ArcGIS1 3.0 Lecture1

Title Page
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Copyright 20002003 ESRI All rights reserved. Course version 3.0 Revised February 2003. Printed in the United States of America.
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C O N T E N T S
Introduction
Welcome Logistics Teaching methods Course timeline Course objectives ArcGIS overview GIS in the enterprise Learning paths Software support resources Exercise typographic conventions Exercise 1 overview Lesson 1 review 1-2 1-3 1-4 1-5 1-6 1-7 1-8 1-9 1-10 1-11 1-12 1-13
Exploring GIS concepts

Lesson 2 overview What is a GIS? GIS functions Capturing data Storing data Query Analysis Display Output Organizing spatial data Representing features in vector data Map scale Components of geographic data Using spatial relationships Overview of ArcGIS Overview of applications ArcMap ArcCatalog ArcToolbox 2-2 2-3 2-4 2-5 2-6 2-7 2-8 2-9 2-10 2-11 2-12 2-13 2-14 2-15 2-16 2-17 2-18 2-19 2-20
Copyright 20002003 ESRI
Introduction to ArcGIS I (for ArcView 8, ArcEditor 8, and ArcInfo 8)
Contents
Getting help Demonstration Exercise 2 overview Lesson 2 review
2-21 2-22 2-23 2-24
Displaying data
Lesson 3 overview The ArcMap interface Data view or Layout view? Layers, data frames, and maps Layers Data frames Maps Managing the Table of Contents (TOC) Moving around the map Using a bookmark Magnifier and overview windows Layer symbology in ArcMap Displaying qualitative values Displaying quantitative values Classifying quantitative values Using the classification histogram Changing symbol properties Labeling features Scale-dependent display Creating a definition query Saving a layer file Changing the data source for a layer Exercise 3 overview Lesson 3 review 3-2 3-3 3-4 3-5 3-6 3-7 3-8 3-9 3-10 3-11 3-12 3-13 3-14 3-15 3-16 3-17 3-18 3-19 3-20 3-21 3-22 3-23 3-24 3-25
Querying your database

Lesson 4 overview Identifying Finding Measuring Map tips and hyperlinks Lesson 4 overview 4-2 4-3 4-4 4-5 4-6 4-7
ii
Contents
Why do you need a selection? Available selection tools Selection layers Selection methods Interactive selection options Attribute selection Select by location (spatial query) Location selection methods Select by graphics Calculating summary statistics Exercise 4 overview Lesson 4 review
4-8 4-9 4-10 4-11 4-12 4-13 4-14 4-15 4-16 4-17 4-18 4-19
Working with spatial data

Lesson 5 overview Representing geographic features Introducing feature classes Linking features and attributes Spatial data formats Shapefile data format Coverage data format ArcInfo coverage organization Geodatabase data format Geodatabase validation CAD file data format Tabular locations to a point feature class Images and grids Using Geography Network data Using ArcCatalog Three ways to view data The Contents tab The Preview tab The Metadata tab Introducing metadata Connecting to folders Accessing data on the Internet Setting viewable data 5-2 5-3 5-4 5-5 5-6 5-7 5-8 5-9 5-10 5-11 5-12 5-13 5-14 5-15 5-16 5-17 5-18 5-19 5-20 5-21 5-22 5-23 5-24
iii
Contents
Creating thumbnail images Exercise 5 overview Lesson 5 review
5-25 5-26 5-27
Working with tables

Lesson 6 overview Tables Understanding table anatomy Tabular data field types Table manipulation ArcGIS tabular formats Associating tables Table relationships Joins and relates Connecting tables with joins Connecting tables with relates Graphs Graph creation Reports The ArcMap Report Writer Crystal Reports Exercise 6A overview Exercise 6B overview Lesson 6 review 6-2 6-3 6-4 6-5 6-6 6-7 6-8 6-9 6-10 6-11 6-12 6-13 6-14 6-15 6-16 6-17 6-18 6-19 6-20
Editing data
Lesson 7A overview Editable data formats Navigating the Editor Managing edit sessions Selecting features Simple editing functions Working with sketches Edit tasks Create New Feature task Intersection and Distance-Distance tools Adding arcs Tangent Tool 7-2 7-3 7-4 7-5 7-6 7-7 7-8 7-9 7-10 7-11 7-12 7-13
iv
Contents
Trace Tool Sketch context menus Specifying length and direction Directions based on other features Modifying a sketch Modify Feature and Reshape Feature Extend/Trim Features and Cut Polygon Using snapping Exercise 7A overview Lesson 7B overview Editing attribute data for selected features Editing tables using the Field Calculator Making schema changes Adding table fields Deleting table fields Exercise 7B overview Lesson 7 review
7-14 7-15 7-16 7-17 7-18 7-19 7-20 7-21 7-22 7-23 7-24 7-25 7-26 7-27 7-28 7-29 7-30
Working with georeferenced data

Lesson 8 overview What is georeferencing? Coordinate systems Datums and datum conversion Referencing locations Map projections Projection distortion Types of projections Coordinate system components Storing projection information Viewing projection information ArcMap and projections Changing projections Exercise 8 overview Lesson 8 review 8-2 8-3 8-4 8-5 8-6 8-7 8-8 8-9 8-10 8-11 8-12 8-13 8-14 8-15 8-16
Presenting data
Lesson 9 overview Map and design objectives 9-2 9-3
Contents
Factors controlling cartographic design Communication in maps Types of maps Issues in cartographic design Creating maps in ArcMap Setting up the page Identifying map elements Inserting map elements An example of the Legend Properties dialog Adding a north arrow and a scale Incorporating a reference system Inserting textual information Layout tools Grids and rulers Creating and using map templates Printing and plotting maps Exercise 9 overview Lesson 9 review
9-4 9-5 9-6 9-7 9-8 9-9 9-10 9-11 9-12 9-13 9-14 9-15 9-16 9-17 9-18 9-19 9-20 9-21
vi
Introduction to ArcGIS for ArcView and ArcInfo (I)
Introduction
Welcome Logistics Teaching methods Course timeline Course objectives ArcGIS overview GIS in the enterprise Learning paths Software support resources Exercise typographic conventions Exercise 1 overview Lesson 1 review
1-2 1-3 1-4 1-5 1-6 1-7 1-8 1-9 1-10 1-11 1-12 1-13
contents
Copyright 20002003 ESRI. All rights reserved.
Introduction
1-1
Welcome
Instructor introduction
Name and educational background GIS experience Introduction to ArcGIS I (for ArcView 8, ArcEditor 8, and ArcInfo 8)
Student introductions
Name Organization Role in organization GIS experience Goals and expectations for this class
1-2
Welcome to Introduction to ArcGIS I (for ArcView 8, ArcEditor 8, and ArcInfo 8). Prerequisites This course is structured at a basic level. No prior knowledge of GIS, ArcView GIS software, or ArcInfo software is required.
Introduction
1-2
Logistics
Daily schedule
Start _______________ Lunch _______________ Finish _______________
Facilities
Refreshments and break area Restrooms Telephones and messages Internet access Student ID badges Parking
Feedback
Copyright 20002003 ESRI. All rights reserved. Introduction to ArcGIS I (for ArcView 8, ArcEditor 8, and ArcInfo 8)
1-3
Daily schedule Under normal conditions, the class will begin each morning at 8:30 a.m. and continue until 5:00 p.m. There will be at least one break in the morning and one in the afternoon. You will generally be given one hour for lunch. Facilities Your instructor will provide information regarding the facilities.
Introduction
1-3
Teaching methods
Books
Lecture Exercise and review questions
CDs
Course data
Online course evaluation

http://classeval.esri.com Course Identification Number: _______________
Software evaluation
Email enhancement requests to product teams
desktop_comments@esri.com ims_comments@esri.com sde_comments@esri.com
1-4
Teaching methods This course teaches the basics of the ArcGIS desktop applications by using specialized training materials and methods developed by ESRIs GIS professionals. Research indicates that every student is slightly different in their learning styles. To maximize your learning experience, a variety of teaching methods are used: instructor-led lectures and discussions, demonstrations, computer exercises, and review questions. Class materials You will be provided with both lecture and exercise materials. These are yours to take home after the class is completed, so feel free to write your own notes on them as needed. Most students find these materials to be a valuable resource long after the class is over. You also get a CD of all the data necessary to use for the exercises. Evaluation You will evaluate the course using the Internet. The URL is listed above, and your instructor will give the course identification number. Should you have any suggestion for software enhancements, please use the e-mail addresses provided above to speed up the delivery of your contribution to our software developers.
Introduction
1-4
Course timeline
Install class data Display data Work with spatial data Edit data Present data
Explore GIS concepts
Query your database
Work with tables
Work with georeferenced data
1-5
Day 1 Lesson 1: Introduction Lesson 2: Exploring GIS concepts Break Lesson 3: Displaying data LUNCH Lesson 4: Querying your database Break Lesson 5: Working with spatial data
Day 2 Lesson 6: Working with tables
Break Lesson 7: Editing data LUNCH Lesson 8: Working with georeferenced data Break Lesson 9: Presenting data
Introduction
1-5
Course objectives
Display data
Spatial and tabular
Query data by
Attributes Spatial relationships
Edit data
Spatial and attribute
Produce maps, reports, and graphs
1-6
Course objectives This course will introduce you to ArcGIS and provide the foundation for you to become a successful ArcView, ArcEditor, or ArcInfo user. You will learn how to use ArcMap, ArcCatalog, and ArcToolbox and explore how these applications work together to provide a complete GIS software solution. The course covers fundamental GIS concepts as well as how to create, edit, and work with georeferenced spatial data. You will learn how to manipulate tabular data, query a GIS database, and present data clearly and efficiently using maps and charts. This course covers a variety of topics but may not include specific tools or concepts used in your applications. If you have questions about particular functionality that does not appear to be covered by this class, feel free to ask your instructor.
Introduction
1-6
ArcGIS overview
ArcGIS Server ArcInfo ArcEditor ArcView
Extensions
Web browser Web server RDBMS server
ArcIMS
ArcMap
ArcSDE
ArcObjects
ArcCatalog
Data Personal geodatabase
Enterprise geodatabase
Workstation
ArcToolbox Coverage Shapefile Grid TIN Image CAD

1-7
ArcGIS is the name used to identify ESRIs flagship family of GIS products. ArcGIS includes client software, server software, and data components. ArcGIS itself is not a GIS application; rather, it is a system of software products, each servicing a specific need. Software products and applications When someone purchases an ArcGIS system, they license software products which include one or more software applications. Understanding the difference between products and applications is important in understanding how ArcGIS is structured, and how the topics covered in this training class relate to the system as a whole. For example, one group may license the ArcView software product, which includes the ArcMap, ArcCatalog, and ArcToolbox applications. Another group may license the ArcEditor software product, which includes the same three applications. After installing their respective products, both groups would find icons for the ArcMap, ArcCatalog, and ArcToolbox applications in their Start menus; neither would find an ArcView or ArcEditor icon. But upon running the applications, the ArcEditor group would find more useful buttons and menu choices than the ArcView group. In another example, a group who licenses the ArcSDE software product may install and use the ArcSDE, ArcSDE CAD Client, and ArcSDE for Coverages applications.
Introduction
1-7
GIS in the enterprise
Data management and distribution Advanced modeling and analysis Data editing and maintenance General analysis and visualization Desktop-based map viewing Internet-based map viewing
ArcSDE & ArcIMS ArcInfo

Ex te
Developer interface
ArcEditor & ArcPad
i ns s on
ArcView 8 & ArcView 3 ArcReader Web browser

Number of users
1-8
The graphic above illustrates the number of users in an enterprise environment performing various GIS tasks with ESRI software. Internet-based map viewing Internet-based mapping, enabled by ArcIMS, can share GIS information with non-GIS users. Using a standard Web browser, people on an intranet or the Internet can display live maps for simple viewing or more sophisticated analysis. Desktop-based map viewing The free ArcReader application enables people to view preconfigured maps published with the ArcReader Publisher extension to ArcMap. Browse data using an ArcMap-like graphic interface while referencing live file, ArcSDE, and ArcIMS data sources. ArcView 8 and ArcView 3 Two ArcView products provide more substantial GIS functionality, including data analysis and advanced cartographic display. ArcView 8, part of the ArcGIS Desktop family, includes the ArcCatalog, ArcMap, and ArcToolbox applications, as well as many optional extensions for specialized tasks such as raster processing, 3D modeling, and network analysis. ArcView 3, its predecessor built on a different software architecture, offers much of the same functionality, including extensions. A large, experienced user community and millions of lines of customized code continue to make ArcView 3 a popular choice for GIS professionals.
Introduction
1-8
Learning paths
Foundation
i
Introduction to ArcGIS I
Learning ArcGIS I
Customization / Programming
W
Proficiency
i
Extensions (more)
Introduction to Visual Basic for ESRI software Introduction to Programming ArcObjects with VBA (more)
Introduction to ArcGIS II
Learning ArcGIS II: Presenting information
Database Design / Development

i
Building Geodatabases I
Geodatabase Design Concepts (more)
Creating, Editing, and Managing Geodatabases
1-9
Learning paths Depending on which ESRI software your organization has licensed, your skills, and your plans for upcoming projects, you may benefit from additional training on advanced topics, on specialized software, or on background topics to refine your understanding of GIS and related technologies. The diagram above illustrates the position of this training course in the ESRI Education Solutions curriculum, along with its most closely-related companion courses. Courses identified with the i symbol occur in a classroom with an instructor. The W symbol indicates web-based courses available on the ESRI Virtual Campus at http://campus.esri.com. Detailed information about instructor-led and web-based coursesincluding a list of topics covered, intended audience, duration, schedules, and pricingis available in the ESRI Course Catalog. You can access this catalog on the Web at: http://www.esri.com/training/index.html. From this main training page, follow the ESRI Instructor-led Training link, then click the link for the newest course catalog. On the ESRI Training Web site, you can also find information about new courses developed since the course catalog was printed. Web-based courses offer convenience and savings. Also, many ESRI Virtual Campus courses include a free lesson, called a module. You can create a free account and begin training with these free modules within minutes at http://campus.esri.com.
Introduction
1-9
Software support resources

Online Support Center is gateway to resources
http://support.esri.com
Downloads
Software upgrades Technical papers ArcScripts
User-to-user resources
Discussion forums Email lists
Technical archives
Knowledge base Documentation System requirements
ESRI Technical Support

Request support online Find phone and fax numbers Available to support subscribers
1-10
Support resources ESRIs primary resource for software support is the Online Support Center (OSC) at http://support.esri.com. From the OSC you can request assistance from ESRI Technical Support, interact with other ESRI software users, and even help yourself to technical information and downloads. Support resources are grouped by software product. When you click the name of a software product, a list of available resources expands below the name. In the graphic above, clicking the ArcGIS Desktop product name reveals links to technical articles, downloads, system requirements, and more. Downloads Software upgradesalso called service packs, patches, updates, and utilitiesare ESRIprovided enhancements. These upgrades range from handy tools that facilitate common tasks to system upgrades that resolve bugs, improve performance, and add support for additional platforms. Unless otherwise stated in their descriptions, software upgrades are fully supported by ESRI Technical Support. In-depth technical papers discuss topics like system design, performance, and integration. Documents available through the Technical papers link are written by ESRI, and the recommendations they make are fully supported by ESRI Technical Support. The ArcScripts site is a repository of software utilities (scripts) supplied by the ESRI user community for the benefit of its peers. Here you will find ArcScripts, as these utilities are called, for most ESRI software products and customization environments, including ArcGIS VBA, Avenue, and AML. Download scripts anonymously, and create a free account to post tools to the archive. ArcScripts are provided as-is and are not supported by ESRI Technical Support. You may, however, purchase technical support for a per-incident fee.
Introduction
1-10
Exercise typographic conventions

Action Descriptive text
Note
Control name
Warning Question with hint

Keyboard input
1-11
Before you begin your first exercise, you need to recognize the typographic conventions your exercise book will use. Descriptive text This text can provide an overview of the next sequence of actions, a review of actions just completed, or an interpretation of output on your computer monitor. Descriptive text may introduce what is about to happen with phrases like Next, create a new map in ArcMap, but proceed to the actual instruction, indicated by the checkbox symbol, before interacting with your computer. Action Actions are taskslike starting an application, clicking a button, or typing a commandthat you must perform during your exercise. The square checkbox symbol indicates an action; act only on instructions that are prefaced by the checkbox symbol. To help keep your place while you work, you can mark the checkbox symbol in your exercise book to indicate which tasks you have completed. This is especially useful when shifting your attention between your book and your computer monitor. Note Paragraphs prefaced with Note: provide inconsequential information, such as an optional way to perform an action or platform-specific syntax for a script.
Introduction
1-11
Exercise 1 overview
Install the class data
1-12
Introduction
1-12
Lesson 1 review
ArcGIS is composed of three software products that increase in their level of functionality from _____________ to ______________ to ______________ . All of the ArcGIS software packages include which three applications?
1-13
Introduction
1-13
1-14
Introduction
1-14

Lesson 2 overview What is a GIS? GIS functions Capturing data Storing data Query Analysis Display Output Organizing spatial data Representing features in vector data Map scale Components of geographic data Using spatial relationships Overview of ArcGIS Overview of applications ArcMap
2-12 2-13 2-14 2-15 2-16 2-17 2-18
contents
2-2 2-3 2-4 2-5 2-6 2-7 2-8 2-9 2-10 2-11
ArcCatalog ArcToolbox Getting help Demonstration Exercise 2 overview Lesson 2 review
2-19 2-20 2-21 2-22 2-23 2-24
2-1
Lesson 2 overview
Introduction to GIS concepts ArcGIS and other ESRI software products
2-2
2-2
What is a GIS?
An integration of five basic components
Procedures
2-3
Definitions of a geographic information system can vary considerably. The definition provided here combines both the components and functions of a GIS. The components needed to perform GIS tasks include: People This is the most important component in a GIS. People must develop the procedures and define the tasks of the GIS. People can often overcome shortcomings in other components of the GIS, but the best software and computers in the world cannot compensate for the incompetence of people. Data The availability and accuracy of data can affect the results of any query or analysis. Hardware Hardware capabilities affect processing speed, ease of use, and the type of output available. Software This includes not only actual GIS software, but also various database, drawing, statistical, imaging, or other software. Procedures Analysis requires well-defined, consistent methods to produce accurate, reproducible results.
2-3
GIS functions
Capture Capture Store Store Query Query Analyze Analyze Display Display Output Output
Reality Customers
Buildings
Streets
2-4
Any GIS should be capable of the following fundamental operations in order to be useful for finding solutions to real-world problems. Capturing data A GIS must provide methods for inputting geographic (coordinate) and tabular (attribute) data. The more input methods available, the more versatile the GIS. Storing data There are two basic data models for geographic data storage: vector and raster. A GIS should be able to store geographic data in both models. Querying data A GIS must provide utilities for finding specific features based on location or attribute value. Analyzing data A GIS must be able to answer questions regarding the interaction of spatial relationships between multiple datasets. Displaying data A GIS must have tools for visualizing geographic features using a variety of symbology. Output A GIS must be able to display results in a variety of formats, such as maps, reports, and graphs.
2-4
Capturing data
Hardcopy Hardcopymaps maps Digital Digital data data
Coordinates Coordinates
480585.5, 480585.5, 3769234.6 3769234.6 483194.1, 483194.1, 3768432.3 3768432.3 485285.8, 485285.8, 3768391.2 3768391.2 484327.4, 484327.4, 3768565.9 3768565.9 483874.7, 483874.7, 3769823.0 3769823.0
GIS Data
GPS GPS
2-5
Because the geographic database is the expensive and long-lived component of the GIS, data entry is an important consideration. ArcGIS integrates a variety of data types from a variety of sources, so it provides multiple data entry options. ArcGIS offers efficient data entry methods for automating paper maps and other nondigital data sources. To take advantage of the vast collection of geographically referenced data that already exists in digital format, ArcGIS provides the most comprehensive data conversion capability of any GIS on the market. ArcGIS software's integrative capabilities also allow data to be shared with other applications without the need for conversion.
2-5
Storing data
Vector formats
Discrete representations of reality X,Y X,Y X,Y X,Y
Raster formats
Use square cells to model reality
Rows
Reality (A highway)
Columns
X,Y
2-6
You can represent geographic features in vector or raster format. Vector data The vector data model represents geographic features much the same way maps dousing points, lines, and areas. An x,y (Cartesian) coordinate system references real-world locations. Raster data Instead of representing features by their x,y coordinates, the raster data model assigns values to cells that cover coordinate locations. Raster format is well suited to spatial analysis and is also appropriate for storing data collected in grid format. The amount of detail you can show for a particular feature depends on the size of the cells in the grid. This makes raster data inappropriate for applications where discrete boundaries must be known, such as parcel management.
2-6
Query
Identifying specific features
Identifying features based on conditions

