Governance and Good Governance

Government: It is a critical and inseparable element of the state It is a responsible state for administration through various institutions to ensure a better society and improved lives of citizens. In the course of administration, the government creates a relationship between its various institutions and citizens. The nature of this relationship depends the nature of the state, e.g.,. Whether it is a military state, autocratic state, democratic state, or any other form Governance: Governance- Not Static but dynamic in nature Who govern and How well- Means Governance Definition of the exercise of economic, political and administrative UNDP authority to manage a country's affairs at all levels and by which states promote social cohesion and integration, and ensure the well-being of their population In General Focus on effective interaction between government, Market, Civil Society and Cooperative Endeavour to realize desire outcome Quality of government increase Significant position of citizens- Collective participation in decision making reform in the governing process for better and improved policy outcome Encompass Effectiveness of state, Government, Market and Community Encompass Political, Social and Economic Aspect of the governing system Definition for Reduction of the role of the State in economic activities as Market well as the promotion of the role of the market. Economy Definition As the set of guiding principles to improve and strengthen during period the capacity of the recipient countries towards better and of effective implementation of development initiatives. Globalisation Broad Independent Judiciary Concern Accountability Active Public participation- Not just as passive consumer Ensure Citizen right Empowering people Responsiveness Strong Civil Society including press

Civil Servants imbued with professional Ethos

Distinct Aspect of Governance

Form of political Regime

Process by which authority is excercised for managment of a country's economic and social resources Capacity of government to design, formulate and implement policies

Rule of Law: Police, Judiciary Regulatory burden: Policies that make market unfriendly

Control of Corruption

Measures for Governance by World Bank

Effectiveness of government: Competence bureaucracy and public delivery Service Instability and Violence
Voice and Accountability

Efficiency: a measure of how economically resources are used to produce the intended results

Effectiveness:

Subsidiarity: the principles that decision making should t&e place at the level that is most appropriate for a particular issue

Transparency and Access to information

Sustainability: Measures governance and its quality by International Fund for Agricultural Development

Inclusiveness and Equalty

Accountability:

Participation

Adherence to the rule of the law: the principle that every member of a society, even a ruler, must follow the law

Good Governance: Good governance would promote and ensure development. Sound economic policies and democratic institutions that are responsive to people's needs are instrumental for sustained economic growth, poverty eradication, and employment generation. This unit deals in detail with governance and development 1989: World Bank: Sub Sahara Africa- From crisis to Sustained growth Need for Good Governance

Good Governance- Sound development management Having four dimension or components Public Sector Managment- Civil Service reforms (ARC) and involvement of Privet Sectore (PPP model) A legal framework for devdelopment to ensure working of Market Ensure Accountability through Various institution and Mechanism

Ensuring transparency and Access to information Governance and Development: Inter relationship Development- Efforts to make for increasing per Capita income and improving standard living and well-being of society (including health, education, sanitation, safe drinking water, employment opportunity etc.) The term development is closely related to process of Governance. The Centre point of Both Development and governance is offering benefit to people. Both are complement each other. Development bears fruit in presence of good governance. Good governance ensure people participation in decision making process related to development programme. The participation of people in development initiatives truly reflects the empowerment of people.

According to Asian Development Bank (ADB), the four key areas of interrelationship between governance and development.

Accountability Transparency Participation Predictability

The United Nations General Assembly 2005 World Summit outcome envisaged that "good governance is essential for sustainable development

Sound Economic Policy Solid Democratic institution responsive to need of People Improved infrastructure

Sustained economic growth,

Basis for

Poverty eradication and employment creation; Peace and security, Domestic stability, Respects for human rights, including the right to development, the rule of law, gender equality and market oriented policies

Features of Good Governance:

The Challenges for Good Governance: 1) Political and Administrative aspects 2) Aspects in general

legal framework based on the rule of law and independenceof judiciary to protect human rights, secure social justice

need of cooperation among government and civil society organizations

A sound administrative system should lead to efficiency and effectiveness

freedom of associations and participation by various religious, social, economic and cultural and professional groups in the process of govenpnce Political accountability: acceptability of the political system by the people, and regular elections to legitimize the exercise of political power

Political and Administrative aspects

Freedom of information: needed for farmulation of public policies, decision- making, monitoring and evaluation of good performance.

Bureaucratic accountability: ensuring a system to monitor and control the performance of government offices and officials, in relation to quality of services, efficiency and misuse of discretionary power.

Violation of Human rights Criminalisatio n of politics

Poorly empowered grassroots democratic institutions

Centralisation of power and authority

Poor coordination among the political, administrative and community levelorganizations and institutions

Aspects in General
Corruption at various levels
Poor participation of disadvantaged in decision making process.

Weak legislators with criminal records, poor knowledge about development issues and low level of education

Poor people's participation in development processes

Delay in delivery of judicial decisions

Attributes of Good Governance: Attributes Rightsizing government function Greater use of information technology and management techniques Delegation, ethics and participation Ensuring Accountability Institutional reforms To identify and Care functions that cant performed by market such as law and order, security, Social service, Creating infrastructure, macroeconomic management autonomous regulatory agencies with quasi-judicial powers, in order to ensure that the functioning of private units evolving better systems of record keeping, movement of files, space utilization, and the adoption of other available means of automation make public offices more effective and efficient through computerized information system Simplification of office procedures, standardization of job output, and introduction of appraisal by result efficiency cum performance audit would ensure greater accountability Performance budgeting delegation and devolution of authority and responsibility adherence to clearly defined ethical standards process of consultation and participation in decision making Through institutional Framework and establishing accountability mechanism such as public accountable committee, executive accountability to parliament Right to information (RTI) Act Changing policy and programmes; improving administrative effectiveness; solving personal problems; countering pressures and threats from outside organizations. empowerment of citizens in general and vulnerable section in particular empowerment of grass root functionaries dispersal of politico-administrative power privatization, contracting out and removing delays and rigidity in public organizations Technology up gradation (introducing information technology), incorporating modern techniques of management to ensure effectiveness and efficiency capacity building of public institutions (training of civil servants) and transparency and openness in public organizations

Decentralization Delegation Democratization De-bureaucrazation Others ways