-hon)

2nd Per (pl/hon. sg)

Vocabulary akhba:r nov n v m newspaper m.s.new f.s. new k :math m price lach m lakh pat h from

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kha:s dun un rat hm shra:n kut l k r f yo:r gara:j m pasand yun

special to give to hold/catch bathroom timber here garage to like

za:d hakh f b :t azkal s rk s m me:lun m l hon vun u:tr hushiya:r i: chut va:riya:h kh :tr subuh shgun

gant magar drog ko:ta:h pra:run pon

m hour but m expensive m. how much to wait to fall

more living room now-a-days circus to get to purchase right now day before yesterday m awake f holiday a lot for m morning to sleep

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Lesson 13
A. B. A. B. A. B. t hi ka: chu na:v? me chu na:v r hma:n. toh ka: chiv kara:n? b chus ka:r ba:r kara:n. kamuk ka:r ba:r? asi chi z duka:n. akh chu k :shiren dastka:ren hund. t ba:kh chu me:vun hund. toh kam ci:z chiv k na:n? s chi k :shir k :li:n, sha:l, ri:shmi: do:ti, dus , pe:par m :shi h nd ci:z k na:n. yim s :ri: ci:z chi k shi:ri bana:n. me:v duka:nas manz kam ci:z chi? s chi za:d tar ts h, d u:n t ba:da:m k na:n. bak y mu:smi: me:v ti chi s thava:n. maslan gila:s, t ang, tse:r , o:luv bukha:r , dach vag :r . ami ala:v chi s k : kh shik me:v yane: na:rji:l, kh z r, kishmish, ka:ju: vag :r ti k na:n. acha:, t hi vonlv n ki toh ka: chiv kara:n? b chus sark :r no:kri: kara:n. b chus puli:sas manz. Whats your name? My name is Rahman. What do you do? I am in business. What do you deal in? We have two shops. In one of the shops we sell Kashmiri handicrafts, and fruits in the other. Which items do you sell? We deal in Kashmiri carpets, shawls, silken saris, blankets, and papier mache items. All these are made in Kashmir. Which items are there in the fruit shop (for sale)? We sell apples, walnuts and almonds mostly. We keep other seasonal fruits as well. For example, cherry, pears, appricots, plums grapes etc. Besides these, we sell some dry fruits like coconuts, dates, raisin, cashew nuts etc. Alright, you didnt tell me about your profession. I am in government service. I am in police (department).

A. B.

A. B.

A.

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b chus so:po:r ro:za:n. bo:y mo:n l kut ti chu duka:nda:r. su chu kirya:ni k na:n. toh diyiv me panun pata: b yim tuh ndis duka:nas pat h. me chi k: ci:z hen kis nebrimis do:stas kith. B. zaru:r li:hiv pata:. toh kar yiyiv? A. b anan panun do:s ti pa:nas s :t. acha: diyiv me yija:zath. me chu daphtar gatshun. iv, kh da:yas hava:l ! B. b d Drills I. Substitution drill 1. b chus ka:r ba:r kara:n. no:kri: k :m duka:nd :ri

I live at Sopore. My brother too is a shopkeeper He sells grocery. Please give me your address.I will visit your shop. I have to buy certain items for my friend from outside (the valley). Certainly.Please write down the address. When will you come? Ill bring my friend also. OK. Please permit me to leave. I have to go to the office. Please go. May God protect you !

2. s chi sha:l k na:n. k :shiri dastka:ri l kri h nd ci:z kiriya:n

3. k shi:ri chi dus t sha:l bana:n ri:shmi: do:ti pe:par m :shi: h nd ci:z dastka:ri 4. me chi ci:z hen. (ci:z hen) k :m kar n sha:l k n n me:v an n

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II. Transformation drill me chu akhba:r parun. me chu mazmu:n le:khun. asi chu maka:n vuchun. asi chu me:z k nun t hi chuv patlu:n suvun. me cha kita:b par n. me chi g r hen. t hi chav va:j an n. t hi chav k mi:z chal n. timan cha cit h le:kh n . III. Response drill toh ka: chiv k na:n? (kiriya:n ) toh ka: chiv kara:n? t hi kot chu gatshun? t hi s :t kam chi? t hi ka: chu hon ba:zr ? t hi k man kith chi yim ci:z? Exercises I. Fill in the blanks using suitable words 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. toh kamuk . . . . chiv . . . .? asi chu akh . . . . me:van hund t . . . . kiriya:nuk. s chi . . . . h nd t . . . . hind ci:z k na:n. yim s :ri: . . . . chi k shi:ri . . . . s chi . . . . manz k :m . . . . me cha do:stas cit h . . . . t hi cha: panun maka:n . . . .? me chun akhba:r . . . ., me cha cit h . . . . t hi cha: kita:b m l . . . . . kin . . . . yija:zath . . . . , me chu daphtar . . . . b chus kiriya:n k na:n (no:kri:) (gar ) (me:n do:s) (dastka:ren h nd ci:z) (do:stas kith) > > > > > > > > > > me chi akhba:r par n. me chi mazmu:n le:kh n. asi chi maka:n vuch n. asi chi me:z k n n. t hi chiv patlu:n suv n. me cha kita:b par ni. me cha gari heni. t hi chav va:ji an ni. t hi chav k mi:z chal ni. timan cha cit hi le:kh ni.

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II. Answer the following questions: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. toh ka: k :m chiv kara:n? toh kati chiv k :m kara:n? k :shiri dastka:ri ka: ka: cha? k shi:ri manz kam kam me:v chi a:sa:n? k shi:ri kam kam dastka:ri cha bana:n? kh sh k me:van h nd na:v li:khiv.

IV. Use the following words/phrases in sentences: 1. ka:r ba:r 2. k :shiri dastka:ri 3. me:v 4. kiriya:n 5. nebrim 6. yija:zath dun 7. z a:d tar 8. no:kri: kar n. Notes Verbs in infinitive from In this lesson, infinitive forms of verbs are used along with the subject nouns or pronouns in dative case. The forms of the verb a:sun to have agree with the subject in person, gender and number. Vocabulary na:v m ci:z m dastk :r f. ba:kh kam kam k nun k :li:n m. sha:l m. ri:shim f. du:t f. dus m. name thing(s) handicraft other,second which ones to sell carpet shawl silk sari stole thavun to keep gila:s m. cherry ang t m. pear tse:r f. appricot o:luv bukha:r m. plum dach m grape (s) vag :r etc. ala:v extra ami ala:v besides this na:rji:l m. coconut kh sh k dry

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ya:ne: like, as banun kh z r m. date(s) yija:zath dun me:v m fruit kishmish m. za:d tar mostly kaju: m. nebrim of outside acha: u:n m. walnut d vanun ba:da:m m. almond ha:va:l kh da: m God puli:s m mu:sim season l kut m.s nebar outside panun pa:n m.s un bad to move kirya:nl m pe:par m :shi: f papier mache

to be available to permit raisin cashew nut(s) alright to say custody, care police young, small self grocery

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Lesson 14
toh chiva: k shi:ri g :m t? Have you visited Kashmir? a:, b chus go:mut. Yes, I have gone. toh kar chiv g :m t? When have you gone? b o:sus ka:leji para:n, I was studying in college, when yeli b g d nici lat I went to Kashmir for the first i k shi:ri go:s. s g yi time. We went from the college ka:leji pat h s :r karni. on tour. We were in all ten s a:s kul d h l d k . students. Our professor was s :n profesar s :b :s with us. We stayed is Kashmir asi s :t. s ru:d k shi:ri for ten days. d han d han. A. t hi ka: ka: vuch v Which places did you visit in k shi:ri? Kashmir? B. s g yi gulmarag, We went to Gulmarg, Sonmarg, son marag, pahalga:m Pahalgam, Verinag and Kokarnag. We saw all places in ve:rnag, t k karna:g. asi vuchi siri:n gr sa:rey ja:yi, Srinagar, especially Mughal kha:s kar m gal ba:g: gardens: Shalimar, Nishat sha:l ma:r, nisha:t, Cashmashahi, and Nehru Park casm sh :hi: t nehru: pa:rk etc. The Mughal gardens are vag :r . m gal ba:g chi indeed very beautiful. We went p z p :t h khu:bsu:rath. for a boat-ride in Dal. We asi kor d stayed in a houseboad for al ji:las manz ti na:vi s :r. s ru:d d n for two days. We liked d han hav s bo:t as manz, Kashmir very much. asi a:yi k shi:r sat ha: pasand. doyimi lat i chus b go:mut The second time I have gone (to Kashmir) on the occasion kis do:st s ndis kh:dras pat h. me:n of the wedding ceremony of k K$ y do:s ti :s a friend of mine. kh:dras pat h Some of my other friends had A. B. A. B.

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k shi:ri a:m t. yi o:s harduk mu:sim. k shi:ri :s sat ha: t :r ti:ka:zi ba:lan pat h o:s shi:n po:mut. k :shi:ri: manz cha vandas sat ha: t :r a:sa:n. s:tas manz ti chu ru:d peva:n, magar ret k :lis manz chu mu:sim sat ha: ja:n a:sa:n. garmi: chan a:sa:n. va:riya:h s :l :ni: chi o:r gatsha:n ret ka:li. Drills I. Repetition drill 1. b chus go:mut. s chi g :mit. b chas g :mits. s cha gamts . 2. b chus a:mut. s chi a:m t. b chas a:m ts. s cha a:m ts . 3. b chus vothmut. s chi v thm t. b chas v tshm ts. s cha vatshmats . II. Substitution drill

also come to Kashmir at this wedding. It was autumn. It was very cold in Kashmir, because it had snowed on the mountains. The winter is very cold in Kashmir. It rains in spring as well, but the weather remains good during the summer. The summer is not hot. A numer of tourists visit Kashmir during Kashmir during summer.

4. b o:sus dra:mut. s :s dra:m t, b :s s dra:m ts, s a:s dra:mts . 5. b o:sus vo:tmut. s :s v :tm t. b :s s v :tsm ts. s a:s va:ts mats . 6. b o:sus shgmut. s :s shgm t. b :s s shjm ts. s a:s sh jimats .