Florida Floridacounties countieswith witha a population populationgreater greaterthan than300,000 300,000
2-7
Identifying specific features One common type of GIS query is to determine what exists at a particular location. In this type of query, the user understands where the features of interest are, but wants to know what characteristics are associated with them. This can be accomplished with GIS because the spatial features are linked to the descriptive characteristics. Identifying features based on conditions Another type of GIS query is to determine the locations that satisfy certain conditions. In this case the user knows what characteristics are important and wants to find out where the features are that have those characteristics.
2-7
Analysis
Which Whichparcels parcelsare are within within50 50feet feetof ofthe theroad? road?
Proximity Proximity
Well Drilled Welltype type Drilled Building owner Building owner Smith Smith Soil Sandy Soiltype type Sandy
Overlay Overlay
Network Network
2-8
You can perform analysis to obtain the answers to a particular question or find solutions to a particular problem. Geographic analysis usually involves more than one geographic dataset and requires the analyst to proceed through a series of steps to reach a result. Three common types of geographic analysis are: Proximity analysis How many houses lie within 100 meters of this water main? What is the total number of customers within 10 kilometers of this store? What proportion of the alfalfa crop is within 500 meters of the well? To answer such questions, GIS technology uses a process called buffering to determine the proximity between features. Overlay analysis An overlay process combines the features of two layers to create a new layer that contains the attributes of both. This resulting layer can be analyzed to determine which features overlap, or to find out how much of a feature is in one or more areas. An overlay could be done to combine soil and vegetation layers to calculate the area of a certain vegetation type on a specific type of soil. Network analysis This type of analysis examines how linear features are connected and how easily resources can flow through them.
2-8
Display
Maps Graphs
Reports
2-9
For many types of geographic operations, the end result is best visualized as a map or graph. Maps are efficient for storing and communicating geographic information. Cartographers create maps for millennia, but GIS provides new and exciting tools to extend the art and science of cartography. Maps can be integrated with reports, three-dimensional views, photographic images, and other digital media.
2-9
Output
Paper Paper map map Internet Internet
Image Image
Florida.jpg
GIS Data
Document Document
Florida.mxd
2-10
Sharing the results of your geographic labor is one of the primary justifications for investing resources in GIS. Taking displays created through a GIS and outputting them into a distributable format is a great way to do this. The more avenues for output a GIS can offer, the greater the potential for reaching the right audience with the right information.
2-10
Organizing spatial data

A GIS works with thematic layers of spatial data
Answer questions by comparing different layers of data

2-11
Organizing spatial data A GIS organizes and stores information about the world as a collection of thematic layers that can be linked by geography. Each layer contains features with similar attributes, like streets and cities, that are located in the same geographic extent. This simple but powerful and versatile concept has proven invaluable for solving real-world problems from tracking delivery vehicles to modeling global atmospheric circulation. The onion analogy Think of the world as a large onion. When you peel an onion, you see that it is composed of many layers. Real-world entities can be seen the same way; the earth can be peeled into many layers, each representing a different theme. For example, you can put all the streets in one layer and all the landuse areas in another layer. As you can imagine, the earths complexity allows you to create as many layers as you want. The question then becomes how to best organize these real-world entities into manageable geometric shapes (point, line, area) and store them digitally.
2-11
Representing features in vector data

Real-world entities are abstracted into three basic shapes
Retail Retailstores stores
Streets Streets
Land Landuses uses
Points Points
Lines Lines
Areas/Polygons Areas/Polygons
2-12
Abstracting real-world entities It is impossible to capture everything from reality inside a computer. Instead, GIS users must somehow abstract real-world phenomena, or entities, into a geometric representation of those entities. There are three basic geometric shapes used for geographic features: points, lines, and areas. These shapes can be called geometric objects, geometric features, or feature types. Note that there are different methods of making these entities digital, including scanning and digitizing.
2-12
Map scale
Map scale determines the size and shape of features
Large Largescale scale

1:500 1:500
city
1:24000 1:24000
Small Small scale scale

1:24000 1:24000
city
1:250000 1:250000
2-13
Map scale is an important, but often misunderstood, concept in cartography. To represent a portion of the earths surface on a map, the area must be reduced. The extent of this reduction is expressed as a ratio called map scale. Map scale is the ratio of map distance to ground distance. For example, if we draw a 4.8-km road as a 20-cm line on our map, the following statements would describe the map scale: 20 cm : 4.8 km, 20 cm : 480,000 cm, 1 cm : 24,000 cm, 1 : 24,000 The latter is known as a representative fraction (RF) because the values on either side of the colon represent the proportion between distance on the map and distance on the ground; that is, 1:24,000 means 1 map inch represents 24,000 ground inches, 1 map meter represents 24,000 ground meters, or 1 map centimeter represents 24,000 ground centimeters, and so on. Map scale can be expressed in several different manners: as a fraction (1:24,000), as a verbal statement (one centimeter equals one kilometer), or as a bar. Map scale indicates how much a given distance was reduced to be represented on a map. For maps with the same paper size, features on a small-scale map (1:1,000,000) will look smaller than those of a large-scale map (1:1,200). In other words, a dime-sized lake on a large scale map (l:1,200) would be less than the size of the period at the end of this sentence on a smallscale map (1:1,000,000). In general, small-scale maps depict large ground areas, but they have low spatial resolution, showing little detail. On the other hand, large-scale maps depict small ground areas, but have high spatial resolution, showing many details. The features on large-scale maps more closely represent real-world features because the extent of reduction is lower than that of a small-scale map. As map scale decreases, features must be smoothed and simplified or not shown at all. For example, at a scale of 1:63,360 (in which 1 inch = 1 mile), it is difficult to represent area features smaller than 1/8th of a mile long or wide because they will be 1/8th of an inch long or wide on a map.
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Components of geographic data

Three general components to geographic information
Streets
Geometry Geometry
Attributes Attributes
Behavior Behavior
Rules: Streets and highways may not intersect
Each feature corresponds to a record in the attribute table

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Geometry Geometry represents the geographic features associated with real-world locations. Geographic features are abstracted into points, lines, or areas. Attributes Attributes provide descriptive characteristics of the geographic features. Behavior Behavior means geographic features can be made to follow certain types of editing, display, or analysis rules, depending on circumstances defined by the user.
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Using spatial relationships

The relative position of features determines relationships
I-80 I-80connects connects San SanFrancisco Francisco and andNew NewYork York New NewYork Yorkis is adjacent adjacentto tothe the Atlantic AtlanticOcean Ocean
San SanFrancisco Franciscois is contained containedby byCalifornia California
I-80 I-80has haslength length and anddirection direction
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The relationships between features on a map, or where they are located in space relative to one another, communicates important information. Connectivity, adjacency, and containment are types of spatial relationships shown in the graphic above. Interstate 80 connects San Francisco with New York City. San Francisco is adjacent to the Pacific Ocean, and California is within the USA. The spatial relationships between connecting or adjacent features in a geographic data layer are often referred to as topologic relationships. Topology is the branch of geometry that deals with the properties of features that remain unchanged even when the features are bent, stretched, or otherwise distorted. ArcGIS uses these spatial relationships and feature properties like area, length, and direction to identify complex spatial patterns.
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Overview of ArcGIS
Increasing functionality from ArcView to ArcInfo
ArcGIS products ArcView ArcEditor ArcInfo
ArcGIS services Data repository
ArcSDE
ArcIMS
Enterprise Database
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The ArcGIS Desktop includes a suite of integrated applications: ArcMap, ArcCatalog, and ArcToolbox. Using these three applications together, you can perform any GIS task, simple to advanced, including mapping, data management, geographic analysis, data editing, and geoprocessing. In addition, ArcGIS allows you to tap in to an abundance of spatial data and resources available through ArcIMS services on the Internet or stored in an ArcSDE database. The ArcGIS Desktop is a comprehensive, integrated, scalable system designed to meet the needs of a wide range of GIS users. The ArcGIS Desktop can be accessed using three software products, each providing a higher level of functionality. ArcView provides comprehensive mapping and analysis tools along with simple editing and geoprocessing tools. ArcEditor includes the full functionality of ArcView, plus advanced editing capabilities. ArcInfo extends the functionality of both to include advanced geoprocessing and also includes the legacy applications for ArcInfo Workstation (Arc, ARCPLOT, ARCEDIT, and so on). Because the ArcGIS products all share a common architecture, users working with any of these clients can share their work with other users. Maps, data, symbology, map layers, custom tools and interfaces, reports, metadata, and so on, can be accessed interchangeably in all three products.
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Overview of applications
All ArcGIS products share common applications ArcMap, ArcCatalog, ArcToolbox
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All ArcGIS products (ArcView, ArcEditor, and ArcInfo) are comprised of the ArcMap, ArcCatalog, and ArcToolbox applications. ArcMap is the application for performing analysis and making maps. ArcCatalog is a tool for accessing and managing your data. ArcToolbox contains tools for data conversion and management.
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ArcMap
Primary display application Perform map-based tasks
Displaying Editing Querying Analyzing Charting Reporting
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ArcMap provides tools for creating visual displays of your data, querying, and creating presentation-quality maps. ArcMap makes it easy to lay out your maps for printing, embedding in other documents, or electronic publishing. It also includes analysis, charting, reporting functions, and a comprehensive suite of editing tools for creating and editing geographic data. When you save a map, all of your layout work, symbols, text, and graphics are automatically preserved. ArcMap is the primary ArcGIS application for displaying, querying, editing, creating, and analyzing data.
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ArcCatalog
A window into your database Browse your data Manage your data Create and view data documentation (metadata)
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The ArcCatalog application helps you organize and manage all your GIS data. It includes tools for browsing and finding geographic information, recording and viewing metadata, quickly viewing any dataset, and defining the schema structure for your geographic data layers.
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ArcToolbox
Geographic processing functions
Data management, analysis, and conversion Tools vary between ArcGIS products
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ArcToolbox provides you with tools for data conversion, managing coordinate systems, and changing map projections. ArcToolbox supports user-friendly drag-and-drop operations from ArcCatalog. For ArcInfo users, ArcToolbox provides additional and more sophisticated data conversion and spatial analysis tools.
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Getting help
Tabs
Contents Index Search Favorites
Other help
Whats this? Tool tips
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The ArcGIS Desktop Help provides several methods for finding the help you need to use the software most productively. The Contents tab lets you search for information by topic. The Index tab lets you search for topics containing words from the Help index, such as Layer or Table. The Search tab lets you search the Help document for a word you specify. The Favorites tab lets you store your favorite help topics so you can easily access them when needed. Your word does not have to be in the index in order to search the document for it, but the search will take longer if it's not in the index. In ArcCatalog, ArcMap, and ArcToolbox, button and tool names are displayed when you move the mouse over them (these are called tool tips). You can also click the Whats This? tool in ArcMap or ArcCatalog, then click on a button or tool to access additional help about it (this is called context-sensitive help). For applications like ArcMap that have graphical user interfaces, context-sensitive help is useful for finding out what all the various buttons and tools do. ArcGIS Online Help explains procedures, tools, buttons, and commands. Each Help tab provides online help in a different manner. Clicking a specific topic opens its Help document.
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Demonstration
Observe ArcCatalog
Directory structure and navigation Documentation
Observe ArcMap
Add data Display and query data Zoom and Pan tools Save a map document
Observe ArcToolbox
Toolkits
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At this point, your instructor may choose to demonstrate some of the concepts discussed in this lesson. You will also be introduced to the ArcGIS applications you will use for the remainder of the class.
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Exercise 2 overview
Use the software to:
Start ArcMap Examine some feature layers and their organization Identify relationships between geographic features Associate descriptive information with a layer Identify specific features Select geographic features based on certain conditions Challenge: Work with queries
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Lesson 2 review
What are the five components of a GIS? Geographic objects can be abstracted into what three geometric shapes? Match the geographic data component with its correct definition.
I. Geometry II. Attributes III. Behavior a. Rules allowing certain functionality for particular features b. Descriptive information about spatial features c. The physical (coordinate) representation of spatial features
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Lesson 2 review
The vector storage model uses a series of equal-sized cells. (T/F) Vector data is always more accurate than raster data. (T/F) Topology models the spatial relationships of connectivity, adjacency, and coincidence. (T/F) ArcCatalog is used for data analysis and ArcMap is used for viewing, querying, and editing data. (T/F)
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Displaying data
Lesson 3 overview The ArcMap interface Data view or Layout view? Layers, data frames, and maps Layers Data frames Maps Managing the Table of Contents (TOC) Moving around the map Using a bookmark Magnifier and overview windows Layer symbology in ArcMap Displaying qualitative values Displaying quantitative values Classifying quantitative values Using the classification histogram Changing symbol properties
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3-9 3-10 3-11 3-12 3-13 3-14 3-15 3-16 3-17 3-18
contents
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Labeling features Scale-dependent display Creating a definition query Saving a layer file Changing the data source for a layer Exercise 3 overview Lesson 3 review
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Displaying data
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Lesson 3 overview
The ArcMap interface and tools Data view and Layout view Layers, data frames, and map elements Layer properties for symbols and labels
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The ArcMap interface

Title bar Menu bar Standard toolbar Table of Contents Dockable
Display Display area area
Context menu
Tear-off Tear-offand anddockable dockable
Tools Toolstoolbar toolbar
Draw toolbar Status bar

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Features of the ArcMap interface The Title bar displays the map name (wisconsin.mxd in the example above). The toolbars are dockable. The Table of Contents lists the data views and layer legends. The Table of Contents is dockable and can be resized by horizontally dragging the vertical divider between the Table of Contents and the display area. The display area is where the map features draw. The Status bar, besides reporting the coordinates, displays a description of the selected buttons and menu items.
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Data view or Layout view?

Data view
For display, queries, editing, and analysis
Layout view
For creating map layouts
Data DataView View
Layout LayoutView View

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Data view You will work in Data view if you want to display, query, edit, explore, and analyze data. Layout view Once you decide to create a final map, you need to move to the Layout view. Here you will be able to add all the other map elements, such as the north arrow, legend, scale, title, and other textual information (e.g., author, data date, map date, projection type). Once the map is complete, you can send it to a plotter or printer.
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Layers, data frames, and maps

Layer
Represent symbolized spatial data Data Dataframe frame Layers Layers
Data frame
Organizes layers
Map contains
Data frames Layers Map elements
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Layers, data frames, and maps Layers store the path to a data source as well as the display properties of that data source. A data frame is a container for layers. When you create a new empty map, a default data frame named Layers is automatically added to the top of the Table of Contents, but you can highlight and change its name. In the example above, the data frame name was changed to Wisconsin. Like the layers they contain, data frames also have properties that you can manipulate. A map is the document that stores the data frames, layers, and any map elements such as graphics and text. A map may contain several data frames. For example, you might create a map that contains one data frame with layers that show an entire country and another data frame that displays layers of a particular region.
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Layers
Reference spatial data sources Set symbols, labels and other properties Manipulate through context menu
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Layers A layer does not store the actual geographic data, but instead references the data contained in the data source. Data sources can be any of the following: Vector datasets (feature layers): Coverages, shapefiles, CAD files, geodatabase, and SDE databases Raster datasets (raster layers): Grids and images TIN datasets: TINs Referencing data in this way allows the layers on a map to automatically reflect the most up-todate information in your GIS database. Layers are stored as part of a saved map document (MXD file), but they can also be saved as independent files themselves. Layer files (.lyr extension) are an efficient method of predefining symbology and other properties for specific data sources.
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Data frames
Data frames are containers for layers Maps can have many data frames
Index and inset maps Arrange in Layout view
Add from Insert menu Activate data frames to view from context menu
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Data frames Data frames let you organize your data into logical groupings, such as themes or geographic areas. You may want to consider using multiple data frames when you want to compare layers side by side or create insets and overviews that highlight a particular location. You can add as many layers as you want to a data frame; however, a data frame containing too many layers can be more difficult to work with. You may want to consider multiple data frames organized by theme or geography when you have numerous layers. When a map has more than one data frame, one of them is the active data frame. The active data frame is the one you are currently working with in the ArcMap display. For example, when you add a new layer to a map, it gets added to the active data frame. You can always tell which data frame is active because its name is shown in bold text in the Table of Contents. Of course, if a map has only one data frame, it is always the active one. To make a data frame active, right-click on the data frame and click Activate. The active data frame will appear in bold font in the Table of Contents. A data frame can also be activated in the Layout view when you use your mouse to select it from the page.
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Maps
Hold layers, data frames, graphics, map elements Store information in a map document (MXD) file
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Maps The ArcMap document helps you visualize geographic information by showing you the location of features, which are symbolized to help you understand what they are and why they are being shown. A map can include additional information, such as graphics and map elements, that help explain its context and purpose. When you open a map document, ArcMap checks the links to the data sources. If it cannot find some data (i.e., if the source data for a layer has been deleted or renamed, or if a network drive is not accessible) ArcMap prompts you for the location. If the data is currently unavailable, you can ignore the broken link and display the map without the layer. The layer will still be part of the map, and its name will appear in the Table of Contents, but it will not display. When you work in ArcMap, you are always working in an ArcMap document. The ArcMap document (MXD) lets you save the display of your data.
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Managing the Table of Contents (TOC)

Drag layers up or down to change display order
Smart defaults for layer draw order
Point, lines, or polygons
Layers draw in the TOC in order

From the bottom up
Rename data frames and layers Remove layers Bottom tabs

Display Source Selection (optional)
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Managing the Table of Contents The Table of Contents (TOC) lists all the data frames and thematic layers on the map and shows the symbols used to represent the features in each layer. A check box next to a layer indicates whether it is currently visible on the map. Layers at the top of the TOC draw on top of layers listed below them. Learning how to manage layers and frames within the TOC will help you represent your data effectively and efficiently. The draw order of layers within a data frame is from the bottom to the top, so you will put those layers that form the background of your map, such as the ocean, at the bottom of the TOC. ArcMap is smart enough to display a point feature class on top of a polygon feature class. To change the order of display, click the layer and drag it up or down the TOC to a new location. You can copy and paste layers within the same data frame or into a different data frame. Layers can be removed by right-clicking on the layer and clicking Remove from the Context menu. You can view an additional Selection tab at the bottom of the TOC. This is useful when querying or editing and you want to limit your selection to a specific layer or layers. This is done by clicking the Tools menu > Options > TOC tab > check the Selection checkbox.
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Moving around the map

