FUNDAMENTAL DRAWING & SURVEYING ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all I would like to express my gratitude with all my heart to Almighty god for giving me the courage and the strength to complete this assignment. As far as I concern I think it is my fortune following the course Quantity Surveyor at British College of Applied Studies. I think BCAS is one of the institute seeks to give the best and updated knowledge in theory and practice in the fields. This is the place where all the students future is lightened up. Success behind the institution is always the result of the hard and dedicated services and of all he personnel guiding its destinies. Behind all of this there is always a person who guides the institution in able manner, a person who was encouraging us to do this report in a correct manner, so my first gratitude goes to Ms. GWTC. Kandambyour Measurements instructor, who was instructing us in a friendly manner to achieve the target while fulfilling our knowledge.

Thank You.

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FUNDAMENTAL DRAWING & SURVEYING CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT CONTENTS INTRODUCTION TASK-01 TASK-02 TASK-03 CONCLUSION REFERENCE

01 02 03 04 07 09 27 28

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FUNDAMENTAL DRAWING & SURVEYING INTRODUCTION

Method of making relatively large-scale, accurate measurements of the earth's surfaces. Its principal modern uses are in the fields of transportation, building, land use, and communications. Surveying is divided into the categories of plane surveying (mapping small areas) and geodetic surveying (mapping large areas of the globe). The Romans are said to have used the plane table, which consists of a drawing board mounted on a tripod or other support and a straightedge along which lines are drawn. It was the first device capable of recording or establishing angles. With the publication of logarithmic tables in 1620, portable angle-measuring instruments, called topographic instruments, or theodolites, came into use; they included pivoted arms for sighting and could be used for measuring both horizontal and vertical angles. Two revolutionary 20th-century innovations were photogrammetric (mapping from aerial photographs) and electronic distance measurement, including the use of the laser.

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FUNDAMENTAL DRAWING & SURVEYING Task 01

1.2) Describe briefly the difference between first and third angle projection. Any space can be divided into 4 quadrants basically using two mutually perpendicular planes - the horizontal plane(HP) and the vertical plane(VP). These planes are considered to be transparent and to be of infinite size. In first angle projections, the object is considered to be in front of VP and above HP. Hence the top view or plan of the object will be obtained below the reference line and the front view or elevation above the reference line. In third angle projections, the object is said to be behind VP and below HP. hence the top view or plan will be obtained above the reference line and the elevation below the reference line.

Fist angle projection:In first angle projection, that object is assumed to be in the first quadrant. This means that the Vertical Plane is behind the object and the Horizontal Plane is underneath the object. Hence, the top view is projected below, for a example to the x-z plane - which lies below the object. Hence when all the three view are drawn, you will get the top view below the front view.

Front side

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Third angle projection:In the third angle projection, the object is assumed to be in the second quadrant. Hence when the entire drawing is finished, the top view remains on the top. . This means that the Vertical Plane is in front of the object and the Horizontal Plane is above the object. To see the effects of this watch the animation below.

Front side

Generally, these differences do rarely come in the industry as the drawings need to be so detailed and meticulous that entire plan(top view) takes one sheet and the elevation(front view) takes another.

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FUNDAMENTAL DRAWING & SURVEYING Task 02 a) Select the appropriate instrument for the following surveying.
i. Chain Surveying ii. Traverse iii. Leveling I. Chain Surveying:When a plan is to be made for very small open field, the field work may consist of linear measurement only. All the measurements are done with the chin and tape. However, chain survey is limited in its adaptability because of the obstacles to chain like trees and strubs. Also it cannot be resorted to in densely built up areas. It is recommended for plans involving the development of buildings, roads, water supply and sewage schemes. The instruments which are used in the Chain surveying are, Chain or tape Arrows Ranging rods Cross staff Offset rods Pegs Plumb bob Chain or tape:a) Chain:The chain is composed of 100 or 150 pieces of galvanized mild steel wire, 4mm in diameter called links .The ends of each link are bent into a loop and connected together by means of three oval rings. The ends of the chain are provided with handles for dragging the chain on the ground, each wire with a swivel joint so that the chain can be turned without twisting. The length of the chain is measured from the outside of one handle to the outside of another handle. There are various types of chain in common use. They are. Metric chains Gunter` s chain or surveyors chain Engineers chain Revenue chain Steel band or Band chain

