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ÎCî¦ô¢Ù 20 ÎÞœú£ªd 2006 Ðû¦è[ª šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ë -1

Pramila: Please remember that the party is at Kumar: Why should I do it? Let the company
7. Let's start here at 6. Let there be do it.
no delay. (û¶ûµÙ-ë]ªÚÛª à¶óŸ«L? ÚÛÙšíF à¶óŸ«L.)
(ð§Kd Ôè[ª-ÞœÙ-å-õ¸Ú. Þœªô¢ªhÙ-àŸªÚÁ. ÎJÙæ¨Ú¨ a) Kumar asks why he should do it and says
ñóŸªõªë¶-ô¢ë¯Ù. Îõú£uÙ àµóµ³uë]ªl.) that the company has to do it/ must do it (It is
Lakshmi: Let us remind Sneha of it too. Let's for the company to do it.).
call her and tell her that she need b) Kumar asked why he should do it and said
not worry about conveyance. We'll that the company had to do it.
pick her up on our way to the party. Kumar said it wasn't his business and that it
(›úoÚÛª ÚÛ«è¯ ÷ªìÙ Ð Nù£óŸªÙ Þœªô¢ªh was for the company to do it.
à¶ë¯lÙ. êŸìÚÛª ðƼûË à¶ú‡ ÍÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ Óö° 4) ÖÚÁ\-þ§J let ìª command (Îác)ÚÛª ÚÛ«è¯
îµü‹xö° ÍE ÎÙëÁ-üŒì í£è•-ë]lE àµñªë¯Ù. î¦è[ê¦Ù. Íí£±pè[ª report ö˺ should/ must/ have
÷ªìÙ ð§KdÚ¨ îµü™xå-í£±pè[ª ë¯Jö˺ êŸììª to/ has to/ had to ÷ú£ªhÙC.
ÚÛ«è¯ Bú£ª·Ú-üŒë¯Ù.) Rajesh: Let them finish the work by 10. with him. Íû¶ Íô¢n ÑÙC.
conveyance = ÚÛû¶y-óŸªûËÂq = ví£óŸ«é þ¿ÚÛô¢uÙ (í£C ÚÛö°x î¦üŒ‰x í£E í£²Jh à¶óŸ«L.) Syam said he would n't as he must not Need I do it now itself? = Must I do it now
car, bike, scooter, cycle ö°Ùæ¨N. a) Rajesh orders that they should finish the leave office then/ as he was not to leave itself? = û¶ìC Ïí£±pè¶ àµóŸ«uö°?
The company provides conveyance to the work by 10. office then. Need ìª report ö˺ past formö˺ must ö°Þ¥û¶
manager. b) Rajesh ordered that they should/ must/ had 2) Ramesh: May I know why you stopped had to Þ¥ ÷«ô¢ªþ§hÙ.
(û¶-á-ôÂÚÛª ÚÛÙšíF ví£óŸ«é þ¿ÚÛô¢uÙ ÚÛLp-ú£ªhÙC– me? Naresh: Need I do it now? DEÚ¨ report:
ÍÙç¶ ÚÛÙšíF Ú¥ô¢ª Ïú£ªhÙC.) Naresh asked if he had to do it then.
Pramila: OK. We must, not waste any more ★ Need not (need ìª not êÁ– à¶óŸ«Lqì Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù
time now. We must buy some pre-
sent for the bride and the groom. We
must have our faces done up too.
(ÏÙ¸ÚÙ ú£÷ªóŸªÙ ÷'ëǯ à¶óŸª-ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª.
÷ªìÙ ÚÛ«è¯ šíÆóÀª-ù£öËÀ à¶ô³Ù-àŸª-ÚÁ-î¦L.)
Have our faces done up = ٠ìªìoÞ¥
Óí£±pèµí£±pè[ª LET? ö¶ë]ª Íû¶ Íô¢nÙêÁ î¦è…-ì-í£±pè[ª), report ö˺ past
tense reporting verb Íô³-ì-í£p-æ¨Ú© need not Íû¶
ÑÙà¶þ§hÙ. ö¶ÚÛð¼ê¶ would-
n't have to (would not
have to) ÍE ÷«ô¢a-÷àŸªa.
ö¶ë¯ did not have to ÚÛ«è¯
Ú¥ÙA-÷Ù-êŸÙÞ¥ ÚÛEí‡Ù-à¶-ö°Þ¥ ඛú facial. to finish the work by 10. (ììªo ÓÙë]ªÚÛª Îð§ôÁ êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÁ-÷à¦a?) î¦è[-÷àŸªa.
facial - šíÆóÀª-ù£öËÀ – šíÆ ûË•Ú¨\ í£õª-ÚÛªê¦Ù. 5) Let ìª ÖÚÛ ÍòÅ¡u-ô¢nì (request) ÚÛª ÚÛ«è¯ î¦è[ê¦Ù. Policeman: You must not cross the road a) Ganesh: How long
Lakshmi: I need not have the facial. I had it Prasad: Vinod let me have some money against the red light. have I to wait?
just yesterday. please. (·ôèÂ-öµjæËÀ îµõª-Þœª-꟪-ìo-í£±pè[ª ôÁè ë¯å- (ÓÙêŸ ›úí£± ÑÙè¯L?)
(û¦Ú¨-í£±pè[ª šíÆóÀª-ù£öËÀ ÍÚÛ\-¸ôxë]ª. Eìoû¶ (NûËÁë û¦ÚÛª Ú¥ú£h è[ñªs Ï÷±y.) ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª – Eù‡ë]lÄÙ.) M. SURESAN Mahesh: You need
à¶ô³Ù-àŸª-ÚÛªû¦o.) Prasad requested Vinod to let him have Report (Past reporting verb): not wait.
Pramila: We have go to the bank or the ATM some money/ requested Vinod for some Report: Ganesh wanted to know how long he
too. We have to draw some money. money. had to wait.
(÷ªìÙ ò°uÙÚÂ-ÚÛª-Þ¥F, Ôæ©-Ó-îªڨޥF îµü‹xL. 6) Let êÁ Eô¢x¤ÛuÙ êµLóŸª-â¶þ§hÙ. Íí£±pè[ª report ö˺ Mahesh told him he need not wait/ Would
è[ñªs Bú£ªÚÁ-î¦L.) not care, not mind ÷ú£ªhÙC. not have to wait/ did not have to wait.
ATM ÍÙç¶ êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛë¯ – Automated Teller ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 201 b) Sridhar: Need I pay any money now?
Machine - Bank card Ñí£-óµ«-TÙ# è[ñªs Bú£ª- (Ïí£±pè[ª è[ñªs àµLxÙ-à¦-Lqì Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù ÑÙë¯?)
ÚÛª-û¶Ù-ë]ªÚÛª Ñìo machine. Ramesh wanted to know why the policeman Sri Ram: You need not pay a single paisa
draw money = Banks ö°Ùæ¨ î¦æ¨ ìªÙ# è[ñªs had stopped him. now.
Bú£ªÚÁ-÷è[Ù = withdraw. The policeman said that he must not cross/ (ìª÷±y ÖÚÛ šíjú£ ÚÛ«è¯ àµLxÙ-à¦-Lqì Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù ö¶ë]ª.)
Lakshmi: We need not. I've enough cash. was not to cross the road against the red Report:
(ÍÚÛ\¸ôxë]ª. û¦ ë]Þœ_-ô¢ªÙC è[ñªs.) light. Sridhar wanted to know if he had to pay any
Pramila: Then we had better hurry up. 3) Principal: Students must not be late to money then. Sri Ram told him that need not
Lakshmi: Need I get money now or do you classes. pay a single paisa then/ did not have/ did not
have it? Report: (Past reporting verb)- The Principal need to pay a single paisa then.
(û¶E-í£±pè[ª è[ñªs Bú£ªÚÛª-ô¦-î¦-Lqì Í÷- said/ ruled that the students must not be/ were ÏO must not, need, need not ìª reporting
ú£ô¢Ù ÑÙë¯? ö¶ÚÛð¼ê¶ F ë]Þœ_-ô¢ªìo è[ñªs not to be late to classes. verb past tense êÁ report ඛúåí£±pè[ª Þœªô¢ªhÙ-
ú£J-ð¼-꟪Ù-ë]Ù-æ°î¦?) ÍÙç¶ ÖÚÛ E›ù-ëůEo êµLóŸª-⶛ú Íô¢nÙêÁ must not àŸªÚÁî¦Lqì Nù£-óŸ«õª.
Pramila: I think the money I've should be î¦è…ê¶, ÍC report ö˺ ÚÛ«è¯ must not Þ¥û¶ Now let us try to report a part of the con-
enough. You needn't bring any. versation at the beginning of the lesson (see
Let us remind Sneha of it too...
ÑÙà¶þ§hÙ. ÷«ô¢aÙ.
(û¦ ë]Þœ_-ô¢ªìo è[ñªs ú£J-ð¼-î¦L. F÷± ÏÚÛ need Nù£óŸªÙ àŸ«ë¯lÙ. Need ÚÛª ë¯ë¯í£± must table)...
Bú£ªÚÛª-ô¦-ì-÷-ú£ô¢Ù ö¶ë]ªö¶!) Satish: He may report to the police.
Report (Spoken form)
Lakshmi: We must not spend much time Rajesh: Let him. Direct Speech
there. We have to get back to make When Satish said he might report to the Reporting Verb (Present) Reporting Verb (Past)
other arrangements. police, Rajesh said he didn't mind/ he didn't Pramila: Let's remember that the Pramila reminds Lakshmi Pramila reminded Lakshmi
(÷ªìÙ ÍÚÛ\è[ ÓÚÛª\-÷-›úí£± ÑÙè[-ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª. ÏêŸô¢ care. party is at 7. Let's start by that the party is at 7 and that the party was at 7 and
í£ìªõª àŸ«ú£ª-ÚÁ-è¯-EÚ¨ êŸyô¢Þ¥ AJT ô¦î¦L.) Let ìª ÷ªìÙ conversation ö˺ î¦è¶ ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄõª 6. Let there be no delay. suggests that they (should) suggested that they
I. ÷ªìÙ Ïí£pæ¨ ÷ô¢ÚÛ« let ÚÛª Ñìo NNëÅ] Íô¦nõª, Ñí£- ÏN. start by 6. She wants no (should) start by 6. She
óµ«Þ¥õêÁ Ñìo sentences ìª Óö° report II. ÷ªìÙ ÏÙêŸÚÛª ÷³Ùë]ª êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛª-ÙC: Must, delay. wanted no delay.
à¶óŸ«ö˺ àŸ«ø‹Ù ÚÛë¯. î¦æ¨E ÷ªôÁ-þ§J ÚÛªxí£hÙÞ¥ Þœªô¢ªh should, have to, has to Ñìo direct speech (suggest/ sugested êŸô¦yêŸ Óí£±pè[« should + 1st RDW
à¶ú£ªÚÛªÙë¯Ù. report à¶ú‡ì-í£±pè[ª past tense reporting verb Þ¥E/ ÖÚÛ\ 1st RDW Þ¥F ÷ú£ªhÙC.)
1) Let ÍÙç¶ ÷³ÜuÙÞ¥ Ôëµjû¦ ú£«#Ù-àŸ-è¯-EÚ¨/ Íô³ê¶ had to Þ¥ ÷«ô¢ªþ§hÙ. ÏC NCÅÞ¥, Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù
ú£«àŸì à¶óŸª-è¯-EÚ¨/ ví£A-ð§-ë]-ìÚÛª î¦è[ê¦Ù– Íí£±pè[ª ÷õxûËÁ Íô³ê¶ had to Þ¥ ÷«ô¢ªþ§hÙ. Lakshmi: Let's remind Sneha of it Lakshmi suggests they Lakshmi suggested that
report ö˺ suggest î¦è[ê¦Ù. Kesav: I must go now - Direct speech. too. Let's call her and tell (should) remind Sneha of it they (should) remind
Hema: Let's go home. Kesav said he had to go then - Report her that she need not too. She suggests that they Sneha of it too. She sug-
Report: Hema suggests/ suggested that we (Reporting verb- past). worry about conveyance. (should) call her and tell gested that they (should)
(should) go home. Íô³ê¶ must not ÍE direct speech ö˺ ÖÚÛ í£E We'll pick her up on our her that she need not call her and tell her that
2) Let ìª Ôëµjû¦ àŸô¢uÚÛª í‡õªí£± Ï÷yè¯-EÚ¨ î¦è[ê¦Ù. à¶óŸª-ÚÛ«è[ë]E ø‹øŒyêŸ E›ùëÅ]Ù Ñìo-í£±pè[ª report ö˺, way to the party. worry about conveyance. she need not/ did not have
Íí£±pè[ª call/ urge êÁ report - à¶þ§hÙ. reported verb past tense Íô³-ì-í£p-æ¨Ú© must not They will pick her up on to worry about con-
Leader: Let's all be united. ìª must not Þ¥û¶ ÑÙàŸªê¦Ù. ö¶ÚÛð¼ê¶ wasn't/ their way to the party. veyance. They would pick
(÷ªìÙ ÍÙê¦ ÔÚÛÙÞ¥ ÑÙæ°Ù.) weren't to + 1st RDW î¦è[ê¦Ù. Reporting verb her up on their way to the
The leader called/ urged the followers to present tense Íô³ê¶ ú£÷ª›úu ö¶ë]ª. Verb formìª party.
be united. ÷«ô¢aÙ. Pramila: OK. We must not waste any Pramila agrees and says Pramila agreed and said
Reporting verb calls/ urges ÍE ÚÛ«è¯ present 1) Pran: Why don't you come with me? more time now. We must they must not waste any that they must not waste/
tense ÑÙè•àŸªa. Syam: No. I must not leave office now. buy some present for the more time then. They must were not to waste any
3) ÷ªìÙ Ïà¶a ÖÚÛ Îác. ë¯E Í÷ªõª ÷ªì à¶êŸªö˺x (û¶E-í£±pè[ª Îíƈú£ª ÷CL ô¦ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª – ÏÚÛ\è[ bride and the groom. We buy some present for the more time then. They had
ö¶ÚÛ-ð¼-÷àŸªa. Íí£±pè[ª report ö˺ must ÷ú£ªhÙC. ô¦ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª Íû¶C E›ù-ëůEo êµLóŸª-â¶-þ¼hÙC.) must have our faces done bride and the groom. They to buy some present for
Report: Reporting verb - up too. must have their faces done the bride and the groom.
Spoken English ð§êŸ î¦uþ§õ ÚÁú£Ù Ú¨xÚ à¶óŸªÙè…... past tense. up too. They had to have their
URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm Pran wanted syam to go faces done up too.
ÎCî¦ô¢Ù 20 ÎÞœú£ªd 2006 Ðû¦è[ª šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ë II

GENERAL INTELLIGENCE west. In what direction was he actually


1. If PALAM could be given the code no 43, travelling?
what code no can be given to SAN- A) South B) North
TACRUZ ? C) East D) West
A) 123 B) 120 C) 85 D) 75 12. One evening before sunset two friends
2. If diamond is called gold, gold is called Sham and Ram were talking to each
silver, silver is called ruby and ruby is other face to face. If Ram's shadow was
called emerald, which is the cheapest exactly to his right side which direction
jewel ? was Sham facing ?
A) Diamond B) Silver A) West B) North
C) Ruby D) Gold C) South D) Data in adequate 21. 3,10,29,74, ? Psychologist, Manager lawyer, Jeweller,
3. If water is called blue, blue is called red, 13. Abdul ranked ninth from the top and A) 128 B) 120 C) 1270 D) 173 Doctor and Engineer.
red is called white, white is called sky, thirty eighth from the bottom in a class. 22. 2, 6, 12, 20, 30, ? 2. The doctor is the grandfather of F, who is
sky is called rain, rain is called green and How many students are there in the A) 42 B) 40 C) 36 D) 44 a Psychologist .
green is called air, which of the following class 23. If 123 stands for 987, than 234 stands 3. The Manager 'D' is married to A
is the colour milk? A) 46 B) 47 C) 48 D) 45 for ? 4. C, the jeweller is married to the lawyer.
A) White B) Sky 14. In a class of 60, where girls are twice A) 876 B) 786 C) 785 D) 867 5. B is the mother of F and E ,
C) Air D) Green that of boys, Kunal ranked seventeenth 24. If LADY is coded as 11-0-3-24, how will 32. what is the profession of the E
4. Find the missing number ? from the top. If there are 9 girls ahead of MAN be coded ? A) Doctor B) Manager
kunal, how many boys are after him in
A) 13-1-14 B) 12-0-13 C) Psychologist D) None of these
the rank ?
5 7 C) 12-0-14 D) 13-0-14 33. How is A related to E
A) 5 B) 7 C) 9 D) 12
6 ? 15 9 89 5 15. A bus for Pune leaves for every 30 min-
25. If I am sixth in the queue from either and A) Brother B) Uncle
how many persons are in the queue? C) Father D) Grandfather
3 3 utes from a bustand in Mumbai. Enquiry
A) 12 B) 10 C) 13 D) 11
clerk told a passenger that the bus had 34. How many male members are there in
already left 10 minutes ago and the next 26. If 10th of a month falls three days pre- the family
18 bus will leave at 9.35 am. At what time ceding Sunday on what day will 22nd of A) One B) Three
did the enquiry clerk give this informa- the month fall? C) Four D) Can't determined
4 50 1 tion to the passenger ? A) Tuesday B) Friday 35. what is the profession of A
8 A) 8.55 am B) 9.05 am C) Wednesday D) Thursday A) Doctor B) Lawyer
C) 9.10 am D) 9.15am 27. Raju's Birthday is on the third Thursday C) Manager D) None of these
16. A monkey climbs 30 feet at the begin- of the month which begins on Monday
A) 69 B) 93 C) 99 D) none of these 36. Which of the following is one of the
ning of each hour and rests for a while what is the birth date of Raju ?
5. Find the missing number ? pairs of coupe in the family
when, he slips back 20 feet before he A) 15 B) 16 C)25 D) Non of these
A) AB B) AC
3 5 4 again starts climbing at the beginning 28. If Rahul finds that he is 12th from the
C) AD D) None of these
6 10 8 of the next hour. If he begins at 9.00 am, right in a line of boys and 14th from the
. DIRECTIONS (37-41) : Notice carefully
12 20 16 at what time will he first touch a flag at left, how many boys should be added to
the following series and answer the ques-
120 feet from the ground ? the lines so that there are 28 boys in the
9 15 ? tions based on them.
A) 5.00pm B) 6.00pm line ?
A G L 2 0 K WC 3 R M N P D 4 H S T Y OE
A) 8 B) 10 C) 12 D) 20 C) 7.00pm D) None of A) 12 B) 13 C) 14
6QUNFBKV8
(Directions 6 to 7) choose the best alterna- these D) 20
37. Which is the seventh letter from your
tive as the answer. 17. Find the missing number ? 29. A bus for Delhi leaves every
right ?
6. A hospital always has a thirty minutes from a bus
4 9 9 16 stand. An enquiry clerk told a A) H B) Q C) T D) None of the above
A) Nurse B) Bed
passenger that the bus had 38. If the first half is written in the reverse
C) Doctor D) Telephone
already left ten minutes ago order then which number / letter will be
7. A hill always has KASEEM JAGATI
and the next bus will third from the right to the 21st letter
A) Trees B) Animals from your right ?