1. ts chukh a:mut. (yun) 2. toh chiv a:m t. (yun) ts chukh go:mut.(gatshun) toh chiv dra:m t. (ne:run)

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ts chukh vo:tmut.(va:tun). ts chukh shgmut.(sh gun) 3. su chv dra:mut. (ne:run) 4. su chu shgmut. (sh gun) su chu po:mut. (pon) su chu vo:tmut. (va:tun) III. Transformation drill b chus a:mut. b chas a:m ts. s chi g :m t. ts chukh vo:tmut. ts chakh v :tsm ts. toh chiv dra:m t. su chu shgmut. s cha shjm ts. tim chi g :m t. Exercises I. > > > > > > > > >

toh chiv v :tm t. (vat un) toh chiv g :m t. (gatshun) tim chi dra.m t. (ne:run) tim chi a:m t. (yun) tim chi g :m t (gatshun) tim chi v :tm t (va:tun)

b o:sus a:mut. b :s s a:m ts. s :s g :m t. ts o:sukh vo:tmut. ts :s kh v :tsm ts. toh :siv dra:m t. su o:s shgmut. s :s shjm ts. tim :s g :m t.

Fill in the blanks using appropriate forms of the verbs given in brackets: 1. toh chiva: yo:r . . . .? (yun) 2. b chusn to:r . . . . . (gatshun) 3. s chi gar . . . . (ne:run) 4. toh kot . . . . gari pat h ? (gatshun) 5. toh kar . . . . yo:r? (va:tun) 6. s :s k shi:ri d yi lat i . . . . (gatshun) 7. s :s u:t r dahi baji ka:le:j . . . .? (va:tun) 8. tim :s kahi baji daphtar . . . . (yun) 9. t hi ka: ka: . . . . k :shi:ri? (hon) 10. toh kot kot chiv . . . .? (gatshun)

II. Answer the following questions:

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1. toh chiva: k shi:ri g :m t? 2. toh kar chiv g :m t? 3. toh kot kot chiv k shi:ri manz g :m t? 4. toh k :tis ka:las chiv k shi:ri ru:dm t? 5. t hi kam kam b d shahar chiv vuchm t? 6. t hi kus kus shahar chuv pasand? 7. vandas manz kuth mu:sim chu k shi:ri a:sa:n? 8. ret k :lis manz kuth mu:sim chu ro:za:n? 9. k shi:ri pat h kar a:yiv toh va:pas? 10. toh kot g tshiv yeti pat h ? III. Use the following words/phrases in sentences: 1. g d nici lat i 4. d al ji:l 7. harud 10. ret ko:l 13. ba:k y Notes Present perfect tense Sentences with the present perfect tense are formed by using present forms of the auxiliary verb and by adding the following suffixes to main verb roots agreeing with the subject in number and gender in subjectival constructions (where main verbs are intransitive). Mas. Sg. Pl. -mut -m t b chus a:mut. ts chukh gomut

2. doyimi lat i 5. pasand yun 8. vand 11. shi:n pon 14. tika:zi

3. s :r karni 6. kh:dar 9. s:th 12. ba:l 15. garmi:

Fem. Sg. Pl. -m ts -mats

s chi a:m t.

toh chiv g :m t.

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Past perfect tense In the construction of sentences with the past perfect tense, the past forms of the auxiliary verb a:sun be are used. b o:sus go:mut Vocabulary k shi:r f. m gal
nuk m.s. g d
h lat d h m. gul marg m son marg m pahalga:m m kokarna:g m ve:rna:g m siri:n g r m kha:s kar sha:l ma:r m ni:sha:t m cashmasha:hi: ja:n a:sun Kashmir Mughal first turn day Gulmarg Sonamarg Pahalgam Kokarnag Verinag Srinagar especially Shalimar Nishat Chashmashahi to be good poz m
h p z p :t ba:l m
al ji:l m d
m hav s bo:t doyum m vand m. harud m. s :l :ni: m t :r f tika:zi shi:n m. s:th m. ru:d m. ret ko:l m. nahru: pa:rk f true really mountain(s) Dal lake houseboat second winter autumn tourist(s) cold because snow spring rain summer Nehru Park
s :s g :m t.

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Lesson 15
A. t  hi chava: yi kita:b p  rm ts? B. na, vuni n . yi k mav chi li:chm ts? A. yi cha mi:r s  :ban li:chm ts. yi cha k shi:ri mutalakh. yath manz chi k shi:ri: h nz m khsar siy :si: t :ri:kh. yath manz chu k shi:ri manz vuchanas la:yakh sa:rin y ja:yan hund ti zikir. B. me chu yemi kita:bi hund riviv kath ta:m akhba:ras manz pormut. toh yel m kl :yiv p rith, pat dizav me parn kh  :tr . A. paga:h chu yeti akh k :shur  ra:ma:. d B. a:, me chu pata:. me:n  k  ikt  hetsmats . do:stan cha t toh ti vuchiva:?
 ra:ma: parus A. me chu y hay d vuchmut. k :m karan v :l ti chi timay. agar me phursat me:li, b ti vuch duba:r . ada:ka:rav cha ath manz ja:n k :m k rmtts. B. azkal cha akh ja:n gri:zi: film ti cala:n.

Have you read this book? No, not yet. Who has written it? Mr. Mir has written it. It is about Kashmir. It presents brief political history of Kashmir. It also mentions all the worth seeing places of Kashmir. I have read the review of this book in some news paper. After you have read it, please lend it to me to read. A Kashmir pay will be staged over here tomorrow. Yes, I know about it. One of my friends has purchased tickets. Will you also watch it? I have seen the same play last year.The performers too are the same. If I get time, Ill see it again. The artists have done a good work in it. There is a good English movie being shown these days. Yes, I have heard its praise.

A. a: me ti chi amik t  :ri:ph

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bu:zm  t.  s vuchav yi philm yik vat  k :lketh.

 i:kh, philim vuchith B. ti chu t gatshav  s rame:shun gar  ti, t  msund gar  chu n zdi:kh tati pat h  . A. toh yiyiv daphtar  yith so:n sha:man sheyi baji. b  a:s  taya:r. B. acha: me gav tse:r. me chu ba:zar gatshun: me cha ba:zr  sabzi: an  n. sabzi:  nith chu me haspata:l ti gatshun.

A. ad  s  : teli samkhav paga:h sha:man. toh k  rzev ku:shish vakhtas pat h yin  c. Drills I. Substitution drill

We will watch this film together day after tomorrow. That is good. After watching the film, we will visit Rameshs house. From there, his house is close by. Please come to my house on return from the office at 6 oclock. I will be ready. Alright. I am late. I have to go to market. I have to bring vegetables from the market. After bringing vegetables, I have to go to hospital. OK. Well meet tomorrow in the evening. You should try to come on time.

 h suvmut. 1. me cha yi kita:b p rm ts. 2. tse chuth nov ko:t (parun) (suvun) (hon) (tshunun) (anun) (bana:vun) (le:khun) (hon) 3. t  hi chiv palav hetm  t. 4. timav o:s mazmu:n 1u:kh mut (hon) (le:khun) (vuchun) (parun) (k nun) (vuchun) (bana:vun) (dun) 5. b  gatsh  gar  k :m k rith. (k :m kar  n)

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(kita:b par  n) (ciTh le:kh  n) (khabar bo:z n) II. Transformation drill me cha yi philim vuchm ts.> me  :s yi philim vuchm ts.  ra:ma: 1u:khmut.> me o:s yi d  ra:ma: 1u:khmut. me chu d me cha yi khabar bu:zm ts.> me  :s yi khabar bu:zm ts. asi chu maka:n  k n  mut. > asi o:s maka:n  k n  mut. tse chuth bat  ron  mut. > tse o:suth bat  ron  mut. tse chith mo:z  hetm  t. > tse  :sith mo:z hetm  t. tse chath b niya:n > tse  :s  th b niya:n tshunim ts. tshunim ts. t  hi chuv kal  cholmut.> t  hi o:s  vi kal  cholmut.   t  hi chiv p :s   nm  t. > t  hi  :s  v p :s   nm  t. t  hi chav g r shi:rm ts.> t  hi  :s  v g r shi:rm ts. t  m chu bu:t h shu:rmut.> t  m o:s bu:t h shu:rmut. timav cha ka:r  nmz  ts. > timav  :s ka:r  nm  ts. Exercises I. Fill in the blanks using suitable words:
 ra:ma: . . . .? 1. t  hi chuva: yi d 2. t  hi kar chav yi kita:b . . . . .? 3. yi kita:b cha: k shi:ri . . . . .? 4. k shi:ri manz cha vuchanas. . . . va:riya:h. . . . 5. yi k :m. . . . yiyiv so:n gar  . 6. yi akhba:r. . . . g tshiv ba:zar. 7. me diyiv kita:b . . . . . . kh :tr  . 8. rne cha yi philim parus . . . . . 9. t  hi chava: n  v ka:r . . . .? 10. b  yim tuhund gar  , agar me phursat . . . ..

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II. Answer the following questions using cues: 1. t  hi cha: n v palav suvm  t? (a:) 2. t  hi cha: yi mazmu:n pormut? (a:) 3. tuh  nd do:stan cha: yi d  ra:ma: vuchmut? (a:) 4. t  hi cha: ka:lij  c k :m k rm ts? (na) 5. yim k m chi palav ch  lm  t? (shi:lan) 6. tuh  nd do:stan cha: nov saykal hotmut? (na) 7. t  hi chava: pan  n k  :m mokl  :vm ts? (na) 8. s  tsan cha: n v palav suvm  t? (na) 9. t  hi kar m kl  :viv ki:ta:b p  rith? (paga:h) 10. t  hi cha: yeti panun makam bano:vmut? (a:). III. Use the following words/phrases in sentences: 1. mutlakh 2. siy :si: 3. zikir 4. m kla:vun 5. phursat me:l  n 6. ada:ka:r 7. t  :ri:ph 8. n zdi:kh 9. tse:r gatshun 10. samkhun. 11. ku:shish kar  n Notes Present and perfect tense In this lesson, sentence constructions with the present and past perfect tenses have been used in objectival constructions (using transitive verbs). In case main verbs are transitive, the forms of auxiliary verb a:sun be are used in ergative. The present and past forms of the auxiliary verb are used in the present and past perfect constructions respectively. Auxiliary verbs in ergative Following are the present and past forms of the auxiliary verb in the ergative agreeing with the subject in person, and with object in gender and number: Present

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Person 1st /3rd 2nd (non-hon sg.) 2nd (pl./hon. sg.)