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b) Tapes:-

The following are the various types of tapes

Cloth tape Metallic tape Steel tape Invar tape Among the above, metallic tapes are widely used in surveying. A metallic tape is made of varnished strip of waterproof line interwoven with small brass, copper or bronze wires. These are light in weight and flexible and are made 2m, 5m 10m, 20m, 30m, and 50m. Arrows:These are also known as chaining pins and are used to mark the end of each chain during the chaining progress. These are made of hardened and tempered steel wire 4mm in diameter. The length of an arrow is kept at 400mm. These are pointed at one one end whereas a circular ring is formed at its other end, to facilite carrying from one station to another. As the arrows are placed in the ground after every chain length, the numbers of the arrows held by the follower indicates the number of chains that have been measured. This provides a check over the length of line as entered in the field notes.

Ranging Rods:These are also known as flag poles or lining rods. These are made of well seasoned straight grain timber of teak or steel tubular rods. These are used for marking a point in such a way that the point can be clearly and exactly seen from some distance away. These are 30mm in diameter and 2 or 3 m long. These are painted with alternate bands of either red and white or black and white of 200mm length so that on occasions the rod can be used for the rough measurement of short lengths. A cross-shoe of 15mm length is provided at the top at the lower and the end. A flag painted red and white is provided at the top. The rods are used as signals to indicate the location of points or the direction of lines.

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Cross Staffs:It is essentially an instrument used for setting out right angles. In its simplest form it is known as Open Cross Staff. It consists of two pairs of vertical slits providing two lines of sight mutually at right angles. Another modified form of the cross staff known as french an

octagonal brass tube w with slits on all eight sides. This has distinct advantage over the open cross staff as with it even lines at 450 can be set out from the chain line. The latest modified cross staff is Adjustable Cross Staff. It consists of two cylinder of equal diameter placed one above the other. The upper cylinder can be rotated over the lower one graduated in degrees and its subvisions. The upper sylinder carries the vrnier and the slits to provide a lie of sight. Thus it may used to take offsets and to set out any desired angle from the chain lin

Offset Rods:These are similar to ranging rods except at the top where a stout open ring recessed hook is provided. It is also provided with two short short narrow vertical slots at the right angles to each other, passing through the centre of the section, at about eye level. It is mainly used to align the offset line and measuring the short offsets. With the help of hook provided at the top of the rod, the chain can be pulled or pushed through the hedges or other obstructions, if required.

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Pegs:The pegs are used to mark definite points on the ground either temporarily or semi-permanently. The exact point to and from which measurements are to be taken, or over which an instrument is to be taken, or over which an instrument is to be set is often necessary are to be taken, or over which an instrument is to be set, is often necessary to indicate on a peg. For this a nail or brass stud is driven into the flat top of the peg. The size of peg depends on the use to the which the pegs are to be put and the nature of the ground in which they are to be driven. Generally hard creosoted wood 2.5 to 7.5 cm sq and 90cm long, flat at one end of the pointed at the other end are used. For temporary pegs of nearly round sections are cut from the standing trees and then are pointed at one end and flattened at the other end. Iron or tubular pegs are made of cut pieces of about 1 to 2 cm diameter. For permanent making stations, a small concrete pillar is used as a peg. The size varies from 15 to 30 cm sq and 7.5 to 60 cm in height and is built in situ.