R R B
6 12 leave at 9.35a.m. At what
C) Snow D) Height time did the enquiry A) P B) U C) L D) W
8. Five boys took part in race. Rakesh fin- 16 ? clerk give the informa- 39. Which amongst the following will be 5th
ished before Manoj but behind Gajanan. tion to the passenger ? from the 12th from the left if every sec-
Ashok finished before Sanjeev but A) 9.10 a.m B) 8.55 a.m ond position is removed beginning
behind Manoj. Who won the race ? C) 9.08 a.m D) 9.15 a. m from 2 ?
A) Rakesh B) Gajanan 20 30. One morning after sunrise, Gangadar A) M B) V C) S
C) Manoj D) Ashok was standing facing a pole. The shadow D) 3 E) None of these
o
A) 60 B) 50
9. Gopal is facing east. He turns 100 in the of the pole fell exactly to his right, which 40. One day immediately after sunrise,
o C) 25 D) None of these
clock wise direction and then 145 in the direction was he facing? Gandadhar was standing in front of a
18. I was born August 11. Mohan is younger
anti clock wise direction. Which direction A) East B) South pole. The shadow of the pole was falling
then me by 11 days. This year, indepen-
is he facing now ? C) West D) Data inadequate exactly to his right. Which direction was
dence day falls on Monday. On what day
A) East B) North 31. In an examination Raj got more marks he facing ?
will Mohan's birthday fall this year ?
C) North to East D) South to West than Moti but not as many as meena. A) East B) South
A) Monday B) Wednesday
10. Rahul goes to 30 meters North, then Meena got more marks than Ganesh C) West D) Date inadequate
C) Sunday D) Can't say
turns right and walks 40 meters then and Rupali, Ganesh got less marks than E) None of these
19. If Ram is richer then Shyam but not so
again turns right and walks 20 meters, Moti but his marks are not the lowest in
rich as mohan then Sham is ?
than again turns right and walks 40 the group. Who is second in ascending
A) Poorer than Ram order of marks ? 1) A 2) C 3) B 4) B 5) C 6) C 7) D
meters. How many meters is he from his
original position ? B) Richer than Mohan A) Meena B) Ganesh
K 8) B 9) C 10) B 11) B 12) C 13) A
A) 0 B) 10 C) 20 D) 40
11. A direction pole was situated on the
C) Poorer than Mohan
D) Richer than Ram
C) Raj D) Cannot be determined E 14) D
20) C
15) D 16) C 17) C 18) A 19) C
21) D 22) A 23) A 24) B 25) D

crossing. Due to an accident the pole 20. 5 bags A, B, C, D and E are Lying in pile
(Directions 32-36) Read the following
information carefully and answer the ques-
Y 26)C
32) D
27) D 28) B 29) D 30) B 31) B
33) D 34) D 35) A 36) C 37) C
turns in such a manner that the pointer one above the other if A is above B, C is
tions given below: 38) C 39) E 40) A .
which was showing east, started show- above D but below E and D is above A,
ing south. One traveller went to the which bag is in middle ? 1. There is a group of six persons A, B, C,
wrong direction thinking it to be the D, E and F from a family. They are
A) A B) B C) D D) E (ô¢àŸô³êŸ šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ëÂö˺E Ú¥úˆîªq ú£dè†ú£J\öËÀ èµj·ôÚÛdôÂ)
-´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 22 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Vikas: (Do you) fancy eating something? trip to Tirupathi and other places in
(àüÁjØ√ AØ√-©-†’çü∆?) South India? (Do you) Know any thing
fancy = É≠ædç/É≠æd-°æ-úøôç. about what he is doing about it?
Conversational English ™ ´’†ç ´÷ö«xúË ¢√∞¡x†’ (ÅC ÆæÍ®. ´’†ç A®Ω’-°æ-AéÀ Éûª®Ω îÓôxèπ◊ èπÿú≈
v°æ¨¡o-©-úÕ-Íí-ô°æ¤p-úø’ Do you/ would you- (question ¢Á∞«x-©-†’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆. -Ç -N≠æߪ’ç í∫’-Jç-* -E-"-
v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µºç™ ¢√úË ´÷ô©’) ´C-™‰-ߪ’-´îª’a. °j† ™¸ à´’ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’? ü∆E í∫’-Jç-* àç îËÆæ’h-
brackets ™ (Do you) îª÷°œ† Nüµ¿çí¬. Ø√oúø’?)
eg: Vikas: It isn't going to be a problem at all, he
a) Mind waiting for sometime = says. He is in touch, he has told me,
Do/Would you mind waiting for sometime? with the travel agency which his uncle ûÁ©’≤ƒ?) Å™«Íí Nikhil í∫ûªç™ îÁ°œp† N≠æߪ’ç Vikas ᙫ
Mind = Ŷµºuç-ûª®Ωç runs. Sumanth: He does (ûÁ©’Ææ’.) report îËÆæ’h-Ø√oúø’?
b) Like some coffee = (ÅüËç Ææ´’Ææu é¬ü¿ç-ô’-Ø√o-úø-ûª†’. ¢√∞¡x -Åçèπ◊-™¸- Sundar: What does he say about it? It is not going to be a problem at all, he says.
Do/would you like some coffee? †úÕÊ° -vö«-¢Á-™ ¸ -à-ï-FqûÓ Ææçv°æ-C-Ææ’h- †o-ô’x (-ü∆-Eí∫’-Jç-* -Ç-ߪ’-† à´’ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’?) Says- present tense ™ report îËÆæ’h-Ø√oúø’.
(´÷´‚©’í¬ ´’†èπ◊ ¶«í¬ °æJ-îªßª’ç Ö†o ¢√∞¡xûÓí¬F, îÁ§ƒpúø’.) ÅçûË-é¬ü¿’ ´’†ç report îËÊÆ--ô°æ¤púø’ He says ûÓ
Åçûª serious conversation é¬-†-°æ¤púø’ é¬F, É™« Do Be in touch - Ææç•çüµ¿ç °ô’d-éÓ-´ôç/ ´÷ö«x- v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒhç. Ééπ\úø he says, reported part *´®Ω
you/ would you ´C-™‰Æ œ ´÷ö«x-úÕûË Ææ£æ«ïçí¬ Öçúø- úø’ûª÷ Öçúøôç/ Contact ™ Öçúøôç. ®√´ôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
ô¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊ç-ú≈ ´’†ç ´÷ö«xúË¢√∞¡xûÓ -´’-† ≤ƒEo-£œ«-û√uEo
èπÿú≈ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC.)
Suhas: When did he say he would confirm
things?
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 202 Å™«Íí, He is in touch, he has told me, with the
travel agency which his uncle runs. ÅØË sen-
Suhas: Yea. I do feel like it. You do too, don't (ÅEo N≠æ-ߪ÷-© í∫’-Jç-* éπ*aûªçí¬ -á°æ¤p-úø’ - tence ™ èπÿ-ú≈ ´÷´‚©’í¬ Å®·ûË he has told me
you? And how about some real good -îÁ-•’-û√-†-Ø√o-úø’.) Sumanth: He has given us permission but -¢√éπuç ´·ç-ü¿’ ®√¢√L. é¬F Ééπ\úø ´’üµ¿u™ ´*açC
coffee to go with it? Confirm - éπØ˛°∂æ¢˛’ – °∂æ-¢˛’ – bird ™ ™«í¬.- wants us to be careful during the éπü∆. ÉC èπÿú≈ -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù-™ ÆæÈ®j-†-üË.
(Å´¤†’. Ø√èπ◊ AØ√-©ØË -ÖçC. Fèπÿ\ú≈ éπü∆? Vikas: He expects to have everything planned journeys. a) The exams won't be postponed, the princi-
ü∆çûÓ-§ƒô’ ´’ç* 鬰∂‘ èπÿú≈ BÆæ’èπ◊ç-ü∆´÷?) by this weekend, he says. That'll give us ( Çߪ’† ´÷èπ◊ -Å-†’-´’-A Éî√aúø’. é¬-F pal says.
´’†ç É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπÿ do, does and did †’ í∫’-Jç-* enough time for preparation.
ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†o -N-≠æ-ߪ÷-©-†’ -´’®Ó≤ƒ-J -ØÁ-´’®Ω’-¢ËÆæ’èπ◊ç-ü∆ç.
1st Regular Doing Word (come, go, sing, etc)†’
not ûÓí¬F, question ûÓé¬F ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’ do ´Ææ’hçü¿F,
II Regular Doing Word (goes, comes, sings,
etc) †’ not ûÓé¬F question -ûÓ é¬F ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’ 'Íé-°∂ˇ— é¬-ü¿’ ... 'éπu°∂-ß˝’—
does ´Ææ’hç-ü¿F, Past Doing Word (came, went,
sang) †’ not ûÓ é¬F question ûÓ é¬F ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’
did ´Ææ’hç-C -Å-E -ûÁ-©’Ææ’èπ◊-Ø√oç. Å®·ûË do, does, did (Ñ ¢√®√çû√EéÀ -§ƒx-Ø˛ îËߪ’ôç °æ‹®Ωh-´¤-ûª’ç-ü¿E v°æߪ÷-ù«™x ñ«ví∫ûªhí¬ Öçúø-´’-Ø√oúø’). b) The students answer was wrong, the
†’ not ™‰†-°æ¤púø’, question 鬆-°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈ ¢√úø’- ÅØ√oúø’. ´’†èπ◊ ûªßª÷-®Ω-´y-ö«-EéÀ Ææ-J-°æ-ú≈ (ÅÆæ©’ Å®Ωnç– éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’.) teacher says.
ûª’çö«ç – ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Æ洒ߪ’ç Öçô’çC.) Ñ conversation ™ èπÿú≈ ´’†ç îª÷ÊÆ-üËçöÀ? ´’†ç Å°æ¤p-úø-°æ¤púø’ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ á´-J-ØÁjØ√ ¢√∞¡x Ê°®Ω’
I do know him well - Ééπ\úø not ™‰ü¿’. ÉC ques- Suhas: What were the places we would be vis- Principal -à´’-Ø√o®Ω’– í∫ûªç– Å®·Ø√ English ™ È®çúÓ-≤ƒJ îÁ°æp-´’çö«ç. -D-EéÀ 鬮Ω-ùç ¢√∞¡Ÿx ¢Á·ü¿-ô-îÁ-°œp-
tion é¬ü¿’. Å®·Ø√ do know Åçô’Ø√oç. ÉC ûª°æ¤p iting, did he say? What does he say - Present ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç. Å™«Íí †-°æ¤púø’ ÆæJí¬ N†-éπ-§Ú-´ôç -™‰-ü∆ NE ´’J-*-§Ú-´ôç ´-
é¬ü¿’– Ø√éπ-ûª†’ ûÁ©’Ææ’ (-ûÁ-L-ߪ’-éπ-§Ú--´ô-¢Ë’çöÀ?) ÅØË (´’†ç ¢Á∞Ï} -v°æ-üË-¨»--© -N-´®√--™‰¢Á’i-Ø√ îÁ§ƒp-ú≈?) He wants us ÅE ´’S} present ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç. É-C ©x. Å°æ¤púË´’çö«ç. O’ Ê°Í®-´’ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’? / O’J-éπ\-úÕ-éÌ-
N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo í∫öÀdí¬ ØÌéÀ\ îÁ°æpôç. I know him well Vikas: I don't exactly remember. Any way, he ´’†ç í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç. Spoken *aç-üÁ-°æ¤p-úø-Ø√o®Ω’? É™«çöÀ v°æ¨¡o©’ Ééπ\úø îª÷úøçúÕ.
ņôç éπØ√o I do know him well Åçõ‰ Åûª†’ Ø√èπ◊ will be meeting us this evening. English™ É™« past conversation report îËÊÆ-ô- a) What did you say your name was?
¶«í¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’ ÅE ÉçéÌçîÁç í∫öÀdí¬ îÁ°æpôç. (Ø√èπ◊ éπ*aûªçí¬ í∫’®Ω’h ™‰ü¿’. àüË-¢Á’iØ√ ¢√úø’ °æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈ present tense ¢√úË≤ƒhç. ÉC ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ Look at the following words of Suhas from
She does sing well (She sings well) ´’†Lo ≤ƒßª’çvûªç éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’.) practice îËÊÆh ´’† English Åçü¿çí¬, Ææ£æ«ïçí¬ the conversation at the beginning of the les-
Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ She does sing well Åçõ‰ Ç¢Á’ ´’†ç Éçûª´®Ωèπÿ Direct Speech -†’ report Öçô’çC. son.
éπ*aûªçí¬ ¶«í¬ §ƒúø’-ûª’ç-ü¿E ØÌéÀ\ îÁ°æpôç. îËߪ’ôç îª÷-¨»ç.– Reporting verb †’ present C) Kumar: I (have) asked my mother to come, i) Suhas: When did he say he would confirm
Å™«Íí I did see him yesterday Åçõ‰ (I saw him tense, past tense -™  -á-™« -J-§Ú®˝d -îË-ߪ÷-™  -îª÷-¨»ç but she says she will not come. things?
yesterday) ؈’ ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ Åûª-úÕ-E îª÷¨»-†E í∫öÀdí¬ éπ-ü∆.
É°æ¤púø’ O’®Ω’ îªü¿-´-¶-ßË’-N ñ«ví∫ûªhí¬ í∫´’-Eç-îªç-úÕ
(-ØË-†’ ´÷ Å´’t-†’ ®Ω´’t-Ø√o†’. é¬F (Åûª†’ ´’†-èπ◊ -Å-Eo N≠æ-ߪ÷©÷ éπ*aûªçí¬
(Emphasis ûÓ) îÁ°æpôç. ÉN O’ conversation ™ ®√†-çC (®√†ç-öçC– ûÁ©’-í∫’™ èπÿú≈ á°æ¤púø’ îÁ§ƒh-†-Ø√oúø’?)
practice îËߪ’ôç î√™« ´·êuç. -É-™«-îËÊÆh a) Nagesh: So, you are going to do É™«Íí Åçö«ç éπü∆) ii) Suhas: What were the places we would be
O’ ¶µ«≠æ effectiveí¬ Öçô’çC. MBA. Ñ sentence 'I have asked my mother... not visiting, did he say?
Vikas: Sure. Suggest a good place (Å®·ûË †’´¤y -áç-G-à îËߪ’- come; Kumar ¢√∞¡x´’tûÓ á°æ¤púÓ ´÷ö«xúÕ-† ûª®Ω-¢√ûª (´’†ç ¢Á∞Ïx Ü∞¡Ÿ} à´E îÁ§ƒpúø’?)
where we get real good stuff ¶-ûª’-Ø√o-´-†o-´÷ô). ¢√∞¡x´’t ™‰†-°æ¤púø’ report îËÆæ’hØ√o, she says ņôç Å™«Íí When did you say the meeting would
(éπ*aûªçí¬. ´’ç* °∂æ©-£æ…®Ωç, 鬰∂‘ Rajesh: Yes. I am (Å´¤†’.) í∫´’-Eç-î√L. ÉüË ¶µ«¢√Eo ÉçéÓ Nüµ¿çí¬ É™« îÁ§Òpa be? (Meeting á°æ¤p-úø’ç-ô’ç-ü¿ç-ô’-Ø√o¢˛?) (´’S} îÁ°æ¤p
üÌJÍé àüÁjØ√ ´’ç* îÓô’ îÁ°æ¤p) Nagesh: Have you talked to your dad Kesav: I asked my mother to come. But she ÅE)
(Real good stuff- Eïçí¬ ´’†èπ◊ about it? (Ç N≠æߪ’ç O’ said she would not come. Ñ ´‚úø’ Å稻©÷ í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ.
†îËaô’x ´’ç*í¬ ÖçúË ´Ææ’h´¤.) M. SURESAN Ø√†oí¬JûÓ ´÷ö«x-ú≈¢√?) d) Sampath: Did you see the doctor? 1) ´÷´‚©’ Spoken English form ™ äéÓ\-≤ƒ-J
(Ééπ\úø °∂æ©-£æ…®Ωç, 鬰∂‘. ´’S} í∫’®Ω’h Rajesh: Yes. I have (´÷ö«x-ú≈†’.) (ú≈éπd-Jo Ææç-v°æ-Cç-î√-¢√?) í∫ûªç™ ïJ-T-† -Åç-¨»-©-†’ report îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈
îËÆæ’hØ√oç. öÀ°∂œØ˛ English ´÷ô é¬ü¿’. °∂æ©-£æ…®Ωç/Ö§ƒ- Nagesh: What does he say? Shanmukh: I did. He says the disease is not Present reporting verbs – He/she says,
£æ…®√-EéÀ ÆæÈ®j† English ´÷ô– Snack/ refreshment. (Çߪ’-ØË-´’ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’?) serious. They feel; they want; he/she wants ™«çöÀ
´÷´‚-©’í¬ Å®·ûË Some thing to eat; Any thing Rajesh: He says he prefers my doing MCA to (éπ-L¨»†’. ÉC Åçûª Bv´-¢Á’iç-üËO’ é¬ü¿ç- ¢√öÀE ¢√úÕûË ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC.
to eat? Åçö«®Ω’. Any eats? Let's have some doing MBA. ô’-Ø√oúø’ / é¬ü¿-Ø√oúø’.) 2) Conversation ™ ´’†ç report îËߪ’-ú≈-EéÀ ¢√úË
eats ÅE èπÿú≈ informal í¬ Åçö«®Ω’. ( ؈’ MBA éπØ√o MCA îËߪ’ôç better ÉC (Past event †’ Present ™ report îËߪ’ôç) He says, they said, he/she told (some one)
Suhas: Nikhil often says that Cafe 'Shadruchi' ÅE -Ç-ߪ’-†ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’.) î√™« ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ωùç. ™«çöÀN sentence ´·ç-ü¿’ é¬èπ◊çú≈ sentence
is the place for good eats and coffee. Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ Rajesh ûª† Course N≠æߪ’ç ´÷ö«x- Now look at the following part of the con- *´®Ω, ´’üµ¿u™ é¬F ®√´îª’a.
Shall we go there? úø-ôç í∫ûªç™ ïJ-T† N≠æߪ’ç. Å®·Ø√ Nagesh Åûª- versation at the beginning of the passage. 3) ´’†ç á´-J-ØÁjØ√ à-üÁjØ√ È®çúÓ-≤ƒJ Åúø-í¬-©-†’-èπ◊-†o-
(Cafe 'Shadruchi' ´’ç* °∂æ©-£æ…-®√-©èπÿ, -úÕ-E -à-´’-úø’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’? What does he say? ÅE. Suhas: Well, what does Nikhil say about our °æ¤púø’
coffee éÀ ÆæÈ®j† îÓô’ (The place) ÅE (Ééπ\úø does say ) (=says) present tense ™ trip to Tirupathi and other places in What did he say his name was?
E"™¸ ûª®Ωîª÷ Åçô’ç-ö«úø’. Åéπ\-úÕéÀ Öçúøôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Å™«Íí Rajesh ¢√∞¡x Ø√†o South India? What is he doing about it? ™«çöÀ sentence pattern ¢√-úøû√ç.
¢Á∞«l´÷? Cafe' - pronunciation - í∫ûªç™ îÁ°œp† N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo èπÿú≈ He says ÅE pres- Vikas: It isn't going to be a problem at all, he Exercise: Report (aloud) the whole conversa-
éπu°∂ß˝’ – éπu bank ™ ba ™«í∫ = °∂æ©-£æ…- ent tense ™ îÁ°æpôç -O’®Ω’ í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’. ÉC says. He is in touch, he has told with the tion at the beginning of this lesson, with the
®Ω-¨»©. ´÷´‚©’í¬ Íé°∂ˇ ÅE pronounce English ™ î√™« Ææ®Ωy≤ƒüµ∆-®Ωùç. -É-™« -Å-†-ôç ûª°æ¤p travel agency which his uncle runs. reporting verb in the present as well as in the
îËÆæ’hç-ö«®Ω’ – ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’.) é¬ü¿’. Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ îª÷Ææ’hØ√oç éπü∆. past tense.
Vikas: That suits me fine. Let's go B) Sunder: Does the Principal know about a) Nikhil ™‰†-°æ¤púø’ E"™¸ à´’-†oD, Suhas ᙫ
(Ø√éÀ-≠d¢æ Ë’. ¢Á∞«lç °æü¿.) your excursion programme? Åçô’-Ø√oúø’?
Suhas: Well, What does Nikhil say about our (O’ N£æ…-®Ω-ߪ÷vûª í∫’-Jç-* O’ -v°œ-Eq°æ-™¸èπ◊ What does Nikhil say about...?
-í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 24 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Sravya: You look gorgeous today. What a