Masculine Sg. Pl. chu chi chuth chith chuv chiv

Feminine Sg. cha chath chav

 :s  :s  th  :s  v

Pl. cha chath chav a:s  a:sath a:s  v

Past 1st/3rd o:s a:s 2nd (non-lion. sg.) o:suth  :sith 2nd (pl./hon. sg.) o:slv  :siv Personal pronouns in ergative

Following are the forms of the personal pronouns in ergative: Person 1st 2nd 3rd (within sight) (out of sight) Masculine Sg. P1. me asi tse t  hi hom humav t  m timav Feminine Sg. me tse homi tami Pl. asi t  hi humav timav

Demonstrative pronouns in ergative Person Proximate Remote (within sight) (out of sight) Nouns in ergative case The following suffixes are added to the nouns in ergative case: Masculine Sg. Pl. -an -av Feminine Sg. Pl. -i -av Masculine Sg. Pl. yem yimav hom humav t  m timav Feminine Sg. Pl. yemi yimav homi humav tami timav

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Examples l  dk! +an l  dk! + av ku:r +i ko:ri +av Vocabulary mutalakh m mokhsar siy :si: t  :ri:kh f zikir m riviv m kath ta:m m" kla:vun tikath f y" hay bu:th m phursat f phursat me:l ! n duba:r ! ada:ka:r philim f calun t  :ri:ph f she:run suvun about brief political history mention review some to complete ticket the same shoes leisure to get time second time artist film to be on praise to repair to stitch ka:r f yik! vat ! n  zdi:kh so:n m.s taya:r taya:r a:sun pata: a:sun drama: m sabzi: f haspata:l m ad ! s  : teli samkhun ku:shish f ku:shish kar ! n bat ! m mo:z! m parus saykal m car together near, close by our ready to be ready to know play vegetable(s) hospital OK. then to meet try to try flood socks last year cycle = = = = l  dkan l  dkav ko:ri ko:rav (yem l  dkan p r yi kita:b.) (yimav l  dkav p r yi kita:b.) (yemi ko:ri p r yi kita:b.) (yimav ko:rav p  r yi kita:b.)

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Lesson 16
A. r # :na: s# :b kati chi? B. timan chun $ az t # biyath % hi:kh. timan o:s sub $ han t taph. beyi # :s $ kh tsa:s yiva:n. ami kin hek n $ yo:r yith. % a:kt % ars nish? A. tim g# ya: d % a:kt % ar B. a: tim g# yi. d s # :ban dut timan dava:. tim karan d & has a:ra:m. A. me ti chu kalas do:d. b $ hek$ n $ az k# :m k# rith. B. dava: kheyiv. jal $ d g# tshiv % hi:kh. me o:s ra:th t zuka:m. me khav dava: t $ % hi:kh. go:s t A. azkal chun $ yeti mu:sim % hi:kh. aksar chi lu:kh t bema:r peva:n. B. t & hi onva: sa:ma:n m# l ba:zr $ ? A. me het k ')(+*-,/.1032-*4,/.10 # :s gob. me hek n $ yo:r # nith. B. t & hi ka: ka: hotv $ ? A. me hot tomul, o:t% , m# dre:r, masa:l $ , nu:n, ti:l, beyi kapur vag# :r $ . B. b $ gatsh $ sha:man ba:zar. me ti chi k'5(6*4,/.1087)9 $ n gar $ kith. Where is Mr. Raina? He is not feeling well today. He had fever in the morning and wassuffering from cough. Therefore; he could not come here. Did he go to the doctor? Yes, he did. The doctor gave him medicine. He will take rest for the day. I too have headache. I cannot work today. Take medicine. You will be alright soon. I had badcold yesterday. I took medicine and got well. The climate over here is not good these days. People be become sick mostly. Did you buy things from the market? I bought a few things. They were heavy (in weight). I could not bring them here. What items did you buy? I bought rice, flour, sugar, spices, salt, oil, and cloth etc. Ill go to the market in the evening. I too have to bring a few things for home.

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A. teli gatshav : s yik ; vat ; daphtar ; yith. B. acha: bihiv. ca:y ceyiv. A. na, me gatshi tse:r. b ; heki n ; panun daphtar vakhtas pat< h v: :tith. B. acha: b ; pra:r ; t = hi sha:man. Drills I. Repetition drill

Then we will go together after coming from the office. OK. Please sit down. Have (a cup of) Tea. No,.Ill be late. I cann ot reach my office in time. OK. Ill wait for you in the evening.

1. bI hek; gar ; g: tshith. : s hekav yi k : :m k: rith. ts ; hekakh yo:r yith. toh hekiv yi kita:b p : rith. < h li:khith. s = heki cit tim hekan palav ch : lith. 2. b ; chus/chas heka:n k: :shur p: rith. : s chi heka:n akhba:r p : rith. ts ; chukh/chakh heka:n bat ; r: nith toh chiv heka:n ka:r cal : :vith. su chu heka:n g: r shi:rith. s = cha heka:n b: niya:n vu:nith. tim chi heka:n ca:y ban: :vith. tim; cha heka:n palav suvith. II. Transformation drill. b ; chus heka:n yo:r yith. > : s chi heka:n gar ; g: tshith. > ts ; chukh heka:n saph: :yi: k: rith:> ts ; chakh heka:n ts = ci ban: :vith. > b ; o:sus heka:n .. : s : :s heka:n .. ts ; o:sukh heka:n .. ts ; : :sikh heka:n ..

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toh chiv/chav > heka:n n? tsith. su chu heka:n du:rith. s @ cha heka:n ts? lith. tim chi heka:n kulis kh? sith. tim> cha heka:n ga:d > r? t > A ith. III. Response drill toh hekiva: az yith? tsi hek> kha: n? tsith? toh hekiva: gar > g? tshith? so heka: te:z du:rith? tim hekna: yi cit A h p ? rith? tim> hekna: ga:d A > t ? lith? Exercises (na) (na) (na) (na) (na) (na)

> > > >

toh ? :sivi/a:s > v> su o:s heka:n . s @ ? :s heka:n . tim ? :s heka:n . tim> a:s > heka:n .

na, b > hek> n > (yith). na, b > hek> n > (n? tsith). na, ? s hekav n > . na, su heki n > . na, tim hekan n > . na, tim> hekan n > .

I. Fill in the blanks using suitable words: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. me chun > az .. tA hi:kh. b > .. daphtar g ? tshith. t @ hi chav tsa:s .. toh g ? tshiv .. nish. me o:s .. d A a:kt A ar s ? :ban .. me dava: toh k ? riv .. a:ra:m, toh hekiv n > k? :m.. t @ hi cha: kalas ..? dava: .. sa:ma:n > o:s gob. me .. tulith. b > .. az sha:man .. g ? tshith. toh g ? tshva:? t @ hi gov> v> tse:r. toh .. daphtar vakhtas .. v ? :tith? toh pr ? :riv. b > .. sha:man va:pas .. ? s .. yik > vat A > .. g ? tshith?

II. Answer the following questions: 1. toh chiva: heka:n gevith? 2. toh chiva: heka:n n ? tsith? 3. toh chiva: heka:n bat > r? nith?

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4. 5. 6. 7.

toh chiva: heka:n vakhtas pat B h daphtar gC tshith? toh chiva: heka:n palav suvith? toh chiva: heka:n te:z du:rith? toh chiva: heka:n ka:r c al C :vith?

III. Use the following words/phrases in sentences:

B hi:kh gatshun 1. amikin 2. a:ra:m 3. t 4. mu:sim 5. bema:r pon 6. kuth 7. vakhtas patB h 8. taph a:sun 9. kal D do:d 10. zuka:m a:sun.

Notes The modal verb hekun In this lesson the modal verb hekun can, be able to is used in different types of sentences. When the modal verb hekun is used, the suffix -ith is added to the main verb stem. The verb hekun takes all the person, gender, number, and tense markers, like all other verbs in different types of constructions, e.g., b D chus heka:n yith. me hok yith. tse hokuth yith. t C m hok yith. I am able to come. I could come. You could come. He could come.