Plumb Bob:While chaining along sloping ground, a plumb bob is required to transfer the points to the ground. It is made of steel in conical shape. It is used in all the instruments that require centering. Before starting the work, it should be ensured that there are no undesirable knots in the thread

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FUNDAMENTAL DRAWING & SURVEYING

II.Traversing:When the linear measurements are done with the chain and tape and directions or angles are measured with compass or transit theodolite respectively the survey is called traversing. In traversing speed and accuracy of the field work enhanced. For a example the boundaries of field can be measured accurately by a frame work of lines along it forming an open traverse. On the other hand in densely populated area the survey work can be carried out with a frame work of lines forming a closed traverse. A traverse is very useful for large products such as reservoirs and dams. The instruments which are used in the traversing are, Theodolite Tripod Plumb bob Theodolite:A theodolite enables angles to be accurately measured in both the horizontal and vertical planes. How accurately this can be will depend partly on the quality of the instrument, and partly to the competence and experience of the theodolitist. Theodolites have been adapted for other specialized purposes apart from surveying/ engineering and in fields like eteorology and rocket launch technology. This should be capable of resolution accuracy of one minute of

degree, that is, it can discriminate between each of the 21,600 minutes that make up the 360 degree circle. In its modern form it consists of a telescope mounted to swivel both horizontally and vertically. It has long had the same general look. A sighting telescope rotates on a vertical axis. A circular scale rotates on this same axis to measure the horizontal angle. A second axis, the trunnion axis, moves with the instrument and is perpendicular to the vertical axis. The

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trunnion axis allows the scope to pivot up and down, and it has a scale to measure the vertical angle. Tripod:A tripod is a portable three-legged frame, used as a platform for supporting the weight and maintaining the stability of some other object. A tripod provides stability against downward forces, horizontal forces and moments about horizontal axes. The positioning of the three feet away from the vertical centre allows the tripod better leverage for resisting lateral forces. Tripods have the disadvantage of being heavy and bulky although they can be used with large equipment. The tripod is placed in the location where it is needed. The surveyor will press down on the legs' platforms to securely anchor the legs in soil or to force the feet to a low position on uneven, pockmarked pavement. Leg lengths are adjusted to bring the tripod head to a convenient height and make it roughly level. Once the tripod is positioned and secure, the instrument is placed on the head. The mounting screw is pushed up under the instrument to engage the instrument's base and screwed tight when the instrument is in the correct position. The flat surface of the tripod head is called the foot plate and is used to support the adjustable feet of the instrument. Positioning the tripod and instrument precisely over an indicated mark on the ground or benchmark requires techniques that are beyond the scope of this article.

Plumb Bob:A plumb bob is a humble tool consisting of a weight at the end of a string. One end of the string is affixed at a point above the floor or ground, and the weight is allowed to hang free until it stops moving. This shows the user "true vertical." With a plumb bob, anyone can measure or draw a line parallel to Earth's gravity. Plumb bobs often have carefully machined brass or bronze weights with points on the end and cotton or water-resistant nylon string. The point represents the spot directly below the origin of the string. Attach the plumb bob to a piece of string. Attach the string to the bottom of the tripods head. Allow the plumb bob to dangle down above the parallel floor surface. The plumb bob's weight will pull the string straight, creating a perfectly vertical line to use as a reference. BTEC HND in Quantity Surveying Page 11

FUNDAMENTAL DRAWING & SURVEYING

III. Leveling:This is a method of surveying in which both the horizontal and vertical distances are determined by observing a graduated staff with a transit equipped with a special telescope having stadia wires and anallatic lens. It is very useful when the direct measurements of horizontal distances are inaccessible. It is usually recommended for making contour plans of building estates, reservoirs, etc. Types of level The dumpy level The wye level The reversible level The tiling level

The instruments which are used in the leveling are, Tripod Levelling Staff Telescope

Tripod:A tripod is a portable three-legged frame, used as a platform for supporting the weight and maintaining the stability of some other object. A tripod provides stability against downward forces, horizontal forces and moments about horizontal axes. The positioning of the three feet away from the vertical centre allows the tripod better leverage for resisting lateral forces. Tripods have the disadvantage of being heavy and bulky although they can be used with large equipment.