ûÁ©’Ææ’. Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’h-´¤-©†’ ´uèπ◊h-©†’ §ÚLa
beautiful dress you are in! Who select-
ûª®Ω-ûª´’ -¶µ‰-ü∆©’ E®Ωg-®·ç-îªôç.
ed it for you?
These are the comparisons made in the con-
versation at the beginning of this lesson.
(-Ñ®Ó-V †’´¤y î√™« Åçü¿çí¬
1) This (Lasya's today's dress) is more beauti-
éπ-E-°œÆæ’hØ√o--´¤-. F -vúÁÆˇ áçûª Åçü¿çí¬ ÖçüÓ!
ful than the one you wore for Kavya's birth
á´®Ω’ ÂÆ-™„é˙d î˨»®Ω’ -DEo?)
gorgeous (Pronunciation: 'í¬ïÆˇ– 'í¬— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊-
day party.(ÉC – †’Oy-®ÓV ¢ËÆæ’èπ◊-†o dress
Kavya birthday party
û√ç) = î√™« Åçü¿çí¬ Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’çí¬ Ö†o. áèπ◊\- éÀ ¢ËÆæ’èπ◊-†o -vúÁÆˇ éπØ√o
´í¬ American usage.) Åçü¿çí¬ ÖçC.)
Lasya: That's my own selection.
2) But Navya's dress was the most beautiful Superlative tallest highest
est superlative degree forms.
that day=
(ÅC Ø√ áç°œÍé.) *´®Ω ´îËa
Å®·ûË Ç®ÓV Åçü¿J -vúÁÆˇ™x -†-´u -vúÁÆˇ Comparative taller higher
Sravya: This is more beautiful than the one you b) finest, simplest, nicest, etc- 'st'
ÉN *´®Ω ´îËa
Åûªuçûª Åçü¿çí¬ ÖçC. b) 'st' superlative form
wore for Kavya's birthday party. superlative degree forms.
éπL°œ îËÊÆ ´÷ô-©-Eo-çöÀéÃ,
3) ... She is the tallest of all of us too. '-r ' comparative form
( c) Y Y
é¬-´u °æ¤-öÀd-†®Ó-V -§ƒ-KdéÀ †’-´¤y -¢ËÆæ’èπ◊-†o - ûÓ Åçûª-´’ßË’u ´÷ô© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ *´®Ω éπ-L°œ îË≤ƒhç.
(ÅçûË é¬èπ◊çú≈ ´’†ç-ü¿-J™ ûª†’ Åûªuçûª §Òúø-´¤.) Superlative finest simplest nicest
4) That made her lovelier than any other girl
vúÁÆˇ éπØ√o ÉC Åçü¿çí¬ ÖçC.) Comparative simpler finer nicer
Lasya: But Navya's dress was the most beauti-
ÅC -Ç-¢Á’-†’ Éûª-®Ω’© éπØ√o Åçü¿çí¬ ÖçúË™« îËÆœçC. c) YûÓ Åçûª-´’ßË’u ´÷ô© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™, Y BÊÆÆœ
ful that day.
5) She is the cleverest girl among our friends iest superlative form ier
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù
ûÓ îËÊÆ ™«í¬ØË, éπL°œ
who took the test. comparative form
(é¬F Ç®ÓV †´u-vúÁÆˇ ÅEoöx Åçü¿çí¬
203
(Ç -õ„-Æˇd ®√Æœ† ´’† -v°∂ç-ú˛q îË≤ƒhç.
Superlative healthiest costliest
ÖçC.) Åçü¿-J™ Ç¢Á’ Åûªuçûª ûÁL-¢ÁjçC).
Sravya: And you know she is the tallest of all of
6) Her Brother is even cleverer than she. Comparative healthier costlier
us too. That made her the lovelier than
Ç¢Á’ -Å-†o-ߪ’u Ç¢Á’ éπçõ‰ èπÿú≈ ûÁL¢Áj†¢√úø’. d) -ful ûÓ Åçûª-´’ßË’ °æü∆-©èπÿ, most ´·ç-ü¿’°öÀd
any other girl there. iest superlative form
7) No other candidate's rank in the town is so superlative form more
BÊÆÆœ, éπL°œûË Å´¤-ûª’çC. îËÊÆ °æü∆-©-Eoç-öÀéÃ, ´·ç-ü¿’
healthiest (healthy); wealthiest,(wealthy)
(as) good as his. comparative form
(ÅçûË é¬èπ◊çú≈ ûª†’ ´’†ç-ü¿-J™ §Òúø-´¤ ¢√úÕûË, Å´¤-ûª’çC.
costliest (costly) etc.
Superlative Comparative
éπü∆. Åçü¿’-´©x -Ç®Ó-V Éûª-®Ω’©çü¿J-éπçõ‰ Ü®Óx à Éûª®Ω ŶµºuJn ®√uçé˙ èπÿú≈ Åûª-úÕ ®√uçéπçûª d) ful
most beautiful more beautiful
Åçü¿çí¬ Öç-ü¿éπ\-úø.) ´’ç*C é¬ü¿’. ûÓ Åçûª-´’ßË’u ´÷ô-©-Eoç-öÀéÀ, ¢√öÀ ´·çü¿®Ω
Lovely= beautiful= Åçü¿-¢Á’i†.
most interested more interested
Lasya: We have another party coming.
î√™« ´·êuçí¬ í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç.
(´’†èπ◊ ûªy®Ω-™-ØË ÉçéÓ §ƒKd ÖçC.) ´’†ç à degree ¢√úÕ-Ø√ äéπõ‰ Å®Ωnç ®√¢√L.
Sravya: Who is giving that and what's the occa-
Positive Åçõ‰ ´÷´‚©’ ÅE, comparative Åçõ‰
sion?
îÁÊ°p °æ-ü¿l¥-A ¢Ë®Ω’...ÅçûË! é¬Ææh áèπ◊\´ ÅF, superlative Åçõ‰ ÅEoç-öÀ-éπØ√o
(á´-J-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’? Ææçü¿®Ωs¥ç àçöÀ?) áèπ◊\´ ÅF ņ’-éÓ-´ôç î√-™« °ü¿l -§Ò-®Ω-§ƒô’.
Lasya: Divya is giving it. She has got the 25th
Ñ degrees of comparison ´‚úÕçöx, degree
rank in CAT.
- positive Å®·Ø√, comparative Å®·Ø√, superla-
Common Admission Test tive Å®·Ø√ Å®Ωnç äéπõ‰. Å™« äéπõ‰ Å®·-†-°æ¤púË
8) Few Parents are as lucky as they.
(C´u É≤ÚhçC.
–(CAT) most superlative form
™ 25´ ®√uçé˙ ´*a-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊.) Åçûª Åü¿%-≠d-´æ ç-ûª’-™„j† ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’©’ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ Öçúø®Ω’. îËJÊÆh Å´¤-ûª’çC. ´’†ç correct í¬ ´÷ö«x-úÕ-†ô’d. Å®·ûË ´’†ç posi-
Sravya: I'm not at all surprised. She is the i) beautiful - most beautiful (superlative)
9) Her elder sister is brighter than all of them tive degree™ îÁ§ƒp™, comparative ™ îÁ§ƒp™,
cleverest girl among our friends who ii) skilful - most skilful (superlative)
but not so hard working. superlative™ îÁ§ƒp™ ´’† áç°œ-éπ†’ •öÀd, Ææçü¿-
took the test. iii) pitiful - most pitiful ( superlative ) ®√s¥Eo •öÀd Öçô’çC. îª÷úøçúÕ:
¢√∞¡x Åéπ\ ¢√∞¡xç-ü¿J éπçõ‰ ûÁL-¢ÁjçC é¬F Åçûª e) most
(-Åç-ü¿’-™ -Ǩ¡a®Ωuç ™‰ü¿’. Ç -õ„Æˇd ®√Æœ† ´’† v¨¡´’-°æ-úËC é¬ü¿’. éÌEo Éûª®Ω ´÷ô-©èπ◊ èπÿú≈, ´·çü¿’ îË®Ωaôç a) He is the tallest boy in the class (Superlative)
superlative Interested - most inter- =
v°∂ç-ú˛q Åçü¿-®Óx†÷ ûª†’ Åûªuçûª ûÁL-¢Áj-çC.) îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆ Comparisons: §Ú©aôç English™ ´©x ´Ææ’hçC.(
ested; jealous - most jealous)
- é¬xÆˇ Åçü¿-J-™ Åûª-úø’ §Ò-úø-´¤.
Lasya: Her brother is even clever than she b) He is taller than any other boy/ all other boys,
´‚úø’ Nüµ∆-©’. -Åç-õ‰ ´‚úø’ degrees ™ îË≤ƒh®Ω’. COMPARATIVE DEGREE
(her). Last year he got the 18th rank in in the class (comparative) =
1) Positive degree 2) Comparative degree
é¬xÆˇ™ à Éûª®Ω/
the IIT entrance test. *´®Ω, -er -r -ier
, , í¬F ´·çü¿’ more í¬F ´ÊÆh ÅC boys
3) Superlative degree
Éûª®Ω Åçü¿-J éπØ√o Åûª-úø’ §Ò-úø-´¤.
(Ç¢Á’ -Å-†o-ߪ’u Ç¢Á’ éπçõ‰ ûÁL-¢Áj†-¢√úø’. comparative Å´¤-ûª’çC. c) No other boy in the class as so as tall as he
í∫-ûËú≈C -â-â-öà -áç-võ„-Ø˛q -õ„Æˇd™ Åûª-úÕéÀ 18´ (Degrees of comparison adjectives adverbs èπ◊, i) Superlative form 'est'
(positive) =
îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ éπLÊ° ´÷ô-©-
Adjectives –
é¬xÆˇ™ ÉçÈé-´®Ω÷ èπÿú≈ Åûª-†çûª
®√uçé˙ ´*açC.) èπÿ Öçö«®·. ´Ææ’h-´¤-©’, ´uèπ◊-©’, v°æüË- Eoç-öÀéÃ, comparative form 'er'
îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ §Ò-úø-´¤ é¬ü¿’.
Sravya: Yea. No other candidate's rank in the ¨»-©’, ïçûª’-´¤-©’, -¢Á·-ü¿-™„j-†-¢√-öÀ í∫’ù-í∫-ù«©†’ ûÁLÊ° éπ©’°æ¤û√ç. ÅEo degrees Å®Ωnç äéπõ‰ îÁÊ°p °æ-ü¿l¥-A ¢Ë®Ω’.ÅçûË.
town is so good as his. ´÷ô©’.)
eg: Tall, short, fine, beautiful, good, bad etc.
Answer to Exercise under lesson No 201
(Å´¤†’. Ñ Ü®Ω’ ¢Á·ûªhç™ á´Jéà -Åç-ûª -
O-ô-Eoç-öÀéÀ Å®·†, Å®·-†-ô’-´çöÀ ÅE,
REPORT (Spoken )
´’ç-* ®√uçé˙ ®√-™‰-ü¿’.)
Lasya: All of them are quite smart. Ö†o ÅE, Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. tall = §Òúø-¢Áj†, DIRECT SPEECH
á-ûÁkh-†, short = §ÒöÀdí¬ Ö†o, fine = Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ- Reporting Verb Present tense Reporting Verb Past tense
Few parents are as lucky as
they, in having such children. ߪ’-¢Á’i†, etc) Lakshmi: I need not Lakshmi says she need not have the Lakshmi said she need not/ did not