The modal verb hekun can be used with the subject in nominative or dative/ergative. Vocabulary taph m tsa:s f tomul m hekun khasun a:ra:m m a:ra:m karun fever cough rice to be able to to climb rest to rest kE5F amikin mC l anun B o:t mC dre:r masa:l D nu:n some therefore to purchase flour sugar spices salt

m m m m

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do:d m natsun jal G d H hi:kh gatshun t pra:run zuka:m m aksar talun do:run tsalun

pain, ache to dance soon to be ok to wait bad cold mostly to fry to run to run away

ti:l m beyi kapur m H un rat HG ga:d f ka:r f cala:vnn bema:r pon lu:kh f H tsot f

oil and cloth to catch fish car to drive to be ill people bread

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Lesson 17 A. yimtiha:n chu nI zdi:kh. The exams are not far off. t J hi pazivK sakh mehnath You should work very hard. kar K n. t J hi pazivK n K vakh K t You should not waste time. za:yi karun. B. me chu pata:. b K chus yatsha:n I know it. I want to study, parun, magar me chun K za :d K but I dont get much time. vakh K t me:la:n. A. toh chivn K dil diva:n parnas You are not paying attenmanz. tuh K nz lagi n K shara:rath tion to your studies. You kar K n. toh chiv v J n should not do mischief. You samK jda:r. are wise. B. b K chusn K shara:rath kara:n. I am not doing mischief. No k:h chun K yatsha:n one wants to fail in yimtiha:nas manz phe:l examination, or obtain low gatshun, ya: kam nambar nun. marks. A. teli ka: d I li:l cha? Then what is the matter (with you)? B. t J hi chun K pata: so:n gar K You dont know. Our house chu yeti patL h K sa:tL ha: du:r. is far away from here. I me chu peva:n p:tsh mi:l have to travel five miles d J hay saykalas patL h yun. by bicycle daily. A. toh kath mazmu:na manz In which subject are you chiv kamzo:r? weak? B. b K chus hisa:bas manz I am weak in mathematics. kamzo:r. gri:zi, t I :ri:kh, I get good marks in English, jagra:phi t K hendi vagI :r K history, geography, Hindi mazmu:nan chi me ja:n etc. nambar yiva:n. A. agar t J hi hisa:b chun K pu:r K If you do not know maths pu:ri yiva:n, tuhund gatshi well, you should ask me. me pr K tshun. B. acha. me hI :viv toh mushkil Alright. Please help me in mushkil sava:1. bakK y tagan difficult questions, the rest I me pa:nay kar K n. b K a:s K can do myself. I will be

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t M hi nish d M hay yiva:n. t M hi peyivi takli:ph karun. A. k:h phikir chan N . azkal chan N me pan N n za:d N kO :m. b N chus yatsha:n toh g O tshiv ja:n nambar nin. agar n N azkal mehnath kO riv, pat N peyivN pachta:vun. bad P an kala:san manz chun N a:sO :ni: sa:n dO :khl N me:la:n. B. b N kar N satP ha: mehnath. toh m N bO riv parva:y. Drills I. Repetition drill 1. me pazi mehnath kar N n. asi pazi kO :m kar N n. tse paziy gar N gatshun. 2. b N chus/chas yatsha:n ba:zar gatshun. O s chi ya tsha:n maka:n bana:vun. ts N chukh/chakh yatsha:n shgun. 3. me/asi lagi tihund gatshun. tse lagiy n N tsi:r yun. t M hi lagivN n N shara:rat karln. t O mis/timan lagi yo:r yun. 4. me/asi gatshi kath van N n. Q me/asi gatshan pO :s N hen. tse gatshiy r M pay dun. timan gatshan kita:b N dini.

coming to you daily. You will have to take trouble (for my sake). Dont worry at all. I dont have much work of my own these days. I want you to obtain good marks. If youll not work hard these days, youll have to repent later on. It is not easy to get admission in higher classes. Ill work very hard. Please dont worry (for me).

t M hi pazivN yo:r yun. t O mis pazi maka:n hon. timan pazi va:pas yun. toh chiv yatsha:n asun. su chu yatsha:n natsun. s M cha yatsha:n do:run. tim chi yatsha:n gevun. timN cha yatsha:n tsalun. me/asi peyi ba:zar gatshun. tse peyiy paydal gatshun. t M hi peyivN pa:nay yun. t O mis/timan peyi yo:r yun. t M hi gatsh N nav palav din. t O rnis gatshi kita:b din. tse gatshnay palav a:s N n.

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II. Transformation drill b R chus yatsha:n yun. > S s chi yatsha:n gatshun. > S toh chiv yatsha:n k :m kar R n. > su chu yatsha:n saphS :yi: kar R n. > tim chi yatsha:n kita:b le:kh R n. > U h vuch R n. s T cha yatsha:n cit > timR cha yatsha:n yimtiha:n dun.> Exercises I. Fill in the blanks using suitable words: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. t T hi pazivR gar R .. t T hi .. tse:r. timan .. pan R n k S :m .. vakh R t gatshi n R za:yi .. S s chi yatsha:n kita:b .. asi gatshi .. me:l R n. tim .. yatsha:n citU h .. timan chun R .. me:la:n. t T hi .. peva:n paydal .. tuhund .. chu du:r. me .. peva:n ba:zar .. b R chus sayklas patU h .. U aras ... .. tuhund gatshi sava:l ma:st me gatshi pan R n kita:b .. me tagan yim sava:l .. b R o:sus yatsha:n yun. S s S :s yatsha:n gatshun. toh S :sivi yatsha:n ...... su o:s yatsha:n ...... tim S :s yatsha:n ......... s T a:s yatsha:n ......... timR a:s R yatsha:n ......

II. Answer the following questions: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. t T hi ka: pazi karun? toh ka: chiv yatsha:n karun? t T hi laga: shara:rath kar R n? t T hi cha: taga:n kS :shur parun? t T hi cha: peva:n daphtar paydal gatshun? t T hi paza: vakh R t za:yi karun? toh chivna: yatsha:n ja:n k S :m kar R n? t T hi pazina: vakhtas patU h kS :m kar R n?

III. Use the following words/phrases in sentences:

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1. nV zdi:kh 5.paydal 8. pr W tshun 11. pachta:vun Notes Modal verbs

2. mehnath 3. za:yi karun 4. dil dun 6. shra:rath 7. kamzo:r 9. takli:ph karun 10. phikir kar W n 12. a:s V :ni: sa:n 13. parva:y barun.

The modal verbs pazi, gatshi, pon, yatshun and tagun have been introduced in this lesson. When these modal verbs are used, the main verbs are put in infinitive form. They take the gender, number, person and tense markers, and the main verb in infinitive agrees with the object in gender and number. Vocabulary yimtiha:n m nambar nin pazi sakh phikir f mehnath f mehnat kar W n takli:ph m yatshun pa:n m sava:1 m dil m dil dun lagun shara:rath f samW jda:r vX n k:h phe:l m pach W ta:vun karun tagun examination phe:l gatshun to obtain marks kam should nambar m hard, strong d V li:l f worry du:r m hard work mi:l m to work hard kamzo:r pain, trouble hisa:b m to want t V :ri:kh f self jagra:phi: f question hendi: m heart parva:y m to show interest tagun should d V :khl W m mischief parva:y barun wise pu:r W now gatshi any (one) mushkil m fail pat W to repent kala:s m to be able to do a:sa:n to fail less marks matter far away mile weak maths history geogrphy Hindi worry to know admission to worry complete should difficult later on class easy

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Lesson 18
A. toh k Y :ta: zi:tZ h chiv? Z t[ B. b [ chus p:tsh phut she inc. toh k Y :ta: chiv? A. b [ chus tuh [ ndi kh \ t [ z [ inc Z . toh chiv ma:ni kh \ t [ tshot Z h ti. t \ hi ko:tah chu vet vazan? B. b [ chus satath kilo. toh Y :siv Z h kilo. p:ts [ hY :t Z h kilo. A. na, b [ chus tsuhY :t mohanji: cha: t \ hi ] Z h kin [ k [ :s? zit ] B. tim chi me akh vY ri: k[ :s, Z h magar tim chi me zit ba:sa:n. A. toh chiv t Y ms [ ndi kh \ t [ zY :vil. t Y ms [ nz [ beni shi:l [ t [ rama: cha hishay shakli. B. mohan [ ti chu timn [ y huh. rama: cha sa:r [ v[ y kh \ t [ Z . s \ cha ca:la:kh ti l \ k[ t satZ ha:. s \ cha hame:sh [ pan [ nis kala:sas manz sa:riv[ y kh \ t [ za:d [ nambar hY :sil kara:n. Z h chu ma:ni su:tZ [ A. tuhund su:t kh \ t [ drog. tuh [ nz gY r ti cha ma:ni gari kh \ t [ droj. B. me cha tuh [ nz tsa:dar pasand. yi cha saphe:d shi:n hish. Whats your height ? I am six feet and six inches (tall). How about you? I am shorter than you by two inches. You are fatter than me. How much do you weigh? I am seventy kilos. You will be sixty-five kilos. No, I am sixty-four kilos. Is Mohanji elder to you or younger? He is younger to me by one year, but looks older to me. You are slimmer than him. His sisters Shiela and Rama look alike. Mohan is also like them. Rama is youngest of all. She is very clever too. She always obtains highest marks in her class.

Your suit is more expensive than mine.Your watch also is more expensive than mine I like your blanket. It is as white as snow.

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Drills I. Repetition drill

`. 1. b ^ chus tuh ^ ndi kh _ t ^ bod ` . toh chiv ma:ni kh _ t ^ l _ k^ t b ^ chus tuh ^ ndi kh _ t ^ zu:t` h. ` . toh chiv ma:ni kh _ t ^ tshot b ^ chus tuh ^ ndi kh _ t ^ za :vul. 2. ra:m^ chu mohnas huh i:ma:nda:r. shi:l ^ chan ^ rama:yi hish ca:la:kh. ra:j ^ chu aslamas huh mehnti: sa:r ^ cha pha:tas hish za :vij. sha:m^ chu r a hi:mas huh ak ^ lmand. 3. yi tsa:dar cha saphe:d shi:n hish. ` ^ ka:l hish. h _ tsa:dar cha kr ^ h ^ n k ^ t yi tsbdc e` h chu v_ zul na:r huv. h _ tse:r cha ni:j ka:ts hish. f su chu 1odur k _ g huh. yi sangtar chu modur kand huh. ` ul. 4. ra:m^ chu mohn ^ ni kh _ t ^ ga:t shi:l ^ cha k:tni kh _ t ^ pr a n. ra:j ^ chu aslamni kh _ t ^ da:na:. sa:r ^ cha pha:t ^ ni kh _ t ^ khu:bsu:rath. sha:m^ chu r a hi:mni kh _ t ^ za:d ^ be:vku:ph. ` ^ j. sarl ^ cha ra:da:yi h ^ ndi kh _ t ^ ga:t 5. toh chiv sa:riv ^ y kh _ t ^ ja:n. ` ul. ra:m^ chu sa:riv^ y h ^ ndi kh _ t ^ ga:t mohn ^ chu sa:riv^ y h ^ ndi kh _ t ^ hushiya:r. shi:l ^ cha sa:riv^ y kh _ t ^ ja:n geva:n. ra:da: cha sa:riv^ y kh _ t ^ za:d ^ ja:n natsa:n. mohn ^ chu sa:r ^ v^ y kh _ t ^ mehnath kara:n.