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FUNDAMENTAL DRAWING & SURVEYING

Levelling Staff:A leveling staff is a straight, rectangular, wooden rod graduated into matters and smaller divisions. The reading given by the line of the sight on a leveling staff is the height of the line of collimation from the point on which the staff is held vertically. The various types of the leveling staffs are, Self reading leveling staffs Invar leveling staff Sopwith Telescopic staff Target staff

Telescope:The principle of the telescope is based on the optical phenomenon that all parallel rays of light incident on a convex lens get bent due to refraction and they leave the lens in such a manner that they intersect at a common point, generally known as the focus, and all other rays passing through the optical centre of the lens, leave the lens without bending.

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FUNDAMENTAL DRAWING & SURVEYING

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FUNDAMENTAL DRAWING & SURVEYING b) Group practical surveying was conducted for traverse with four stations. Describe the procedure carried out for this traverse step by step along the obtained records.
Consider a rectangular shape. Establish the survey stations on the ground using wooden pegs and mark the points Points on the be

reconnaissance

map.

should

marked in order (preferably in anticlockwise direction) and check the obstacles to the focusing of the instrument before selecting the locations for the survey stations. Take Tie measurements for each station for the reference. Three tie measurements are be for each survey stations. A traverse would set up an instrument at one corner and then measure the angle between the two other adjacent corners of the rectangle. In this case 90 degrees. The survey also measures the distance along one of those adjacent sides. Usually angles are measured in a clockwise direction and the right side length would be measured. The instrument is then moved to the corner you just measured the distance to and the procedure is repeated (clockwise angle and distance to next corner). Move to the third corner and repeat the procedure. Move to the fourth corner and repeat. we have now measured four angles and four distances. If we did it right, the four angles should total 360 degrees. This is a math rule for any four sided figure. In a real survey, the instrument would also be used to measure the angle from the last corner (back sight) to any points of interest such as boundary marker, building corner, etc. With trigonometry, the traverse is adjusted and then the x,y(North, east) coordinates for each point of interest can be determined.

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FUNDAMENTAL DRAWING & SURVEYING c) Whole circle bearing and coordinates are given in Table 2 below. Respective values should be selected according to the students registration number for individual computation of the above traverse. Compute the traverse and apply the relevant corrections.
STEP 01 Stations P1 P2 P3 P4 Total Angle 0463120 0505253 1374737 1254118 3605308

Stations (P4P1) (P1P2) (P2P3) (P3P4)

Length 13.81m 26.80m 10.80m 10.44m

Error= (3605308- 3600000)/4 = 5308/4 = 01317 Corrected angles For a example:0463120 - 01317 =0453812 Stations P1 P2 P3 P4 Corrected Angle 461803 503936 1373420 1252801

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FUNDAMENTAL DRAWING & SURVEYING

STEP 02 Calculate the WCB of all angles WCB of P4P1 = 2150535 WCB for P1P2 = = = = = = WCB of P4P1 + Angle P1 + 18000000 21500535+ 4601803 + 18000000 4410 2338 (Deducted 3600 if answer more than 3600) 44102338-36000000 8102338

WCB for P2P3

= = =

WCB for P1P2 + Angle P2 +18000000 8102338+ 503936 + 18000000 31200314 WCB for P2P3 + Angle P3 + 18000000 31200314+ 1373420+ 18000000 62903734 36000000 26903734 WCB for P3P4 + Angle P4 +18000000 26903734+ 1252801+ 18000000 57500535 36000000 2150535

WCB for P3P4

= = = =

WCB of P4P1

= = = =

LINE P4P1 P1P2 P2P3 P3P4

WCB 2150535 08102338 31200314 26903734

LENGTH 13.81m 26.80m 10.80m 10.44m

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STEP 03 Calculating Latitude and Departure Latitude = L(cos) Departure =L(Sin)