(¢√Rxçöx Åçü¿®Ω÷ ûÁL-N-í∫-©-¢√∞Ïx. Adverbs Åçõ‰, verb -îËÊÆ °æ†’©’ ᙫ ïJ- have the facial. I had it facial. She had it done the day before. need to have the facial. She had
í¬®· ÅØË N≠æߪ’ç- ûÁ-LÊ° ´÷ô©’ – äéπ done just yesterday. had it done the day before.
Åçûª Åü¿%-≠d-´æ ç-ûª’-™„j† ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’©’
ü∆ü∆-°æ¤ -Öç-úø®Ω’.) í∫’ùç à¢Ë’-®Ωèπ◊ ÖçC ÅE ûÁ-LÊ° ´÷ô©’ Pramila: We have to Pramila says they have to go to the Pramila said they had to go to
smart= ≤ƒtö¸– ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç– Åçü¿-¢Á’i† M. SURESAN èπÿú≈ adverbs.) go to the bank or the bank or the ATM too as they have to the bank or the ATM as they
Look at the following. had to draw some money.
-ü¿’Ææ’h-™x Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’çí¬ Öçúøôç. Ééπ\úÕ ATM too. we have to draw some money.
a) No other actor is so tall as Amitabh
Å®Ωnç– ûÁL-N-í∫©. draw some money.
Sravya: Her elder sister is brighter than all of Bachchan.
Lakshmi said that they need
(à Éûª®Ω †ô’úø÷ ÅN’-û√-•-îªaØ˛ Åçûª
We are comparing all Lakshmi: We need Lakshmi says that they need not, as
them but no so hardworking, §Ò-úø-´¤ é¬ü¿’.) Ééπ\úø not/ did not need to, as she had
other actors with Amitabh - not. I have enough she has enough cash.
enough cash.
§ÚLa á´®Ω÷ èπÿú≈
cash.
(¢√∞¡x Åéπ\ߪ’u -Åç-ü¿-J-éπçõ‰ ûÁL-N-í∫©C.
Amitabh Not
Åçûª §Ò-úø-´¤ é¬-ü¿’ ÅE Åçô’Ø√oç –
Pramila suggested they had
é¬F Åçûª éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ °æE-îË-ÊÆC é¬ü¿’.)
Lasya: They're all sure of good careers. That's so tall as ÅE – Ééπ\úøtall positive degree. Pramila: Then we had Pramila suggests they had better hurry
b) Amitabh is taller than any other actor/all better hurry up. up. better hurry up.
a thing to be happy about.
other actors. (ÅN’-û√¶¸ à Éûª®Ω †ô’-úÕ/-N’-í∫û√ Lakshmi: Need I get Lakshmi wants to know if she has to Lakshmi wanted to know if she
(¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ´’ç* Nü∆u, ÖüÓu-í¬©’ ûªü∑¿uç. -
Åçü¿®Ω’ †ô’-©-éπØ√o §Ò-úø-´¤.) money now or do you get the money now or if she has it. had to get the money then or if
Å-C ÆæçûÓ-≠œç-î√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç.)
Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ we are comparing all other actors have it? she had it.
í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’: °j conversation Åçû√ §ÚLéπ with Amitabh. ¢√∞¡}-éπØ√o Éûª†’ §Ò-úø-´¤ Åçô’Ø√oç.
Pramila: I think the Pramila says she thinks the money she Pramila said she thought the
(comparison)© v°æ≤ƒh-´ØË éπü∆. -E-ûªu -@-N-ûªç-™  ´’†ç
– Amitabh is taller than - Ééπ\úø taller, compar- money I have should has should be enough and that money she had should be
ative degree.
§Ú©a-èπ◊çú≈ à Ææ綵«-≠æù èπÿú≈ Öçúø-üË¢Á÷ éπü∆. äéπ enough and that Lakshmi need
be enough. You need Lakshmi need not get any.
1) Amitabh is the tallest of all actors -
´Ææ’h´¤ Ø√ùuûª, üµ¿®Ω†’, ÅüË ûª®Ω-í∫AéÀ -îÁç-C-† Éûª®Ω not/ did not need to get any
not get any.
Åçü¿®Ω’
Amitabh we are
´Ææ’h´¤© Ø√ùu-ûª, -üµ¿®ΩûÓ, äéπ ´uéÀhí∫’ù«-©’, Ç鬮Ωç, †ô’--™x Åûªuçûª §Ò-úø-´¤. Ééπ\úø money.
comparing all other actors with Amitabh -
íÌ°æp-ü¿†ç, Éûª®Ω ´uèπ◊h© Ç鬮Ωç, íÌ°æp-ü¿†ç, í∫’ù«-©ûÓ
Lakshmi said that they must
¢√∞¡xç-
§ÚLa à-C, á´®Ω’ áèπ◊\¢Ó E®√l¥-®Ω-ùèπ◊ ®√´-ô¢Á÷, ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ Lakshmi: We must not Lakshmi says that they must not spend
ü¿J™ Éûª†’ Åûªuçûª §Ò-úø-´¤ Åçô’Ø√oç. Ééπ\úø
spend much time much time there as they have to get not spend much time there as
tallest superlative degree. ÉC í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
í∫öÀdí¬ ¢√Cç--éÓ-´-ô¢Á÷ îËÆæ’hçö«ç éπü∆.
Spoken English ™ Ñ §ÚL-éπ©-†’ -á-™« ´uéπh°æ®Ω’- there. We have to get back to make other arrangements. they had to get back to make
1) *´®Ω +est, +st í¬F´ÊÆh ÅCsuperlative degree. other arrangements.
≤ƒh¢Á÷ îª÷ü∆lç. ´÷´‚-©’í¬ Grammar ™ Å®·ûË a) tallest, highest, shortest, slightest, etc. ÉN
back to make other
DEo Degrees of comparisons Åçö«-®ΩE ´’†ç-ü¿-Jéà arrangements.
ÎCî¦ô¢Ù 27 ÎÞœú£ªd 2006 Ðû¦è[ª šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ë -2
Sundar: I feel that the food here is better than Madan: My grand father reads these novels,
that in any other restaurant in this a lot of them.
area. What do you think? (÷« ê¦êŸÞ¥ô¢ª Ð ì÷õõª à¦ö° àŸë]ª-÷±-
(Ð vð§ÙêŸÙö˺ Ñìo ÏêŸô¢ ·ôþ§d-·ôÙåx ÚÛÙç¶ ê¦ô¢ª.)
ÏÚÛ\è[ íÆ£õô¢Ù ò°ÞœªÙ-åªÙ-ë]-ìª-ÚÛªÙ-åªû¦o. Sundar: I remember your telling me that he
ìªî¶y÷ªìª-ÚÛªÙ-åªû¦oîËÂ?) was ill. How is he? Any improve-
Madan: You're right. This is the best eatery ment?
around here. (ÎóŸª-ìÚÛª áñªsÞ¥ ÑÙë]E ìª÷±y àµí‡pìåªx
(ìª÷±y àµí‡pÙC Eá! Ð àŸªåªd-í£-ÚÛ\õ Ïë¶ ÷ªÙ#C.) Þœªô¢ªh. Ïí£±p-èµö° Ñû¦oô¢ª? Ôiû¦
Sundar: The worst of all is the eatery next to ô¢ª·ÞjÙë¯?)
the post office. You get sick once Madan: No, unfortunately. He is worse than
you eat any thing there. before.
worse than that one. (worse - comparative
(Î ð¼þ§d-íƈú£ª í£ÚÛ\ì ÑìoC ÍEoÙæ¨ (ö¶ë]ª, ë]ªô¢-ë]'-ù£d-÷-ø‹êŸªh ÏÙêŸ-ÚÛª-÷³Ùë]ª
SUPERLATIVE: -ier à¶Ja comparative form
of bad).
ÚÛÙç¶ ÍëÅ]-÷ª-iÙC. ÖÚÛ-þ§J ÍÚÛ\è[ Ôëµjû¦ ÚÛû¦o Íëůy-ìÙÞ¥ ÑÙC.)
Sundar: I'm sorry to hear that. Hope he will
ඛú ÷«å-õÚÛª – iest , – er à¶Ja comparative form
5) Is it better than the one I gave you last
AÙç¶ î¦Ù꟪ö¶!)
sick = áñªsÞ¥ ÑÙè[è[Ù – ÓÚÛª\÷Þ¥ Ð Íô¢nÙêÁ recover soon.
ඛú ÷«å-õÚÛª – est , –r à¶Ja comparative form
ඛú ÷«å-õÚÛª -st, more ÷³Ùë]ª à¶Ja compara- week? (better - comparative of good).
î¦è[ê¦Ù. Íô³ê¶ sick = î¦ÙA Íó¶ªuåªxÞ¥ (Nì-æ°-EÚ¨ ò°ëÅ]Þ¥ ÑÙC. êŸyô¢ö˺ 6) Unfortunately he is worse than before.
tive form ඛú ÷«å-õÚÛª most à¶Ja superlative
ÑÙè[è[Ù ÍE ÚÛ«è¯ Íô¢nÙ ÑÙC. ÚÁõªÚÛªÙæ°ô¢E ÎPþ§h!) (worse - comparative of ill).
I am sick of these movies.
(Ð ú‡E-÷«-õÙ-ç¶û¶ û¦ÚÛª î¦ÙêŸ-ó¶ªuåªx ÑÙC.)
Once you eat there you get sick.
(ÍÚÛ\è[ AÙç¶ î¦ÙêŸ-ó¶ªu-åªxÙ-åªÙC.)
Madan: No, I don't agree there. There are
other restaurants which are worse
than that one.
(Î Nù£-óŸªÙö˺ û¶ìª Öí£±p-ÚÁìª. ÍÚÛ\è[ Ñìo
ÍEoÙæ¨ÚÛû¦o Íë¶ ÍëůyìÙ!
ÏÙÚ•Eo íÆ£õ-ô¢-ø‹-õõª ë¯E-ÚÛû¦o Íëůy-ìÙÞ¥ Madan: So do we. (÷´ Íö°¸Þ ÎP-ú£ªhû¦oÙ.)
degree form ill = áñªsÞ¥ Ñìo.
Sundar: OK. See you. Time that I were at
Ñû¦oô³.) à¶þ§h-÷ªF êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªû¦oÙ ÚÛë¯.
Sundar: But I can tell you this. As no other home.
Íô³ê¶ Ð êµÞœ-õÚÛª àµÙë]E adjectives ÷ªJ-Ú•Eo worse - áñªs/ î¦uCÅ ÓÚÛª\îµjì, ÷³C-Jì)
place are idlis so (as) bad as at that (ÚÛõªë¯lÙ! Ïí£p-æ¨¸Ú ÏÙæ˺x ÑÙè¯-Lqì Ñû¦oô³. î¦æ¨Ú¨ comparatives, superlatives 7) His condition was the worst the day before
form à¶óŸª-è¯-EÚ¨ Ô EñÙëÅ]ìõ« í£E-Ú¨-ô¦÷±. î¦æ¨ yesterday.
place. î¦è…E.)(Îõ-ú£u-iÙC)
comparatives, superlatives irregular Þ¥ form
(Ú¥F ÖÚÛæ¨ ÷«vêŸÙ àµí£p-Þœ-õìª. ÏÚÛ\-è[ª- OK. See you = ÚÛõªë¯lÙ. (ÎóŸªì í£J-ú‡nA îµ³ìo ò°Þ¥ ¤©é¨Ù-#ÙC.)
ìoÙêŸ àµêŸhÞ¥ Ïè†xõª ÏÙ·Ú-ÚÛ\è¯ ÑÙè[÷±.) Madan: Bye
Í÷±-ê¦ô³. ÍN– worst - superlative of ill.
Madan: That is true, perhaps. OK. How good Ïí£±pè[ª Ð Ú¨ÙC sentences àŸ«è[Ùè….
is the novel which you finished yes- a) India is the largest democracy in the world.
terday? Ð î¦ÚÛuÙö˺ largest - superlative degree Íô¢nÙ:
(ÍC Eá! ú£¸ô! Eìo ìª÷±y í£²Jh à¶ú‡ì ví£í£ÙàŸÙ îµ³êŸhÙö˺ òÅ°ô¢ê ÍA-šíë]l ví£â°-þ§y÷ªuÙ.
ì÷õ ò°ÞœªÙë¯?) ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 204 Ïë¶ òÅ°÷Ù ÏÙÚÁ NëÅ]ÙÞ¥:
Sundar: It's easily the best I have read in a) India is the largest of all democracies in the
years. ÏÙêŸ-÷-ô¢ÚÛª ÷ªìÙ world/ India is the largest democracy of all in
(Ú•Eo ú£Ù÷-êŸq-ô¦õªÞ¥ û¶ìª àŸC-Nì ì÷- adjectives adverbs
ÚÛª, the world ÍE ÚÛ«è¯ Íì-÷àŸªa. Íô³ê¶ ÍEoæ¨ ÚÛû¦o
õö˺x Ïë¶ Þ•í£pC.) ÚÛª comparative, simplest form, India is the largest democracy
Madan: Is it better than the one I gave you superlative Óö° form in the world Íû¶C.
last week? à¶þ§h àŸ«ø‹Ù ÚÛë¯. ÏÙêŸ- Superlative degree ö˺ Ñìo-í£±pè[ª sentence
(û¶ìª FÚÛª ÞœêŸ-î¦ô¢Ù Ï#aì ì÷õ ÚÛû¦o ÷-ô¢ÚÛª êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛª-ìoC– structure.
India is the largest democracy in the world.
M. SURESAN COMPARATIVE: Ú•Eo
ÚÛ«è¯ ò°ÞœªÙë¯?)
Sundar: I told you, no other novel I have read í£ë¯õ #÷ô¢ – ier à¶Ja, a) India (subject) + is (verb) + the + largest
in years is so good as this one. ÷ªJ-Ú•-Eo-æ¨Ú¨ – er à¶Ja, y êÁ ÍÙêŸ-÷ªó¶ªu ÷«å-õÚÛª, (superlative) + democracy.
(àµð§pìªÞ¥! Ú•Eo ú£Ù÷-êŸq-ô¦-õªÞ¥ û¶ìª àŸC- y ñë]ªõª – ier à¶Ja, ÏÙÚ•Eo ÷«åõ ÷³Ùë]ª more b) The Elephant is the strongest animal in the
Nì Ô ì÷õ ÚÛ«è¯ ÏÙêŸ Þ•í£pÞ¥ ö¶ë]E.) à¶Ja comparative degree form à¶þ§hÙ. world.
(subject + is (verb) + the + strongest
Etymological Dictionary 2) Cambridge (superlative) + animal).
ví£øŒo: 1. An unused old temple was given to Publications öËºì« ë•ô¢ª-ÚÛª-꟪ÙC. Superlative ö˺ sentence structure à¦ö° sim-
Mother Theresa ÍE IX Class English text ple. Þœªô¢ªhÙ-àŸªÚÁî¦LqÙ-ë]ö°x superlative ÷³Ùë]ª the
book (page no. 45) ö˺ àŸC-î¦ìª. ÏÚÛ\è[ unused
ví£øŒo: Ð ÷´è[ª î¦Ú¥u-õÚÛª êµõªÞœª Íô¢nÙ àµí£pÙè….
1. For that to happen.
ô¦î¦õE..
ÚÛª ñë]ªõª disused ÍE ÑÙè¯L ÚÛë¯ N÷-JÙ-àŸÙè…. Comparative degree ö˺ Íë¶ meaning êÁ–
2. Idioms with backgrounds book Ôëµjû¦ ÑÙç¶ 2. Planning Commission deputy chair- The worst of all is the eatery next to a) India is larger than any other democracy in
man Monteksingh Ahluwalia on satur-
ú£«#ÙàŸÙè…. the post office. the world.
day regretted that poverty reduction
– ÷ªëÅ]ª-ÚÛôÂ, êµû¦L comparative ö˺ structure
1. à¦ö° ÷ªÙ# ví£øŒo. Íô³ê¶ disused was not achieved to the desired extent
áî¦ñª: a) India (subject) + is (verb) + larger (compar-
during the years of planned develop- Positive Comparative Superlative
Íû¶ë¶ ÏÚÛ\è[ correct. ative) + than any other + democracy in the
ment. Good, Well better best
Unused ÍÙç¶ ví£ú£ªhêŸÙ/ world.
3. Pointing out that the growth process Bad, ill worse worst
Ïí£pæ¨ ÷ô¢ÚÛª/ Íú£õª î¦è[E evil worse worst b) The Elephant is stronger than any other
ÍE Íô¢nÙ. An unused should have been more inclusive.
much, many more most animal in the world.
old temple ÍÙç¶ Ïí£pæ¨ – ÖÚÛ ð§ôÈ¢-ÚÛªè[ª Nø‹-Ü-í£åoÙ
,
ÏC ÚÛ«è¯ šíj structure ö˺û¶ ÑÙè¯L.
1. for that to happen = ÍC áô¢-Þ¥-õÙç¶. You can see these irregular comparatives and
Positive:
÷ô¢ÚÛª/ Ïí£±pè[« î¦è[E áî¦ñª:
e.g. I want to buy a car. For that to happen I superlatives in the conversation at the begin-
í£±ô¦-êŸì ë¶î¦-õóŸªÙ ÍE No other animal in the world is so (as) strong
need money. ning of this lesson: Oå-Eoæ¨ Ñë¯--ô¢-éõª Ð les-
Íô¢nÙ. Íö°Ùæ¨ Þœªè… ÍÙå« as the Elephant.
son vð§ô¢Ù-òÅ¡Ùö˺ àŸ«è[-÷àŸªa.
ÑÙè[ë]ª ÚÛë¯. Íö° Ú¥ÚÛªÙè¯ (û¦ÚÛª Ú¥ô¢ª Ú•û¦õE ÑÙC. ÍC áô¢-Þ¥-õÙç¶ Structure - ÏÚÛ\è[ No other êÁ begin Í÷è[Ù Þœ÷ª-
è[ñªs-Ú¥-î¦L.) 1) I feel that the food here is better that in any
Ú•ÙêŸ-Ú¥õÙ î¦è[-ÚÛÙö˺ ÑÙè…, EÙ-àŸÙè… –
2. ...that poverty reduction was not achieved other restaurant (better - comparative of
Î êŸô¦yêŸ Ô Ú¥ô¢éÙêÁ No other (sub) + verb + so + (positive degree)
to the desired extent during the years good)
Íô³û¦ ð§è[ªñè[f Þœªè… ÍE + as the Elephant.
planned development. 2) This is the best eatery around here. (best -
Oªô¢ª ô¦ú‡ì sentence ö˺ b) No other democracy in the world is as (so)
superlative of good).
òÅ°÷Ù. Íö°Ùæ¨ òÅ°÷Ù Ïà¶aC disused. Ú¥ñæ¨d (ví£é°RÚ¥ñë]lÄ ÍÙç¶ ÷ªì í£ÙàŸ-÷ô¢{ ví£é°-RÚÛ ví£Ú¥ô¢Ù large as India.
3) The worst of all is the eaterie next to the
unused Íû¶C ÏÚÛ\è[ ú£J-Ú¥ë]ª. Disused ÍÙç¶ ÍGÅ-÷'ClÄ ú£Ù÷-êŸqô¦ö˺x ›íë]JÚÛÙ êŸÞœª_-ë]õ ÷ªìÙ ÎPÙ- No other + subject + is (verb) + as (so) + (pos-
post office. (worst - superlative of bad).
Ïí£±pè[ª î¦è[ª-ÚÛ-ö˺-ö¶E, ÖÚÛ-í£±pè[ª (ÞœêŸÙö˺) Ñìo ÍE. #-ìÙêŸ áô¢-Þœ-ö¶ë]ª.) itive degree) + as India.
3. Pointing out that the growth rate should 4) There are other restaurants which are
Íö°Ùæ¨ Þœªè…û¶ Mother Theresa Ú¨à¦aô¢ª ÍE
Íô¢nÙ. have been more inclusive.
Spoken English ð§êŸ î¦uþ§õ ÚÁú£Ù Ú¨xÚ à¶óŸªÙè…...
2. Idioms with background book - 1) Oxford (ÍGÅ-÷'ClÄ ví£vÚ¨óŸª ÏÙÚ¥ú£h Nú£h'-êŸÙÞ¥ ÑÙè¯-LqÙC.)
URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
ÎCî¦ô¢Ù 27 ÎÞœú£ªd 2006 Ðû¦è[ª šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ë 1