II. Sustitution drill

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1. b g chus tuh g ndi kh h t g zu: ti h. 2. toh chiv ma:ni kh h t g zj :vul ca:la:kh voti h da:na: i g l gj ri:b ga:t 3. ra:mg chu sha:mni kh h t g 4. shi:l g cha k:tni kh h t g da:na: prj n igj shj ri:ph ga:t ca:la:kh khu:bsu:rath j mi:r mehnti: V. Respons drill
i h? toh chiva: ma:ni kh h t g zi:t i. na, b g chus tuh g ndi kh h t g tshot toh chiva: sha:mni kh h t g zj :vil? i? sha:mg cha: mohn g ni kh h t g bod (l h shi:l g cha: k:tni kh h t g te:z? i ? toh chiva: sa:riv g y kh h t g tshot toh chiva: sa:riv g y kh h t g j mi:r?

(tshot k ) (voti h) i) kut (shj ri:ph) (zu:ti h) (gj ri:b)

B. Exercises I. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Fill in the blanks using suitable words.

i. b g chus . . . kh h t g zu: ti h. b g chusn g tuh g ndi . . . tshot ts g chukh ma:ni . . . . vot i h, ts g . . . . ma:ni . . . . toh chiv . . . . kh h t g j mi:r, toh . . . .ma:ni kh h t g . . . . ra:mg . . . . mohn g ni . . . . zu:ti h, su chun g t j ms g ndi . . . . mohn g . . . . ra:mg ni . . . . bod k , su . . . . tas g ndi . . . . i h, s h . . . . tshot i. shi:l g . . . k:tni . . . . zi:t k:t g . . .shi:lni . . . pr j n, s h .... khu:bsu:rath. i ul, . . . . chun g be:vku:ph. mohn g . . . . sa:rivg y . . . . ga:t

lI. Answer the following questions: 1. toh k j :ta: zi:ti h chiv? 2. toh k j ts ba:r g n chiv?

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3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

n h? toh chiva: sa:riv l y kh m t l zit n is bo :y s l ndi kh m t l zi:t n h k in l tshot toh chiva: pan l nis l m kt p ? n h? tuh l ndis daphtaras manz kam chi sa:rivl y kh m t l vet tuh l ndis garas manz kam chi sa:rivl y kh m t l zo :vil? tuh l ndis daphtars manz kam chi sa:rivl y kh m t l za:d l sho ri:ph? q n h kin l kl :s? 8. toh chiva: garas manz sa:riv l y kh m t l zit

III. Use the following words/phrases in sentences: 1. ma:ni kh m t l 4. sa:rivl y kh m t l 8. saphe:d shi:n Notes Comparatives Sentences with comparative degree constructions are formed by adding -i suffix to the genitive or possessive forms of the subject noun or pronoun with whom the comparison is made, which is followed by the comparative morpheme kh m t v . When the suffix is added the forms undergo some morphophonemic changes. Examples are given below. mo:n co:n mohnun + i = ma:ni kh m t l (toh chiv ma:ni kh m t l zi:t p h.) + i = ca:ni kh m t l (b l chus ca:ni kh m t l zo :vul.) + i= mohn l ni kh m t l (toh chiv mohn l ni kh m t l ca:la:kh.) n) ra:mun + i = ra:ml ni kh m t l (su chu ra:ml ni kh m t l bod n k l sund + i= l o d n kl s l ndi kh m t l (toh chiv yemis l o d n kl lo d n h) s l ndi kh m t l zi:t ko:ri hund +i= ko:ri h l ndi kh m t l (s m cha yemis ko:ri h l ndi n h.) kh m t l zi:t Superlatives
n 2. zutn h kin l krdsut 3. zu:tn h kin l tshot 5. huvuy. 6. hishay 7. ho :sil karun n l ka:l 9. kr l hun kl t 10 nu:l ka:ts.

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Sentences with superlative degree of comparison constructions are formed by adding the suffix -v w y to sx :riy all or by adding genitive marker hund to sa:rin w y which is followed by kh y t z . sa:ri: + v{ y = sa:riv{ y kh | t { sa:rin { y hund + i = sa:rin { y h { ndi kh | t { toh chiv sa:riv{ y kh | t { sh} ri:ph. toh chiv sa:rin { y h { ndi kh | t { sh} ri:ph. Interrogoitve pro-adjective ku:t how much Following are the forms of the interrogative pronoun ku:t how much agreeing with the subject in gender and number: Mas. Sg. ku:t/ko:ta:h Pl. k{ :t/k } :ta:h Sg. k{ :ts Fem. Pl.

k{ :ts { /k} :tsa:h

ts { ku:t/ko:ta:h zu:t~ h chukh? toh k { :t/k } :ta:h zi:t~ h chiv? ~ h chakh? ts { k{ :ts zi:t toh k { :ts { /k} :tsa:h ze:chi chav{ ? The masculine plural forms are used for honorific singulars as well. Vocubulary zu:t~ h m.s. tall ~ phut m foot/feet inc m inch kh | t { in comparison modur m sweet kand m a sweetener sangtar m orange h } :sil karun to obtain ~h su:t m suit sa:riv{ y kwhat { ca:la:kh m s } :ri: hame:sh { vazan m satath kilo m ~h p:ts { h} :t ~h tsuh} :t of all clever all always weight seventy kilogram sixty-five sixty-four

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drog m.s tsa:dar f. pasand a:sun v ri: m ba:sun huv m.s ni:j f.s ni:j ka:tas kruhun m. hushiya:r v zul m. na:r m pron m.s

 h m.s expensive zu t blanket ku m.s. to like vot h m.s year k g m to appear z :vul m.s like 1odur m.s blue be:vku:ph m unripe (y)i:ma:nda:r  lka:l black klt alert ak lmand red shar mda:r fire v zul na:r fair complexioned

elder younger fat suffron slim yellow idiot honest jet black wise shy deep red

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Lesson 19
kul so:n shahar chu l kut a:b :di: cha lagbag akh lach tsatji: sa:s. yeti chu akh re:lve: e:shan. yeti chi tre b d st kan sark :ri: ka:le:j.z l d h nd t akh ko:ran hund. yimav ala:v chi z g :r sark :ri: ka:le:j ti, yeti chi va:riya:h sku:l yeti chi va:riya:h sark :ri: daphtar ti. yiman manz chi a:kh kha:n , ta:rgar, teli:pho:n d m hkam , haspata:l, bank, puli:s m hkam , t hsi:l ada:lath sh :mil. yath shahras manz chi k) m k t ka:rkha:n ti. l k t yeti chi k)+4) bana:n. yetici vu:ni b niya:n , sha:l t kaml cha mash hu:r.

Our city is small. Total population is about one lakh forty thousand. There is a railway station. There are three big collages Two for boys and one for girls. Besides these, there are two private colleges. There are a number of schools. There are many government offices over here. They include post offices, telegraph office hospitals, banks, police department, tehsil, court etc.

There are some small factories in this city. Some handicrafts are also made here. The woollen sweaters, shawls and blankets of this place are famous. yath sha:hras manz chi ro:za:n People belonging to different mukhtaliph mazhaban h nd religions live in this city. They lu:kh. yiman manz chi hend, include Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs musalma:n, sikh, t yis :y and Christians. There are sh :mil. yeti chi mandar, temples, mosques, temples, masjid , girja:gar. lu:kh chi gurdwaras and churches here. pa:n v :n amn t mil tsa:r The people live (here) with sa:n ro:za:n. yi shahar chu peace and amity. This city is khu:bsu:rath t sa:ph. yeti chi beautifiul and clean. There are z ja:n ba:g. yo:r chi va:riya:h two good gardens. Many

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saya:h ti yiva:n. so:n gar chu ba:zras n zdi:kh. so:n gar chu t na za:d na za :d bod . s chi kul she b :ts l kut yath garas manz ro:za:n. s chi mohnas athi ba:zr sabzi: t ba:k y ci:z an na:va:n. s :nis garas n zdi:kh chi z duka:n. akh chu s ts sund t ba:kh chu dob sund. s chi s tsas athi palav suv na:va:n. dobis athi chi palav chal na:va:n. yeti cha ba:k y suhu:liy ts ti maysar. Drills I. Repetition drill

visitors too visit this city. Our house is near the market. Our house is neither too big nor too small. We are total six members living in this house. We make Mohan bring vegetables and other things from the market. There are two shops near our house. One is of a tailor and the other of a washerman. We get our clothes stitched by the tailor. We get our clothes washed by the washerman. There are all other facilities available over here.

1. b chus/chas t hi athi k :m kar na:va:n. h le:kh na:va:n. b chus/chas timan athi cit toh chiv me athi sa:ma:n an na:va:n. toh chiv timan athi palav suv na:va:n. tim chi me athi shech so:z na:va:n. tim chi t hi athi bat ran na:va:n. 2. me an na:v no:v t hi athi sa:ma:n . asi an na:v no:v su saykal. tse le:kh na:v no:vuth t mis athi mazmu:n. t hi so:z n :viv t mis athi p :s . t m da:v na:v na:vi me sa:rey kita:b . timav do:r na:v no:v su sat ha: te:z. 3. b an na:v t mis athi d d.

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s an na:vav t mis athi ka:kaz.

ts kar na:vakh kamr sa:ph. toh kar n :viv t mis athi s :r y k :m. su kha:v na:vi t hi bat . tim ca:v na:van t hi tre:sh. I. Substitution drill

1. b chus t hi athi k :m kar na:va:n. (k :m kar n) (sa:ma:n anun) (ca:y bana:v n) (palav chal n) h par n) (cit 2. toh :siv me athi b niya:n vo:n na:va:n. (vo:n n ) (k n n ) (m l hen) (an n) (chal n) VI. Transformation drill b chus palav chala:n. s chi cit hi le:kha:n. su chu maka:n bana:va:n. toh chiv sabzi: ana:n. su chu k mi:z suva:n. s cha bat rana:n. tim chi saph :yi: kara:n. Exercises I. Fill in the blanks using suitable words: 1. sa:ni shahr c . . . . cha . . . . lach t . . . . sa:s. 2. yeti chi variya:h sark :r . . . . > > > > > > > b chus palav chal na:va:n. s chi cit hi le:kh na:va:m. su chu maka:n bana:v na:va:n. toh chiv sabzi: an na:va:n. su chu k mi:z suv na:va:n. s cha bat ran na:va:n. tim chi sapha:yi kar na:va:n.

