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is a fixed time delay such that the output is delayed or phase shifted by a time
compared to the input, i.e.
LPF is a low pass filter which effecti ely determines the a era!e alue of "x. #n !eneral "#$ %t& will be
VIN %t & =Vc Cos IN t
) f IN & 'here IN is the input fre(uency %rad/sec& % IN =
i.e .
[ (
) )]
IN is constant.
/he cut3off fre(uency for the LPF is desi!ned so that component %.& is remo ed and component %)& is passed to the output. i.e. VOUT = The Delay #n order to determine the effect of the delay , the fre(uency modulator %"/F& is first considered.
Vc) CosIN t )
d%t& represents a di!ital data si!nal i.e. d%t& 4 ". in for .2s , d%t& 4 "5 in for 52s . /he "/F characteristics and inputs are shown below Analogue FM )
Modulation #ndex =
fc Vm = fm fm
is the fre(uency con ersion factor, K*+/ olt , %i.e. !radient of the characteristics&
/he spectrum of the analo!ue FM si!nal depends on and is !i en by
FM = V s %t & = Vc
J
n= .
% & Cos ( c +n m )t
'a eforms 6
Digital FSK
f . =V DC +V. + f 5 f 5 =V DC V5 + f 5 f c =V DC , Tc = . fc
i.e. Modulus f . f 5
VOUT =
where Tc =
Or
VOUT =
VOUT =
f IN Vc) Cos ) f ) c
'here f IN is a fre(uency which aries around f C . $ote < if f IN is held constant, VOUT is a constant ,0 olta!e. #f f IN aries, VOUT aries.
f IN
VOUT
fc
fc
6 fc )
Vc) Vc) Cos 5 = ) ) ) ) Vc V) . Vc Cos Cos = 5.=5= c = ) ) ) ) ) 7 ) ) Vc V Cos = c ( 5 ) = 5 ) ) ) ) Vc V) 6 Cos = 5.5=5= c ) ) 7 Vc) V) Cos = c ) )
) fc
/he cur e shows the demodulator F/" characteristics which in this case is non linear.
/he slope of the characteristics, K, the olta!e con ersion factor % olts/*+& is not constant> it depends on the fre(uency input. - practical reali+ation of this process, usin! di!ital lo!ic !ates !i es linear characteristics. Practical Realization
/his is form of 1delay and multiply2 circuit where the delay is set by 0 and ? with
4 0?
/he comparator is L#M#/@? < which is a +ero crossin! detector to !i e a 1di!ital2 input to the first !ate. 0onsiderin! the wa eforms. A
/he low pass filters determines the a era!e alue of wa eform @, with a era!e !i en by
VOUT = # A Tc
0onsider now f IN E f c
VOUT =
# A TIN
i.e.
VOUT =A # f IN
where =
Tc . = 7 7 fc
VOUT =
{ Note if
SYSTEM
t!e '(F is an in$erting o& am& , t!e slo&e %ill "e negati$e}
..