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óµ«-TÙචô¢ÙÞœª (Dye) ÔC? E 14) ú‡ 15) è… 16) G 17) è… 18) ú‡ 19) Ó
20) G 21) ú‡ 22) è… 23) Ó 24) è… 25) Ó
ú‡) iæ˺-Ú¥Ù-vè…óŸ« è…) ¸ÚÙvë]-Ú¥ÙøŒÙ
16) è…Ó-ûËÂ-Óö˺ Íè…-ûµjûËÂ, ëǵjNªûË ì«uÚ¨x-óµ«-çµjè[x ÷ªëÅ]u
ú‡) Þ¥Mb ú£ÙÚ¨xù£dÙ è…) ÍÙêŸ-Kb÷ vë]÷u-â°-õÚÛÙ
34) ò°uÚ©d-J-óŸ«ìª îµ³åd-îµ³-ë]å ÞœªJhÙ-#ì ø‹ú£Y-î¶êŸh–
Ó) Íú‡-æ˺-Ú¥-ô¢-iûËÂ
G) â°ì-úÃ-vU-ûËÂG Y 26) G 27) è… 28) ú‡ 29) Ó 30) ú‡ 31) è…
32) è… 33) G 34) è… 35) G 36) G 37) ú‡
Ôô¢pè¶ šïj°vèÁ-áûË ñÙëůõ ú£ÙÜu ÓÙêŸ? Ó) ô¦ñ-ôÂd-Ú G) â°ûË ¸ô ú‡) vÚ¨ú£döËÀ îµjõæËÀ– Íóµ«è…ûË 38) è… 39) ú‡ 40) è… 41) Ó 42) G 43) è…
Ó) 1 G) 2 ú‡) 3 è…) 4 ú‡) ùˆx\è…ûËÂ, ÿ§\yûË è…) M÷-ûËÂ-Ú è…) öµjÚÁ-í‡ûË 44) ú‡ 45) è… 46) è… 47) G 48) ú‡ 49) è…
49) ÷ªEù‡ö˺E ÖÚÛ Íô³ëÁ vÚÁ-âɺ÷³ #ìo-ò°- 50) Ó 51) ú‡ 52) G 53) Ó 54) G 55) Ó
17) øŒ‰vÚÛ-ÚÛ-é°õ ÍvÞœ-òÅ°-ÞœÙö˺ ÑÙè¶ ÎvÚÁ-âɺ-÷³ìª 35) ·ôÙè[ª ûµõõ ÷óŸª-ú£ª-öËºí£± PøŒ‰-÷±õ ÍëÅ]u-óŸª-û¦Eo ÷±ö˺E Ú•Cl òŰޜ٠í£J-ê¦uáuÙ (Deletion) 56) G 57) ú‡ 58) Ó 59) ú‡ 60) è….
Ôô¢pJචÚÛé-òŰޜٖ Ô÷ªÙ-æ°ô¢ª? ൠÙë]è[Ù ë¯yô¦ ÷à¶a î¦uCÅ–
Ó) šíô¦-Ú©q-âɺ÷³ G) ·ôjò˺-âɺ÷³ Ó) @E-óŸ«-õ@ G) Eóµ«-û¦-æ°-õ@ Ó) åô¢oôÂq ú‡ÙvèÁîª (ô¢àŸô³êŸ šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ëÂö˺E ÍÙò¶ë]\ô ú£dè†ú£J\öËÀ ðƧuÚÛMd
ú‡) šúÙvæ˺-âɺ÷³ è…) Þ¥Mb ú£ÙÚ¨xù£dÙ ú‡) Ïæ¨-óŸ«-õ@ è…) šíè…-óŸ«-væ¨ÚÂq ú£òÅ¡ªuõª)
-´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 29 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Nagesh: Hi Mangesh, what are you doing in adjective (larger)+than any other (singular) /
this Travel kit shop? (Are you) buying than all other (plural)+...
a bag? c) Positive: No other land animal is so (as) large
( Ñ -vö«-¢Á-™¸ éÀ-ö¸ -≥ƒ°ˇ™ àç îËÆæ’h-Ø√o´¤? as the elephant
¶«uí˚ à´’Ø√o éÌçô’-Ø√o¢√?) (à Éûª®Ω ¶µº÷Ω ïçûª’´‹ à†’-í∫çûª °ü¿lC é¬ü¿’)
Mangesh: That's right Word order: No other+Subject (animal) +verb
(Å´¤†’) +so/as + positive adjective+as+the (subject)
Nagesh: You've bags and suitcases of all ÉO ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oC. Å®·ûË ´’†ç îËÊÆ §ÚLéπ -
sizes, shapes and colours here. (Is) ©’ -á°æ¤p-úø’ èπÿú≈ Éçûª simple (Ææ®Ω-∞¡ç)í¬, direct í¬
none to your liking? Öçúø-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. Éçé¬ ÆæçéÀx-≠dæ (complex ) -¢Á’i-† §Ú-L- 2) Kashmir - cold - state in India (Positive)
Pacific
(Ééπ\úø ÅEo ÂÆj-V©÷, Çé¬-®√©’, ®Ωçí∫’©÷ éπ©’ èπÿú≈ îËÆæ’hçö«ç. Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ùèπ◊ Ñ lesson (Éûª®Ω ´’£æ…Ææ´·-vü∆© éπç-õ‰ ™-ûÁj-†C)
3) This - good song - the movie (superlative)
c) He is older than any other members / all
Ö†o -¶«uí∫’-©’, Ææ÷-ö¸ÍéÆæ’-©’ ÖØ√o®· éπ∫ü∆. ¢Á·ü¿öx Nagesh, Mangesh conversation îª÷ü∆lç. 4) Rentachintala - hot place- A.P. (comparative)
other members of the family.
FÍéO †îªa-™‰ü∆?) a) Mangesh: This is bigger than the one I want. 5) December - cold month. (Positive)
(To your liking = Fèπ◊ †*açC)
(èπ◊ô’ç-•- Ææ-¶µº’u-©ç-ü¿-J-™-†÷ -Å-ûª-úø’ -´-ߪ’Ææ’-™
(ÉC- Ø√-é¬\-´-Lq† ü∆E-éπçõ‰ °ü¿lC) 6) Andhra Pradesh- big state South India
Look at this one = ÉC îª÷úø’ Åçõ‰ O’®Ω’ í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’. Ééπ\úø Mangesh (comparative)
Mangesh: This is bigger than the one I want. I §Ú©’Ææ’h†oC È®çúø’ ´Ææ’h´¤©†’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ -Å-N ûª†-é¬\-´- Answers:
want a smaller bag than this. ©-Æœ† bag, ûª†’ îª÷Ææ’h†o bag. 1) This diamond necklace is the costliest jewel
( Ø√é¬\-¢√-Lq† -¶«uí˚ éπØ√o ÉC °ü¿lC. b) Mangesh: That's
want.
smaller than the one I
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 205 in the shop.
Ø√èπ◊ Éçûªéπçõ‰ *†oC 鬢√L ) (Ñ ≥ƒ°ˇ™ Ñ ´vñ«© necklace Åûªuçûª
Nagesh: That One may be the size you want. (Ø√é¬\-¢√-Lq† ü∆E-éπç-õ‰ ÅC *†oC) êK-üÁj-†C) (Superlative degree)
(ÅC Fé¬\-¢√-Lq† -ÂÆj-ñ ¸ Å-¢Ìy-a) Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ ÅçûË éπü∆? È®çöÀ ´’üµ¿u ´÷vûª¢Ë’ §ÚLéπ. 2) No other state in India is as (so) cold as
Mangesh: No that's smaller than the one I
°-ü¿l)
ûª†-é¬\-´-LqçC. ûª†èπ◊ -Å-éπ\úø üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-ûª’-†oC. Kashmir.
Positive: Positive degree No
want. c) Mangesh: Oh, my! That's more than its
™ ´÷-ö«xúË-ô°æ¤púø’
other Positive adjec-
(¶µ«®Ω-û˝™ à Éûª®Ω ®√≠æçZ - é¬Qt®˝ Åçûª îªL-í¬ Öç-úø-
worth.
ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒhç. Ç ûª®Ω-¢√ûª
(™‰ü¿’. ÅC Ø√é¬\-¢√-Lq† ü∆E-éπçõ‰
tive ´·çü¿’ so/as positive adjective
é¬F, ûª®Ω-¢√ûª ü¿’) (positive degree)
*†oC)
Nagesh: See if this suits you?
( -ÉC Ææ-J-§Ú-ûª’ç-üË-¢Á÷ -îª÷-úø’)
Mangesh: Yes. That's exactly what I want.
(Å´¤†’. Ø√èπ◊ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ é¬¢√-Lqç-ü¿üË.)
Nagesh: This looks fine, but look at the price
tag here. It says it is Rs. 500/-
that's more than its worth
(î√© ¶«í∫’ç-CC é¬-F üµ¿®Ω îª÷-úø’ 500 ®Ω÷§ƒ-
ߪ’©’) 3) This is the best song in the movie.
as
Mangesh: Oh, my! that's more than its worth. Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ bag üµ¿®Ωèπ◊, ü∆E N©’-´èπ◊ ´≤ƒh®·.
superlative
a) No other tree here is so (as) tall as the
(Ç *vûªç™ ÉC Åûªuçûª íÌ°æp §ƒô–
(Ŷs! -Éü¿çûª îËߪ’ü¿’.) Åçõ‰ È®çöÀ ´’üµËu §ÚLéπ. degree.)
coconut tree there.
(More than its worth = ü∆E N©’´ d) Mangesh: It is not worth more than that. 4) Rentachintala is hotter than any other place /
bag
(Ééπ\-úø’†o à îÁô’d èπÿú≈ Ç éÌ•s-J-îÁôdç-ûª §Òúø’-í∫’-
Åçûª îËߪ’ü¿’.) ÉC èπÿú≈ üµ¿®Ωèπÿ, N©’-´èπ◊ ´’üµ¿u all other places in A.P.
Nagesh: Let's look for something less expen- Ö†o §ÚLéπ - ûÁ-LÊ° ¢√éπuç. é¬ü¿’)
b) No other metal is so (as) bright as gold.
(Ççvüµ¿-v°æ-üË-¨¸™ È®çô-*ç-ûª© Éûª®Ω à v°æüË-¨»-E-éπç-õ‰/
sive. e) Nagesh: Let's look for something less Éûª®Ω v°æüË-¨»-©-éπØ√o ¢ËúÕ v°æü˨¡ç)
expensive.
(à Éûª®Ω ™£æ«´‚ •çí¬-®Ω-´’çûª v°æé¬-¨¡-´çûªç
(Åçûª-éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ üµ¿®Ω’†oüË´’Ø√o ÖçüË¢Á÷ 5) No other month is so (as) cold as December.
bag
é¬ü¿’)
îª÷ü∆lç.) Ééπ\-úø èπÿ-ú≈ Ñ èπÿ Åçûª-éπçõ‰ ( December
c) No other student in the class is as (so) good
à (Éûª®Ω) ØÁ™« Åçûª îªL-é¬ü¿’)
Mangesh: This is the least expensive of all the ûªèπ◊\´ üµ¿®Ωèπÿ §ÚLéπ. 6) Andhra Pradesh is bigger than any other
at the subject as Janaki
bags this size here. Let's bargain. É™« ´’†ç È®çúø’ ´Ææ’h-´¤-©†÷, Éü¿l®Ω’ ´uèπ◊h-©†÷ §Ú- state/ all other states in South India.
(class subject
See if we can get it for Rs 400. It is ©’Ææ’hçö«ç. Åô’-´ç-ô-°æ¤púø’ degree of comparison ™ Éûª®Ω Nü∆u-®Ω’n-™„-´®Ω÷ Ç ™ ñ«†-
(ü¿éÀ~ù ¶µ«®Ω-ûªç™ Éûª®Ω à ®√≠æZç/Éûª®Ω ®√≥ƒZ-©-éπç-õ‰
not worth more than that. †’ •öÀd word order (´÷ô© Å´’-Jéπ) èπÿú≈ éπçûª ¶«í¬ ûÁL-Æœ-†-¢√∞¡Ÿx é¬-ü¿’.)
(Ééπ\-úø’†o Ç ÂÆj-ñ ¸ -¶«uí˚-™x ÉüË Åûªuçûª ´÷®Ω’ûª’çô’çC. ÅçûË é¬èπ◊çú≈, È®çöÀ éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ Ñ patterns (¢√é¬u© †´‚-Ø√©’) Ñ ´‚úø’ -Çç-vüµ¿-v°æ-üË-¨¸ °ü¿lC)
degrees ™ °j† îª÷°œ†õ‰x Öçú≈L. É™« È®çúÕ-öÀ-éπç-
ûªèπ◊\´. 400 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-©èπ◊ -´Ææ’hç-üË-¢Á÷ - §ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’ ÖçúË sentence word order èπÿ, È®çöÀE 1. How to pronounce the words? Is there
îª÷-ü∆lç. Åçûª-éπçõ‰ -áèπ◊\-´ îËߪ’-ü¿’) ´÷vûª¢Ë’ compare îËÆœ-†-°æ¤púø’ Öç-úË sentence word õ‰ áèπ◊\´ ´Ææ’h-´¤-©†’ §ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’ O’®Ω’ í∫´’-Eç-î√-
any rule please.
Nagesh: You are right. Let's ask if for order èπÿ î√-™« ûËú≈ Öçô’çC.
Lq† ÉçéÓ N≠æߪ’ç– superlative, comparative. Ñ
È®çúø’ degrees ™ sentences ™ not ®√ü¿’. pos- b) Occasion, situation - what is the differ-
Rs 400.
ence between these words? ( give some
1) È®çöÀéπØ√o áèπ◊\´ ¢√öÀE §ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’
itive degree ™ sentence – no other ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-
400
(†’-´y-†o-C -¶«í∫’ç-C. ®Ω÷§ƒ- superlative degree ™E adjective
examples). öÀ. ¢Áçéπ-õ‰-¨¡y-®Ω-®√´¤, Í®°æ™„x
ߪ’-©-éÀ≤ƒhúË¢Á÷ Åúø’-í∫’ü∆ç) ´·çü¿’ the éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ®√¢√L. ´’-´¤-ûª’çC.
i) Any good English - English dictionary will
Mangesh: Let's try eg: a) The elephant is the biggest of
(Å®·ûË, ÅEo-öÀ-éπØ√o... é¬ü¿’, ÅØË superlative
give you the symbols of pronunciation -
all land animals / the biggest
Öçô’çC. ü∆E Ææçí∫A ûªy®Ω-™ØË îª÷≤ƒhç.)
refer to it.
(-v°æ-ߪ’-ûªoç -îË-ü∆lç.)
-í∫-ûª lesson ™ adjectives of compari- land animal.
É°æ¤púø’ in the conversation at the beginning of
M. SURESAN the lesson -™« È®çöÀ-F §Ú™«aç ņ’-éÓçúÕ. Å°æ¤púø’ ii) Situation = °æJ-Æ œnA.
son í∫’-J-ç-* éÌEo N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç b) Hyderabad is the largest city in
éπü∆? ´Ææ’h-´¤-©†’, ´uèπ◊h-©†÷ §ÚLa ¢Á’®Ω’í∫’ A.P.
î√© ´·êu-¢Á’i† Å稡ç. È®çöÀ-ØË/-É-ü¿l®Ω’ ´uèπ◊h-©ØË §ÚLa- äéπ v°æüË-¨¡ç™ äéπ Ææ´’-
ûª®Ω’-í∫’©’ E®Ωg-®·ç-îªôç ü∆ü∆°æ¤ v°æA-éπ~ùç @Nûªç™ (A.P. ™ £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ ÅA-°ü¿l †í∫®Ωç)
†-°æ¤úø’ superlative degree Öçúøü¿’. Positive, ߪ’ç™ Ö-†o /-ï-®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’-
Comparative ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Öçö«®·.
îËÆæ÷hØË Öçö«ç. -ü∆-EéÀ ´’† conversation (Spoken C) He is the most popular actor on the
†o Ææç°∂æ’-ô-†© éπ©-
1) This is bigger than the one I want.
English) ™ v§ƒüµ∆†uç î√™« áèπ◊\´. Åçü¿’-éπE ´’†ç Telugu screen.
®·éπ.
A difficult situation = éÀx-≠dæ
îÁ§ƒp-©-†’-èπ◊†o ¶µ«¢√Eo correct í¬ îÁ°æp-ö«-EéÀ, 3 (ûÁ©’í∫’ ûÁ®Ω O’ü¿ Åûª-úø’ Åûªuçûª v°æñ«-Gµ-´÷†ç (Ø√é¬\-´-Lq-† -ü∆-E-éπçõ‰ ÉC °ü¿lC)
degrees of comparison ™ ¢√éπuE®√tùç ᙫ - Ö-†o †ô’úø’) – Comparative (bigger) °æJ-ÆœnA; financial situation
Öçô’çüÓ í∫-ûª lesson ™ îª÷¨»ç. ü∆Eo ´’®Ó ≤ƒJ 鬕öÀd superlative adjective ´·çü¿’ á°æ¤púø÷ the DEéÀ positive degree: The one I want is not as = ÇJnéπ °æJ-Æ œnA political sit-
(so) big as this. uation = ®√ï-éÃߪ’ °æJ-Æ œnA.
èπ◊x°æhçí¬ îª÷ü∆lç: ûª°æp-E-ÆæJ.
superlative Occasion = Ææçü¿®Ωs ¥ç –
a) Superlative: 2) Å™«Íí È®çöÀ-éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ ¢√öÀE §ÚLa-†-°æ¤úø’ com- DEéÀ Öçúøü¿’. -Ñ N≠æߪ’ç ´îËa
lesson
The Elephant is the largest land animal. parative adjective -ûª®Ω-¢√ûª than any other / than
™ îª÷ü∆lç. Ééπ\úø Ææç°∂æ’-ô-†-©’, °æJ-Æœn-ûª’© éπç-õ‰ Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ
Exercise: Practise the following aloud. Make v§ƒ´·êuç áèπ◊\´. °j† situation ¢√úÕ† îÓô™«x
¶µº÷îª-®Ω ïçûª’-´¤™x à†’í∫’ ÅA-°-ü¿lC. all other ûª°æpèπ◊ç-ú≈ ®√-¢√L. than any other Å®·ûË
sentences using the following words, using the occasion ¢√úøôç èπ◊ü¿-®Ωü¿’ éπü∆.
ÉC superlative. Éçü¿’™ word order (´÷ô© Å´’- Ç ûª®Ω-¢√-ûª subject, singular number; Than all
degree given in brackets. I have met him on two or three occasions =
Jéπ) î√-™« simple. other Å®·ûË -Ç -ûª®Ω-¢√-ûª subject, plural number
eg: Mt Everest - high peak in the world.
The elephant (sub)+is(verb)+the+superlative Å´¤-û√®·. ÅûªEo ؈’ È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’.
(comparative) (Mt-Mount- a) On the last occasion that I met him, he
adjective+... a) The Prime Minister is more powerful than
°æ®Ωy-û√© Ê°®Ωx-´·çü¿’
(Peak- was in a difficult situation =
b) The elephant is larger than any other land any other minister / all other ministers.
¢√úøû√ç) Pê®Ωç) ÅûªEo ؈’ -Éç-
Ans: Mt Everest is higher than any other peak
animal / all other land animals. (-É-ûª®Ω ´’çvûª’-©ç-ü¿-J éπç-õ‰ èπÿú≈ -v°æ-üµ∆-†-´’ç-vAéÀ ûªèπ◊-´·ç-ü¿’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†o-°æ¤púø’ Åûª†’ î√-™« éÀx-≠dæ
in the world. °æJ-Æœn-A™ ÖØ√o-úø’.
(¶µº÷Ω ïçûª’-´¤™x à†’í∫’ N’í∫û√ à ïçûª’´¤-© ÇCµ-鬮Ωç -áèπ◊\-´)
1) This diamond necklace - costly jewel in the b) She was able to manage the situation
éπç-õ‰ /- ÅEo Éûª®Ω ïçûª’-´¤© éπç-õ‰ °ü¿lC). b) The Pacific is deeper than any other ocean /
shop - (superlative)
The elephant (sub)+is(verb)+comparative all other oceans in the world. = Ç °æJ-Æœn-AE Ç¢Á’ ¶«í¬ -îªéπ\-C-ü¿lí∫-©’í∫’-ûª’ç-C.
í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 31 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Laxman: Hi Suman, do you know Bhavan is in


áèπ◊\´ ®ÓV©’çô’çC.)
town?
Laxman: OK. A happy time in Delhi to you and
your mom.
(¶µº´Ø˛ Ü-∞x-éÌ-î√aúø’ (ÖØ√oúø’) ûÁ©’≤ƒ?)
Suman: Oh, is he? when did he come?
(†’´¤y, O’ Å´÷t Åéπ\úø Ææ®Ωü∆í¬ í∫úø-§ƒ-
(Å´¤Ø√? á°æ¤p-úÌ-î√aúø’?) ©E Ø√ éÓ®Ω’èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o.)
Laxman: Yesterday. He won the first round of
Suman: Thank you.
the badminton match.
éÀç-ü¿-öÀ Lesson ™ îª÷¨»ç. È®ç-úÕçöÀ-éπç-õ‰ áèπ◊\´
(E†o -¶«u-úÕtç-ô-Ø˛ -´÷u-î˝™ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ -®ıç-ú˛ ´Ææ’h-´¤-©†÷, ´uèπ◊h-©†÷ §ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’ ´‚úø’ degrees
(positive, comparative and superlative)
ÈíL-î√úø’.)
Suman: That's no surprise to me. I knew he Amar is not so (as) short as Anand. Let's now try to change the comparative degree
Öçö«®·. Ç degrees ™E sentences ™, Word
would win. He is certainly a better ( statements in the conversion between Laxman
order ᙫ Öçô’çüÓ îª÷¨»ç éπü∆? ÅçûË é¬èπ◊çú≈,
Å-´’®˝, -Ç-†ç-ü˛ Åçûª §ÒöÀdé¬ü¿’.)
player than his rival in this round. comparative ™, positive ™ Amar, Anand posi- and Suman, at the beginning of this lesson into
È®ç-úÕçöÀE ´÷vûª¢Ë’ §ÚLa†°æ¤púø’ superlative Öçúøü¿’
(ÅüËç Ø√èπ◊ °ü¿l Ǩ¡a®Ωuç é¬ü¿’. ¢√úø’ Èí©’- tion ´÷®Ωôç, comparative ™ ™‰E not – positive positive degree statements:
ÅE èπÿú≈ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆.
≤ƒh-úøE Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. Ñ ®ıç-ú˛™ -ûª-† v°æûªu- Now look at the following sentences from the
™ ®√´ôç îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆. positive ™ ´÷´‚-©’í¬ Exercise:
Practise the following aloud in English:
conversation between Laxman and Suman at
Jn-éπç-õ‰ Åûª-úø’ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ¢Á’®Ω’-Èíj† Çô-í¬úø’)
(rival=È®j´™¸= v°æûªuJn, §ÚöÃ-ü∆-®Ω’) Sankar: ´’† question papers ÅEoöx ÉC
the beginning of the lesson:
-
Laxman: I was sure of that too. Mind you,
1) He is certainly a better player than his rival.
Å-A éπ-≠dçæ í¬ ÖçC éπü∆?
Bhavan is taller than Sravan, that
rival of his. That certainly is an advan-
(Åûª-úÕ v°æûªuJn éπç-õ‰ Åûª-úø’ ¢Á’®Ω’í∫’) -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 206
(éπ≠dçæ = tough) - superlative ¢√úøçúÕ)
Omkar: é¬ü¿’ ÉC §Ú®·-†-≤ƒJ paper Åçûª éπ≠dç
(better- comparative degree of good- Ééπ\úø æ
tage in badminton
§ÚLéπ Éü¿lJ ´’üµ¿u ´÷vûª¢Ë’– Bhavan, Sravan ´’üµ¿u) é¬ü¿’.
so (as), as (§Ú®·-†-≤ƒJ paper=the paper last time/
(Better- comparative degree)
(؈÷ Å™«ØË -Å-†’èπ◊-Ø√o. ÉçéÓöÀ í∫’®Ω’hç- ´·çü¿’ ûª®√yûª ´≤ƒh®·. í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ
éÓ. ¶µº-´-Ø˛, ûª†- v°æûªuJn -v¨¡´ù˝ éπç-õ‰ §Ò-úø- the last exam paper.)
2) Bhavan is taller than Sravan =
Éçé¬:
´¤. -¶«u-úÕtç-ô-Ø˛™ ÅC (§Ò-úø-´¤) Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫- Hema is taller than Kshema. (Íé~´’- éπç-õ‰ Ê£«´’ Sankar: Å®·Ø√ éÀç-ü¿-öÀ≤ƒ-J Ø√ marks éπç-õ‰ F
v¨¡´ù˝ éπç-õ‰ ¶µº´Ø˛ §Ò-úø-´¤.
°æúË N≠æߪ’ç.) §Ò-úø-´¤) (Taller - comparative degree) - Ééπ\úø marks- áèπ◊\-´ . (éÀç-ü¿-öÀ≤ƒ-J–last time )