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3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

.... yeti chi k k t yeti chi . . . . mazhaban h nd lu:kh . . . . lu:kh chi amn t . . . . sa:n . . . . t .... ba:zar chu na za:d bod s chi dobis athi palav . . . . t s tsas athi palav . . . . toh chiv me . . . . cit h . . . b chus t hi . . . . shech . . . . me . . . . t mis athi saph :yi.

II. Answer the following questions: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. toh chiva: ga:m ro:za:n kin shahr ? tuh ndi ga:m c/ shahr c a:b :di: k :tsa: chi? toh k ts b :ts chiv kul garas manz? toh k mis athi chiv gar c k :m kar na:va:n? toh k mis athi chiv palav suv na:va:n? tuh ndis sha:hras manz kam kam sarka:r daphtar chi? tuh ndis sha:hras/ga:mas manz kam kam ka:rkha:n chi? toh k ati pat h chiv sa:ma:n an na:va:n?

III. Use the following words/phrases in sentences: 1. l kut m kut 2. lagbag 3. dastka:ri 4. mukhtaliph maz hab. 5. mil tsa:r 6. chal na:nvun 8. kar na:vun 9. ca:v na:vun 10. kha:v na:vun. Notes Causal constructions The causative suffixes na:v and - na:v na:v are added to the verb stem for forming the first and second causative forms respectively. Verb an bring 1st causal an na:v 2nd causal an na:v na:v

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le:kh write kha:v feed ca:v give to drink

le:kh na:v kha:v na:v ca:v na:v

le:kh na:v na:v kha:v na:v na:v ca:v na:v na:v

In case the postposition athi through is used the causative agent is put in dative case, e.g.,
s chi s tsas athi palav suv na:va:n.

In case the postposition -z riyi through is used, the causative agent is put in ablative case, e.g.,
s chi mohn ni z riyi sa:ma:n an na:va:n.

Vocabulary shahar a:b :di: vu:ni: kamal mash hu:r mukhtaliph maz hab hond saya:h sh :mil suhu:liyath masjid gurdva:r pa:n v :n miltsa:r m city banun f population lach m woollen sa:s m f blanket re:lve: m e:shan m m famous st different sark :ri: m religion musalma:n m Hindu sikh m visitor(s) yis :y included mandar f facility b :ts f mosque maysar m gurdwara girj mutual am n m togetherness to be available lakh thousand railway station of government m Muslim m Sikh m Christian m temple members of family m available m church m peace

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Lesson 20
k bema:r o:s, su kot A. yus l d Where is the boy who was: gav? sick? B. su gav haspata:l dava: an n He has gone to hospital for kh :tr . bringing medicine. A. yes ku:r tsi:r a:yi, s kati Where is the girl who came cha? late? B. s g yi gar va:pas. She returned home. A. yim shur sho:r :s kara:n, tim Where are the children who kati chi? were making noise? B. tim chi kala:sas manz. They are in the class. A. yim ko:ri yeti para:n cha, Do all the girls, who study alas manz here, reside in the hostel? tim cha: sa:rey ho:st ro:za:n? alas B. na, sa:rey chan ho:st No, all of them do not stay in the hostel. Some of them manz ro:za:n. k +)83) pat h yiva:n. come from their homes. A. toh kot kot g tshiv? Where will you go? B. yot yot toh g tshiv, b ti gatsh Wherever you go, I will tot tot. also go over there. A. mohnun saykal cha: tuh ndis Is Mohans bicycle near saykalas nish? your bicycle? B. yetan mo:n saykal chu, tatan Mohans b icycle is not at chun mohnun. that place where mine is. A. me:n palav kath alma:ri manz In which almirah are my chi? clothes? B. yath alma:ri manz me:n palav Your clothes are not in the chi, tath alma:ri manz chin same almirah in which my tuh nd. clothes are. A. toh kap :r g tshiv cakras? In which direction will you go for a walk? B. yap :r toh cakras g tshiv, b I will not go for a walk in gatsh n tap :r. the direction youll go .

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A. yemsund yi duka:n chu, t msund gar kati chu? B. me chun pata: ki yi k msund duka:n chu. b kar mo:lu:m. A. toh kar yiyiv duba:r yo:r? B. yuthuy toh shech su:ziv, b yim tithuy. Drills I. Repetition drill

Where is the house of the person who owns this shop? I dont know whose shop this is. I will find it out. When will you come here again? The moment you will send (me) a message, I will come at the same moment.

I. yus suli a:v, su gav gar . 2. y s tsi:r a:yi, s cha yetiy. 3. yim ko:ri para:n cha, tim gatshan pa:s. 4. 5. 6. 7. yemis duka:nda:ras me p :s dit, t mis ditiv t hi ti. yemsund yi maka:n chu, t msund chu hu duka:n ti. yap :r toh gatshiv, b ti gatsh tap :r. yetath tuhund me:z chu, tatath chun mo:n.

III. Transformation drill la. mohn chu mo:n do:s. lb. mohn chu dili ro:za:n. 1. mohni, yus dili chu ro:za:n, chu mo:n do:s. a:kt ar. 2a. mo:n do:s yiyi az. 2b. mo:n do:s chu d 3a. yim shur chi sho:r kara:n. 3b. yim shur chi kala:sas manz 4a. salm g yi haspata:l. 4b. salm :s bema:r. 5a. yi alm :rcha me :n. 5b. yath alma:ri manz chi palav. . 6a. yi maka:n chu mo:n. 6b. yi maka:n chu bod III. Response drill 1. y s ku:r bema:r cha, s kati cha? (gari) s cha gari. 2. y s ku:r natsa:n cha, s kati cha? (ba:gas manz)

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3. 4. 5. 5. 6. 7.

yus shur shara:rti: chu, su kati chu? (kala:sas manz) k dili pat h a:mut chu, su kati chu? (ba:gas manz) yus l d k phe:l gatshan, tim ka: karan? (yimtiha:n din) yim l d yim shur sho:r :s kara:n tim kati chi? yim ko:ri geva:n cha, tim kati cha? (para:n) yim zana:n van na:van, tim kati cha? (ca:y bana:va:n)

Exercises I. Fill in the blanks using sutiable words: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. y s ku:r gar g yi .. chan .. k k :m chi kara:n .. kati ..? yim l d yim yath .. manz ro:za:n chi .. cha s :riy .. yot yot toh g tshiv .. gats .. ti.. yap :r yap :r b go:s .. a:yiv toh ti. yemsund yi me:z chu .. chu yi sondu:kh ti. .. toh shech su:ziv, tithuy yim b . yath maka:nas manz b chus ro:za:n .. n zdi:kh chun k:h .. 9. yetan tuhund gar chu chun 10. yeti toh ---ro:za:n --- chu mo:n do:s ti IV. Complete the following sentences using co-relative pronouns: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. yithuy toh to:r g tshiv ......... yetan toh bihith chiv ........ yap :r toh g tshiv ......... yath kulis me:v chi ......... yemsund yi kalam chu .........

III. Use the following correlative pronoun forms in sentences : 1. yus .. su 2. y s .. s 3. yim .. tim 4.yim .. tim 5. yus yus .. su su 6. yas yas .. s

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s 7. yim yim .. tim tim 8. yim yim .. tim tim . Notes Relative clause constructions. Relative clause constructions are formed by the use of relative and correlative pronouns : yus . . . su, yim . . . tim, y s . . . s , yim . . . tim , yath . . . . tath etc. as examplified above. The relative forms are used in the first clause and the correlative in the second. Vocabulary va:pas gatshun kap :r al ho:st m nish tap :r to return yeti which direction s ri: hostel yap :r near yetan the same tatan direction pa:s gatshun mo:lu:m karun to enquire duba:r shara:rti: mischievous yithuy tithuy at that moment suli here all this direction where at there at to pass next time, again the moment early

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APPENDIX Classified Vocabulary in Kashmiri Nouns 4.1 Parts of body

ch :s ath g j kal kan kamar h kot kh r gal gardan g:tsh zang zav tu:n d :r dand dema:g dil

f. m. m. f. m. m. m. m. m. f. f. f. f. f. m. f. m. m. m.

eye mouth hand finger head ear waist knee foot cheek neck moustache leg tongue navel beard teeth brain heart

n r nam nas h net ak d pa:n phok buth bum mas manz ath m m yad vach h vut sha:n hots hot h gan

f. m. f. m. m. m. m. m. f. m. m. m. f. m. m. f. m. m. f.

arm nail nose thumb forehead body shoulder face eyebrow hair palm breast belly chest lips back wrist throat chin

1.2. Clothes and Ornaments

go:c k mi:z kapur kambal kor h ko:t kurt

m. f. m. f. m. m. m.

towel patlu:n shirt posha:k cloth pheran blanket b niya:n metal bracelet makhmal coat ma:l loose shirt malmal

m. m. m. f. m. f. m.

pants dress a dress sweater velvet garland muslin

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g hn gunus gulo:band p :ja:m tavliya: dasta:r du:t nor tsa:dar

m. m. m. m. f. m. f. m. f.

ornaments bracelet muffler trousers towel turban saree sleeve blanket

mo:z ye:r ri:shim ruma:l v :j shilva:r sha:l sa:ph phira:k

m. m. m. m. f. m. m. m. m

socks wool silk hanky ring trousors shawl turban frock

1.3. Jewels, Metals and Minerals gandukh c :d tra:m ti:n m kht la:l m. f. m. m. m. m. sulphur silver copper tin pearls ruby l y f. shi:sh m. shasht r m. sartal f. s n m. hi:r m. bronze glass iron brass gold diamond

1.4. Animals, birds and insects kat h ka:v k:t ur kom k kur ko:tur kukil khar khargo:sh g :t h ga:v gur gagur g d ts r m. m. n. m. m. n. f. m. m. f. sheep crow sparrow insect roost, cock pigeon cuckoo donkey rabbit eagle cow horse mouse fish sparrow tul r f. to:t m. d:d poz m. bro:r m. m ch f. m :sh f. mo:r m. ra:t m gul m. rey f. ru:sk t f. v h m. s h m. so:r m. ha:put m. butterfly parrot bull monkey cat fly buffalo peacock owl ant deer camel lion pig bear

f. f.