Zoom in or out Pan the display Full extents Back or forward one display Zoom to a layer
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Moving around the map As you work with a map, you can easily change how you view the data it contains. When youre just browsing a map, you might want to pan and zoom around the data to investigate different areas and features. When youre creating a map to hang on the wall, displaying data at a specific scale may be important. Most of the tools for navigating your data are found on the Tools toolbar.
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Using a bookmark
Spatial bookmarks
Set and name a location extent Return to it at any time
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Using a bookmark A spatial bookmark identifies a particular geographic location that you want to save and refer to later. For example, you might create a spatial bookmark that identifies a study area. As you pan and zoom around your map, you can easily return to the study area by accessing the bookmark. You can also use spatial bookmarks to highlight areas on your map you want others to see. You can create a spatial bookmark at any time. As a shortcut, you can also create bookmarks when you find and identify map features. Spatial bookmarks, however, can only be defined on spatial data; they cant be defined on an area of the page in Layout view. Each data frame on your map maintains its own list of bookmarks. In Layout view, the list reflects the bookmarks of the active data frame.
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Magnifier and overview windows

See more detail or overview without changing display
Shows full extent of data
Move over display like a magnifying glass
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Magnifier and overview windows When you dont want to adjust your map display, but you want to see more detail or get an overview of an area, open another window. ArcMap provides two additional ways to explore the spatial data on your map: an overview window and a magnifier window. The magnifier window works like a magnifying glass; as you pass the window over the data, you see a magnified view of the location under the window. Moving the window around does not affect the current map display. The overview window shows you the full extent of the data. A small box in the overview window represents the currently displayed area on the map. You can move this box around to pan the map and shrink or enlarge it to zoom in or out. Both windows operate only in Data view.
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Layer symbology in ArcMap

Same symbol for all features Based on attribute values
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Layer symbology in ArcMap Drawing properties can be set within the Symbology tab of the layers Layer Properties dialog. In the Show panel of the Symbology tab, ArcMap has several options for creating both qualitative and quantitative thematic maps. When you chose a certain method, the properties options to the right of the Show panel change according to the type of thematic mapping method used.
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Displaying qualitative values

Features
Categories
fields style
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Display qualitative values Often, seeing where something isand where it isntcan tell you exactly what you need to know. Mapping the location of features reveals patterns and trends that can help you make better decisions. The easiest way to see where features are is to draw them using a single symbol. You can draw any type of data this way. When you create a new layer, ArcMap draws it with a single symbol by default. A category describes a set of features with the same attribute value. For example, given parcel data with an attribute describing land use (e.g., residential, commercial, and public areas), you can use a different symbol to represent each unique land use type. Drawing features this way allows you to see where features are and what category they belong to. This can be useful if youre targeting a specific type of feature for some action or policy. For instance, a city planner might use the land use map to target areas for redevelopment. In general, look for these kinds of attributes when mapping by category or unique value: Attributes describing the name, type, or condition of a feature Attributes containing measurements or quantities that are already grouped (e.g., 0 99 or 100199) Attributes that uniquely identify features (e.g., a county name attribute could be used to draw each county with a unique color) You can let ArcMap assign a symbol to each unique value based on a color scheme you choose, or you can explicitly assign a specific symbol to a specific attribute value.
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Displaying quantitative values

Quantities
Charts
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Display quantitative values When you want your map to communicate how much of something there is, you need to draw features using a quantitative measure. This measure might be a count, a ratio (such as a percentage), or a rank (such as high, medium, or low). You can represent quantities on a map by varying the color or symbol size you use to draw features. For example, you might use increasingly darker shades of blue to represent increasingly higher rainfall amounts or larger circles to represent cities with larger populations. Generally, youll need to classify your data when you display it. You can either manually define classes or apply one of the standard classification schemes to do so automaticallyjust specify the number of classes you want to show. Once youve defined the classes, you can add more classes, delete classes, or redefine class ranges. Pie charts, bar charts, and stacked bar charts can present large amounts of quantitative data in an eye-catching fashion. For example, if youre mapping population by county, you can use a pie chart to show the percentage of the population by ethnic group for each county. Generally, youll draw a layer with charts when your layer has a number of related numeric attributes that you want to compare. Use pie charts if you want to show how much of the total amount each category takes up. Use bar charts to show relative amounts rather than a proportion of a total.
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Classifying quantitative values

Can modify classes
Equal interval
Natural breaks
Quantile
Standard deviation
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Classify quantitative values When you map quantitative data, you can either assign each value its own symbol or group values into classes using a different symbol for each class. If youre only mapping a few values (less than 10), you can assign a unique symbol to each value. This may present a more accurate picture of the data, because youre not predetermining which features are grouped together. More than likely, your data values will be too numerous to map individually and youll want to group them in classes or classify the data. A good example of classified data is a temperature map you might find in a newspaper. Instead of displaying individual temperatures, these maps show temperature bands, where each band represents a given range in temperature. How you define the class ranges and breaks (the high and low values that bracket each class) will determine which features fall into each class and, consequently, what the map will look like. By changing the classes you can create maps with completely different looks. Generally, the goal is to make sure features with similar values are in the same class. Two key factors for classifying your data are the classification scheme you use and the number of classes you create. If you know your data well, you can manually define your own classes. Alternatively, you can let ArcMap classify your data using standard classification schemes. The four most common schemes are: Natural breaks Quantile Equal interval Standard deviation
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Using the classification histogram

Manage class breaks Move class breaks Define
Interval Number of classes Method
Right-click the histogram to

Zoom in/out Insert/Delete breaks Center the histogram
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Using the classification histogram In the Classification window you can control the number of classes (five is the default), adjust the position and interval of each class, and specify the method of classification (Jenks Natural Breaks is the default). In addition, you can change some of the histogram properties in the Classification menu by right-clicking on the histogram. The context menu has the following options: You can zoom in or out on the histogram. You can insert or delete break lines. You can center the histogram.
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Changing symbol properties

Symbology tab or Table of Contents
Left-click Right-click
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Changing symbol properties ArcMap makes it easy to change both a layers symbol color (right-click on the symbol) or the symbol itself (click on the symbol). Although ArcMap allows you to choose many symbols and colors, it is important to remember that too many symbols or colors in a map can be distracting. The symbology you choose for displaying layers greatly affects how readers interpret the map. Learning how to display your layers clearly and efficiently will help your audience understand your data and may also reveal patterns not otherwise apparent.
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Labeling features
Label features dynamically using attribute values Layer properties control appearance and position Convert labels to annotation features
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Labeling features When you label features on a map, readers can quickly identify them and more easily interpret the map. In ArcMap you can label features using their attributes or by entering text on the map interactively. Choosing which features are labeled, where the labels are placed, and setting the label display scale can impact whether the right information is conveyed to the reader, and can affect the overall legibility of the map. The graphic characteristics of a label symbol can impact the legibility of your text and imply specific meanings. For instance, hydrologic features are typically labeled with blue italicized text. ArcMap gives you significant choice and control over the label symbols you use. Where you place text labels depends on the text font, text size, text position, map scale, and the number of features that need to be labeled. To help you with this task, ArcMap provides tools for controlling the placement, size, map scale and many other qualities of label text.
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Scale-dependent display
Display layers at specific scale range
Reduces clutter Reduces drawing time Layer display property
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Scale-dependent display For each layer in your map you can set a scale range at which ArcMap will display that layer. Setting a display scale lets you avoid needless clutter on your map by restricting the display of features until an appropriate scale is reachedone with information that is useful to the reader. Two methods are available for setting the scale range: Use the Zoom tools to interactively set the display to the minimum scale to which the layer will be drawn. Right-click on the layer and choose Visible Scale Range > Set Minimum Scale. Adjust the display scale and repeat to set the Maximum Scale. Right-click the layer, then click Properties. On the Properties dialog, click the General tab, and set the scale range as shown in the figure above. You can set a layer's properties so that they display only if the map extent falls within a certain scale range.
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Creating a definition query

Build a query based on attributes Only displays queried features Does not affect source
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Definition queries Definition queries can be used to select specific features within a layer, and they only display items that satisfy the condition. Queries are defined under the Definition Query tab in the Layer Properties dialog; simply click the Query Builder button to write a query. After applying the built query string, only the features that meet the query criteria will appear in the display area. Although only the features that satisfy the query are displayed, the source data remains intact and unchanged. The remaining features are just hidden from view. It is important to emphasize that this is different than a selection in ArcMap (whether spatial or attribute) where all features in the layer remain displayed, except that the selected features appear selected with blue outlines.
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Saving a layer file

Save symbology for use in other map documents Layer files
.lyr extension Save the display for a layer without saving an entire map document Load into another map document Preview in ArcCatalog Sources Sources
Vector Raster TIN
Default Default symbology symbology
Customize Customize symbology symbology

Save
In Inmap mapdocument document (.mxd) (.mxd) As Asa aseparate separatelayer layer (.lyr) (.lyr)
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Saving a layer file It takes time to analyze a datas attributes and symbolize its features so people will readily understand the information within the data. Layers you create in ArcMap are stored as part of the map document file. After finalizing the symbolization and labeling of a layer, you can save it outside the map as a layer file. This layer file can be reused in other maps, or you can e-mail it along with the data to people who want to add it to their maps. How to save a layer outside a map 1. In ArcMap, open the map containing the layer that you want to save as a layer file. 2. Right-click the layer in the maps Table of Contents. 3. Click Save As Layer File. 4. Navigate to the folder in which you want to save the layer. 5. Type a name for the layer file. 6. Click Save.
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Changing the data source for a layer

Map documents can lose track of the source data
Source data gets moved
Use Source tab to change the data source for a layer

Shortcut: Right-click the layer > Data > Set Data Source
Layers with misplaced data
Click here to change the data source
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Changing the data source for a layer The map document does not store the spatial data displayed in it, instead it stores references to the locations of the data sources. When a map document is opened, ArcMap reads the file and looks for all the path names to reconstruct the layers. When data sources are moved, map documents can lose track of the source data for its layers. When this occurs, the layer name appears in the ArcMap Table Of Contents with a red exclamation mark, and nothing appears for that layer in the display area. To correct this problem, access the Properties dialog box for the missing layer. Select the Source tab, and click Set Data Source. This will bring up a browser to specify the new location of the data. Once done, the path to the data source will be fixed and the layer will appear. Remember to save the map document so that the new path will be saved as well. This procedure is similar to the project repair operation in ArcView 3.x. There is also a shortcut to help correct the path name for a data source. Right-click the layer, select Data in the context menu, then click Set Data Source from the second context menu.
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Exercise 3 overview
Start your applications and add a polygon layer Add an image to ArcMap Add a layer for a polygon shapefile Change a layer name Classify and symbolize spatial data Label features Create a layer file Create a map layout using Layout view Set map scale Save your map document Exit ArcMap Challenge: Insert a new data frame and add a layer file Challenge: Save labels as annotation
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Lesson 3 review
What is a layer in ArcMap? What is the difference between a layer and a layer file (.lyr)? What is a data frame? What is a map document? When would you set a display scale for your layers? How do you remove a layer from ArcMap? Describe two ways to rename a layer in ArcMap. Map documents have an .mxb extension. (T/F) Features can be labeled individually or all at once in ArcMap. (T/F)
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Lesson 3 review
You can have as many data frames active in ArcMap as you want. (T/F)
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Lesson 4 overview Identifying Finding Measuring Map tips and hyperlinks Lesson 4 overview Why do you need a selection? Available selection tools Selection layers Selection methods Interactive selection options Attribute selection Select by location (spatial query) Location selection methods Select by graphics Calculating summary statistics Exercise 4 overview Lesson 4 review 4-2 4-3 4-4 4-5 4-6 4-7 4-8 4-9 4-10 4-11 4-12 4-13 4-14 4-15 4-16 4-17 4-18 4-19
contents
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Lesson 4 overview
Tools for examining your data
Identify, Find, Measure, map tips, hyperlinks
Working with the selection tools

Why do you need a selection? Available selection tools Selection methods and layers Spatial selection Attribute selection Calculating summary statistics
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Identifying
Popup attributes for a specific feature
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The Identify Features tool This tool allows you to display the attributes for any feature you click on with your pointer.
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Finding
Locate a specific feature or attribute
France Franceflashes flashes
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The Find button Clicking this button brings up the Find window on the screen. Type in the string that you want to search for. Notice that you can search in all the layers in your map, or just in a specific layer. You can also choose to search all the fields (attributes), specific fields, or each layer's primary field for the occurrence of the string you typed earlier. The string can be typed in lowercase, uppercase, or a combination of both. After the search is over, the window expands to reveal the findings. You will get the layer(s) and the field(s) in which the string was found in the feature attribute table(s). If you right-click the value, a context menu appears with options to flash the feature, zoom to it, identify it, set a bookmark, and select or unselect the feature.
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Measuring
Find linear distances
4-5
The Measure tool Use the Measure tool to find distances on the map. The Measure tool allows you to draw a line on the map using your mouse. To start, click at a location, and as you move your mouse, a thick line will appear on the map. A single click will add a line segment, while a double click will end the line. The Status bar will report the length of each segment as it is created and the total length of the line when you are finished. All measurements use a pure Cartesian coordinate system, so use such measurements with caution. You should expect some errors due to many factors (some personal and others induced by projections) when using this tool for small-scale renditions.
4-5
Map tips and hyperlinks

Display property of a layer Map tips
Pointer location displays specific attribute
Hyperlinks
Document URL Macro
4-6
Map tips and hyperlinks If you have map tips set for a layer, when you move the mouse pointer over a feature in the layer, a rectangular box containing textual information appears. The map tip text comes from a field in the attribute table of that layer. You have to set which field you want attribute values to be reported from when using the map tips. You can display Web pages accessed over the Internet and documents (such as a text file or image), or run a macro (script). You can dynamically create hyperlinks as you browse your map, or you can store hyperlinks with your data in an attribute field. When you click on a feature, ArcMap determines which program is needed to display the hyperlink. If you specify a Web address, ArcMap launches your default Web browser and displays the page. If you specify a different type of document (e.g., a text document), ArcMap will display it using its native program (such as Notepad or another text editor). If you are creating maps that people will access interactively, or if you want to explore your data before you do analysis, map tips and hyperlinks are useful ways to present more information about the map's features.
4-6
Lesson 4 overview
Tools for examining your data
Identify, Find, Measure, map tips, hyperlinks
Working with the selection tools

Why do you need a selection? Available selection tools Selection methods and layers Spatial selection Attribute selection Calculating summary statistics
4-7
4-7
Why do you need a selection?

Focused Focused analysis analysis Use Useto to select select other features other features
Edit Edit
Selected features
Create Create a a new layer new layer
Calculate Calculate statistics statistics Report Report

Convert Convert to to graphics graphics Export Export

4-8
Why do you need a selection? You may have several reasons why you would make a selection, including: Using the selected set for further analysis Using the selected set to select other features Editing the selected set Creating a new layer from the selected set (Working with a subset is faster than including the entire set.) Calculating statistics for the selected set Creating a report Exporting the selected set to a separate file Converting features to a graphic format
4-8
Available selection tools

Interactive, attributes, location, graphics
Selected Selectedset set
4-9
Available selection tools There are four ways to select graphics in ArcMap: interactively, by attribute, by location, and by graphics. Interactive selection method This option offers different selection methods, including create a new selection, add to current selection, remove from current selection, and select from current selection. Options further refine the interactive selection methods, which include selecting features that are spatially or completely within the box or graphic, selecting features that are completely within the box or graphic, and selecting features that the box or graphic are completely within. Select by attributes With this option you can write a selection statement. The search is done on the records in the feature attribute table based on the selection criteria typed in the selection statement. Because all features are linked to their respective records in the feature attribute table, ArcMap will be able to select the features based on their attributes. Select by location Here, features from a certain layer can be selected by features from another. This is considered a spatial query tool. Select by graphics Features are selected based on their relationship to a graphic or graphics you create through the Draw toolbar (e.g., a polygon or line). The same selection options apply when you select by graphics as when you use the interactive selection method. Other features in this selection menu include controlling which layers will be considered in the selection, zooming to the selected features, and clearing the selection.
4-9
Selection layers
Specify from Selection menu
Layer to select from using interactive selection tool
Method Method1 1
Method Method2 2
4-10
Set Selectable Layers While making spatial selections, you have the option of turning on or off the layers that are going to be involved in the selection operation. This can be done in one of two ways. Method 1 From the Selection menu, click Set Selectable Layers. Check the check boxes for any layers you want to include in your next selection. Method 2 From the Tools menu, click Options and click on the TOC tab. Check the Selection check box in the TOC tab options panel, then click OK. Now you have a permanent Selection tab at the bottom of ArcMaps Table of Contents. When you click this tab, a list of layers with check boxes to their left appears. Now you can check which layers should or should not be included in your next selection.
4-10
Selection methods
Specify from Selection menu
Create new selection
Add to the selection
Remove from the selection
Select from selection
4-11
Interactive selection method Four methods are available: Create New Selection All features are available at the onset, and you select four countries: France, Poland, Bulgaria, and Greece. Add to Current Selection Now you want to add more countries to the first four selected. You select Denmark and Italy. Remove From Current Selection Here, you decide to remove Bulgaria and Greece from the current selection. Select from Current Selection This time you decide to select only France from the current selection.
4-11
Interactive selection options

Options from Selection menu
Select features partially or completely within the box or graphic(s)
Select features completely within the box or graphic(s)
Select features that the box or graphic are completely within
4-12
Interactive selection options The Selection pulldown menu offers three additional selection options depending on how you want the features to be selected when you create a selection box: 1. Select features partially or completely within the box or graphic: Complete features are selected, whether they fall completely within the selection box or fall partially within the selection box. 2. Select features completely within the box or graphic: Complete features are selected only if they fall completely within the selection box. 3. Select features that the box or graphic are completely within: The selection box must fall completely within the feature to get selected. In the third example above, no feature was selected, because the box was simply too big to fit inside any country.
4-12
Attribute selection
Use a SQL where clause to select features Save and reload selection expressions
For current selection: Add to Remove from Select from
Field
Operator
Value
4-13
Attribute selection ArcMap lets you select features using a where clause from Structured Query Language (SQL) in the Selection menu's Select By Attributes dialog. SQL is a powerful language you use to define one or more criteria by which you want to select features or rows. You define the criteria by creating expressions consisting of attributes, operators, and values. For example, imagine you have a customer database and you want to find those customers who spent more than $50,000 last year and whose business type is Restaurant. You could select the customers with this expression: Sales > 50000 AND Business_type = 'Restaurant'. To create an attribute selection, you need to do the following: 1. From the Selection pulldown menu, click Select By Attributes. 2. On the Select By Attribute window, choose the layer from which you want to select features. 3. Write a selection statement (otherwise known as an SQL statement). You can type this yourself, or you can create it by clicking a field and an operator button, followed by a value. You can also write more complicated expressions using connectors, such as And, Or, and so on. Clicking the Verify button helps you ensure that the syntax of the expression is correct. 4. When youre convinced the syntax is correct, click OK. You can build expressions to select features directly from your map or to select records from atable. Selecting records in an attribute table also highlights features in the map, so you can see where the associated features are. You can save selection expressions and reload them with the Save and Load buttons at the bottom of the Select By Attributes dialog. This saves time when you're working with complex query expressions. Simply load the expression back into the Select By Attributes dialog to easily regenerate a set of selected records.
Introduction to ArcGIS I (for ArcView 8, ArcEditor 8, and ArcInfo 8) 4-13
Select by location (spatial query)