Here is L:- length and Latitude :P4P1 = L(cos) = 13.81 Cos(2150535) = 13.81 (-0.8182) = (-11.30)m = L(cos) = 26.80 Cos(8102338) = 26.80 0.1496 = 4.01m = L(cos) = 10.80 Cos(31200314) = 10.08 0.6698 = 7.23m = L(cos) = 10.44 Cos(26903734) = 10.44 (-0.0065) = (-0.07)m :- WCB

P1P2

P2P3

P3P4

Departure:P4P1 = L(Sin) = 13.81 Sin(2150535) = 13.81 (-0.5749) = (-7.94)m BTEC HND in Quantity Surveying Page 18

FUNDAMENTAL DRAWING & SURVEYING

P1P2 = L(Sin) = 26.80 Sin(8102338) = 26.80 0.989 = 26.50m = L(Sin) = 10.80 Sin(31200314) = 10.80 (-0.7425) = (-8.02)m = L(Sin) = 10.44 Sin(26903734) = 10.44 (-0.9999) = (-10.44)m

P2P3

P3P4

LINE P4P1 P1P2 P2P3 P3P4

WCB

LENGTH

LATITUDE

DEPARTURE

2150535 81 2338 312 0314 26903734 TOTAL

0 0

13.81 26.8 10.8 10.44 61.85

-11.30 4.01 7.23 -0.07 -0.13

-7.94 26.50 -8.02 -10.44 0.1

Error for latitude = LENGTH X

LATITUDE TOTAL LENGTH

[EX] 2 Error for latitude = LENGTH X DEPARTURE TOTAL LENGTH

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FUNDAMENTAL DRAWING & SURVEYING

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(d) Determine the required data for plotting the land area covered in above traverse

Example: Solid product of P1 = North of P4 East of P1. Dot Product P1 = North of B P1 East of P4 AREA = [Sum of the solid product sum of the dot product] 2 [3378902.193 - 3379244.237] 2 (-171.022) 171.022 m2

= =

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(e) Determine the required area of the plotted land and discuss its accuracy

Its that we should consider very much about accuracy when surveying because when doing it so accurate we can get a clear or very true fact that the land or area what we surveyed is up to the correct area and size. we can use modern equipments in surveying practicals because it makes our work easy and it helps us to get accurate dimensions which is to be measured, for example we can use instruments like theodolite to measure length and angles to get the accurate measured work to
be taken.

IMPORTANCE OF DETERMINING AREA Measurement of area is important in all aspects of land and resource management for example:

To include acreage in a property deed Determine the area of sections of interest o fields o lakes o watersheds Determine the area to estimate required materials o area to be paved o area to be seeded o area to be surfaced

METHODS OF MEASURING AREA Several analytic/graphical methods of measuring area exist:

Division of the area into simple figures (triangles, rectangles, and trapezoids) Offsets from a straight line Double meridian distances Rectangular coordinates

Calculating Areas by Coordinates Once coordinates of a closed traverse are known, area can be quickly and precisely calculated using the area by coordinate method. The following example illustrates the setup of a calculation matrix that will work for any polygon. To close the calculation, the first coordinate must be repeated at the end. The direction of the traverse or the data entry does not matter, as long as it is in sequence.

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FUNDAMENTAL DRAWING & SURVEYING CONCLUSION

In this subject I had gained knowledge about the Fundamental of drawing and surveying which is the most important one in the construction field. This subject will helpful for me incoming industrial training semesters and throughout my career. In this assignment I have gain knowledge in following matters:1. Find out the different between 1st angle and 3rd angle projection. 2. How to do Auto Cad Drawing 3. Gain knowledge about traverse, leveling and chain surveying. Finally I would like to say that I gain good knowledge FD & Surveying.

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FUNDAMENTAL DRAWING & SURVEYING REFERENCE

Surveying(volume-01), by S.K.Duggal Internet Fundamental Drawing & Surveying tute by Ms. GWTC. Kandamby

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