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tsar tsha:vul g b

m. m. f

bed-bug goat sheep

h:gul m. hos m. h :r f.

stag elephant maina

1.5. Flowers gula:b guliaphta:b came:li: ja:ph rpo:sh 1.6. Vegetables adrakh o:luv k :shir al kare:l ga:z r gd g g j cukandar t ama:t ar da:nival nadur pa:lakh pra:n l :r 1.7. Fruits m. plum amb f. mango o:luvbukha:r m. black plum amru:d m. guava ka:ju: m. cashewnut kishmish m. raisin
:r

m. rose m. sun-flower f. jasmine m. marigold

pampo:sh m. lotus po:sh m. flower yamb rzal f. narcissus.

f. m. f. m. f. m. f. m. m. f. m. f. m m

ginger potato bottle gourd bitter gourd carrot onion turnip beet root tomato coriander lotus root spinach green garlic cucumber

ruhun m. garlic pud n m. mint phua gu:bi: m. cauliflower band gu:bi: m cabbage bind f. ladyfinger i: maTar m. peas marts v:gun m. chilli muj f. radish ra:zma:h m. beans ruv v:gun m. tomato v:gun m. brinjal shakarkand m. sweetpotato ha:kh m. sweeds

tul m. d :n m. dach m. na:rji:l m. nom m. papaya: m.

mulbery pomegranate grapes coconut lemon papaya

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ke:l kh z r kharbuz khu:pr ja:nun tse:r tsd h ang t u:n d

m. m. m. m. m. f. m. m. m.

banana date melon coconut jambo appricot apple pear walnut

pist m. ba:da:m m. m g phol m. munk m. yenji:r f. l :r m. sangtar m. sup :r f. hend vend m.

pistachionut almond ground nut raisin (big) big cucumber, orange betal nut watermelon

1.8. Eatables and Spices f. cardamom :ca:r m. pickles o:t m. flour k n kh m. wheat kaba:b m. minced meat kulici m. a breadcake k rm m. a mutton dish k g m. saffron khir m. a sweet dish gav m. purified butter can m. gram ca:y f. tea tsa:man f. cheese tsot f. a thin bread tsa:man f. cheese za:mut d d m. curd hu:l t m. egg abal tsot d f. bread ti:l m. oil tembar hendi: f. tamirind tomul m. rice th n f. butter da:l f. pulses
:l

d d neni na:t nu:n pa:n bat m dre:r ma:z masa:l mar ts ma:ch h :y mit yakh n r ng 1ed r 1 s
h sh :t sabzi: sun h ga:d ar hed da:lci:n

m. f f m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. f. f m. f. f

milk meat meat salt betal leaf cooked rice sugar mutton spices pepper honey sweets a meat dish cloves turmeric a beverage of milk/curds m. ginger f. vegetable m. mutton f. dry fish m. mushrooms f cinnamin

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1.9. Household articles

:nakh akhba:r alm :r k :li:n kamr kap kalam kanguv ka:pi: ka:kaz kita:b kuluph kul kursi: k kho:s g r gab gar gila:s ca:rpa:y cas p :s pash pankh pa:l un bat ba:l ba:g ba:zar ba:nl bijli: me:z

:n

m. m. m. f. m. m. m. m. m. f. m. f. m. m. f. f. m. f. m. m. m. f. m. m. m. m. m. m. f. m. m. m. f. m.

h . f. letter mirror cit spectacles co:k m. kitchen newspaper ch t r f. umbrella almirah chat m roof he:1 m. bag carpet t ab d room f. balcony ab d cup m. box pen t :v f. an iron pan comb ta:r f. wire copy tasvi:r f picture paper ta:s m. playing cards book tham m. pillar lock tha:l m. plate nail d :r f. window m. door chair darva:z key duk :r f. scissors a cup dava:h m. medicine watch de:va:r m. wall woollen carpetduka:n m. shop home namd m. a carpet tumbler na:r m. fire cot not m. earthern chess pitcher money mi:l f. ink roof raz :y f. quilt fan l r f. house cup le:ph f. quilt button lu:r f. stick ball lipha:ph m.envelope garden vaguv m. mat market vath f. way, path vessel shi:sh m. glass electricity shra:puc m.knife table sat r nd f. a cotton carpet

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bistar bohgun br:d m :da:n maka:n

m. m. m. m. m.

bedding a vessel varandah an open field house

sandu:kh ak sad sa:ma:n s tsan he:r

m. f. m. f. f.

box road goods needle staircase

1.10. Nature, time and seasons aphta:b asma:n a:b a:bsha:r obur kul k :lketh k l kh phtan ga:sh ga:s jangul tse:r z mi:n zu:n zu:n ga:sh digar ta:rukh ta:ph t :r d riya:v d h d h dup h :r nab harud hava:h m. m. m. m. m. m. sun sky water waterfall clouds tree day after tomorrow f. stream m. dusk m. light m. m. m. m. f. m. m. m. m. f. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. grass forest late land moon moon-light afternoon star sunshine cold river smoke day noon sky autumn air po:n m. paha:d m. ba:l m. ret ko:l m. reth m. ra:th f. ra:mra:m b dr n du:n f. ru:d m. v ri: m. v hra:th f. van m. vand m. vuz mal f. vunar f. shabnam m. shab m sha:m m. shi:n m. sahar m. sabza:r m. samandar m. s:th m. siriyi m. subuh m. sul f. hapht m. water mountain mountain summer month night rainbow rain year rainy season forest winter lightning mist dew night evening snow dawn greenery ocean spring sun morning early week

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1.11. Occupations aphsar ar akt (y) inji:nar kal :rk kamishnar k:dur m. k :rgar m kuli: kha:r gra:kh i:sa:z g d i vo:l ga:d gru:s capr :s cu:kdar cha:n a:kt ar d a:k vo:l d til vo:n tha:n da:r m. officer actor engineer clerk commissioner bakeryman artisan m. coolie,porter m. blacksmith m. customer m watch maker m vehicle driver m. farmer m. peon m. watchman m. carpenter doctor m. postman m. oilman m. police officer duka:nda:r dob n :yid no:kar phe:rivo:l ba:gva:n ba:p :r m :likh m :li: mozu:r mul :zim v :zi:r v zi:ri az va:tul va:z v sta:d s ts s nur h ki:m hal vo:y m. shopkeeper m. washerman m. barber servant m. hawker m. gardener businessman m. master m. gardener labourer employee minister m prime minister m. cobbler cook teacher tailor m. goldsmith Unani doctor m. sweets seller

1.12. Relationships ku:r k lay kh:da:r kh:da:ren kha:vand z :mi: zana:n daughter, girl wife husband wife husband brothers son brothers wife great grand mother bud bab husband bad great grand father husbands beni sister sisters husbandbenth r sisters son wife, be:m sisters bartha: ba:p th r b yka:kan na:n bad

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za:m za:m tur zur tr y do:s dushman druy necuv na:n n sh pit r beni. mo:l pitur bo:y pet r

husbands sister son-in-law grandson/ bo:y granddaughter m :j wife m hnuv friend ma:s enemy ma:suv

husband brother mother person mothers sister mothers sisters husband mothers sisters son mothers sisters daughter mothers brother husband boy, son girls girl friend step daughter step sister step mother step father step brother step son

husbands brother son ma:stur bo:y grandmother ma:st r beni daughter-in-law fathers ma:m brothers daughter father fathers ru:n brothers son l d k paternal uncle ves

pecan p ph p phuv p pht r beni p phtur bo:y potsh

vo:r ku:r vo:r1 beni paternal aunt vo:r m :j fathers sister vo:r mo:l fathers sisters vo:r bo:y daughter v:or necuv fathers sisters daughter shur child fathers sisters son sa:l wifes sister guest h har wifes brother hash mother-in-law

1.13 Days of the week ts nd rva:r f. Monday shok rva:r f. Friday

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bomva:r b dva:r brasva:r

f. f. f.

Tuesday Wednesday Thursday

juma:h va:r bat a:th va:r

m. f. f.