£j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ Nï-ߪ’-¢√-úøçûª ¢ËúÕ-é¬ü¿’


Advantage = Åú≈y-Ed-ñ ¸–'ú≈y— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç= Ææ£æ…-
ߪ’-é¬J. ´’†èπ◊ ¢Ë’©’ éπ-L-Tç-îËC.
Mind you = í∫’®Ω’h ûÁaéÓ/ ûÁ©’-Ææ’éÓ, (ñ«ví∫ûªh ÅE
èπÿú≈)
Suman: Moreover, Bhavan's movements are
quicker than Sravan's.
(ÅçûË é¬èπ◊çú≈, Sravan éπü¿-L-éπ-© -éπç-õ‰
Bhavan éπü¿-L-éπ©’ î√™« ¢Ëí∫çí¬ Öçö«®·.)
(comparison only between two) (taller- compar-
Laxman: Let's see how he is going to fare in
ative degree)
§ÚLéπ Éü¿lJ ´’üµ¿uØË, É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ superlative ª Omkar: Å®·Ø√, -Ñ≤ƒJ Ø√ marks , í∫-ûª≤ƒ-J
the next match. (ûª®√y--ûª -´÷u-î˝™ ᙫ 3) Bhavan's movements are quicker than
Öçúøü¿’. DEéÀ positive degree: Kshema is not so -Åç-ûª ¶«í¬ Öç-ö«-ߪ’-†o †´’téπç Ø√èπ◊™‰ü¿’.
(as) tall as Hema. (†´’téπç Ø√èπ◊™‰ü¿’ =I am not sure).
Sravan's.
îË≤ƒhúÓ îª÷ü∆lç.)
fare = îËߪ’-ôç/-Ç-úøôç ™«çöÀN. (Kshema, Ê£«-´’ -Åç-ûª §Ò-úø-´¤ é¬ü¿’) comparison Sankar: -Ñ college ¢Á·ûªhç ™„éπa®Ω®˝q-™  -O’ ™„éπa®Ω®˝-
(v¨¡´ù˝ éπü¿-L-éπ-© éπç-õ‰ ¶µº´Ø˛ éπü¿-L-éπ©’ ¢Ëí∫çí¬
How did you fare in the exam yesterday? only between two
Öçö«®·) (quicker - comparative) (È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷© ´’üµ¿u ´÷vûª¢Ë’ íÌ°æp.-
( exam Omkar:- O’ ™„éπa®Ω®˝ èπÿú≈ íÌÊ°p, é¬F †’´y-†oô’d ´÷
4) That (AP Express) is faster than the special
E†o †’´¤y ᙫ ®√¨»´¤?) §ÚLéπ):
How did he fare in the debate contest last Comparative:
train. (special train AP Express
éπç-õ‰ ¢Ëí∫-´ç-ûª- ™„éπa®Ω®˝ Åçûª íÌ°æp-é¬úø’.
week? Sunder is cleverer than Sukumar Sankar: ؈ ’ Tuition -BÆæ ’éÓ-¢√-©-† ’èπ◊ç-ô ’-Ø√o-† ’.
¢Á’içC– comparison only between two) (faster-
( debate (
comparative)
Åûª†’ (´éπh %ûªy) §ÚöÙ ᙫ î˨»úø’?) Ææ’èπ◊-´÷®˝ éπç-õ‰ Ææ’çü¿®˝ ûÁL-¢Áj†¢√úø’) á´J ü¿í∫_-®Ω-Èé-∞¡x-´’ç-ö«´¤?
Suman: He has good chances of winning that Positive: Omkar: O’ lecturer ü¿í∫_®ΩÍé ¢Á∞¡Ÿx.
5) This is certainly better than that = ÉC ü∆E-
too. Sukumar is not so (as) clever as Sundar Answer:
(comparison only between two)
Sankar: Isn't this the toughest of all our ques-
éπçõ‰ ¢Á’®Ω’í∫’
(Ææ’èπ◊-´÷®˝, Ææ’çü¿-®Ωçûª ûÁL-¢Áj†¢√úø’ é¬úø’.)
6) Mother's stay will be longer than mine.
(ÅC èπÿú≈ ÈíLîË Å´-é¬-¨»©’ ¶«í¬ØË
tion papers?
com-
ÖØ√o®·.) Ééπ\úø È®çúø’ ´·êu -N-≠æ-ߪ÷©’ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ:
(-Ø√éπç-õ‰, ´÷ Å´’t áèπ◊\´ ®ÓV-©’ç-ô’çC– Omkar: No. This is not as (so) tough as the
Laxman: OK. When are you taking your mom 1) Comparative ™, Sundar ´·çü¿’, Sukumar
parison only between two. paper last time.
to Delhi?
Longer - comparative)
*´®√ ÖØ√o®·. ÅüË positive™, ¢√öÀ ≤ƒnØ√©’ Sankar: But your marks were higher than mine
(O’ Å´’t†’ -úµÕ-Mx á°æ¤púø’ BÆæ’-Èé- È®ç-úÕçöÀ éπç-õ‰ áèπ◊\´ N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ §ÚLa-†- û√®Ω’-´÷-È®j, Sukumar ´·çü¿÷, Sundar *´-®Ω - last time.
°æ¤púø’, superlative, comparative, posi- Omkar: But I am not sure that my marks this
∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o´¤?) ´-Ææ’h-Ø√o®· éπü∆.
Suman: This Wednesday. 2) Comparative ™ not ™‰ü¿’, positive ™ not ÖçC time will be as good as my marks last
tive ™ word order (´÷ô© Å´’-Jéπ)
(Ñ •’üµ¿-¢√®Ωç) ᙫ Öçô’çüÓ ´’†ç ûÁ©’Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. éπü∆. time.
Laxman: Have you booked the tick-
Å™« é¬èπ◊çú≈ °j sentences ÅEoç-öÀ™ ÉçéÓ example îª÷ü∆lç: Sankar: Your lecturer is the best/greatest (of
ets? Comparative: all) in the college.
M. SURESAN
§ÚLéπ È®ç--úÕç-öÀ ´’üµ¿uØË.
(-öÀÈé-ô’x -•’é˙ îËÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o¢√?) Vijayawada is hotter than Hyderabad . Omkar: Your lecturer is good too, but not so
1) §ÚLéπ È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷© ´’üµ¿uØË Å®·-†-
Suman: Yes, by the AP Express. (as) good as our lecturer.
°æ¤púø’, superlative degree Öçúøü¿’. (£j«ü¿-®√-¶«-ü˛ -éπç-õ‰, Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø ¢ËúÁ-èπ◊\´)
Sankar: I want to take tution. who do you want
Not
(Å´¤†’. à°‘ -áé˙q-vÂ°Æˇ ™) 2) È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷-©ØË §ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’ comparative (Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø ´·çü¿÷, £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ *´®Ω. ™‰ü¿’)
me/to go to/suggest that I go to?
Laxman: That's good. That's faster than the Positive:
degree, positive degree word order èπÿ È®ç- Omkar: Go to your lecturer.
special train you thought of going by. Hyderabad is not so (as) hot as Vijayawada.
úÕçöÀ-éπç-õ‰ áèπ◊\´ N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ §ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’
comparative, superlative word order èπÿ
(´’ç* °æEî˨»´¤. †’´¤y ¢Á∞«x-©-†’-èπ◊†o (£j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ Nï-ߪ’-¢√-úøçûª ¢ËúÕ-é¬ü¿’)
ÂÆp-≠æ-™ ¸ -võ„®·-Ø˛ éπç-õ‰ ÉC ¢Ëí∫-çí¬ (£j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ ´·ç-ü¿’, Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø *´®Ω; Not ÖçC)
î√™«ûËú≈ -Öçô’çC.
-¢Á-∞¡Ÿ-ûª’ç-C.) džçü˛, Å´’®˝ ÅØË Éü¿l-JE §Ú™«a-´’-†’-éÓçúÕ.
Suman: It is. This is more comfortable than that COMPARATIVE POSITIVE
1) Å°æ¤púø’ superlative Öçúøü¿’.
too.
2) Comparative ™ sentence èπ◊ ´·ç-ü¿’ džçü˛, 1) He is certainly a better player than his His rival is not so (as) good a player as he (is)
sentence èπ◊ *´®Ω Å´’®˝ ´ÊÆh, positive degree
(ÉC ü∆E éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ Ææ’êçí¬ Öçô’çC)
Laxman:This is certainly better than that in rival.
™ Ñ ´®ΩÆæ ´÷J Å´’®˝ sentenceèπ◊ ´·ç-ü¿’,
every respect. When are you return- 2) Bhavan is taller than Sravan. Sravan is not so (as) tall as Bhavan
džçü˛ sentence èπ◊ *´-®Ω- -´≤ƒh®·.
ing? Sravan's movements are not so (as) quick as
3) Comparative ™ not ™‰éπ-§ÚûË, positive ™ not 3) Bhavan's movements are quicker than
(à Nüµ¿çí¬ îª÷ÆœØ√, Ç ÂÆp-≠æ-™¸ -võ„®·-Ø˛ ´Ææ’hçC. comparative ™ not Öçõ‰ positive ™ Sravan's. Bhavan's
not ®√ü¿’.
éπçõ‰- à°‘ -áé˙q-vÂ°Æˇ ´’ç*C. á°æ¤púø’ AJ-
4) AP Express is faster than the special train. The special train is not so (as) fast as the AP
Comparative:
íÌ-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤?)
Suman: I will return in a week. My mother's Express.
Anand is shorter than Amar.
stay there will be longer. 5) This certainly is better than that. That certainly is not so (as) good as this.
(
Å-´’®˝ éπç-õ‰ -Ç-†ç-ü˛ §ÒöÀd)
Positive:
(؈’ ¢√®√-E-éπ-™«x AJ-íÌ-≤ƒh†’. Å´’t Åéπ\úø
6) Mother's stay will be longer than mine. Mine (Ø√C) will not be so (as) long as mother's stay.
-¨¡-E¢√®Ωç 2 -ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Vasanth: Hi Hemanth, how was the match yes-


éÀç-ü¿-öÀ-≤ƒJ ´’†ç È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷-©ØË (´‚úø’ N≠æ-
terday?
ߪ÷©’ é¬èπ◊çú≈) §Ú©aôç ᙫíÓ îª÷¨»ç éπü∆.
(E†oöÀ ´÷u-î˝ à-¢Á’iç-C?)- È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷-©ØË §ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’
Hemanth: We did play well. We did win too, but
1) Superlative Öçúøü¿’.
our game was not better than last
2) Comparative ™ not ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ positive ™ not
sunday's game.
´Ææ’hçC.
3) compare îËÆæ’h†o ´Ææ’h-´¤© positions ´·çü¿’èπÿ
(¢Ë’ç ¶«í¬ØË Çú≈ç, ÈíLî√ç èπÿú≈.
Å®·ûË E†o ´÷ Çô §Ú®·† ÇC-¢√®Ωç ¢Á†éπèπÿ û√®Ω’-´÷-®Ω-´¤-û√®·. Ñ N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ last
lesson ™ îª÷¨»ç éπü∆!
Çô-éπç-õ‰ ¢Á’®Ω’í¬_ ™‰ü¿’.)
Éçûªèπ◊ ´·çü¿’ äéπ-≤ƒJ îÁ§ƒpç. ´’Sx îÁ°æ¤hØ√oç. É°æ¤púø’ îª÷úøçúÕ: last time. Positive: I am not so (as) confident as our
í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Not ™‰†-°æ¤púø÷, question 鬆-°æ¤púø÷ a) Ooty is not cooler than Kodaikanal. (not + comparative - Ñ ≤ƒJ ´÷ -≤Ú\®˝ captain.
èπÿú≈, did ¢√úøû√ç, °j¢√-é¬u-™x-™«. Å™« ¢√úÕûË N≠æ- (-Ü-öÃ, éÌ-úÁjÈé-Ø√-™¸ éπçõ‰ xE v°æü˨¡ç é¬ü¿’) éÀç-ü¿-öÀ ´÷ -≤Ú\®˝ éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\¢Ëç é¬ü¿’) (؈’ ´÷ captain Åçûª N¨»y-Ææç-í¬-™‰†’.)
ߪ÷Eo é¬Ææh í∫öÀdí¬ îÁ°œp-†ôx-´¤-ûª’çC. Ééπ\úø 1) adjective cooler - degree - compara- Positive: Our score last time was (at least) as Exercise: Practise the following aloud in
I did meet him yesterday = high as our score this time. English
tive.
-ØË-†’ -E-†o -Å-ûª-úÕ-E éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√o. 2) comparison (§ÚLéπ) È®ç-úÕçöÀéÀ ´÷vûª¢Ë’. 鬕öÀd (éÀç-ü¿-öÀ≤ƒJ ´÷ -≤Ú\®˝, Ñ≤ƒJ ´÷ -≤Ú\®˝ Pramada: F -vúÁÆˇ áçûª ¶«´¤ç-üÓ!
(É™«çöÀ expressions O’ conversation ™ superlative Öçúøü¿’. ÅçûË.) Vasudha: F -vúÁÆˇ éπçõ‰ °ü¿l -àç ¶«í¬-™‰-ü¿’™‰.
practice îËߪ’çúÕ.) 3) The wickets we took this time were not Pramada: éπ*a-ûªçí¬ Ø√ -vúÁÆˇ F -vúÁÆˇ Åçûª Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-
Å®·ûË í∫-ûª lessons ™-E examples ™« é¬èπ◊çú≈, °j
Vasanth: Why do you say so? more than the wickets we took last time.
sentences ™ comparative ´·çü¿’ not ®√´ôç ߪ’çí¬ ™‰ü¿’. Ø√ ÂÆ-©éπ{-Ø˛ F ÂÆ-©éπ{-Ø˛
(áçü¿’-éπ™« Åçô’-Ø√o´¤?) í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Åçõ‰, Ñ ¶µ«¢√Eo, positive ™ îÁÊ°p-ô- (not more - not + more (comparative))
Hemanth: Our score this time were not more
°æ¤púø’ not ®√ü¿’ éπü∆. Ñ≤ƒJ ¢Ë’ç-- BÆæ’èπ◊-†o NÈé-ô’x éÀç-ü¿-öÀ≤ƒJ NÈé-ôx
than that last time. Moreover the
positive îª÷ü∆lç. éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\¢Ëç 鬴¤.
wickets we took are not more than Many (positive) - more (comparative) -
Kodaikanal is at least as cool as Ooty =
those we took last time.
éÌúÁj-Èé-Ø√™¸ éπFÆæç (at least) Ü-öà Åçûª- xí¬ most (superlative) -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 207
(éÀç-ü¿-öÀ≤ƒ-J -≤Ú\®˝ éπçõ‰ Ñ≤ƒJ ´÷ - Öçô’çC. Positive: The wickets we took last time were
≤Ú\®˝ áèπ◊\´ é¬ü¿’.-Ñ≤ƒJ ¢Ë’ç -BÆæ’èπ◊-†o
N-Èé-ô’x éÀç-ü¿-öÀ≤ƒ-J N-Èé-ôx éπç-õ‰ áèπ◊\´
é¬ü¿’)
Vasanth: Why so?
(áçü¿’-´©x Å™«?)
Hemanth: We made a few changes in the
team. We had Kiran and Charan in
I appreciate your confidence
place of Mahesh and Satish, but
they were no (at least) as many as we took this
Study this:
greater than time. Åçûª-Ææ-Jí¬_ (proper) ™‰ü¿’. é¬E Ø√ -
Comparative
Mahesh and (¢Ë’ç éÀç-ü¿-öÀ≤ƒJ BÆæ’-èπ◊-†o NÈé-ô’x, éÀç-ü¿-öÀ≤ƒ-J vúÁÆˇ F ü∆-E éπçõ‰ êK-üÁ-èπ◊\-´. Åçü¿’Íé
Ü-öÃ, éÌúÁj-Èé-Ø√™¸ éπç-õ‰ x-EC é¬ü¿’.
Satish.
Positive BÆæ’-èπ◊-†o-ØËo – áèπ◊\-¢Ëç-é¬ü¿’.) ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úø’-ûª’Ø√o.
(¢Ë’ç öÃç ™ éÌúÁj-Èé-Ø√™¸ (éπFÆæç) Ü--öà Åçûª x-í¬ Öçô’çC. 4) They were no greater than Kiran and Vasudha: Å™«çöÀN ï®Ω’-í∫’-û√-®·™‰. ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úøèπ◊.
éÌEo ´÷®Ω’p©’- A, B éπç-õ‰ áèπ◊\´ é¬ü¿’, Åçõ‰ B (éπFÆæç) A ûÓ Ææ´÷- Charan. Å®·ûË, Ééπ\-úø’†o ¢√∞¡xç-ü¿J -vúÁÆæ’-™x FüË
î˨»ç. -´’Ê£«-≠ˇ,
Ææ-B-≠ˇ •ü¿’©’, - M. SURESAN †-´’E éπü∆?– É™« comparative †’ç* positive éÀ (¢√∞¡Ÿx – ¢Ë’ç éÌûªhí¬ BÆæ’èπ◊-†o¢√∞¡Ÿx, éÀ®Ω-ù˝, -Ω-ù˝ î√-™«- Åç-ü¿çí¬ Öç-ü¿-E ØËE-°æp-öÀéà ņ’-
´÷®Ω’-ûª’çC. Ééπ\úø comparative ™ not Öç-C, éπç-õ‰ íÌ°æp Çô-í¬∞Ïxç 鬮Ω’). èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.
éÀ®Ω-ù˝, -Ω-ù˝ -©- 鬕öÀd positive ™ not ®√ü¿’. Ééπ\úø äéπ ÆæçüË£æ«ç ®√´îª’a – -´’Ê£«-≠ˇ, Ææ-B-≠ˇ, -éÀ®Ω- Pramada: N†-ö«-EéÀ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçC. é¬E ÅC