Use features in one layer to select features in another
Cities
Countries
Result Cities intersected by selected countries

4-14
Select by location (spatial query) Youll often need to find features based on their geographic, or spatial, relationship to other features. Instead of using the cursor or geometric shapes to select features, you use features from one layer to select features in another layer. For this reason, Select By Location is called spatial query. When selecting features with spatial queries, you use the Select By Location dialog, available from ArcMap's Selection menu, to create a statement about what you want to select. Your selection procedures include: Select features from Add to the currently selected features Remove from the currently selected features Select from the currently selected features The selected features will depend on the mode used. These modes are discussed on the next slide. Regardless of the mode you use, you have the option of narrowing your selection to a specific layer by checking off all the layers that you want to exclude. You can also select features using a certain buffer distance.
4-14
Location selection methods

Select by location offers many selection methods
Intersects Contains Are contained by Shares a line segment Touch boundary Within a distance Are identical Others
Result Result Counties River
m 2k
Pollution
Sightings
Polluted areas completely within selected counties

Animal sightings within a distance of 2 km from rivers

4-15
Location selection methods With the Select By Location dialog box, you can select features based on their location relative to other features. Suppose you want to know how many homes were affected by a recent flood. Answering this questionand others like itinvolves forming a spatial query. You want to find features based on where they are in relation to other features. For instance, if you mapped the flood boundary, you could then select all the homes that are within this area. By combining queries, you can perform more complex searches. For example, suppose you want to find all the customers who live within a 20-mile radius of your store and who made a recent purchase so you can send them a promotional mailing. You would first select the customers within this radius (select by location) and then refine the selection by finding those customers who have made a purchase within the last six months according to a date-of-lastpurchase attribute. You can use a variety of selection methods to select the point, line, or polygon features in one layer that are near or overlap the features in the same or another layer.
4-15
Select by graphics
Draw a graphic to select features Works with interactive selection methods
4-16
Select by graphics You may use the tools on the Drawing toolbar to add graphics to the ArcMap display. For example, you may want to digitize a polygon around a group of islands that you wish to select. Once the graphic has been added to the display, the Select by Graphics option will be activated on the Selection menu.
4-16
Calculating summary statistics

Select
Features
Layer Field
4-17
Calculating summary statistics After making a spatial or attribute selection, you may want to calculate a simple statistics summary. This can be done by clicking the Statistics option from the Selection pulldown menu. This operation invokes the Selection Statistics dialog. Here you need to select the layer, as well as the field in the feature attribute table, that you want the statistics to be calculated for. Once these are selected, a numeric statistics summary, as well as a frequency distribution chart, appears in that window.
4-17
Exercise 4 overview
Start ArcMap and open an existing map document Add map tips Identify a feature Find a specific feature Take measurements Make a spatial query Examine your selection in the tables Calculate statistics for your selection Create a selection layer Explore other spatial selections Explore attribute selections Save your layer in another format Save your document and exit ArcMap
4-18
4-18
Lesson 4 review
How are map tips useful? What is a hyperlink? What does the Identify tool do? How do you access the context menu in the Find tool? What options are located on this context menu? What are the four ways a feature can be selected in ArcMap? What are the selection methods available in the Select by Attribute dialog? What extent options can be set for interactive spatial selections?
4-19
4-19
Lesson 4 review
What type of statement does the the Select by Attribute function use to select features? If you do not know where a certain feature is but you know some of its attributes, how would you locate it? Describe two Select by Location methods.
4-20
4-20

Lesson 5 overview Representing geographic features Introducing feature classes Linking features and attributes Spatial data formats Shapefile data format Coverage data format ArcInfo coverage organization Geodatabase data format Geodatabase validation CAD file data format Tabular locations to a point feature class Images and grids Using Geography Network data Using ArcCatalog Three ways to view data The Contents tab 5-2 5-3 5-4 5-5 5-6 5-7 5-8 5-9 5-10 5-11 5-12 5-13 5-14 5-15 5-16 5-17 5-18
contents
The Preview tab The Metadata tab Introducing metadata Connecting to folders Accessing data on the Internet Setting viewable data Creating thumbnail images Exercise 5 overview Lesson 5 review
5-19 5-20 5-21 5-22 5-23 5-24 5-25 5-26 5-27
5-1
Lesson 5 overview
Geographic data review Linking features and attributes Data formats Working with ArcCatalog Metadata Geography Network
5-2
5-2
Representing geographic features

Vector
X,Y X,Y X,Y X,Y X,Y X,Y X,Y
Raster
Column Row
Data has
Geometry Geometry Behavior Behaviorrules rules Attributes Attributes
5-3
Representing geographic features In the second lesson you learned many fundamental concepts about GIS and geographic data. Before you learn about the various spatial data formats ArcGIS software can use, you will review some of the concepts from Lesson 2. The two basic models for digitally storing geographic data are vector and raster. The vector model uses discrete coordinates to represent geographic features as points, lines, or polygons. The raster model uses equally sized square cells to represent features. The level of detail depends on the size of the cells. GIS data is made up of three basic components: geography (the spatial representation of the features), attributes (the descriptive characteristics of the features) and behavior rules (instructions that govern what the features can and cannot do).
5-3
Introducing feature classes

Collections of features with the same type of geometry Can create point, line, or area feature classes
GDB GDB
Many different line objects primary roads highways secondary roads
Roads RoadsFC FC
Single Singlelinear linear feature featureclass class Roads Roads
5-4
Introducing feature classes You know about point, line, and area abstraction. Given these choices, it would be impractical to store every line in its own dataset. Feature classes allow you to aggregate homogeneous features into a single unit. For example, highways, primary roads, and secondary roads can be grouped into a line feature class named Roads. All customers for each business franchise can be grouped into a point feature class named customers. Territories for homogeneous wildlife species can be grouped into a polygon feature class named habitat. The term feature class (abbreviated in the figure above as FC) is used to refer to any grouping of points, lines, or polygons, regardless of the data storage format.
5-4
Linking features and attributes

Feature classes are tables that store spatial data Each feature has a record in the table
Unique identifier links feature and attributes
FID FID= =5052 5052

Feature Identifier
5-5
Linking features and attributes For geographic objects stored in a feature class, each individual feature is assigned a unique numerical identifier and is characterized by a unique location in space and corresponding record in an attribute table. While the exact name of the numerical identifier may differ by the data format, it is important to understand this one-to-one relationship between feature, identifier, and attribute record.
5-5
Spatial data formats

ArcGIS can work with spatial data in multiple formats
Shapefile Shapefile Coverage Coverage Geodatabase Geodatabase Internet InternetMap Map Service Service
CAD CAD
Raster Raster
Tables Tables
ArcGIS ArcGIS
5-6
Spatial data formats Currently, there is not a standard format for GIS data. Various GIS software manufacturers and other organizations, such as government agencies, have continually searched for more efficient and versatile digital formats to store geographic information. ArcGIS has the advantage of seamlessly supporting all of the ESRI formats: shapefiles, coverages, grids, the geodatabase, and data served over the Internet by ArcIMS. ArcGIS also supports the three most common CAD file formats (DXF, DWG, and DGN), as well as a variety of common image formats. Having the ability to work with so many different formats without needing to convert them is a tremendous advantage.
5-6
Shapefile data format

Single feature class Attributes stored in dBASE table
Donut shapefile Donut.dbf table
Shape Shapefield field accesses accessesseparate separate coordinate coordinatefiles files
5-7
Data format: Shapefile Shapefiles can only contain one feature class. Therefore, a donut shop point feature class (representing the buildings point location) must be stored in a different shapefile as a donut shop polygon feature class (representing the buildings footprint). Regardless of feature type, a shapefiles default attribute table is stored in dBASE format and is named shapefile.dbf (e.g., donut.dbf). You can access this table in ArcGIS applications or dBASE. Additionally, shapefiles are the native format for ArcView 3.x, so you can view, display, and edit both the spatial and attribute data in ArcView 3.x. Shapefiles are a vector file structure for storing the location and attribute information of points, lines, or areas. Each shapefile consists of at least three files: shapefile.shp, shapefile.shx, and shapefile.dbf (e.g., donut.shp, donut.shx, and donut.dbf). If your shapefile has a defined coordinate system, the spatial reference information will be stored in the shapefile.prj file (e.g., donut.prj). Note that all GIS spatial data layers are stored in some type of coordinate system and the definition of the coordinate system should be maintained in the database dictionary, the shapefile.prj, the metadata file, or all three. In addition to the three basic files (SHP, SHX, DBF), other files may be created and/or used by ArcGIS software as needed.
5-7
Coverage data format

A folder containing multiple feature classes Can store point, line, polygon feature classes, and more Attributes stored in a separate INFO table
Landusecov coverage Landusecov.pat INFO table
Feature class Point Arc Node Polygon
Feature attribute table <cover>.PAT <cover>.AAT <cover>.NAT <cover>.PAT Point attribute table Arc attribute table Node attribute table Polygon attribute table
<cover> # <cover> #field field accesses separate accesses separate coordinate coordinatefiles files
5-8
Data format: Coverage A coverage is the ArcInfo Workstation native vector formats. It is stored as a folder containing both the locational data files and the descriptive data files for features in a given geographic area. It is a collection mechanism that may contain one or more feature classes. For example, a landuse coverage may contain both an area feature class representing contiguous landuse boundaries and a line feature class used to model the exact transitional location between landuse types. Area and line feature classes have separate attribute tables, but it is important to note that they share the same geometry. You can have points and lines (with attributes) in the same coverage, but they do not share the same geometry. The only limitation is that you cannot have both point and polygon attributes within the same coverage. Topological data structure Unlike shapefiles, coverages explicitly store the topological information (length, area, perimeter, adjacency, and connectivity) as part of the feature attribute table. For example, coverages containing line feature classes will have length and connectivity properties defined in the <cover>.aat; polygon feature classes contain area and perimeter in the <cover>.pat; and coverages containing both line and polygon feature classes will have adjacency information defined in the <cover>.aat. For more information, consult the online documentation. ArcInfo coverages have the ability to store a variety of feature classes. The graphic above illustrates the different kinds of coverage feature classes. A coverages attribute table is stored in INFO format, and you can access this table anywhere in ArcGIS. The INFO table has a feature identifier named <cover># (e.g., landuse#) that links the geometric feature with the associated record in the attribute table. INFO attribute tables associated to polygon or point feature classes are named <cover>.pat (e.g., landuse.pat or wells.pat). INFO attribute tables associated to line feature classes are named <cover>.aat (e.g., streets.aat). Coverages can be displayed and queried in all ArcGIS applications, but they can only be edited using the ArcEdit module of ArcInfo Workstation.
5-8
ArcInfo coverage organization

Coverages must be stored in an ArcGIS workspace
Workspaces contain an info folder The info folder stores information about the attribute tables Landusecov.pat INFO table Redlands workspace
Manage coverages and workspaces

Use ArcGIS tools only Operating system commands do not honor the coverageinfo link
5-9
ArcInfo coverage organization An ArcInfo workspace is simply an operating system folder with a subfolder named info. The info folder stores and manages the info format attribute tables for the coverages in the workspace. In addition to coverages, workspaces may also store any other type of geographic data (e.g., shapefiles, geodatabases, grids), as well as related files, such as documentation or graphics files. It is very important to use only ArcGIS tools to manage and manipulate coverages and workspaces. ArcGIS tools are designed to preserve the link between the files stored in the coverage directory and the files stored in the info directory. Operating system file management tools are unaware of this link. Coverages files are stored in two folders: the coverage folder and the INFO folder. Files in both folders are required to reconstruct a coverage's spatial and attribute information.
5-9
Geodatabase data format

Stores spatial features and their attributes in the same RDBMS Feature datasets model spatial relationships Have their own feature classes
Coffee geodatabase feature class RDBMS table GDB GDB FC FC FDS FDS FC FC FC FC standalone
Shape Shapefield field accesses accessesseparate separate coordinate coordinatefile file

5-10
Data format: Geodatabase In contrast to file-based formats like coverages and shapefiles, which store feature coordinate and attribute information in separate files, the geodatabase has the ability to store the two types of information in one database. This centralization of storage offers many advantages. Each geodatabase feature class can only store a single feature type, but you can easily group them into a feature class collection called a feature dataset as long as they have the same coordinate system. Note: The term geodatabase is used to refer to a storage format. You should be aware that ArcGIS supports two physical implementations of the geodatabase: a personal geodatabase and an ArcSDE geodatabase. The personal geodatabase is designed for smaller-scale projects and is stored in MDB format. You do not need to purchase any additional software programs to access and manage personal geodatabases. The ArcSDE geodatabase is designed for larger enterprise GIS applications and databases and is stored in one of the supported RDBMS formats (Oracle, SQL Server, DB2, Informix). These applications require you to purchase the supported RDBMS software for data storage. ArcGIS provides the necessary interface between your chosen RDBMS and the desktop applications. Regardless of the physical implementation, you can perform the same display, query, and analysis operations on both types of geodatabases. Note that there are some differences in functionality due to physical storage issues. Read the online documentation for more information. The geodatabase is a native data format for all ArcGIS applications. It stores point, line, and area data in an RDBMS table (e.g., Access, Oracle, DB2 and SQL Server). The ArcEditor and ArcInfo levels of ArcGIS allow you to can create, edit, and delete ArcSDE and personal geodatabase feature classes. The ArcView level allows you to create, edit, and delete personal geodatabase features and use ArcSDE geodatabase features for various processes, such as queries, joins, and relates.
5-10
Geodatabase validation
Spatial Spatialvalidation validation Topology Topology Geometric Geometricnetwork network Attribute Attributevalidation validation Subtypes Subtypes Domains Domains Relationship Relationshipclasses classes
5-11
Validation means that geographic features can be made to allow certain types of editing, display, or analysis, depending on circumstances that the user defines. Feature behavior is most easily implemented in the geodatabase. In the geodatabase, you can set two types of validations: Spatial and attribute. Spatial validation Spatial validation can be used in two ways: Topology or Geometric Networks. Both of these spatial validation types require a feature dataset where dedicated feature classes participate in either the Topology rules or the Geometric Network rules. A single feature class cannot participate in both. Both of these spatial validation are available in ArcEditor and ArcInfo Attribute validation Attribute validation are of three types: Subtypes, Domains, and Relationship classes. These types of validations are necessarily used with tabular data. Both of these validations are required for maintaining data integrity and efficiency during management, display, and editing operations on the geodatabase.
5-11
CAD file data format

Computer Aided Design files (DXF, DWG, DGN) Logical collection
Access one or all feature class(es) at a time
Edit after exporting to geodatabase FC, coverage, or shapefile
CAD file (read-only attribute tables)
Shape Shapefield field accesses accessesread-only read-only coordinates coordinates

5-12
Data format: CAD files Accessing CAD sources may be done individually by choosing the feature class to display and/or query, or you can view the entire CAD file feature class collection all at once. If you view all feature classes at once, you cannot change the symbology and you cannot view the associated attribute table. CAD attribute tables Your geographic database may include GIS data stored in CAD format. ArcInfo supports DXF, DWG, and DGN formats. You can display and query the data as it exists in its native CAD file format, or you can convert it to a geodatabase feature class if you want to edit the spatial features or attribute records. Each individual feature class within the CAD file has an associated attribute table. This table displays the original attributes from the CAD file. The ability to display and query native CAD files is incredibly useful. For example, suppose you work for an organization where one or more departments create spatial data with CAD systems. Rather than re-creating the data to put in your GIS database, you can leverage the existing data. Exporting DXF/CAD files DXF files can be exported to coverages in ArcCatalog or to shapefiles in ArcMap. CAD files can be exported to geodatabase feature classes in ArcCatalog.
5-12
Tabular locations to a point feature class

Table Tablewith withraw rawcoordinates coordinates New Newfeature featureclass class
Table Tablewith withaddresses addresses
New Newfeature featureclass class
5-13
Tabular locations In addition to adding data sources, such as shapefiles, you can also add tabular data to your map that contains geographic locations in the form of x,y coordinates. X,y coordinates describe discrete locations on the earths surface, such as the location of fire hydrants in a city or the points where soil samples were collected. You can easily collect x,y coordinate data using a global positioning system (GPS) device. In order to add a table of x,y coordinates to your map, the table must contain two fields, one for the x coordinate and one for the y coordinate. The values in the fields may represent any coordinate system and units, such as latitude and longitude or meters. Once you have added the data to your map, the layer behaves just like any other feature layer. You may also create point features from a table of address locations through the process of geocoding or address matching to reference address data. Geocoding will be covered in more detail in the Introduction to ArcGIS II course.
5-13
Images and grids

Rows and columns of equal-sized cells
Each cell stores a value Detail depends on cell size
Grids (the ESRI native raster format)
Images (TIFF, BMP, SID, JPEG, ERDAS)
5-14
Data format: Images and Grids As mentioned earlier, raster datasets use rows and columns of equally spaced cells to model reality. There is a trade-off between file size and how closely you want to model reality. The smaller the cell size, the more detail can be captured. Larger cells do not require as much disk space for storage but also will not capture as much detail. Raster collection mechanisms A raster dataset can either be a simple dataset or a compound dataset (a collection) with multiple layers. ArcGIS supports many raster image formats, and these may be monochrome (black and white) or multispectral (many bands, or layers, representing many colors). In addition to images, ArcGIS uses an ESRI raster format called a grid. Grids may use a collection mechanism called a grid stack, which is used for certain types of analysis. There are several different types of grids, so you should read the online documentation for more information about their formats and capabilities. Some types of grids may have a default attribute table called the value attribute table (VAT). For example, a landuse grids VAT can report the number of cells for each landuse classification. Grids may also store information about the surface, with each cell containing a z value. Consult the online documentation for more information about grids and their properties.
5-14
Using Geography Network data