Friday Saturday Sunday

1.14. Months of the year vayakh h ze:t ha:r shra:vun b :d r :shid m. m. m. m. m. m. April-May May-June June-July July-August August-Sept. Sept-Oct. katakh rn njiho:r p h ma:g pha:gun tsith r m. m. m. m. m. m. Oct-Nov. Nov-Dec. Dec.-Jan. Jan-Feb. Feb-March Mar.-April

1.15 Miscellaneous aphsu:s ada:lath a:ra:m k :math kira:yi khabar khoshi: kha:h gam galti: ga:m tama:sh dar m d kh do:kh duniya:h nema:z neth r pu:za: b chi maksad m. f. m. m. f. f. f. m. m. f. m. m. m. m. m. m. f. regret court rest,comfort price rent, fare news happiness field sorrow mistake village show religion grief fraud world prayer of Muslims m. marriage f. worship f. appetite m. aim java:b m. tsa:s f. zaba:n f. zil m. tala:kh m. t hsi:l m. t :ti:l m. t :ri:ph. m. takdi:r m. takli:ph m. taph m. mushkil f. mus :phir m. mi:l m. yazath m. ya:d m. yintiza:r m. shukriya: yela:j m. vakh t m. varta:v m. shahar m. answer, reply cough language district divorce tehsil holiday praise luck pain fever difficulty traveller mile respect memory wait thanks treatment time behaviour city

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maz maza:kh madath mandar masjid mohbath 2. Pronouns

m. m. m. m. f. m.

pleasure joke help temple mosque love

shika:yath sho:kh shra:n sava:l saph :yi: haspata:l

f. m. m. m. f. m.

complaints fondness bath question cleanliness hospital

we ka: what k some, a few kus who kus ta:m somebody co:n your ts you t msund his, her tim he, they timan hund his/her, their tihund his/her,their tuhund your 3. Adjectives
ji:b mi:r :kh ri: a:sa:n odur od kam kamzo:r kun kul k :mti: koc kruhun

panun b mo:n yi yus so:n su s hu hum hum f.

ones own I my, mine this, it, he, she who/that our he,that(out of sight) she,that(out of sight) he,that(within sight) he (hon), they they

m. strange rich last easy wet m. half less weak m. single whole expensive m. unripe, raw m. black

bad badshakal band be:vku:ph bod m. t m. ot h t hand t hi:kh d ol ta:z te:z turun thod

bad ugly closed fool big bitter cold correct loose fresh sharp, fast, cold high

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kh :li: khara:b kha:s khul kho:vur g ri:b gand gar m galath gob gon go:l gul :b z :vul zakhmi: za:d zu:t h rut la:jv r 1odur l kut modur mot mul :yim va:riya:h vult 4. Numerals 4.1 Cordinals 1. akh 5. p:tsh 9. nav 13. truva:h 17. sada:h

empty bad special open, loose left poor dirty hot, warm wrong heavy dense, thick round pink slim, thin wounded much, more tall, long good purple yellow small sweet fat soft many opposite

dochun drog namki:n nar m nov nu:l patl pop pu:r pro:n ca:la:kh ja:n tsok v zul s hi: sakh t saphe:d sab z sast sa:d sod m. s ndar hokh m. hol m. halk hava:da:r

right expensive salty soft new blue thin ripe complete old clever good sour red correct hard white green cheap simple straight beautiful dry bent, crooked light airy

2. z 6. she 10. d h 14. ts da:h 18. arda:h

3. tre 7. sath 11. ka:h 15. panda:h 19. kun vuh

4. tso:r 8. 
t h 12. ba:h 16. shura:h 20. vuh

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21, ak vuh 21. z to:vuh 25. p  Nts  26. shat  vuh 29. kun  tr  h 30. tr  h 33. teyitr  h 34. ts yitr  h 37. sat  tr  h 38. ar  tr  h 41. ak t :ji: 42. d yit :ji: 45. p:tst :ji: 46. sheyit  :ji: 49, kunvanzah 50. pantsa:h 53. truvanza:h 54. tsuvanza:h 57. satvanza:h 58. arvanza:h 61. ak h :t 62. duh  :t h h 65. p:tsh :t  h 66. shuh  :t h 69. kun  satath 70. satath 73. trusatath 74. tsusatath 77. sat  satath 78. ar  satath 81. ak shi:th 82. d yish  :th 85. p:ts  shi:th 86. sheyishi:th 89. kun  namath 90. namath 93. trunamath 94. tsunamatli 97. sat  namath. 98. ar  namath 101 akh hath t  akh 1000 sa:s 1001 akh sa:s t  akh 10,000 d  h sa:s 4.2. Ordinals
 ki:m

23. tro:vuh 24. tso:vuh 27. sato:vuh 28. aTho:vuh 31. aktr  h 32. d yitr  h 35. p:tstr  h 36. sheyitr  h 39. kun  t :ji: 40. tsatji: 43. teyit  :ji 44. ts yit  :ji: 47. sat  t  :ji: 48. ar  t :ji: 51. akvanza:h 52. duvanza:h 55. p:tsvanza: 56. shvanza:h 59. kunh  :t 60. she:t h h 63. truh :t 64. tsuh :t h h 67. sat  h  :t 68. arh  :t h h 71. ak satath 72. dusatath 75. p:ts  satath 76. shusatath 79. kun  shi:th 80. shi:th 83. treyishi:th 84. ts yishi:th 87. sat  shi:th 88. ar  shi:th 91. ak namath 92. dunamath 95.p:tsnamath 96.shunamath 99. namnamath 100. hath 100,000 lach 1,000,000 dah lach 10,000,000 karo:r

doyim treyim tsu:rim  p  :tsim sheyim s  tim

first second third fourth fifth sixth seventh

k him b  him truv :him ts d :him pand :him shur :him sad :him

eleventh twelfth thirteenth fourteenth fifteenth sixteenth seventeeth

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 him :t n  vim d  him

eighth ninth tenth

ar d :him  kun vu:him vuhim

eighteenth nineteenth twentieth

4.3. Fractions pa:v  od s  :d   s  :d z du:n   du:n z

 d  d  a:yi d   tre sa:d   tso:r sa:d

quarter () half () one and a quarer (1) two and a quarter (2 ) three quarters () one and three quarters (1) one and half (1 ) two and half (2 ) three and half (3 ) four add half (4 )

5. Verbs asun a:sun anun a:lav karun a:vra:vun  k :pun  un kad kama:vun karun  k nun khasun kho:lun khon  g zrun gavun ga:brun guza:run grakun i. to laugh tsalun to be tsa:pun  to bring tsu:r kar n  un to call tsh:d to cover tshnuun to shiver za:nun to take out za:lun to earn ze:nun to do to:lun to sell tulun to climb tra:vun to open daba:vun to eat dazun to count dun to sing do:run to be afraid ne:run to spend (time) t h hrun   d to boil to run away to chew to steal to look for to wear to know to burn to win to weigh to lift to leave to press down to burn to give to run to get out to stay to see

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grak na:vun t. con chalun cha:pun chupun i. prazlun i. prazna:vun pr tshun phat ! un phe:run phut ! un i. phut ! ra:vun t. b " :gra:vun barun baca:vun bad ! a:vun bana:vun basun bihun bud ! un bo:zun ma:h karun m" shra:vun mashun (i) marun (i) ma:run mangun ma:nun yatshun 6. Adverbs
" :kh r

to boil to drink to wash to print to hide to shine to recognise to ask to sink/drown to turn, travel to be broken to break to distribute to fill to save to increase to make/build to inhabit to sit to become old to listen to kiss to forget to forget to die to kill lo ask for to admit to desire

pakun parun pon pishun tsat ! un yun ranun rat ! un ra:van ro:zun lad ! un lamun labun la:yun vanun valun vasun v# thun vuchun vuphun she:run samjun so:zun s:cun suvun ha:run hechun hon yi:run

to walk to read/study to fall to grind to cut to come to cook to catch/hold to loose to reside to quarrel to pull to get/acquire to beat to say to wrap to get down to stand up to see to fly to serve/set right to understand to send to think to stitch to loose to learn to buy to flow

aksar aca:nakh az azkal k" :lkath

after all often,generally suddenly to day now-a-days day after

bilkul b# n brh brh kani manz manz

quite down before in front of among sometimes

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kar kati kith $ k$ n g% d &$ jal $ d tsh % p $ k' rith tika:zi teli du:r n ' zdi:kh be:shakh nebar zaru:r paga:h pat $ pat $ kani 7. Cojunctions agar amikin ki b ' lki

tomorrow when where how in the beginning quickly silently because then away. near of course outside certainly tomorrow after behind

yeti yeli yith $ k$ n yu:t ra:th va:riya:h va:r $ va:r $ vun v% n sha:yad sat& ha: siriph hame:sh $ heri hor hoti

here when in this way as much as yesterday plenty slowly just now now perhaps much, enough only always above upward there

if hence, so that but, on the contrary

beyi magar ya: ya..ya:.. kin $

and but or either.. or or

8. Postpositions
' ndr $ andar tal tal $ pat& h $ nish

from within in, inside under from bottom near

nishi pat& h pat& h $ manz manz$

from on from in, inside from within

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References
Bailey, T.Grahme 1937. The Pronunciation of Kashmiri. London: Royal Asiatic Society Bhat , Roop Krishen 1982. Kashir kitab I (State School Reader in Kashmiri) Mysore: CIIL. Bhat, Roop Krishen 1986. A Descriptie Study of Kashmiri. New Delhi: Amar Prakashan. Fussma, Gerard 1972. Atlas linguistique de parlers Dardes et Kafirs. vol I and II. Paris: Ecole: Francaise DExtreme -Orient. Grierson, George A. 1911. Standard manual of the Kashmiri language. 2 Vols. Oxford; Reptd. Rohtak: Light and Life Publishers, 1973. Grierson, George A. 1919. The Linguistic Survey of India. vol. VIII, Part II. Calcutta: Royal Asiatic Society. Reptd., Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas 1968. Hook, Peter Edwin and Omkar N Koul (forthcoming). Kashmiri: A Study in Comparative Indo-Aryan. Tokyo: IAAS. Kachru, Braj B. 1969. A Reference Grammar of Kashmiri. Urbana: University of Illinois. Kachru, Braj B. 1973. An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri. Urbana: University of Illinois. Koul, Omkar N. 1977. Linguistic Studies in Kashmiri. New Delhi: Bahri publications. Koul, Omkar N. 1985. An Intensive Course in Kashmiri. Mysore: CIIL. Koul, Omkar N 1994. An Intermediate Course in Kashmiri Mysore: CIIL. Koul, Omkar N. 2003. Kashmiri. In Cardona, George and Dhanesh Jain (eds.) The Indo-Aryan Languages. London: Routledge. Koul, Omkar N. and Ruth L. Schmidt 1983. Kashmiri: A Sociolinguistic Survey. Patiala: IILS Koul, Omkar N. and Peter Edwin Hook (Eds.) 1984. Aspects of Kashmiri Linguistics. New Delhi: Bahri Publications. Schmidt, Ruth Laila and Omkar N. Koul 1983. Kohistani to Kashmiri: An Annotated Bibliography of Dardic languages. Patiala: IILS. Wali, Kashi and Omkar N Koul 1997. Kashmiri: A CognitiveDescriptive Grammar. London, New York: Routledge.

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