b) Comparative:
†’ BÆæ’èπ◊-Ø√oç. ¢√∞¡x-éπçõ‰ O∞¡Ÿx íÌ°æpí¬ ù˝, -Ω-ù˝ – Éçûª ´’çCE îÁÊ°p-ô-°æ¤púø’, ÉC È®çúø’ Eïç é¬ü¿’.
™‰®Ω’) Vasudha: Éçûª- E-ñ«-®·--Bí¬ ØËØÁ-°æ¤púø÷ ™‰†’.
Chandra is not taller than Tara = N≠æ-ߪ÷© ´’üµ¿u §ÚLéπ ᙫ Å´¤-ûª’-çü¿-E.
Vasanth: What about the pitch?
û√®Ω éπçõ‰ îªçvü¿ §Ò-úø-´¤-é¬ü¿’. Å®·ûË ´’†ç Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ-¢√-LqçC– Ééπ\úø à äéπ\- Answer:
(
°œ-î˝ á™« ÖçC?) Pramada: How beautiful your dress is!
Positive: JØÓ, N’í∫û√ ¢√∞¡xç-ü¿-JûÓ §Ú©aôç ™‰ü¿’. ´’Ê£«-≠ˇ,
(Pitch= È®çúø’ -¢Áj°æ¤-™« NÈé-ôx ´’üµ¿u -°æ*aéπ Åçûªí¬ Ææ-B-≠ˇ – ORx-ü¿l®Ω’ 1st set. -éÀ®Ω-ù˝, -Ω-ù˝ – ORx-ü¿l®Ω÷ Vasudha: (It is) not more beautiful than yours.
Tara is (at least) as tall as Chandra.
™‰E ¶µ«í∫ç) 2nd set. Ééπ\úø comparison Ñ È®çúø’ sets of Pramada: Certainly my dress is not as/so
At least î√-™« ≤ƒ®Ω’x ´C-™‰-Ææ’hçö«ç– ûª°æ¤p-é¬ü¿’.
Hemanth: The pitch this time was not faster players èπ◊. 鬕öÀd, DEo È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷© ´’üµ¿u attractive as yours. My selection is
than the pitch last time. That's why
´·êu-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç: Positive degree adjective
not so as proper as yours, but my
we took a spinner in place of a pace
´·çü¿’ so/as, positive degree ûª®√yûª as ®√´ôç §ÚL-éπ-í¬ØË BÆæ’éÓ¢√L.
Positive: Kiran and Charan were (atleast) as dress is more expensive than yours.
bowler.
ûÁ©’-Ææ’-í∫ü∆?
great as they. That makes me sad.
(°œ-î˝ Ñ≤ƒJ fast bowling èπ◊ Åçûª ņ’-
Å®·ûË, positive degree ™ not Ö†o-°æ¤púË, ü∆-E
Vasudha: Such things happen. Don't worry.
í∫’ùçí¬ -™‰-ü¿’. Åçü¿’Íé ¢Ë’ç, ã fast ´·çü¿’ so é¬E,/as é¬E- ¢√úøû√ç. positive degree (éÀ®Ω-ù˝, -Ω-ù˝-©’ éπ-FÆæç -¢√-∞¡xç-ûª íÌ°æp-¢√-∞Ïx)
5) The pitch this time was not faster than the But I still feel that yours is the best
bowler •ü¿’©’. ã spin bowler †’
™ not ™‰éπ-§ÚûË ü∆-E ´·çü¿’, as ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√úøû√ç.
pitch last time (not faster - not + compara- of the dresses of all those/ the peo-
So ¢√úøç.
BÆæ’èπ◊-Ø√oç) tive) ple here.
a) He is not so/as tall as his brother-
(pace bowler = fast bowler. Positive: The pitch last time was (at least) as Pramada: Good to hear that, but it is not true.
ÉC positive degree. Éçü¿’™ not ÖçC. 鬕öÀd
In place of = •ü¿’-©’í¬/≤ƒn†ç™. fast as the pitch this time Vasudha: I have never been so (as) truthful /
tall so
´·çü¿’, asé¬F é¬F ¢√úøû√ç.
In place of Suresh we have Harish = Ææ’Í®-≠ˇ honest as I am now.
b) He is as clever as his brother-
(éÀç-ü¿-öÀ≤ƒ-J °œ-î˝ èπÿú≈ Ñ≤ƒJ °œ-î˝ Åçûª
≤ƒn†ç™ £æ«K≠ˇ ÖØ√oúø’) ÉD positive degree. Å®·ûË Éçü¿’™ not é¬F, no ¢Ëí∫-¢Á’içüË)
Vasanth: What about the next match? The Warangal team is no more a problem
(
é¬F ™‰ü¿’. Åçü¿’-´©x clever ´·çü¿’ as ´÷vûª¢Ë’ 6) v°æ¨¡o. 'Æœçõ„é˙q— Åçõ‰ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å©ç-é¬-®√-™‰Ø√?
ûª®√y-ûª -Ç-ô Ææçí∫-ûËçöÀ?-) for us than yesterday's team.
Hemanth: We may play the team from
¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç, so ¢√úø-ôç- ™‰ü¿’. ÉC î√-™« ´·êu-¢Á’i† ¢√öÀ í∫’Jç* ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’ç-úÕ.
(no more a problem - no + comparative) à¢Á’iØ√ v°æûËuéπ °æ¤Ææh-é¬-©’-Ø√oߪ÷?
Warangal, but we take it easy. The
N≠æߪ’ç.
Much (positive) - more (comparative) - most
Now let us study the following sentences
èπ~◊ùoçí¬, Ææ’-©-¶µºçí¬ ÖçúË °æ¤Ææh-鬩’
Warangal team is no more a prob- (superlative)
from the conversation between Vasanth and
(´÷èπ◊ ´®Ωçí∫-™¸ -öÃç E†oöÀ -öÃç éπçõ‰ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’çúÕ.
lem for us than yesterday's team.
Hemanth at the beginning of this lesson.
áèπ◊\´ Ææ´’Ææu- é¬ü¿’) – áÆˇ. ®√ñ¸- π◊-´÷®˝,
(´îËa-≤ƒJ ¢Ë’ç- ´®Ωç-í∫™¸ öÃç ûÓ ÇúÌa. Positive: Yesterday's team was (at least) as
1) Hemanth: Our game yesterday was no bet-
£j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü.˛
Å®·ûË ¢Ë’ç ü∆Eo ûËL-í¬_ØË BÆæ’èπ◊ç-ô’- much a problem for us as the waran- Syntax Åçõ‰ Å©ç-é¬-®√©’ é¬ü¿’.
ter than last sunday's
Ø√oç. E†oöÀ öÃç éπç-õ‰ ´®Ωç-í∫™¸ öÃç gal team Syntax Åçõ‰ English ™E ¢√é¬u-
(éÀç-ü¿-öÀ ÇC-¢√®Ωç ´÷ Çô éπçõ‰ E†o
°ü¿l Ææ´’ÊÆuç é¬ü¿’.) ´÷ Çõ‰ç ¢Á’®Ω’-í¬_-™‰ü¿’.) (E†oöÀ -öÃç, ´®Ωçí∫-™¸ -öÃç Åçûª Ææ´’ÊÆu ™xE ´÷ô© Å´’-Jéπ (order of words - à ´÷ô
Vasanth: I appreciate your confidence.
(no better - no + comparative)
´÷èπ◊ = ûªèπ◊\¢Ëç é¬ü¿’) – Åçõ‰ ´®Ωç-í∫™¸ ´·çü¿÷, à ´÷ô ûª®√yûª ®√¢√L)†’ í∫’-Jç-*-†
(F N¨»y-≤ƒEo -Å-Gµ-†ç-CÆæ’h-Ø√o.) Positive: Last Sunday's game was (at least) as
áèπ◊\¢Ëç é¬ü¿’ ÅE. E•ç-üµ¿-†©’. É°æpöÀ ´®Ωèπÿ ÉEo lessons ™†÷ -ûÁ-L-
Hemanth: Our Captain is more confident than I Our captain is more confident than I (am) - °œç-C ÉüËéπü∆? OöÀE í∫’Jç-* English story books,
good as our game yesterday =
7)
(am)= Ø√éπçõ‰ ´÷captain áèπ◊\´ N¨»y-ÆæçûÓ -ÖØ√oúø’ – Magazines ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç*, Newspapers
( captain
éÀç-ü¿-öÀ ÇC-¢√®Ωç ´÷ Çô èπÿú≈ E†o ´÷
Ø√éπçõ‰ ´÷ Éçé¬ N¨»y-ÆæçûÓ comparative, not Positive
™‰èπ◊çú≈, 鬕öÀd ™ (English), °ü¿l †´-©©’ ™«çöÀN îªü¿-´ôç ´©x
Çôçûª ¶«í¬ ÖçC (éπFÆæç)
ÖØ√oúø’.) not English ¶«í¬ ´Ææ’hçC.
2) Our score this time was not higher than that
´Ææ’hçC.
Vasanth: Best of luck then. Bye.
-≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 4 -ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Dhananjai: So, which school did you put your Dhananjai: Tomorrow? I should very much
son in, finally? like to, but tomorrow is a friday.
(*´-®Ωèπ◊ O’ ¢√-úÕ-E -à school ™ - On fridays, I am busier than most
îË-Jpç-î√-´¤?) other days. I'll try to come, but
Lokeswar: In the Ambit Public School. don't look for me. Anyway, many
Dhananjai: Congrats. How could you ever happy returns of the day.
get him admission in that school? (Ø√èπ◊ ®√¢√-©ØË ÖçC, é¬F Í®°æ¤ ¨¡Ÿvéπ-¢√®Ωç. -N’-T-L-†
It is one of the best schools in the ®Ó-V-©-ûÓ -§Ú-LÊÆ-h ؈’ ¨¡Ÿvéπ-¢√-®√©’ î√™«- G-@. Å®·-
state.
(Ç Ææ÷\--™x -Å-úÕt-≠æ-Ø˛ ᙫ Ææ秃-Cç--î√-
´¤? ®√≠æçZ -™ -Ö-†o -Ö-ûªh-´’ -§ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©-™x -

What do you think?


Å-üÌéπ-öÀ.)
Lokeswar: And one of the most expensive
too. My son has been selected in
the selection test. Very few admis-
sion tests he has taken are as
tough as this.
than that in most other recent movies.
(Å´¤†’. Åûªuçûª êK--üÁj† §ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©-™x Ø√ ®√´-ö«-EéÀ v°æߪ’-Ao-≤ƒh†’. - é¬-F -Ø√éÓÆæç áü¿’-®Ω’- ûÁ©’-í∫’™ -™‰-´¤. Ñ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ -Ççí∫x¶µ«-≠æ-
èπÿú≈ -Å-üÌéπöÀ. ´÷¢√úø’ v°æ¢Ë-¨¡-°æ-K-éπ~™ îª÷-úÌü¿’l. É™«çöÀ °æ¤-öÀd-†®Ó-V-©’ î√-™« -ï®Ω’°æ¤éÓ-¢√©E ™ î√™« -E-•ç-üµ¿-†-©’ -Ö-Ø√o®·. Åçü¿’- Naresh: But the songs in the movie
áç°œ-éπ-ߪ÷uúø’. -¢√úø’ ®√Æœ† °æK-éπ~™x éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’) éπE à ®Ωéπç §ÚL-éπ†’ à degree ™ are not sweeter than the
éÌEo ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Éçûª éπ-≠d-¢æ Á’i-†N.) Lokeswar: Thank you. ᙫ îÁ§ƒp-©ØË N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ñ«ví∫ûªh Å´- songs in 'Kalalu'.
Dhananjai: (Do) you mean he has taken as Compare sentences (a) and (b) below: Ææ®Ωç. Satish: (Do) you mean that songs in
number of admission tests? a) Kolkata is the largest city in India Now look at the following sen-
'Kalalu' are sweeter than the
tences from the conversation at
(Åçõ‰ -O’ -Å-¶«s®· î√-™« v°æ¢Ë-¨¡-°æ-K-éπ~©’ ( ¶µ«®Ω-û˝™ Åûªuçûª °ü¿l-†-í∫®Ωç éÓ™¸-éπû√) M. SURESAN songs in the movie.
®√¨»-úøØ√ -F -Ö-üËl-¨¡uç?) - superlative degree. the beginning of the lesson
Lokeswar: What do you think? I have had five b) Bangalore is one of the largest cities in 1) It is one of the best schools in the state. Naresh: I Don't mean that. The songs in
transfers in the past nine years. India. (®√≠æZç™E Öûªh´’ -§ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©-™x ÉC äéπöÀ)– 'Kalalu' are as sweet as the songs in
With every transfer he had to be (¶µ«®Ω-û˝™ Åûªuçûª °ü¿l †í∫-®√™x- ¶„çí∫-∞¡⁄®Ω’ äéπöÀ) superlative this.
put in a new school, and that – superlative. 2) And one of the most expensive too.
Satish: You are one of the best singers in our
meant an admission test. a), b) È®çúø÷ èπÿú≈ superlative ™ ÖØ√o®·. Å®·ûË (Åûªuçûª êK--üÁj† -§ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©-™x èπÿú≈ äéπöÀ)
3) Very few admission tests... are as tough as College. I do not have the knowledge
(à-´’-†’èπ◊ç-ô’--Ø√o-´¤? Ñ -ûÌ-N’t-üË∞¡x-™ (a) ™ the largest Åçô’Ø√oç – Åçõ‰ éÓ™¸-éπû√ ÅEo
Ø√èπ◊ -Å®·-ü¿’ ≤ƒ®Ω’x •CM Å®·çC. this (positive) of music you have / my knowledge of
†í∫-®√™x °ü¿lC -Å-E -Å®Ωnç.
v°æA≤ƒ-K éÌûªh -§ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©-™ îË®√aLq ´îËaC. (b) ™ Bangalore is one of the largest Åçô’Ø√oç 4) He is certainly brighter than most other stu- music is not so (as) good as yours.
– Åçõ‰ ¶µ«®Ω-û˝™E (Åûªuçûª) °ü¿l-†-í∫-®√™x -¶„çí∫-∞¡⁄®Ω’ dents of his class or age (comparative) Naresh: Very few songs are as good as
5) ... I am busier tomorrow than on most other
äéπöÀ Åçô’Ø√oç. 'Vasantaragam' in 'Kalalu' It is a mov-
✓ The best, the largest, the tallest, etc. days. (comparative).
ing song.
comparatives, positive É°æ¤púø’ È®çúø’ ®Ω鬩 §ÚLéπ© -´’-üµ¿u ûËú≈ °æJ-Q-Lü∆lç:
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù
É™«çöÀ¢√öÀéÀ ᙫ
Satish: True. I like it too.
208 ´≤ƒhßÁ÷ ´’†èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. (-õ‰-•’-™¸ 1 -îª÷-úøç-úÕ)
One of the best (Åûªuçûª ¢Ë’-™„j-†-¢√-öÀ-™  äéπöÀ), É°æ¤púø’ ´’† Ææ-ç-¶µ«-≠æ-ù™E degrees transfor-
One of the largest (Åûªuçûª °ü¿l-¢√-öÀ™  äéπöÀ), mation to other degrees îª÷ü∆lç.
Åçõ‰ v°æA-≤ƒK ã v°æ¢Ë-¨¡-°æ-Kéπ~ ®√ÊÆ-¢√-úø’) ņo-°æ¤púø’ ¢√öÀéÀ Positive, Comparative ᙫ
Dhananjai: How good is he at studies? Öçö«ßÁ÷ É°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç îª÷ü∆lç. é¬F äéπ ´·êu Positive Comparative Superlative
(O’ ¢√úø’ á--™« îªü¿’-´¤-û√úø’?) N≠æߪ’ç–
Very few schools in the It is better than most other It is one of the best schools in the
Lokeswar: Quite bright, I must say. Certainly ✓ §ÚL-éπ©’ °æJQ- L - ç-îôª ç, îÁ°pæ ôç (´Ææ’h´- ¤©÷, ´uèπ◊h© 1)
brighter than most other students state are as good as this. schools in the state. state. lesson sentence)
ûª®Ωû- ´ª ’ ¶µü‰ ∆©’)- Éç-T≠-x flæ ™ ÆæçéÀ≠-x çdæ (Complex)í¬ - ( ™ É*a†
his age or class. He has had no Öç-ô’ç-C. ûÁ©’-í∫’™ -Å-™« Öçúøü¿’. ´’†ç 2) Very few schools are as ... and more expensive than and one of the most expensive
...
difficulty getting admission in the ´÷´‚©’í¬ ´÷ö«xú,Ë ®√ÊÆ ûÁ©’í∫’™ Superlative, expensive as this. most other schools. too. (lesson sentence) ™ É*a†
best schools. Comparatives èπ◊ ¢ËÍ®y®Ω’ °æü∆©’ ™‰´¤ éπü∆.
3) Very few admission tests This is tougher than most other This is one of the toughest tests.
(ûÁL-N-í∫-©-¢√-úøØË ÅØ√L. ¢√úÕ- ûª®Ωí∫-A,
are as tough as this. (les- tests.
Öü∆: Ççvüµ¿-v°æ-ü˨¸™ -Ö-†o †í∫-®√™x £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛
¢√-úÕ ´ßª’-Ææ’q- ¢√-∞¡x™ î√-™« -´’çCéπçõ‰ °ü¿lC (Superlative), N’í∫û√ †í∫-®√© éπçõ‰ £j«ü¿-®√- son ™Esentence)
ûÁL-¢Áj†-¢√úË. -Ñ é¬®Ω-ùçí¬ Åûª’u-ûªh´’ ¶«ü˛ °ü¿lC (Comparative), à †í∫®Ωç èπÿú≈ £j«ü¿-
§ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©-™x Ææ’-©’-´¤í¬ v°æ¢Ë¨¡ç §Òçü¿-í∫- ®√-¶«ü˛ Åçûª °ü¿lC é¬ü¿’. ÅE ´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ 4) Very few students are as He is certainly brighter than most He is certainly one of the brightest
Lí¬úø’) -Åç-ö«ç. îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆. bright as he (is). other students. (lesson sen- students.
™E
Dhananjai: I see that. That he got a seat in ✓ Three degrees ™ èπÿú≈ ´’†ç '°ü¿lC— -Å-ØË - tence)
Ambit school shows that. Wish ´÷-ô-ØË Åçô’Ø√oç. -Éç-Tx-≠æfl™™«, big, bigger, 5) On very few days am I as I am busier tomorrow than on Tomorrow is one of the days I am
him all the best. biggest ÅE äÍé ´÷ôèπ◊ degree E •öÀd ´‚úø’ busy as I am tomorrow. most other days. (lesson the busiest on.
™E
(Å®Ωnç Å´¤-ûª÷ØË ÖçC. Ç §ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©™
sentence)
®Ω÷§ƒ©’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ -Öç-úø-´¤ éπü∆. Åûªuçûª °ü¿lC, ÅA
Æ‘-ô’ ®√´-ô¢Ë’ -Å-ûª-ØËç-ö ûÁ-©’-≤Úhç-C). °ü¿l ÅØË ´÷ô© ¢√úø’éπ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Åçûª ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ωùç
Lokeswar: Tomorrow is his birthday. How é¬ü¿’. ÅD é¬èπ◊çú≈ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ -áEo ®Ω鬩 §ÚL-éπ- É°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oC... This diversity is seen not only
about attending it? ©’Ø√o, Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd àüÓ ´÷ô éπ-*a-ûªçí¬ -¢√- -v°æ-¨¡o-:
a) The + superlative ÅE ´ÊÆh ü∆EéÀ compara- among the plants belonging to dif-
( Í®°æ¤ ¢√úÕ °æ¤-öÀd-†®Ó-V -´≤ƒh´¤ éπü∆.) úø’û√ç. é¬F ¢√éπuç É™« Öçú≈L ÅØË E•ç-üµ¿-†©’
tive ™ than any other / all other ´Ææ’hçC. ferent groups but also those
Table- 1 belonging to the same group.
Positive ™ No other ûÓ -v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-´’´¤-ûª’çC.-
I Type II Type is
°j ¢√éπuç™ ûª®√yûª seen Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-
b) One of the + superlative ´ÊÆh ü∆EéÀ compar- present continuous
Bangalore is one of the largest cities in
Superlative: Kolkata is the largest
Tç-î √®Ω’. ™
ative ™ than most other ´Ææ’hçC. Very few verb ´‚úÓ-®Ω÷-§ƒEo Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îª-
city in India. India.
ûÓ Positive v§ƒ®Ω綵º-´’´¤-ûª’çC. very few ûÓ ´î√a?-ûÁ-©°æí∫-©®Ω’?
Comparative: Kolkata is larger than Bangalore is larger than most other v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-´’ßË’u positive- ™ as + positive + as áç. ü∆L-Ø√-ߪ·úø’, Xé¬- π◊∞¡ç
any other city / all other cities in India. cities in India. ´÷vûª-¢Ë’ ´Ææ’hçC. so + positive + as ®√ü¿’. ï-¢√-•’: Ééπ\úø seen ÅØËC present continuous
tense é¬ü¿’. present simple / present indefinite.
Positive: No other city in India is Very few cities in India are Carefully observe the following conver- present continuous tense ™ verb form-
so (as) large as Kolkata. as large as Bangalore. sation between Satish and Naresh am seeing / is seeing / are seeing.
Superlative: éÓ™¸éπû√ ÅEo †í∫-®√™x °ü¿lC -Å-ûªuç-ûª °ü¿l †í∫-®√™x ¶„çí∫-∞¡⁄®Ω’ äéπöÀ Satish: This is one of the greatest movies I've is seen- ÉCpresent simple, passive voice-

Comparative: N’í∫û√ †í∫-®√-©- éπçõ‰ seen recently. îª÷úø-•-úø’-ûÓçC ÅØË Å®Ωnç™.