Map or Data services Data clearinghouses Geoservices and solutions The Geography Network Explorer
5-15
Using Geography Network data The Geography Network is based on the collaboration of public and private organizations that publish and share GIS information on the Internet. It provides access to a wide variety of geographic content including static map images, dynamic map services, downloadable data, and data clearinghouses. The Geography Network is an evolving Internet platform, based on ArcIMS software technology, for both the users and publishers of spatial data. To use the Geography Network effectively, you need to define or identify the type of geographic content that you are interested in and decide how you want to use it. There are two types of map services: Image services and Feature services. When you use an Image service, the map image is generated for you by the map server in JPEG, GIF, or PNG format and does not require any special processing on your computer. With a Feature service, the map server bundles the data and ships it to you through a process called streaming. This requires that you have the necessary Java applet or application, like ArcExplorer or ArcGIS, to interpret the data stream. With feature services, you are actually working directly with the data over the Internet. A data service lets you download geographic data files, or it can be a collection of links to data clearinghouses. When you download geographic files, you are getting a static copy of the data from the data providers computernot a live map as in the image or feature map services described previously. Data clearinghouses are usually Web sites maintained by organizations and companies that handle specific types of information. The data may be categorized by geographic region, department, project, content, or by the digital characteristics of the data itself. Data clearinghouses can be very comprehensive, but they may rely on your knowing what you are looking for. Geoservices are Internet services that perform basic geoprocessing tasks such as geocoding, buffering, or routing. As a solutions developer, you would use geoservices to perform real time geoprocessing on the computer where the geoservices are located and pass back the results to your custom application, all over the Internet. In other words, you would not have to maintain the basic geoprocessing application tools or the associated geographic data on your computers in order to use them with your custom map service.
Using ArcCatalog
Provides a uniform view of all your data
Define or modify table and feature class definitions Manage data: Copy, Rename, Delete
5-16
Using ArcCatalog ArcCatalog is the application where you can assemble connections to all the data you need to use. When you select a connection, you can access the data to which it is linked, whether it is located on a local disk or a database on the network. Together, your connections create a catalog of geographic data sources. You can browse your data holdings three ways using three tabs in ArcCatalog: The Contents tab, the Preview tab, and the Metadata tab. The Contents tab shows what a selected item, perhaps a folder or database file, contains. The Preview tab will give a preview of the selected items geographic or tabular data. The Metadata tab will show the metadata for a selected item. Within ArcCatalog you can move, copy, rename, and delete geographic data. You can create, manage, and edit associated metadata, and you can perform some modifications to the data, such as adding fields to tables, defining subtypes, creating domains, and building table relationships.
5-16
Three ways to view data

Contents Preview Metadata
A
5-17
Three ways to view data In ArcCatalog, you can browse your data holdings three ways using three tabs: Contents tab The Contents tab shows what a selected item (e.g., folder, geodatabase, or feature dataset) in the Catalog tree contains. There are four ways to view the contents of the item: as large icons, in list form, showing details (like data type), and in thumbnail view. Preview tab The Preview tab previews the selected items geographic or tabular data. Geography view is the default preview mode. For items containing both geographic data and tabular attributes, you can toggle between the two preview types using the dropdown list at the bottom left corner of the Preview view. The available previews are not limited to Geography and Table. Developers can create their own custom previews and add them to the list. For example, an AML view might let you preview the contents of an AML file that has been added to the database. Metadata tab The Metadata tab will show a selected items metadata. By default, when you try to view an items metadata, ArcCatalog will automatically generate it if it does not already exist. Upon creation, ArcCatalog adds several of the data sources properties to the metadata. The next time you view or edit the metadata, ArcCatalog will automatically update these properties with the current information.
5-17
The Contents tab

Large icons List Details Thumbnails
Data Layers Maps
5-18
The Contents tab The Contents tab lists the items contained in any item you select in the Catalog tree, such as folders, geodatabases, or feature datasets. In the Contents tab you can look at the data listed in four different ways: Large icons: All items are represented by a large icon graphic in the main display window. List: The items are shown in a simple list with small icons to the left of the file names. Details: The items are shown in a simple list with small icons to the left of the file names (similar to the list view option), but additional information is also given, such as each files data type. Thumbnails: All items are represented by thumbnail images in the main display window. The thumbnails are snapshots of the data at the time the thumbnail was created. Therefore, the thumbnail images can quickly become outdated and should be updated frequently. By default, thumbnails are automatically generated for map documents. For other items, a thumbnail must be created. If a thumbnail has not been created for an item, an icon (describing the data type) and name of the item will appear in place of the thumbnail.
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The Preview tab

Geography or Table view
Choose from dropdown list Build custom views
5-19
The Preview tab When an item is selected in the Catalog tree, the Preview tab will preview the selected items geographic or tabular data. At the bottom of the tab there is a dropdown list that allows users to select which view they would like to see (either geography or table). Geography is the default view, where the data is displayed with a random color and/or symbol set. The table view option shows the attribute data (in a tabular form) associated with the selected item. A third preview option, 3D view, is also possible if the 3D Analyst Extension has been added. You can build your own custom views if these three options do not meet the needs of your organization.
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The Metadata tab

Create and display metadata in a variety of ways
5-20
Viewing metadata You can view metadata in ArcCatalog by selecting an item in the Catalog tree, then clicking the Metadata tab in the display area. There are a number of stylesheets available in ArcCatalog to view metadata (e.g., FGDC, ISO, and XML). Stylesheets format data from a database and present the results as a report. Metadata is stored as an XML, Extensible Markup Language, document and the stylesheets define how XML data is presented. Stylesheets are written using Extended Stylesheet Language (XSL). The stylesheets in ArcCatalog represent common standards for metadata. You can also create your own customized stylesheet for displaying metadata in ArcCatalog using XSL. You can display your metadata using the different formats for FGDC, ISO, or XML. The FGDC is an organization established by the United States Federal Office of Management and Budget responsible for the coordination of development, use, sharing, and dissemination of surveying, mapping, and related spatial data. It is composed of representatives from several federal agencies and GIS vendors. The FGDC defines spatial metadata standards in its Content Standards for Spatial Metadata, and it coordinates the development of the National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI). ISO, the International Organization for Standardization is another common standard for collecting metadata on spatial data.
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Introducing metadata
What is metadata? Metadata tab
Description Spatial Attributes
Create and edit metadata Display metadata using different formats

FGDC ISO XML
5-21
Introducing metadata Often the definition given for metadata is data about data. While this definition is not incorrect, it not very informative. More precisely, metadata supports descriptive information about data. Text written on the back of a photograph telling you the photograph's date and subject, and nutrition labels on food containers are common examples of everyday metadata. For spatial data metadata includes descriptive information such as date, creator, geographic extent, coordinate system, and attribute domains. Metadata gives your data credibility, and in many situations your data may be impossible to interpret or use without it. The Metadata tab in ArcCatalog displays the metadata for a selected dataset. If metadata doesn't exist for the selected dataset, ArcCatalog will create as much metadata as it can from the existing information. For the FGDC ESRI stylesheet, the Metadata tab is divided into three categories. The description information contains the basic narrative information about the dataset, including source, organization, date, uses, and restrictions. The spatial information contains the coordinate information and geographic extent of the dataset. The attributes information includes fields, attribute domains, and related tabular information. You can create, edit, import, and export the metadata for any given dataset. Metadata information is stored in XML format, so you can use it with other software that can read XML documents.
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Connecting to folders
Connect to any folder in your network
Connect through Network Neighborhood to store a Uniform Naming Convention (UNC) path
Example \\servername\foldername\filename.ext Use UNC in layer files or map documents
Disconnect from folders

5-22
Connecting to folders Unlike Windows Explorer, ArcCatalog does not list all files stored on disk, so when you look in a folder, it might appear to be empty. By default, ArcCatalog only lists geographic data files. When you choose a connection, you can access the data to which it is linked and its metadata. Multiple connections create an accessible catalog of geographic data sources. By default, ArcCatalog can access several types of geographic data (e.g., shapefiles, coverages). To enable ArcCatalog to access a new type of geographic data, you need to specify the data type in the File Types list in the Options dialog. When you first start ArcCatalog, it contains folder connections that let you access your local computers hard disks along with other folders called Database Connections and Coordinate Systems. You can add additional folder connections that access specific folders or directories on a local disk, shared folders on the network, or the contents of a floppy or CD-ROM drive when needed. You can also connect through Network Neighborhood to store a Uniform Naming Convention (UNC) path. You can use UNC for layer files or map documents to reference a layers source data. Lastly, you can remove folder connections and hide other folders that you do not need.
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Accessing data on the Internet

Connect to an Internet map server
Example: Geography Network
5-23
Connecting to an Internet server To access services provided by an ArcIMS Internet server add an Internet server connection to the Catalog. To establish the connection, provide the Universal Resource Locator (URL), which uniquely identifies the server on the Internet (e.g., http://www.geographynetwork.com). Your connection can access all the services provided, or you can choose to have it access only the specific services in which you are interested.
5-23
Setting viewable data

Turn all data types on or off
5-24
Setting viewable data You can control what appears in the Catalog tree of ArcCatalog by clicking Tools > Options. In the Options dialog on the General tab, you can choose which data types to turn on or off. Turning a data type off will result in its not being listed in the ArcCatalog Catalog tree. In other words, the data type becomes invisible and/or unreadable by ArcCatalog.
5-24
Creating thumbnail images

Used by Contents thumbnail view
Click the Preview tab Zoom and Pan (optional) Click Create Thumbnail icon
Choose an object
5-25
Creating thumbnail images To create a thumbnail image in ArcCatalog, you must have the Geography toolbar displayed on the ArcCatalog interface. To access the toolbar, click View > Toolbars > Geography. To create a thumbnail, simply select the layer in the Catalog tree, click the Preview tab, then click the Create Thumbnail tool in the Geography toolbar. In order to view the created thumbnail, click on the folder/geodatabase/feature dataset that contains the layer, click the Contents tab, and select the Show Contents As Thumbnail Images button on the standard ArcCatalog toolbar. You will now see the thumbnail you created.
5-25
Exercise 5 overview
Start ArcCatalog and create a new folder connection Work with the Contents view Work with the Preview tab and explore a shapefile Explore a coverage Explore metadata Explore a geodatabase Explore a CAD data source Convert a shapefile to a geodatabase Explore raster datasets Challenge: Create a thumbnail Challenge: Perform summary statistics on a feature class
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5-26
Lesson 5 review
ArcGIS can work with spatial data in multiple formats. (T/F) A shapefile is a folder containing multiple feature classes. (T/F) Attributes in the coverage format are stored in an INFO table. (T/F) Both shapefile and coverage formats are composed of multiple files. (T/F) It is best to manage your coverage data with your operating system. (T/F) What two types of validations are available for the geodatabase?
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5-27
Lesson 5 review
You can group points and lines into the same feature class. (T/F) What are three ways you can view data within ArcCatalog? What are thumbnails?
5-28
5-28
Introduction to ArcGIS for Arcview and ArcInfo (I)
Working with tables
Lesson 6 overview Tables Understanding table anatomy Tabular data field types Table manipulation ArcGIS tabular formats Associating tables Table relationships Joins and relates Connecting tables with joins Connecting tables with relates Graphs Graph creation Reports The ArcMap Report Writer Crystal Reports Exercise 6A overview Exercise 6B overview Lesson 6 review
6-2 6-3 6-4 6-5 6-6 6-7 6-8 6-9 6-10 6-11 6-12 6-13 6-14 6-15 6-16 6-17 6-18 6-19 6-20
contents
Working with tables
6-1
Lesson 6 overview
Table structure Data types Table manipulation Connecting tables Working with graphs and reports
6-2
6-2
Tables
Descriptive information about features Each feature class has an associated table One row for each geographic feature
Right-click
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Tables A table contains formatted descriptive information. In ArcGIS, the information in a table is generally associated with spatial data, such as a feature attribute table, but can also be independent of any spatial data (e.g., nonspatial statistical data). For the purposes of this course, you will consider only tables that contain information related to spatial datasets. The feature attribute table contains descriptive information about the features in a feature class. To open a feature attribute table in ArcMap, right-click the layer, then click Open Attribute Table. In ArcCatalog, you highlight the table and view it using the Preview tab. The feature attribute table consists of fields (also known as columns or items). Each field represents one type of descriptive information. Each row (also known as a record) contains the attributes of one feature in the dataset.
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Understanding table anatomy

Basic table properties
Records/rows and fields/columns Column types can store numbers, text, dates Unique column names
Columns (fields)
Rows (records)
Attribute values
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Understanding table anatomy Each table has the same basic format: an array of rows and columns. The intersection of a row and a column represents a specific attribute for a single feature. Some tables, like a feature class's default attribute table, have a preset number of columns. For instance, a polygon coverage has four standard columns: area, perimeter, <coverage>#, and <coverage>-id. Other tables are completely defined by the user. The INFO table in the graphic has two user-added columns: ZONE_CODE and DESCRIPTION. ArcGIS automatically adds the first column for displaying the record number. For a feature class, this column is the FID (Feature ID); for tables in the geodatabase, it is the OID (Object ID); for INFO tables, it is called the Rowid. These columns (FID, OID, or Rowid) are not physically stored as part of the table, but you can perform queries on them as you would any other column.
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Tabular data field types

Different field types store different kinds of values Choose the right field type for the right value Field types vary according to table format
Name: Jupiter Moons: 16 Diameter: 142,984 km Date of Comet Shoemaker-Levy impact: 7/16/1994 Rotation period: 9.8 hr Text Jupiter
A
Date 7/16/1994
Short 16
Long 142984
BLOB
Float 9.8
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Tabular data field types Tables are capable of storing date, number, and text values, but most tabular formats have several different field types to store this information. Choosing the best field type for the values to be stored is an important consideration. In addition, the available field types can vary between tabular formats. Supported formats in ArcCatalog include short integer, long integer, float, double, text, date, and blob. Consult the online documentation for more information about these column types.
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Table manipulation
Open table in ArcMap or preview in ArcCatalog
Sort ascending or descending Freeze/Unfreeze columns Statistics
In ArcMap
Select records Modify table values
6-6
Table manipulation Many operations, such as sort, find, select, and freeze, can be performed on the tables in ArcMap and ArcCatalog. In ArcCatalog, you can create new tables as well as create and delete fields for existing tables. In ArcMap, you can edit the table record values.
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ArcGIS tabular formats

Each ArcGIS spatial format has a native tabular format
Coverage: INFO Shapefile: dbf Geodatabase: RDBMS
ArcGIS can convert between formats
Create a link between related tables Some spatial formats can link with multiple tabular formats landusecov landusecov.pat owner.dbf taxinfo_dat
6-7
ArcGIS tabular formats ArcGIS supports the use of multiple formats for the storage and management of tabular information. Each of ArcInfos primary spatial formats has its own native format. Coverages use INFO formatted tables; shapefiles store their attributes in dBase (dbf) format; geodatabases rely on the format of their supporting RDBMS (e.g., Access or Oracle). Some formats, such as the coverage, can link to independent tables regardless of their format. Deciding on the proper format to store attribute information is an important part of database design and can affect how efficiently you access tabular information. To facilitate sharing of data in different formats, ArcGIS contains tools to convert between the various tabular formats.
6-7
Associating tables
Can store attributes in feature table or separate table Associate tables with common column key values Must know table relationships (cardinality)
Feature attribute table Additional attribute table
6-8
Associating tables Two tables can be connected, or associated, if there is a similar field in each table containing common values. In the example, the tables are linked by the common field called ZONE_CODE. Once the tables are connected, the description of what each zone code means (from the DESCRIPTION field) can be accessed from the feature attribute table by looking up the value in the associated table. Often features have many attributes, so most database design guidelines promote organizing your database into multiple tableseach focused on a specific topicinstead of one large table containing all the necessary fields. This scheme prevents duplicate information in the database, because you store the information only once, in one table. Tables can be connected so that when you need information that isn't in the current table, you can access it from an associated table.
6-8
Table relationships
How many A objects are related to B objects? Types of cardinality
One to one, one to many or many to one, and many to many
Must know cardinality before connecting tables

One Oneparcel parcel has hasone oneowner owner One Oneparcel parcel has hasmany manyowners owners Many Manyparcels parcels have haveone oneowner owner Many Manyparcels parcels have havemany manyowner owner
or
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Table relationships When you associate two tables together, you need to know how the individual record values will relate to each other. The record relationships (cardinality) are: one to one, one to many (many to one), and many to many. Knowing which relationship type you have will prevent potential record omission errors. For instance, if you have a one-to-many association and you connect the tables as if they were a one-to-one association, you will omit needed information from the connected table because oneto-one record searches stop looking for more matches after they find the first match. You can avoid these types of problems by becoming familiar with tabular database management strategiesstrategies that will also make you a better GIS user. Read the sections about tabular management in the online documentation.
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Joins and relates

Two methods to associate tables in ArcMap based on a common field Join appends the attributes from one onto the other
Label or symbolize features using joined attributes
Relate defines a relationship between two tables
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Joins and relates ArcMap provides two methods to associate data stored in tables with geographic features: joins and relates. When you join two tables, you append the attributes from one onto the other based on a field common to both tables. When you relate tables, you define a relationship between the two tablesalso based on a common fieldbut dont append the attributes of one to the other. Instead, you can access the related data when necessary. You will join two tables when the data in the tables has a one-to-one or a many-to-one relationship (e.g., you have a layer showing store locations, and you want to join a table of the latest monthly sales figures to it). You will relate two tables when the data in the tables has a one-to-many or many-to-many relationship (e.g., your map displays a parcel database, and you have a table of owners; a parcel may have more than one owner, and an owner may own more than one parcel). Joins and relates are reconnected whenever you open the map. This way, if the underlying data in your tables changes, it will be reflected in the join or relate. When youre through using a join or relate, you can remove it.
6-10
Connecting tables with joins

Physical connection between two tables Appends the attributes of two tables Assumes one-to-one or many-to-one cardinality
Parcel (before Join) ZoneCodeDesc
Parcel (after Join)
Many-to-one
Parcel
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Connecting tables with joins You can connect two tables in ArcMap using a join. Joins work with shapefiles, coverages, and geodatabase files. Once the tables are connected, you can query, symbolize, or analyze the new table based on the joined values. Tables connected by an ArcMap join are not permanently connected. The tables are dynamically linked together in ArcMap and you can remove or add them whenever you want. When two tables are joined, the names of the common fields dont need to be identical, but the fields must be the same type (e.g., text, date, float). Table joins are designed for one-to-one or many-to-one relationships. For other cardinalities you should use a relate instead of a join. If you use join with one-to-many or many-to-many cardinality, you will omit all records after the first match for each primary key value.
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Connecting tables with relates

