INTRODUCTION TO BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING

Aylin endemir-rkmez sendemir@gmail.com

September 27, 2013

What is Biomedical Engineering?

Application of engineering techniques for solving medical problems

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What is Biomedical Engineering?

Biomedical engineering integrates physical, chemical, mathematical, and computational sciences and engineering principles to study biology, medicine, behavior, and health. It advances fundamental concepts; creates knowledge from the molecular to the organ systems level; and develops innovative biologics, materials, processes, implants, devices and informatics approaches for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disease, for patient rehabilitation, and for improving health. NIH working definition of bioengineering July 24, 1997

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Aim?
To improve human health and life standards.

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Esasen illeti tanmaynca ilata isabet olamaz

Kutadgu Bilig, 1070

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Course Contents:
Definition of Biomedical Engineering Basic Anatomy and Physiology Skeletal System Biomechanics Biomaterals Tissue Engineering Controlled Drug Delivery Gene Theraphy Bioelectricity Biiomedical Signal Processing Biomedical Imaging

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BASIC PHYSIOLOGY AND ANATOMY

ANATOMY vs. PHYSIOLOGY

Anatomy deals with the structure (morphology) of the body and its parts, in other words, what are things called? Physiology studies the functions of these parts or asks the question, how do they work?

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CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE:
Fundamental characteristics of life are traits shared by all organisms. Taken together, these 10 characteristics constitute metabolism.

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CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Movement (internal or gross) Responsiveness (reaction to internal or external change) Growth (increase in size without change in shape) Reproduction (new organisms or new cells) Respiration (use of oxygen; removal of CO2) Digestion (breakdown of food into simpler forms) Absorption (movement of substances through membranes and into fluids) 8. Circulation (movement within body fluids) 9. Assimilation (changing nutrients into chemically different forms) 10. Excretion (removal of metabolic wastes)
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Requirements of Organisms
Life depends on the availability of the following: a. Water (for metabolic reactions, transport of substances, temperature regulation) b. Food (nutrients needed to supply energy and raw materials for building new living matter) c. Oxygen (used in releasing energy from nutrients) d. Heat (a byproduct of metabolism; its presence governs the rate at which reactions occur) e. Pressure (force required to facilitate movement of air or fluids) Both the quality and quantity of these factors are important!
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BODY SECTIONS
A sagittal section divides the body into right and left portions. A transverse section divides the body into superior and inferior portions. It is often called a cross section. A coronal section divides the body into anterior and posterior sections. l

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RELATIVE POSITIONS
Terms of relative position are used to describe the location of a part relative to another part. Superior - inferior, anterior - posterior, medial - lateral Proximal - distal, superficial (peripheral) -deep.
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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION:

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Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides (glucose, galactose, fructose)

Disaccharides Lactose = glucose + galactose Sucrose = glucose+ fructose Maltose = glucose + glucose

Polysaccharides

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Lipids

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Proteins

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Nucleotides and Nucleic acids

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The Cell:

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Cell membrane

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Tissues
Ephitelial Connective Muscle Nerve

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Tissues

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Connective Tissues

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Tissues:

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TEM

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HOMEOSTASIS
Maintenance of a stable internal environment is called homeostasis.
Uyar

Reseptr

Dzenleyici

Etkilenen

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HOMEOSTASIS
Homeostasis is regulated through control systems which have receptors, a set point and effectors in common. Examples include: a. Homeostatic mechanisms regulate body temperature in a manner similar to the functioning of a home heating thermostat. b. Another homeostatic mechanism employs pressure- sensitive receptors to regulate blood pressure.
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HOMEOSTASIS
Many of the body's homeostatic controls are negative feedback mechanisms. Each individual uses homeostatic mechanisms to keep body levels within a normal range; normal ranges can vary from one individual to the next.

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HOMEOSTASIS

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HOMEOSTASIS

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Glucose Homeostasis

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HOMEOSTASIS
Negative feedback: control within tight limits, e.g. Blood glucose levels: Insulin and glucagon Positive feedback: deal with rare or catastrophic events, e.g. Oxytocin and uterine contraction birth, Blood clotting Disease loss of homeostasis Local disease restricted to a specific body part Systemic more widespread, involves several organ systems or even the entire body Acute sudden occurrence and short duration Chronic usually less severe, develop more slowly, last longer
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