Define relationship between two tables Tables remain independent Additional cardinality choices
One to many, many to many
Open related table
6-12
Connecting tables with relates Another way to connect tables in ArcMap is by creating a relate. Like joining tables, relating tables defines a relationship between two tables and is also based upon a common field. Unlike joining tables, a relate doesn't append the fields of one table to the other. Instead, the two tables remain as independent tables in ArcMap. ArcMap knows the two tables are connected and you can access data in the related tables when you need it. You relate tables instead of joining them when there is a one-to-many or many-to-many relationship between the tables, or when you need to maintain the information in the related table independent of the attribute table.
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Graphs
Summarize tabular information A variety of graph formats Set display properties Add to a map
6-13
Graphs By displaying data values graphically, graphs simplify the often difficult task of interpreting the large amount of quantitative (numerical) attribute data associated with layers. You can represent your data and analysis results using many styles of graphs including two- and three-dimensional graphs. ArcGIS uses graphics server software that provides a variety of chart types so you can represent your data in the clearest and most efficient manner. Values for ArcGIS graphs come directly from feature attribute tables. Some graphs are better than others at presenting certain kinds of information. Carefully consider the information you want to present before choosing a graph style. You can control most visual aspects of the graph in order to create an effective display of your data. For example, you can add titles, label axes, change the color of graph markers, or change the color and font of the chart's text. Once you've created a graph, you can add it to a map in ArcMap's Layout view. When placed on the layout, a graph becomes a graphic element that you can size and position as desired.
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Graph creation
Graph Wizard is a high-end professional graphing and plotting utility
6-14
Graph creation The graphing tool in ArcMap can be activated in the Tools menu using the Graphs option. You can then create, manage, or load a graph. A series of wizard panels guides you through the process of creating a graph. Graphs present information about map featuresand the relationship(s) between themin an attractive, easy-to-understand graphic. They may show trends and/or patterns that are not easily visible in the attribute tables of the map features. They can show additional information about the features on the map or show the same information in a different way. The information displayed on a graph comes directly from the attribute information stored with your geographic data. Once a graph is created, adding it to your map is easy.
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Reports
Organize and display tabular data Group and format data Save and export Two reporting tools
Report Writer Crystal Reports
6-15
Reports Displaying your data in a report allows you to organize your data. You can sort records based on the values in one or more field. For example, given a list of countries, you can sort them by total population or alphabetically by their name. Then you can easily see which country has the largest population. You can group records and calculate summary statistics (sum, average, count, standard deviation, minimum, and maximum values). Reports can be divided into a series of sections; each one identifies a particular area on the report. You control how a report looks by manipulating the contents of a section and by setting properties, such as size and color. For example, the section at the top of the report typically contains the title and subtitle of the report; however, you don't have to include either of these report elements if you don't need them. You can save a report to a file on disk and use it with another map or in other software products. (When you save a simple report to a file, you're creating a static copy that isn't linked to the actual data from which the report was created; therefore, you won't be able to modify the report.) You can export reports to different file types including Adobe's Portable Document Format (PDF), Rich Text Format (RTF), or plain text (TXT). If you repeatedly use a consistent report design, you can build report templates that you can use to display information from different sources in a consistent manner. ArcGIS provides two tools for creating professional-looking reports from your tabular data. The Report Writer is an easy-to-use application available directly from ArcMap. It allows you to quickly produce reports for one table at a time. ArcGIS also comes with Crystal Reports. Crystal Reports has more advanced reporting tools available.
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The ArcMap Report Writer

Quick, easy, professional report creation
Add Addan animage image Choose Choose fields fields Add Addborders borders Title Title
Display Display records records
Calculate Calculate summary summary statistics statistics

Date Dateand andpage page numbers numbers

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The ArcMap Report Writer Using the built-in ArcMap reporting tool, you can create reports that are stored directly with your map. Once created, you can add the report to your map layout and print it out.
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Crystal Reports
A more powerful reporting tool Export to Crystal Reports format Wizard aids report creation
6-17
Crystal Reports The ESRI Crystal Reports Wizard is available with ArcGIS. Crystal Reports is an advanced reporting application that provides you with tools for creating sophisticated reports. You can use the ESRI Crystal Report Wizard to lead you through the process of creating dynamic, customized reports for your spatial data, or you can access Crystal Reports directly from your computer's Start menu. Note: Crystal Reports 8 Standard Edition is distributed with ArcMap. In order to access the reporting tools, you must have Crystal Reports installed on your machine.
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Exercise 6A overview
Start ArcCatalog and explore INFO tables View an attribute table Examine the properties of the fields Examine a geodatabase table Examine table cardinality Create the join Modify the appearance of the joined table Create the relate Make a selection and examine the related table Label features with joined attributes Exit ArcCatalog and ArcMap
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6-18
Exercise 6B overview
Start ArcMap and open the map document Open the graph properties and change the graph type Set graph properties and create the graph Modify the graphs properties Export the graph Display report properties and specify fields Set the sorting and summary options Set display properties Generate the report Embed the graph in the report Add the report to the layout
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6-19
Lesson 6 review
There are different field types for different data formats. (T/F) Each field should have a unique name. (T/F) Different field types store different kinds of values. (T/F) Attributes and features are linked by ____________ . Coverages store attributes in an ____________ file, shapefiles store attributes in a ___________ file, and the geodatabase stores attributes in a ___________ . What is table cardinality, and why is it important? What is the difference between a join and a relate in ArcMap? Provide examples.
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6-20
Lesson 6 review
How do you access a layers feature attribute table in ArcMap? How many records in a feature attribute table are associated with a feature? What is the difference between the default and userdefined fields in an attribute table?
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6-21
6-22
6-22
Editing data
Lesson 7A overview 7-2 Editable data formats 7-3 Navigating the Editor 7-4 Managing edit sessions 7-5 Selecting features 7-6 Simple editing functions 7-7 Working with sketches 7-8 Edit tasks 7-9 Create New Feature task 7-10 Intersection and Distance-Distance tools 7-11 Adding arcs 7-12 Tangent Tool 7-13 Trace Tool 7-14 Sketch context menus 7-15 Specifying length and direction 7-16 Directions based on other features 7-17 Modifying a sketch 7-18
Modify Feature and Reshape Feature Extend/Trim Features and Cut Polygon Using snapping Exercise 7A overview Lesson 7B overview Editing attribute data for selected features Editing tables using the Field Calculator Making schema changes Adding table fields Deleting table fields Exercise 7B overview Lesson 7 review
7-19
7-20 7-21 7-22 7-23 7-24
7-25 7-26 7-27 7-28 7-29 7-30
contents
Editing data
7-1
Lesson 7A overview
Editing spatial data
Navigating the Editor toolbar Editing tools Simple editing functions Working with sketches
7-2
7-2
Editable data formats

Shapefiles Geodatabase feature classes ArcEditor, ArcInfo to edit Enterprise Geodatabase
7-3
Editable data formats All license levels of ArcGIS (ArcView, ArcEditor, and ArcInfo) will allow you to edit shapefiles and feature classes in a personal geodatabase. An ArcEditor or ArcInfo license, along with ArcSDE, will also allow you to edit an Enterprise geodatabase. Whether you're using ArcView, ArcEditor, or ArcInfo, you use the same editing tools in ArcMap to work on your geographic data. Data that is in the coverage format must be edited using ArcInfo Workstation.
7-3
Navigating the Editor

All editing functions are controlled through the toolbar
Edit EditTool Tool Sketch SketchTool Tool Split RotateTool Tool SplitTool Tool Rotate
Target Targetlayer layer
Attribute Attribute dialog dialog
Sketch Sketch Properties Properties
Task Tasklist list
Edit Editsession session commands commands

7-4
Navigating the Editor toolbar In ArcMap, editing operations are controlled through the editing toolbar. The toolbar contains several important controls: Editor menu: This menu contains the commands for beginning, ending, and saving edit sessions. It also provides access to several editing operations, snapping controls, and editing options. Edit Tool: This tool is used to select features for editing. Sketch Tool: This is the primary tool for editing spatial features. It allows you to digitize in new features or modify the shape of existing features. The actual operation the tool will perform is controlled by the Task list. Task list: You choose your desired editing operation from this dropdown list. Target layer: This control allows you to select the layer you want to edit. Split Tool: Allows you to divide a select feature into two features. Rotate Tool: Allows you to interactively rotate selected features using the mouse or an angular measurement. Attribute dialog: This window allows you to edit the attribute values of selected features. Sketch Properties: Allows you to edit the vertices of a sketch.
7-4
Managing edit sessions

Starting a session
Within one data frame at a time Within one geodatabase at a time Within one directory at a time
Saving edits
During the edit session At the end of the edit session
Ending a session
7-5
Managing edit sessions In ArcMap you begin, end, and save edit sessions using the Editor menu on the Editor toolbar. When ending an edit session, ArcMap will prompt you to save your edits. If you do not save, your edits will not be committed back to the edit layer.
7-5
Selecting features
Interactive selection: Pointing, box, line, area Selection menu: By Attribute, By Location Choice of selectable layers
Selection Selectionanchor anchor
7-6
Selecting features ArcMap provides several methods for selecting the features you need to edit. These methods break down into three basic categories. Interactive (graphic) Selecting features by pointing or by drawing a shape (box, line, or area) Attribute Selecting by attribute values Location Selecting using features according to their spatial relationship to features in other layers (e.g., streets that intersect railroads) You can control which layers are available through the Selection menu.
7-6
Simple editing functions

Moving
Click and drag Delta x,y coordinates Set sticky move tolerance
Rotating
Delete
Copy
Undo/Redo
Others
Cut
Paste
7-7
Editing functions ArcMap contains several simple functions for editing spatial features. You can select features and move them by dragging or by using discrete coordinates. Features can also be rotated interactively around their selection anchor. The anchor can be moved anywhere on the page to achieve the desired result. Sticky move tolerance The Sticky move tolerance is an option that can be set to prevent features from inadvertently being moved during an edit session. The default value for this option is 0. If a value of 30 pixels is entered, for example, the selected feature will not move at all until the mouse has been moved 30 pixels. The feature will then jump to the location of the mouse.
7-7
Working with sketches

Use to create, modify, reshape features
Sketch Sketchtools tools
Left mouse button adds vertices or points

Double click to finish sketch Right click to access context menu
7-8
Working with sketches In ArcMap, every feature's geometry is represented by a sketch. A sketch consists of vertices (the end points of line segments, which normally indicate a change in direction) and segments (the lines that connect the vertices). When you edit a feature in ArcMap, you are working with its sketch, not the original features. ArcMap allows you to edit existing features or to create new ones in an existing feature class. To create a new feature, you must first create a sketch. Likewise, to edit a feature, you must edit its sketch. When you save, the feature is updated with the changes you made to its sketch. You can create only line and polygon sketches, because points have neither vertices nor segments. The Sketch Tool is the primary editing device in ArcMap. It lets you add new features by digitizing or lets you modify existing features by performing an editing task from the Edit task list. When using the Sketch Tool, the left mouse button adds features, and the right mouse button accesses the Sketch Tool context menu. You can double click to finish your sketch or by right clicking to access the context menu and choosing to Finish Sketch. From the context menu you also have the option to Finish Part. This allows you to create multi-part features (e.g., many islands that belong to one country).
7-8
Edit tasks
A sketch works with the current task Example tasks
Create New Feature Reshape Feature Cut Polygon Feature Extend/Trim Features Modify Feature Auto-Complete Polygons
Current Currenttask task
7-9
Edit tasks Many different edit tasks are available in ArcMap. These different tasks work in conjunction with the selected sketch tool. A sample of these edit tools is discussed in the next few pages.
7-9
Create New Feature task

Sketch is used to add new features to the Target layer
Sketch SketchTool Tool
Target Targetlayer layer
Finished Sketch
Other operations that create new features

Division, Buffer, Copy Parallel, Paste
7-10
Create New Feature task You can create a sketch by creating the vertices and segments that make up the features. Vertices are marked in green, with the last vertex added marked in red. The Sketch Tool is the tool you will use most often to create a sketch. It has an accompanying context menu that helps you place vertices and segments more accurately.
7-10
Intersection and Distance-Distance tools

Intersection
Adds a vertex at the implied intersection of two segments
Distance-Distance
Adds a vertex at given distances from two points
Radius = 40
Radius = 55
7-11
The Intersection Tool The Intersection Tool creates a point or vertex at the implied intersection of two segments. Implied means that the segments do not have to actually intersect on the map. The Intersection Tool creates a point or vertex at the place where the segments would intersect if extended far enough. Distance-Distance Tool Suppose you want to install a pole at a certain location. If you do not have the exact coordinate location, but know that it is at the intersection of 40 meters from the corner of one building and 55 meters from the corner of another, you can use the Distance-Distance Tool to place the point. The Distance-Distance Tool allows you to create a vertex or point at the intersection of two distances from two other points.
7-11
Adding arcs
Sketch using a three-point parametric curve
Regular RegularArc Arc Intermediate Intermediate point pointis isfixed fixed 1 Start Intermediate point 3 2 End 3
End EndPoint PointArc Arc
End Endpoint pointis isfixed fixed 2
1 Start
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Arc Tool (regular) Creates a sketch segment using a three-point parametric curve. Click to place the start point, click again to place an invisible mid point through which the curve passes , and click a third time to place the endpoint of the curve Press the R key on the keyboard and you can enter an explicit radius. End Point Arc Tool When a parametric curve is created using the Arc tool, the radius for the curve is controlled by the placement of the last point. This differs from how curves are created using the End Point Arc Tool. The End Point Arc Tool creates a circular arc with an adjustable radius. The first two points are specified for the start and end of the curve. The third point controls the radius. The radius can be set interactively by moving the mouse or by pressing the R key and entering an explicit radius value.
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Tangent Tool
Creates a circular arc based on previously sketched segment
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Tangent Tool The Tangent Tool creates a circular arc based on the previously sketched segment. This tool will not become enabled unless there is at least one sketch segment present. The radius of the curve being created is dependent on the placement of the endpoint.
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Trace Tool
Trace along selected features Select features Click to start and stop the trace Press O to specify an offset
7-14
Trace Tool You can create segments by tracing over the segments of selected features using the Trace Tool. Suppose you want to create a new water main that is offset five meters from the parcel boundaries. Using the Trace Tool, you can create new segments in the sketch that are at the same angle as the selected parcel boundaries, yet constructed at an offset value of five meters.
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Sketch context menus

Sketch tool
Right-click while sketching
Sketch
Right-click when pointer is on a segment or vertex in a sketch
Sketch SketchTool Tool context contextmenu menu
Sketch Sketch context context menu menu
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Context menus for editing A context menu is a floating menu that pops up at the location of the pointer when you press the right mouse button. There are two types of context menus related to sketches: a Sketch Tool context menu and a Sketch context menu. Sketch tool When using the Sketch Tool, you can access the Sketch Tool context menu by rightclicking the mouse away from the sketch youre creating. The menu has options for placing the vertices and segments specifically where you want them. For example, you can set a segment to be a certain length or angle or create a vertex at a specific x,y coordinate location. Sketch The Sketch context menu works more directly with the sketch as a whole. With this menu, you can: Add vertices Move vertices Delete vertices Switch the direction of the sketch (Flip) Reduce the length of the sketch (Trim to Length) Display the properties of the sketch shape
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Specifying length and direction

Length
Length Length= =29 29
Absolute direction
Direction
Direction Direction= =30 30
Direction/Length
Direction Direction= =30 30 Length Length= =25 25m m
Deflection
Degrees from the last segment
Deflection Deflection= =75 75
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Lengths There are two ways you can specify length using the Sketch Tool context menu. Specify a length constraint from the last vertex You can choose Length from the context menu when your next vertex will be at a certain distance from the current vertex. This will create a line segment of a specific length. Change the length of the last segment The Change Length option will allow you to change the length of the last segment created. Specifying direction Sometimes features are required to be entered with specific directions between their component segments. ArcMap is equipped with specific direction measurement tools for data entry. Rightclicking on a point slightly away from the last vertex entered brings up the Sketch Tool context menu with several choices of how to enter directional data.
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Directions based on other features

Hold the pointer on the segment to base the direction on
Segment Deflection
Direction based on another segment
Parallel
Parallel to
Perpendicular
Perpendicular to
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Angles based on other features Angles can also be measured based on the direction of other features. The Sketch Tool context menu shows three such options: Parallel, Perpendicular, and Segment Deflection. Hold the pointer on the segment you want to base your angle on, and right-click to select the option from the context menu. The Segment Deflection option can be used to create a segment at an angle from another segment. Here you are maintaining the angle of the new segment to be the same as the deflection angle of an existing segment. Parallel will constrain a new segment to be parallel to an existing segment. Perpendicular will constrain a new segment to be perpendicular to an existing segment.
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Modifying a sketch
Insert Vertex
Delete Vertex
Move vertices delta X,Y or exact X,Y
7-18
Editing vertices The Sketch context menu allows you to manipulate existing vertices. You can insert a vertex by right-clicking on a sketch at the location where you want to insert a vertex. You can also delete and move vertices. You can move a vertex to a specific X,Y location by clicking Move To, or you can click Move and specify a distance to move the vertex in the X and Y direction.
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Modify Feature and Reshape Feature

Modify Feature Task
Edit the vertices of an existing feature Modify one feature at a time Shortcut: Double-click with the Edit tool
Reshape Feature Task

Feature takes the shape of the intersecting sketch
7-19
Modify Feature task The Modify Feature task allows you to edit the vertices of an existing feature to change its shape. While using the Modify Feature task, you may only modify one feature at a time. Hover your mouse pointer over the vertex you want to modify. You will notice that your pointer changes shape. Click on the vertex and drag it to a new location. Reshape Feature task The Reshape Feature task can be used to digitize a sketch that will become part of the feature you are reshaping. You start with sketching the new shape of the feature, making sure your sketch intersects with the existing feature.
7-19
Extend/Trim Features and Cut Polygon

Extend/Trim Features
Extend Extendto tosketch sketch
Trim Trimto toright rightof ofsketch sketch
Cut Polygon Features

Cut Cutinto intotwo twoparts parts
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Extend/Trim Features task Often when creating new features, you may end up with features that are either too short or too long. There are tools in ArcMap to remedy these undershoots or overshoots. Extend feature to the sketch You can fix an undershoot with the Extend/Trim Features task. First you need to select the feature to be extended. Then sketch a short line to where you want to extend it (most likely another line). Once you sketch the second vertex, the selected feature extends to meet your sketch. Trim features on the right side of the sketch You can also fix an overshoot with the Extend/Trim Features task. First you need to select the feature to be trimmed. Then sketch a short line to where you want to trim it to (most likely another line). Once you digitize the second vertex, the selected feature trims to the right of where it meets your sketch. The sketch will disappear from the screen. Cut Polygon Features task The Cut Polygon Features task can be used to sketch a line that will split one polygon into two. This tool is especially useful for parcel management. The sketched line must intersect both sides of the polygon feature to cut it.
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Using snapping
Layer snapping
Snaps the sketch to another features edge, vertex, or endpoint
Edit Sketch
Snapping relative to the current sketch
Perpendicular to sketch
7-21
Snapping Snapping automatically moves your pointer to the location or orientation (parallel or perpendicular) of a feature. This prevents you from having to click the exact coordinate of a feature in order to connect the feature you are editing. The snapping tolerance is the distance the pointer must be to a feature before it snaps to that location. You can set the snapping tolerance in map units or pixels through Options from the Editor menu. Using snapping There are two general varieties of snapping in ArcMap. Layer snapping: Moves your pointer to the location of a features edge, vertex, or endpoint. You can decide which, if any, of these options will be available for snapping. Sketch snapping: When adding a sketch, this option will snap your pointer to a location perpendicular to the previous sketch segment. The snapping can be overridden if you move your pointer far enough. Setting the proper tolerance for snapping is sometimes a trial and error process. You should try the default tolerance first, then change it in small intervals until you settle on one that is appropriate to the data and your needs.
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Exercise 7A overview
Start ArcMap and load the data Open the Editor toolbar and start an edit session Select and move a parcel Rotate a feature Move the features selection anchor Specify a rotation angle Move a vertex Delete a vertex Add a vertex Delete the parcel Create a feature using the Sketch tool Add a feature using more sketch options Use multiple sketch tools Challenge: Use the Sketch tool to reshape and extend features
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Lesson 7B overview
Editing attribute data
Using the Attribute dialog on selected features Editing values for a field in a feature attribute table Making schema changes to tables
Add/delete a field to/from a table
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7-23
Editing attribute data for selected features

Attribute dialog allows viewing and editing of selected feature attributes
Selected Selectedfeature feature layer layername name Click Clickto tohighlight highlight selected selectedfeature feature Right-click Right-clickto tozoom zoom to toselected selectedfeature feature Primary Primary attribute attribute Attribute Attribute values values
Add or copy/cut and paste values for single or multiple selected features
7-24
Editing attribute data The Attributes dialog lets you view attributes of features you have selected in your map. The left side of the dialog contains a list of the features you have selected. Features are listed by their primary display field and grouped by layer name. The right side of the Attributes dialog contains two columns: the attribute properties of the layer you are viewing, such as Type or Owner, and the values of those attribute properties. You can copy individual attributes or all the attributes of a feature. Attributes can be pasted to a single feature or to all selected features in a layer. To copy an attribute value to a layer, copy the value and right-click on the layer name. Click Paste and the attribute value is copied to every selected feature in the layer. You can cut and paste attributes just like you copy and paste attributes by choosing Cut from the context menu. Cut removes the attribute value you are copying from the Attributes dialog.
7-24
Editing tables using the Field Calculator

Calculate field values for an open table Simple calculations or advanced functions In or out of an edit session
7-25
Field Calculator By accessing the Field Calculator, you can edit attribute values directly on the attribute table. Open the calculator by right-clicking the field you want to edit values for. The Field Calculator menu lets you perform simple calculations and complex logical expressions that can include other fields in the table.
7-25
Making schema changes

Sometimes the database structure must be updated
Adding fields Deleting fields
Even good database designs cannot predict everything ArcCatalog is the schema editor
Database
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Adding table fields
Type Typein innew new field fieldname name
Choose Choosethe the field fieldtype type
Set Setthe the field fieldproperties properties
7-27
Adding fields You add fields in ArcCatalog. To add a new table field to an existing table, first access the table Properties dialog and click the Fields tab. Click the first empty cell under the Field Name and type in the name of the new field. Under Data Type, click the down triangle to get a listing of possible data types to select from. Once selected, the Field Properties panel expands so you can set additional properties for the new field. Set an appropriate length for the field.
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Deleting table fields
Select Selectfield field
Field Fielddeleted deleted
Delete
Press PressDelete Deletekey key
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Deleting fields You delete fields in ArcCatalog. To delete a field from a table, click on the area to the left of the field name to choose the field and press the Delete key on your keyboard.
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Exercise 7B overview
Add an attribute field Start ArcMap and load the data Open the Field Calculator Create an expression Select several parcels View the attributes of the selected parcel Examine the attribute values Assign a LANDUSE code to a parcel Copy and paste attributes Assign attributes to all selected features Save edits and exit ArcMap
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7-29
Lesson 7 review
You must be in an edit session in order to use the Field Calculator. (T/F) Before you can edit a feature, you must first select it with the Sketch Tool. (T/F) The Task list controls what function the Sketch Tool can perform. (T/F) You can save your edits while editing or at the end of the edit session. (T/F) When editing, you are not actually altering the source data. (T/F) All editing functions are controlled by the Tools toolbar. (T/F) What is a sketch?
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Lesson 7 review
How do you get to the Sketch context menu? What is the difference between the Direction and deflection tools? Why is setting the snapping environment important? You can add a field to your attribute table in ArcCatalog while the table is active in ArcMap. (T/F)
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7-32

Lesson 8 overview What is georeferencing? Coordinate systems Datums and datum conversion Referencing locations Map projections Projection distortion Types of projections Coordinate system components Storing projection information Viewing projection information ArcMap and projections Changing projections Exercise 8 overview Lesson 8 review 8-2 8-3 8-4 8-5 8-6 8-7 8-8 8-9 8-10 8-11 8-12 8-13 8-14 8-15 8-16
contents
8-1
Lesson 8 overview
Georeferencing Coordinate systems Datums Projections and distortion Projecting your data
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8-2
What is georeferencing?
Data is referenced to a location on the earths surface
Geographic coordinate systems Projected coordinate systems
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What is georeferencing? People working with a GIS are interested in analyzing relationships among real-world objects. It is important to recognize, however, that a GIS only depicts reality; it is not reality. Depicting the real world as accurately as you can is crucial if you want accurate analysis results. When representing real-world features in a GIS, you need to reference the data describing them to the correct location on the earth's surface. This is called georeferencing. If features are not located precisely, or if their shapes are represented incorrectly, using a map or GIS to analyze their spatial relationships will yield inaccurate results. Georeferencing is the process of establishing a relationship between the data displayed in your GIS software and its real-world location. This is accomplished by using a coordinate system. To get accurate analysis results from your GIS database, you need to understand and determine your coordinate system. An ellipsoid, datum, a projection, and units make up a coordinate system.
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Coordinate systems
Y Data
- X +Y
+X +Y
usually here X
-X -Y
+X - Y
Geographic coordinate system Latitude and longitude are not uniform across the earths surface
Cartesian coordinate system Measures of length and angle are uniform
8-4
Geographic The most common locational reference system is the spherical coordinate system measured in latitude and longitude. This system can be used to identify point locations anywhere on the earth's surface. Because of its ability to reference locations, the spherical coordinate system is usually referred to as the Geographic Coordinate System, also known as the Global Reference System. Longitude and latitude are angles measured from the earth's center to a point on the earth's surface. Longitude is measured east and west, while latitude is measured north and south. Longitude lines, also called meridians, stretch between the north and south poles. Latitude lines, also called parallels, encircle the globe with parallel rings. Latitude and longitude are traditionally measured in degrees, minutes, and seconds (DMS). Longitude values range from 0 at the Prime Meridian (the meridian that passes through Greenwich, England) to 180 when traveling east and from 0 to 180 when traveling west from the Prime Meridian. Planar Because it is difficult to make measurements in spherical coordinates, geographic data is projected into planar coordinate systems (often called Cartesian coordinates systems). On a flat surface, locations are identified by x,y coordinates on a grid, with the origin at the center of the grid. Each position has two values that reference it to that central location; one specifies its horizontal position and the other its vertical position. These two values are called the x coordinate and the y coordinate.
8-4
Datums and datum conversion

A frame of reference for measuring locations on the surface of the earth
Measurements are referenced to geodetic origin and ellipsoid used to represent the Earths three-dimensional shape
Local Localdatum datumNAD27 NAD27 Ellipsoid EllipsoidCLARKE CLARKE1866 1866 Meades MeadesRanch Ranch Kansas Kansas Earth-centered Earth-centereddatum datumNAD83 NAD83 Ellipsoid GRS80 Ellipsoid GRS80
*
Earths Earthssurface surface
*
Earths Earthscenter center
8-5
Datums and datum conversion A horizontal datum is a reference frame used to locate features on the earth's surface. It is defined by an ellipsoid and that ellipsoid's position relative to the earth. There are two types of datums: earth-centered and local. An earth-centered datum has its origin placed at the earth's currently known center of mass and is more accurate overall. A local datum is aligned so that it closely corresponds to the earths surface for a particular area and can be more accurate for that particular area. Within both of the basic types of datums, you can have several global and local datums. Because datums establish reference points to measure surface locations, they also enable us to calculate planar coordinate values when applying a projection to a particular area. Ellipsoid The earth is often treated as a sphere to make mathematical calculations easier, however, its shape is actually an ellipsoid. Rotating an ellipse about an axis forms an ellipsoid. An ellipsoid is like a flattened circle with radius lengths along its major and minor axes of length a and b, respectively. The diagram shows that the ellipsoid is symmetric when divided at the equator (i.e., the southern hemisphere and the northern hemisphere are identical in shape). This is not strictly correct, because the earth is slightly pear-shaped; however, the difference in shape between the hemispheres is very slight.
8-5
Referencing locations
Locations on the earth are referenced to the datum Different datums have different coordinate values for the same location
UTM NAD83
I-10 through Redlands, CA
UTM NAD27
8-6
Referencing locations Two maps using the same map projection but different datums can have very different coordinate values for the same location on the earth's surface. The above graphic shows data for Interstate 10 through Redlands, California, using two different datums. Although both datasets are in UTM projections, the datums used to reference those projections are different. In this case, the difference equals about 175 meters. Checking the datum, as well as the projected coordinate system of a dataset is vital for matching different data sources in the same coordinate space.
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Map projections
Map projections convert curved surface to flat surface
Cylinder
Cone
Plane
8-7
Map projections A map projection is a method for converting the earth's three-dimensional surface to a map's twodimensional surface. A map projection can represent the earth's entire surface or only a portion of it, depending on your needs. The term map projection was coined by early cartographers who employed the concept of projecting light from a source through the earth's surface and onto a two-dimensional surface. Although maps are created using mathematical formulas rather than projected light, the concept is valid, and cartographers use the term projection to describe the mathematical process. Today, all projections use formulas: mathematical expressions that convert data from a geographic location (latitude and longitude) on the earth to a representative location on a flat surface. Projection surfaces The selection of a suitable map projection is important if we are going to calculate areas, distances, or directions from coordinates. To help us understand map projections better, we can group them into classifications. One way to group them is by their distortion characteristics such as shape, area, distance, and direction. Another way is to classify them by the developable surface used to make the projection equations. There are three developable surfaces: cylinders, cones, and planes, each giving a distinctive shape to the parallels. With cylinders, parallels are straight; with cones, concentric circles are formed; with planes, eccentric circles are formed. Most common map projections may be conceptually or geometrically projected onto one of these surfaces touching or intersecting the globe. In most cases a projection has already been chosen by others for your area, and no selection is necessary.
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Projection distortion
Distortions make geographers SADD Shape Shape
Area Area
Distance Distance
Direction Direction
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Projection distortion The conversion of geographic locations from a geographic coordinate system to a Cartesian coordinate system causes distortion. The projection process will distort one or more of the spatial properties listed below. Shape Area Distance Direction Because spatial properties are often used to make decisions, anyone who uses maps should know which projections distort which properties and to what extent. For example, choosing a Peters projection will give you accurate area calculations but inaccurate shapes; a Mercator projection maintains true direction, but sacrifices accuracy for area and distance; and a Robinson projection is a compromise of all the properties. The projection you choose significantly affects the properties of a small-scale map, but has less effect on the properties of a large-scale map.
8-8
Types of projections
Generally classified by the spatial attribute they preserve
Projection Projectiontype type
Conformal Conformal Equal Equalarea area Equidistant Equidistant Azimuthal Azimuthal
Maintains Maintains
Shape Shape Area Area Distance Distance Direction Direction
Example Example
Lambert LambertConformal ConformalConic Conic Albers AlbersEqual EqualArea AreaConic Conic Equidistant EquidistantConic Conic Lambert LambertEqual EqualArea AreaAzimuthal Azimuthal
8-9
Types of projections Map projections can be generally classified according to what spatial attribute they preserve. Equal area Equal area projections preserve area. Many thematic maps use an equal area projection. Maps of the United States commonly use the Albers Equal Area Conic projection. Conformal Conformal projections preserve shape and are useful for navigational charts and weather maps. Shape is preserved for small areas, but the shape of a large area such as a continent will be significantly distorted. The Lambert Conformal Conic and Mercator projections are common conformal projections. Equidistant Equidistant projections preserve distances, but no projection can preserve distances from all points to all other points. Instead, distance can be held true from one point (or from a few points) to all other points, or along all meridians or parallels. If you will use your map to find features within a certain distance of other features, you should use an equidistant map projection. Azimuthal Azimuthal projections preserve direction from one point to all other points. This quality can be combined with equal area, conformal, and equidistant projections, as in the Lambert Equal Area Azimuthal and the Azimuthal Equidistant projections. Other projections minimize overall distortion but dont preserve any of the four spatial properties of area, shape, distance, and direction. The Robinson projection, for example, is neither equal area nor conformal, but is aesthetically pleasing and useful for general mapping.
8-9
Coordinate system components

Projected Projected data data
Geographic Geographic Coordinate Coordinate System System Datum Datum Ellipsoid Ellipsoid
Projected Projected Coordinate Coordinate System System Equations Equations Parameters Parameters
8-10
Coordinate system components Information about the coordinate systems for your data is sometimes referred to as the spatial reference. The spatial reference is composed of all of these components, the geographic coordinate system and the projected coordinate system. The ellipsoid that models the shape of the earth and the datum that references the ellipsoid make up the geographic coordinate system. Spatial data referenced with a geographic coordinate system can be projected into a planar or projected coordinate system so that measurement units are uniform throughout the data. The projected coordinate system is composed of the projection itself plus additional defining parameters. These parameters include the units, (e.g., meters or feet), the central meridian, possibly a zone depending on the projection, and sometimes a false easting or northing. False eastings or northings may be applied to the coordinate values so that spatial data is referenced by positive units. Information on all these components is stored with the projection information for the spatial data.
8-10
Storing projection information

Many spatial data formats store the projection details along with the data
Projected ProjectedCoordinate CoordinateSystem: System: Name: PCS_Transverse_Mercator Name: PCS_Transverse_Mercator Alias: Alias: Abbreviation: Abbreviation: Remarks: Remarks: Projection: Projection:Transverse_Mercator Transverse_Mercator Parameters: Parameters: False_Easting: False_Easting:500000.000000 500000.000000 False_Northing: False_Northing:0.000000 0.000000 Central_Meridian: Central_Meridian:-117.000000 -117.000000 Scale_Factor: Scale_Factor:0.999600 0.999600 Latitude_Of_Origin: Latitude_Of_Origin:0.000000 0.000000 Linear LinearUnit: Unit:Meter Meter(1.000000) (1.000000) Geographic GeographicCoordinate CoordinateSystem: System: Name: Name:GCS_North_American_1983 GCS_North_American_1983
Shapefiles
PRJ file
Coverages
World file AUX file RDBMS table
CAD files
Images Geodatabase
8-11
Storing projection information With many spatial data formats, it is possible to store the details of a datasets projection as a part of the dataset. Most data formats accomplish this with a separate text file that is associated with the dataset. In shapefiles and coverages, this is called a projection file (PRJ extension). In CAD datasets it is called a world file. Images store this information in an auxiliary file (AUX extension). The geodatabase is unique in that it can store the spatial reference information within the database. This alleviates the need for a separate file. Storing the projection and spatial reference information with a particular dataset is helpful, because it provides users easy access to this key information and allows ArcMap to instantly recognize the projection of a data source.
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Viewing projection information

Examine Metadata or Properties of the feature class
Use the Define Projection wizard to assign projection

8-12
Viewing projection information Check your datas projection information under the Spatial tab in the metadata, or open the feature class properties in ArcCatalog. Define Projection wizard The Define Projection wizard assists in recording or modifying the parameters of standard and custom projections of a geodataset and stores the information in the PRJ file. Use this wizard if your geodataset does not have a defined projection and PRJ file.
8-12
ArcMap and projections

Many supported projections Predefined projection files On-the-fly projection
8-13
ArcMap and projections ArcMap supports many standard projections and has hundreds of projection files predefined for specific zones and regions. A data frames projection can either be explicitly set by the user, or ArcMap will default to the projection of the first layer added. When subsequent layers are added to the map, they will automatically be projected into the default map projection. When ArcMap performs an on-the-fly projection on a map layer, it is not changing the original projection of the data source. Therefore, it is usually not necessary to physically change a datasets projection in order to perform display, query, or even analysis with datasets of a different projection. However, if a permanent projection change is needed, ArcToolbox contains the tools necessary to perform the operation.
8-13
Changing projections
Change the way features (or coordinates) are projected
Use the Project wizard in ArcToolbox

Input projection must be defined Select from predefined coordinate systems Import the coordinate system from an existing dataset Create your own projection
8-14
Changing projections Here are a few things to consider when choosing a projection: Which spatial properties do you want to preserve? Where is the area you're mapping? Is your data in a polar region? An equatorial region? What shape is the area you're mapping? Is it square? Is it wider in the eastwest direction? How big is the area you're mapping? On large-scale maps, such as street maps, distortion may be negligible because your map covers only a small part of the earths surface. On small-scale maps, where a small distance on the map represents a considerable distance on the earth, distortion may have a bigger impact, especially if you use your map to compare or measure shape, area, or distance. Answering these questions will determine what map projection and, therefore, what projected coordinate system youll want to use to display your data.
8-14
Exercise 8 overview
Recognize and set map scale Examine how a maps projection can affect distance Observe how a maps projection can affect shape Examine the Redlands data Project a shapefile
8-15
8-15
Lesson 8 review
The choice of datum can have a great impact on the coordinate values of the features in a map. (T/F) Measurements taken using a geographic coordinate system are uniform. (T/F) Large scales depict small ground areas but show more detail than small scales. (T/F) What is a projection? Which of the following is not a basic type of map projection? a) cylindrical b) planar c) spherical d) conic
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8-16
Lesson 8 review
What spatial properties can be distorted by a projection? Projection information for a coverage and a shapefile is stored in a ___________ .
8-17
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8-18
8-18
Presenting data
Lesson 9 overview Map and design objectives Factors controlling cartographic design Communication in maps Types of maps Issues in cartographic design Creating maps in ArcMap Setting up the page Identifying map elements Inserting map elements An example of the Legend Properties dialog Adding a north arrow and a scale Incorporating a reference system Inserting textual information Layout tools Grids and rulers
9-4 9-5 9-6 9-7 9-8 9-9 9-10 9-11 9-12 9-13 9-14 9-15 9-16 9-17
contents
9-2 9-3
Creating and using map templates 9-18 Printing and plotting maps 9-19 Exercise 9 overview 9-20 Lesson 9 review 9-21
Presenting data
9-1
Lesson 9 overview
Basic cartographic concepts Creating maps in ArcMap Printing and plotting maps
Population density Europe 1994
Per sq. km
Output from query/analysis

Designed by Makram 1999
9-2
9-2
Map and design objectives

Map objectives
Share information Highlight relationships Illustrate analysis results
Design objectives
Manipulate the graphic characteristics Fulfill the intended purpose
9-3
Map and design objectives A map conveys geographic information, highlights important geographic relationships, and presents analysis results. Because most GIS users have to present their spatial data graphically to a wide variety of readers, they have also become map designers, or cartographers. Any GIS analysis ends with some results that need to be communicated. You can help fulfill the purpose of your map by using proper placement of map elements and choosing symbols and cartographic elements that are tailored for the message you want to communicate. How you design a map depends on your particular objective (i.e., why you want to create a map in the first place). One obvious objective for creating a map is to show the results of your analysis. Other map objectives may be to simply share information, guide people, or highlight relationships. Your primary objective is usually not to create a beautiful map, but to create a product that communicates effectively, efficiently, and clearly.
9-3
Factors controlling cartographic design

Audience? Audience? Objective? Objective? Reality? Reality?
Technical Technical limits? limits?
Final Final design design

Need Needto to generalize? generalize?
Scale? Scale?
Mode Mode of of use? use?
9-4
Several factors control your map design and can limit your creativity and flexibility. Map objective You may be asked to design a map for a book or for a wall, folded or flat, black and white or colored, square or rectangular, and so on. Each of these would control how you design the map. Audience Is your map for a highly technical committee or the general public? Your design must match the level of your audience. This controls the complexity of your map design. Reality and the need to generalize A detailed coastline is important for ecological studies. Your map must be detailed if you are addressing ecologists, because they make deductions based on the way the coastline is shaped. A meandering river is important for city planners. You cannot generalize these complex shaped lines extensively (e.g., into a straight or large curved line) when going into a smaller-scale map. Scale and technical limits Scale dictates how much detail you are able to place on a limited piece of paper. At a scale of 1:1,000,000, a 10-meter road should appear on the map using a line width of 0.01 mm. The smallest practical drafting pen is 0.1 mm (similarly a typical inkjet technology output device can render a line as thin as 0.1 mm). If you used the 0.1 mm pen, which is inevitable, you have just exaggerated the road width by ten times. Another example of a technical limitation is that your monitor may have a color palette of 256 colors (i.e., addressed by eight-bit pixel values) where each color can be chosen from a total of 16.7 million colors (i.e., eight bits output for each of red, green, and blue), however, you may have a very limited, low-end color plotter or printer. So, regardless of how sophisticated your design on the screen may be, you are limited by the quality of your printing and plotting hardware. Mode of use Different map design treatment should be considered when you design a map to be used in a well-lit place or in a static condition compared to one that is designed for use while driving or at low-light conditions.
Communication in maps
Reality Reality Cartographer Cartographer GIS/CAD GIS/CAD specialist specialist
Recognize Select Classify Simplify Symbolize
Map
Compile
Mental Mentalimage image of reality of reality
Ma
Imagine
Read Analyze Interpret
Map Map
Map Map user user

9-5
The cartographer or GIS or CAD specialist This person compiles the data from several sources. Perhaps they have visited the place they are about to map. After recognizing what data is necessary for the map, they select only the data necessary to fulfill the map objective. The cartographer or GIS or CAD specialist takes what is selected, classifies the data into fewer categories, simplifies it, and finally selects the proper symbology for displaying the information on the map. The map user This person takes the map, reads the symbology, analyzes the relationships, and interprets the information depicted, whether through conclusion or inference. They acquire a mental image of the area that they may not have seen before. Their conclusions or inferences are based solely on the symbology presented in the map. As a cartographer or GIS or CAD specialist, this makes your symbology selection and map design critical issues in the communication process between you and the map user. The communication channel Imagine giving directions on the phone for someone who has never been to your area. You will tell that person to go on this highway and use that exit, then turn left on such a street, and finally the house is the fifth one on the left. You have selected only what you consider important in giving directions. You have excluded all other details or landmarks. While listening to you, and perhaps taking notes, the other person on the phone is building a mental image of your description. He will never re-create the same exact mental image as yours.
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Types of maps
General maps
Locational/Positional Variety of features and uses
Thematic maps
Distribution of an attribute Single attribute or relationship
Soils
Population
Qualitative
Quantitative
Different objectives, different cartographic designs

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Classifying maps Classifying maps is a difficult task, but you can generally divide maps into two categories: general and thematic. General maps General maps show locational or positional types of data. They depict a variety of features and are used by many disciplines. This is why they are considered general. Examples of such maps include atlas maps or topographic maps produced by the United States Geological Survey. Thematic maps There are two types of thematic maps: qualitative and quantitative. Both show the distribution of an attribute, and both generally depict a single attribute or relationship. It is not unusual, however, for more complicated thematic maps to have several attributes or relationships. Qualitative thematic maps These maps depict data such as different soil types and different types of features with equal importance at a nominal scale. Some qualitative maps change to a quantitative classification if you change the scale from nominal to ordinal, showing, for example, a relative fertility index or a water retention index for different soil types. Quantitative thematic maps Here you are deliberately showing differences in quantitative characteristics. You are using an interval or ratio scale to show such things as population density per square kilometers or variation in temperature or humidity.
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Issues in cartographic design

Colors, shade patterns, and text
Perception of colors and symbols Legibility of features and text Visual contrast and hierarchy
Size
Value
Visual balance
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Eyes have limitations Number of colors and shades: Research has shown that the human eye is limited in its ability to decipher differences between colors if more than twelve colors appear together. Additionally, if you decide to use different shades of the same color, you need to realize that the human eye can decipher no more than seven or eight distinct shades. Legibility Legibility is defined as the smallest symbol that can be easily read at a certain distance. Many maps fail to relay useful information because the text, point, or line symbols are too small. Visual contrast and hierarchy Map reading can be enhanced by increasing the visual contrast among symbols or between the symbol and its background. Variations in size or graytone value can also create a quantitative visual hierarchy. Visual contrast and hierarchy can be used in map design to lead the map reader to focus on the most important areas first and proceed next to the less important areas. Visual balance As you start displaying symbology on your map, the different treatment of graphic characteristics may result in symbols that vary in their visual weight. Strive to achieve a visual balance that enhances the purpose of the map.
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Creating maps in ArcMap

Design in Layout view Data frames organize layers Map elements are added to a virtual page Maps stored as MXD files
Data location Layer properties
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Layout view You create your map in Layout view. Your layout may contain two or more maps (e.g., a small-scale index map, and a larger-scale inset map). Each map requires adding a data frame to your map document. Data frames organize layers by similar properties A data frame is simply a frame on your map that displays layers. When you create a map, it contains a default data frame listed in the Table of Contents as Layers. You can immediately add layers to this data frame and give it a more meaningful name. Once on a map, a data frame acts like any other map element. You can change its size, move it around, or delete it. Each data frame has a projection, map extent, and scale. When a map has more than one data frame, one of them is the active data frame. The active data frame is the one you are currently working with (e.g., adding layers to it or panning and zooming). The active data frame is highlighted on the map in Layout view or is the displayed data frame in Data view. The name of the active data frame is also shown in bold text in the Table of Contents. The map document In addition to the data frames, you can add other map elements, such as the north arrow, scale bar, title, other textual information, and so on. These map elements are added to the virtual page. Later, as you finish your design, you can save your map document as an MXD file. This file will store the pathnames to all the data used in creating the map as well as the properties of each layer.
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Setting up the page

Remember the purpose
Will the map be viewed up close or at a distance? What is the best page size? Landscape or portrait? What printer will I be using, and what are my printer size limitations?
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Setting up the page Page setup is an important consideration when designing maps, because you are creating the canvas on which you will arrange all of the map elements in your design. The page is your compositional space, and it will affect most of your design decisions. To decide on appropriate page setup parameters, ask yourself questions like: Will the map be viewed up close or at a distance? What is the best page size and orientation for my map content? What printer will I be using, and what are my printer size limitations? Will I distribute the map document? The answers to these questions will help you determine the size of features, symbols, labels, and other text, as well as all the other map elements that will be included in your composition. The size of your map is tied directly to its purpose. It is best to set up the page size before you begin creating the map. Keep in mind that you are working on a virtual page in Layout view. The virtual page represents the dimensions and orientation of your workspace, and eventually, your final product. By defining the size of the page first, you can visualize the composition as a whole. ArcMap will let you resize the page and, if you choose, rescale the map elements accordingly. When you right-click on the virtual page and click Page Setup, the Page Setup dialog appears. In the Page Setup dialog you specify the dimensions and orientation of the map page, as well as printer information.
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Identifying map elements

Title
Map body
Legend Scale bar North arrow

Designed by Makram 2002
What is missing?
Other text
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What other map elements are missing? Scale text (1:100,000) Other text (author name, disclaimers, projection information, date of data, date of map, etc.) Logos Are all these map elements really necessary? Some map elements can be ignored if other map elements or features can substitute for it. For example, a north arrow is redundant if you have neatlines shown with coordinate labels such as latitude and longitude; a north arrow and a scale bar are both redundant if you are depicting the population of the United States in a book on United States demographic statistics; a scale bar can be redundant if neatlines are shown with the proper coordinate system and units. Avoid placing any information that does not comply with the maps objectives. These are considered visual noise and distract from effective map communication.
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Inserting map elements

(map) Legend appears
Drag
Choose Choosetype type Modify Modify
9-11
From the Insert menu, click the element you want to add. Depending on which element you select, a dialog may appear and you can choose the elements style, color, font, and so on. Once you have made a selection, the map element is dropped, by default, in the center of the layout page. You can then use your mouse to drag it to a new position on the page and resize it if necessary. Double-clicking on an element accesses its properties and allows you to make modifications.
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An example of the Legend Properties dialog

Modify Modify Double-click Double-click
9-12
The Legend tab In the Legend tab you can change the legend title to something more meaningful or explicit (e.g., Density per square kilometer instead of the redundant Legend). The Show check box controls whether or not a legend title will appear. The title can be placed above or below the legend, or to its right or left. The title properties (e.g., color, font, size) can be changed using the Symbol button. The legend symbols can be displayed using your choice of a symbol type and outline. You may choose from some predefined symbols like rectangular, elliptical, or diamond shapes, or you may create your own custom symbol. The default spacings between the individual components of the legend are set as optimum; however, you can manipulate these spacings to suit your preference. The Items tab Use the Items tab to specify which legend items you want to have appear. By default, items from all map layers will appear. You can also specify how you want the legend to be connected to the map: only display the legend items that have data visible on the map, add a new item to the legend when a new layer is added to the map, or reorder the legend items when the map layers are reordered. These are all set by default, but you can switch them off. The Frame tab Use the Frame tab if you want to add a background shade behind the legend. The Size and Position tab Use the Size and Position tab to adjust the size and location of the legend.
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Adding a north arrow and a scale

Choose Choosetype type
Change Changeangle, angle, size, size,color color
Change Changeunit, unit, increments, increments, color, color,font font

9-13
North arrows The North Arrow Selector offers a variety of north arrow options for your map. After selecting one, you can change its properties, such as its orientation (angle), size, and color. Scale If you have two data frames on your map, you may need to place two scales. There are three types of scales: Graphical scale bar A graphical scale bar is useful for maps that are going to be reduced in size photographically at printing. Both the main map body and the scale bar are simultaneously resized, so this guarantees the scale bar will be correct for the resized map. A scale bar allows the use of scales that may not be multiples of thousands (e.g., 1:3,475,923), which are a result of the automatic attempt of the software to try to fit the map extent of the data inside the available space in the Layout view. The Scale Bar Selector offers a variety of scale bars that you can select from for your map. After you select one, you can change its properties, such as its type, the size of each interval, the number of intervals, whether or not you want an interval to the left of the zero mark, the units, the color of the lines and labels, or the font used for the labels. Fractional scale (representative fraction) A fractional scale is what you normally use for maps that need to be published at a specified scale in multiples of thousands (e.g., 1:250,000). Once this scale is added to the map, you should not resize the map, because this fractional scale is merely text, and as you resize your map this textual string will increase or decrease in text size and not in true scale value. Verbal scale bar A verbal scale bar is, for example, one inch to a foot.
Incorporating a reference system

Display reference positions on maps Available reference systems:
Graticule Graticule Grid Grid
Latitude/Longitude, Latitude/Longitude,feet, feet,meters, meters,etc. etc.
ABC/123, ABC/123,others others
Different graticule or grid types on the same map

9-14
Incorporating a reference system Graticules and grids are useful for locating features or places on a map. They both offer a reference structure. Graticules and grids are properties of the entire data frame. You can add a graticule or a grid by right-clicking on the data frame and clicking Properties. On the Data Frame Properties dialog, click the Grids tab. Then click the New Grid button, which will display the Grids and Graticules wizard. Several reference systems can be selected from the wizard. Once a reference system is selected, its properties can be changed, including changing the color of the lines and labels and the label font and orientation. You can place several different reference systems on the same map. Simply click the New Grid button, and select the reference system and its properties. This way your map can be used by many different disciplines, each using its preferred type of reference system.
9-14
Inserting textual information

Title and author Data source, date, projection Date of map and of data Disclosures and acknowledgements
same
9-15
What textual information should a map have? A map may be incomplete without the following information: 1. A map title 2. The name of the author or authors 3. Projection information 4. Date of the map and date of the data 5. Sources of the data used and method of collection 6. Disclosures on whether or not you have displaced some of the spatial features for the sake of clarity 7. Acknowledgement statement if necessary The above textual information should not necessarily appear in the same level of importance (e.g., the map title text should be larger than the projection information). Available tools In the ArcMap application, you can add text from the Drawing toolbar or from the Insert pulldown menu.
9-15
Layout tools
Zoom and pan the layout page
Scale Scaleremains remains the thesame same
27%
50%
100%
Additional layout settings from Tools > Options

9-16
Layout view tools When you move from Data view to Layout view, another toolbar named Layout appears. The Layout toolbar has its own Zoom In and Zoom Out buttons, as well as a display of percent reduction or enlargement window (shown above in the Layout toolbar). Do not confuse the Layout toolbar's Zoom In and Zoom Out buttons with the ones on the Tools toolbar. The buttons on the Layout toolbar enable zooming in and out in order to view how the map elements will look at different percent reductions and enlargements. The monitor's screen cannot show the full size of the map (e.g., a 36-inch x 24-inch map size), so these buttons allow you to look at a real-size map (i.e., 100-percent enlargement) by using these buttons. This way you have more control over your map design, because you know exactly how your symbology and other elements look at real size. Notice that as you zoom in or zoom out at different percentages using the Layout toolbar, the actual scale of the view (as inherited from Data view, or as set earlier in Layout view) remains the same (shown above with 1:10,000).
9-16
Grids and rulers

Determine the size of map elements Use guides to arrange elements Use grids to position elements at specific points Use snapping for precision and efficiency
9-17
Grids and rulers How large are your map elements relative to the page size of the map? As you compose your map, you can zoom in and out to view various elements, but this capability can prove deceptive, especially when translated to printed material. It is important to keep in mind that text and other elements like north arrows and scale bars can appear legible on a large-format virtual page, but when printed, they are oversized. The opposite is true for smaller-format maps: elements become incomprehensible once the map is printed. Use the rulers as a reality check. When text and other map elements are aligned, the look and legibility of the map design are enhanced. You can use guides (vertical and horizontal straight lines) to provide a consistent arrangement of elements. In Layout view you can add guides to the rulers, slide them into position, turn them on or off, and remove them whenever you want. There may be times when you want a certain map element (e.g., a data frame) to be positioned at a specific point on the map page. A grid is a grid of reference points in the layout that you can use to position map elements. You can control the spacing of the grid reference points and you can turn the grid on or off. Manually positioning map elements on the virtual page can be an inexact and tedious process. Snapping map elements to a ruler, guide, or grid reference point can ensure precise positioning and improve your productivity. In ArcMap you can choose which of these visual indicators elements will snap to, and you can set the snapping tolerance. You can even choose the order in which map elements will snap to rulers, guides, and grids. When snapping options are defined and engaged, map elements will automatically move to the nearest guide or grid point.
9-17
Creating and using map templates

Gives all maps in a series the same look
Choose Choosea a standard standard template template
ArcMap templates Create your own

9-18
Creating and using map templates When you create a map series, all the maps in the series should have the same look and feel. One way to achieve this is to create a template to ensure that all the common elements in the map series (e.g., the font, background color, north arrow, legend, acknowledgements, and disclaimers) are consistent throughout each map in the series. Using a template can make you more productive and can help standardize the maps produced by your organization. Templates help maintain consistency throughout a map series. Map templates are ArcMap documents (with an MXT extension). You choose a template when you open a new map and add layers to it. ArcMap comes with a standard set of templates that you can use right away to create attractive, professional maps. You can modify the maps and the templates to suit your needs, or you can create your own templates. Like layer files, you can also share templates within your organization so that the layout of the map, the data sources, and even customization of the ArcMap interface are preserved. A standard set of templates is included with ArcGIS software. You can save a map template anywhere on your network. If you save the template in the ArcMap Templates folder, it will appear in the list of templates displayed when you create a new map document. If you use a variety of templates in your organization, you can create subfolders in the ArcMap Templates folder and organize your templates accordingly. Your subfolders will appear as tabs in the Select Template dialog. Creating folders in the ArcMap Templates folder automatically creates tabs on the Select Template dialog.
9-18
Printing and plotting maps

Choose a Printer Engine
ArcPress PostScript Windows
Windows Printer Engine
9-19
Printing procedure Follow the steps below to print your map. 1. From the File pulldown menu, click Print. 2. In the Print dialog, point to the available printer and select the Printer Engine (three are available, listed above) by clicking the Setup button. 3. On the Document Properties dialog of your printer or plotter, select the paper size and source, the number of copies, the orientation, and the color appearance. Depending on which printer engine was selected, the format of the Document Properties dialog may be different from the above graphic.
9-19
Exercise 9 overview
Start ArcMap and open an existing map Add a legend Add a scale bar Add a north arrow Add a title and other textual information Add a border and a background shade to your map Maintain visual balance Add your map layout to another document (optional) Challenge: Add contrast to your map Challenge: Add a reference grid to your map Save your map document and exit ArcMap
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9-20
Lesson 9 review
Name five factors that may control your cartographic design. Maps are designed in the _____________________ view. How do the zoom tools on the Layout toolbar differ from those on the Tools toolbar? You cannot place more than one grid/graticule on a map. (T/F) Why would you create or use a map template? What map elements can be added to a map layout?
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ArcGIS1 3.0 Lecture1

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Exploring GIS concepts

Copyright 20002003 ESRI

Introduction to ArcGIS I (for ArcView 8, ArcEditor 8, and ArcInfo 8)

Getting help Demonstration Exercise 2 overview Lesson 2 review

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Working with spatial data

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Working with tables

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Working with georeferenced data

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Introduction to ArcGIS I (for ArcView 8, ArcEditor 8, and ArcInfo 8)

Copyright 20002003 ESRI

Introduction to ArcGIS for ArcView and ArcInfo (I)

Introduction to ArcGIS I (for ArcView 8, ArcEditor 8, and ArcInfo 8)

Copyright 20002003 ESRI. All rights reserved.

Introduction to ArcGIS I (for ArcView 8, ArcEditor 8, and ArcInfo 8)

Introduction to ArcGIS I (for ArcView 8, ArcEditor 8, and ArcInfo 8)

Copyright 20002003 ESRI. All rights reserved.

Introduction to ArcGIS I (for ArcView 8, ArcEditor 8, and ArcInfo 8)

Introduction to ArcGIS I (for ArcView 8, ArcEditor 8, and ArcInfo 8)

Introduction to ArcGIS I (for ArcView 8, ArcEditor 8, and ArcInfo 8)

Online course evaluation

Copyright 20002003 ESRI. All rights reserved.

Introduction to ArcGIS I (for ArcView 8, ArcEditor 8, and ArcInfo 8)

Introduction to ArcGIS I (for ArcView 8, ArcEditor 8, and ArcInfo 8)

Explore GIS concepts

Query your database

Work with tables

Work with georeferenced data

Copyright 20002003 ESRI. All rights reserved.

Introduction to ArcGIS I (for ArcView 8, ArcEditor 8, and ArcInfo 8)

Day 2 Lesson 6: Working with tables

Introduction to ArcGIS I (for ArcView 8, ArcEditor 8, and ArcInfo 8)

Produce maps, reports, and graphs

Copyright 20002003 ESRI. All rights reserved.

Introduction to ArcGIS I (for ArcView 8, ArcEditor 8, and ArcInfo 8)

Introduction to ArcGIS I (for ArcView 8, ArcEditor 8, and ArcInfo 8)

Web browser Web server RDBMS server

Data Personal geodatabase

ArcToolbox Coverage Shapefile Grid TIN Image CAD

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Introduction to ArcGIS I (for ArcView 8, ArcEditor 8, and ArcInfo 8)

Introduction to ArcGIS I (for ArcView 8, ArcEditor 8, and ArcInfo 8)

GIS in the enterprise

ArcSDE & ArcIMS ArcInfo

ArcEditor & ArcPad

ArcView 8 & ArcView 3 ArcReader Web browser

Copyright 20002003 ESRI. All rights reserved.

Introduction to ArcGIS I (for ArcView 8, ArcEditor 8, and ArcInfo 8)

Introduction to ArcGIS I (for ArcView 8, ArcEditor 8, and ArcInfo 8)

Learning ArcGIS II: Presenting information

Database Design / Development

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