This diversity is seen = Ñ
î√™« †í∫-®√-©- éπç-õ‰ ¶„çí∫-∞¡⁄®Ω’ °ü¿lC ¢ÁjNüµ¿uç
éÓ™¸éπû√ °ü¿lC (-´u-´£æ…-Jéπ ûÁ©’-í∫’-™) Naresh: I agree. Very few recent movies are îª÷úø•úø’ûª’çC (Åçõ‰ ´’†ç îª÷≤ƒhç ÅE)
Positive: à Éûª®Ω †í∫®Ωç èπÿú≈ éÓ™¸éπû√ à éÌCl †í∫-®√-™ ¶„çí∫∞¡⁄®Ωçûª °ü¿lN as great as this. is seen- is (be form) + seen ( verb ´‚úÓ-®Ω÷°æç
Åçûª °ü¿lC é¬-ü¿’. (-´u-´£æ…-Jéπ ûÁ©’-í∫’-™) Satish: The photography in the movie is better Åçõ‰ past participle) - voice, passive.
-•’-üµ¿-¢√®Ωç 6 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Tarun: Hi Saran, you are not the earliest to a) Madanapalle is not the coolest place in A.P
class, are you? = Adjective - the coolest - degree superla-
(Åçü¿-J-éπçõ‰ class èπ◊ ´·çü¿’ ´*açC tive - Å®·ûË Ñ sentence superlative
™
†’´¤y é¬ü¿’-í∫ü∆?) ´·çü¿’ not sentence
í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Ñ Å®Ωnç:
Saran: Sarika and some others were earlier Ççvüµ¿-v°æ-üË-¨¸™ ´’ü¿-†-°æ™„x Åûªuçûª xE v°æü˨¡ç
than me. I was not later than they é¬ü¿’ ÅE éπü∆.
(were)/them by more than ten min- Åçõ‰, ´’ü¿-†-°æ™„x éÌEo Éûª®Ω v°æüË-¨»-©-éπØ√o x-E-C-
utes. é¬ü¿’ ÅE– ÉC comparative.
(≤ƒJéπ, ÉçéÌç-ü¿®Ω’ Ø√éπçõ‰ ´·çü¿’ Madanapalle is not cooler than some other
´î√a®Ω’. ¢√∞¡x-éπçõ‰ ؈’ °æC EN’-≥ƒ© places in A.P.
éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ Ç©Ææuç é¬ü¿’.) DEéÀ positive: positive comparative superlative
Tarun: Sarika isn't always the earliest to Some other places in A.P. are as cool as 1. Some others are as early You are not earlier than some You are not the earliest to
come ? Madanpalle = -á.°œ.™ éÌEoîÓô’x ´’ü¿-†-°æ™„x to class as you. others to class. class. sentence)
(É*a†
(á°æ¤púø÷ ´·çü¿®Ω ´îËa ¢√∞¡x™ ≤ƒJéπ Åçûª x-EN. 2. I was not early as Sarika Sarika and some others were I was not the earliest.
Öçô’ç-C-éπü∆?) b) That is not the tallest tree in the garden. and some others. earlier than me. sentence)
(É*a†
Saran: No, she isn't. In fact, she is not (Ç ûÓô™-E ÅEo îÁôx™ ÅC áèπ◊\´ §Òúø-¢ÁjçC 3. It was not as cheap before It is cheaper than before (É*a† No superlative.
among those who are the earliest. é¬ü¿’) as it is now. sentence)
(é¬ü¿’. ûªy®Ωí¬ ´îËa-¢√-∞¡x™ x ÅÆæ-™«¢Á’ – not the tallest (not + superlative) 4. Some others are always Sarika is not always earlier than Sarika is not always the ear-
Öçúøü¿’.)  The tree is not taller than some other trees as early as Sarika. some others. liest.(É*a† sentence)
Tarun: You were thinking of buying a bike. in the garden. 5. It is not as cheap as it was It is not cheaper now than before. It is not the cheapest now.
You had better buy now. It is on sale (Ç ûÓô™ N’í∫û√ éÌEo îÁôx-éπØ√o ÉC §Òúø-¢ÁjçC earlier. (É*a† sentence)
at a discount é¬ü¿’) 6. Some other brands are This is not going to be cheaper This is not going to be the
and is cheaper not taller than some going to be as cheap as than some other brands. cheapest of brands.
than before. other - comparative. this. sentence)
(É*a†
(†’¢ËyüÓ bike 7. The bike is not as impor- Some other matters are more The bike is not among/ not
éÌØ√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’- -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 209  Some other trees in
the garden are as tall
tant for me as some other important for me than the bike one of the most important
Ø√o´¤ éπü∆. matters. now. sentence)
(É*a† matters for me.
as the tree.
É°æ¤púË é̆ôç 8. No other matter has as lit- The bike has less priority than The bike has the least prior-
´’ç*C. Discount ™ Å´·t- (ûÓô-™E éÌEo îÁô’x, Ç îÁôdçûª tle priority as the bike. any other matter ity now. (É*a†sentence)
ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. Éçûª-èπ◊-´·ç-ü¿’-éπçõ‰ §Òúø´¤Ø√o®·.)
[little (positive) - less (comparative) - least (superlative)]
É°æ¤púø’ éπ.) c) Some other novels are as good as
Saran: It is not the cheapest now. 'You only live Twice' 9. Some other matters are as There are other more important This is not the most impor-
It is going to be cheaper (éÌEo Éûª®Ω novels, 'you only live important as this. matters than this. sen-
(É*a† tant matter.
still. I'll wait for another Twice' Åçûª ¶«í∫’ç-ö«®·) tence)
month. M. SURESAN As good as - degree - positive
Rahul: That's true. But once he regains form,
äéπ ´·êu-N-≠æߪ’ç í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ: É™« äéπ very few of us can play as well as he.

It is cheaper than before


degree †’ç* ÉçéÓ degree éÀ ´÷®Ωaôç ã
exercise í¬ practice îËߪ’ôç ´©x confusion (Eï¢Ë’. é¬E ´’Sx form ™ éÌî√a-úøçõ‰
ûª°æp Spoken English improve é¬ü¿’. O’®Ω’ ´÷vûªç ´÷™ à éÌCl-´’çüÓ Åûª-†çûª
regular í¬ Å´-鬨¡ç üÌJ-éÀ-†-°æ¤p-úø™«x English ¶«í¬ Çúø-í∫©ç)
´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o-®Ω-†’-éÓçúÕ, Å°æ¤púø’ O’®Ω’ îÁ§ƒp-©-†’- Sindhu: Wish him the best.
èπ◊†o ¶µ«¢√Eo, Ææçü¿-®√s¥-Eo-•öÃd, à degree ™ Look at the following sentences from the
(É°æ¤púø’ Åçûª ûªèπ◊\-¢Ëç-é¬ü¿’. Éçé¬ îª´-éπ-´- DEéÀ comparative ᙫ îÁ§ƒp™ O’èπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC. English Å´- conversation above:
1) You played the best of all.
"you only live Twice" is not better than some
¶-ûÓçC. ÉçéÓ ØÁ™«-í∫’û√.) 鬨¡ç ´*a-†-°æ¤púø™«x ´÷ö«x-úøôç ´·êuç. É´Fo
Tarun: Yes. Some other brands will then be ¢√ôçûªô Å¢Ë ûÁL-Æœ-§Ú-û√®·. îªü¿-´ôç ´©x 2) You scored more runs than any other mem-
other novels ('You only live Twice' éÌEo Éûª®Ω
as cheap as this or even cheaper. èπÿú≈ ÉçTx≠ˇ ´Ææ’hçC. ber of your team.
novels
(Å´¤ØËx. ´’J-éÌEo company © bikes Now study the following conversation:
éπçõ‰ Åçûª ¶«Ííç Öçúøü¿’). 3) ... I could not bowl as well as Ganesh.
Éçûª -í¬_†÷ Öçö«®·, Éçé¬ îª´-í¬_†÷ superlative Sindhu: Congrats Rahul, your team won the 4) He took more wickets than I did.
Öçö«®·.) 'You only live Twice' is not the best novels. match yesterday. You played the 5) Your captain played the worst of all.
Saran: Moreover some other matters are (You only live Twice' ÅEo-öÀ™ Öûªh-´’-¢Á’i† best of all. You scored more runs 6) ... he plays better than most of us.
more important for me than the bike than any other member of your team.
novel é¬ü¿’) 7) But he didn't play so well in the earlier
now. (-E-†o O’ team ÈíL-*çC. Åçü¿-J™ match either.
Now look at the following sentences from
(ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ bike éπçõ‰ ´·êu-¢Á’i† †’´¤y ¶«í¬ Çú≈´¤. N’í∫-û√-¢√-∞¡x-éπØ√o 8) ... very few of us can play as well as he.
the conversation at the beginning of the
N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ ´’J-éÌEo ÖØ√o®· Ø√èπ◊.)
lesson.
†’¢Áy-èπ◊\´ °æ®Ω’-í∫’©’ B¨»´¤.) °j sentences ÅEoç-öÀ™ èπÿú≈ §ÚL-éπ-©’-Ø√o®·
Tarun: (So) you mean a bike has the least Rahul: Unfortunately, I could not bowl as
éπü∆– ÅFo ûª®Ω-ûª´’ ¶µ‰ü∆©†’ í∫’JçîË. Å®·ûË Ñ
priority now. 1) You are not the earliest to the class. well as Ganesh. He took more wick-
sentences ™ ´Ææ’h-´¤©/ ´uèπ◊h© í∫’ù-í∫-ù«-©†÷,
bike ets than I did.
(Åçõ‰ F v§ƒ´·-ë«u稻™x *´-J- 2) Sarika and some others were earlier than ≤ƒ´’-®√n u-©†÷ é¬éπ ´uèπ◊h© °æEB®Ω’†’ §Ú©’-Ææ’h-Ø√o-
ü¿ç-ö«¢√?) me.
(ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%-≠d-´æ -¨»ûª÷h Ganesh Åçûª ¶«í¬ ´’E í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’. äÍé °æEE Éü¿l®Ω÷,
Saran: There are other more important mat- bowl îËߪ’-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’. Ø√éπçõ‰ Åûª-ØÁ-
3) It is cheaper than before.
Åçûªéπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ´uèπ◊h©’, äéπ-J-éπçõ‰ ÉçéÌ-éπ®Ω’
ters. èπ◊\´ wickets BÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’) ¶«í¬ î˨»®√, ûªèπ◊\´ î˨»®√ ÅØËC §Ú©’-Ææ’hØ√oç.
(ÅE é¬ü¿’. é¬E Åçûª-éπçõ‰ ´·êu-¢Á’i-†N 4) Sarika is not always the earliest to come. Sindhu: Your captain played the worst of all. Åçõ‰ ÉC comparison of adverbs, compari-
´’J-éÌEo ÖØ√o®·.) 5) It is not the cheapest now. His single digit score shows that. son of adjectives é¬ü¿’. Åçõ‰ degrees of
Tarun: When you decide to buy just let me 6) Some other brands are going to be as
(Åçü¿®Óx Åüµ∆y-†çí¬ ÇúÕçC O’ Èé°dØË. comparison, adjectives Íé é¬èπ◊çú≈, adverbs
know. I know the dealer. We can get
cheap as this or even cheaper.
ÅûªE äéπ ÅçÈé score ü∆EéÀ û√®√\ùç) èπ◊ èπÿú≈ Öçô’ç-ü¿-†o-´÷ô. É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπÿ ´’†ç
some concession. Rahul: He hasn't been in form of late. study îËÆ œçC comparison of adjectives.Ééπ
7) Moreover some other matters are more Otherwise he plays better than most ´·çü¿’ ´’†ç °æJ-Q-Lç-îËC, degrees of com-
(†’´¤y éÌØ√-©E E®Ωg-®·ç--èπ◊-†o-°æ¤púø’ Ø√èπ◊
ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰®·. Ø√éÓ dealer ûÁ©’Ææ’. ´’†èπ◊ important for me than the bike now. of us. parison of adverbs.
é¬Ææh ûªT_ç°æ¤ üµ¿®Ω-éÌ-Ææ’hçC.) 8) ... the bike has the least priority now? (Åûª-F-´’üµ¿u Åçûª form ™ ™‰úø’. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ (adverb Åçõ‰, verb ûÁLÊ° °æE ᙫ ïJ-TçC
Saran: Thank you. 9) there are other more important matters.
´÷™ î√™«-´’çC éπçõ‰ Åûª†’ ¶«í¬ Çúø- ÅE ûÁLÊ° °æü¿ç)
You observe that the conversation above û√úø’.) You played the best of all - Ééπ\úø verb,
All the sentences above are more or less
has mostly negative sentences. There are, Sindhu: But he didn't play so well in the earli- played = Çú≈´¤. Ç Çúøôç ᙫ ïJ-TçC?
the same pattern. er match either. Answer: the best. 鬕öÀd best ÅØËC Ééπ\úø
among them, superlatives, comparatives
Åçõ‰ Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ´’†ç
and positives too. Now before we study îª÷Æœ† not the best/ greatest, etc èπ◊ Ææç•ç- (é¬F Åûª†’ Åçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ match adverb.
them look at the following sentences. Cµç-*-†N. OöÀéÀ other degrees îª÷ü∆lç. ™†÷ Åçûª ¶«í¬ Çúø-™‰ü¿’ éπü∆)

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm


-¨¡Ÿ-véπ-¢√®Ωç 8 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Komal: Visal, doesn't Ramana speak English Komal: He certainly works harder than any of
the best of all of us in the class? us. At the same time he plays games
(Class™ ´’†ç-ü¿-J™ English ¶«í¬ better than us too. Remember he
Ramana éπü∆)
´÷ö«x-úËC scored higher than any other member
Vishal: Yes; he does. (Å´¤†’) of our team in the last match.
Komal: Why so? (áçü¿’-éπE?) (éπ*a-ûªçí¬ Åûªúø’ ´’†-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ v¨¡´’-
Why so = áçü¿’-éπ™«?; Why not? = áçü¿’èπ◊ °æ-úø-û√úø’. Å™«Íí games ™ èπÿú≈ ´’†-
é¬ü¿’? Ñ expressions conversation ™ éπçõ‰ Åûªúø’ ¢Á’®Ω’Íí. éÀç-ü¿-öÀ match ™
î√™« common. O’®Ω÷ ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ¢√úøçúÕ. ´’† team ™ Éûª®Ω players éπçõ‰ ¶«í¬
Vishal: From the beginning he has studied in score î˨»úø’).
English medium, that too, in very Vishal: Here he is. Let's spend some time Adjective Å®·Ø√, adverb Å®·Ø√, äéπ degree †’ç* ÉçéÓ degree éÀ ´÷Í®a °æü¿l¥A äéπõ‰.
good schools. Moreover, he reads with him. positive comparative superlative
more than any one of us. (ÉCíÓ ´Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’. é¬ÊÆ°æ¤ Åûª-úÕûÓ 1. Adjective Australia is better than any Australia is the best team
(¢Á·ü¿-öÀ†’ç* Åûªúø’ îªC-NçC English í∫úø’-°æ¤ü∆ç) No other team in the world is (all) other team (teams) in in the world.
medium ™, ÅD ´’ç* English medi-
☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ so/ as good as Australia. the world.
um schools ™, ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ ´’†-éπçõ‰
Adverb Australia plays better than Australia plays best of all
Åûªúø’ áèπ◊\-´í¬ îªü¿’-´¤-û√úø’.) lesson ™ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oC, degrees of any other team/ all other teams in the world.
í∫-ûª No other team in the world
That too = ÅC èπÿú≈. comparison äéπ\ adjectives Íé é¬ü¿’, adverbs plays so/ as well as Australia. teams in the world.
èπ◊ èπÿú≈ Öçü¿E. Adverbs Åçõ‰ èπÿú≈ ûÁ©’-Ææ’- 2. Adjective Australia is one of the best
Australia is better than most
èπ◊Ø√oç. verb, subject îËÊÆ °æEE ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC. Ç Very few teams in the world other teams in the world. teams in the world.
verb îËÊÆ °æE ᙫ ïJ-TçC ™«çöÀ N´-®√-©†’
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 210
are as good as Australia.
ûÁLÊ°-´÷ô adverb. Adverb
Australia plays better than No proper superlative.
He plays well. Ééπ\úø verb - plays. ᙫ Very few teams in the world most other teams in the
Komal: What does he Çúø-û√úø’? ÅØË verb (ûÁLÊ° °æE)éÀ v°æ¨¡o ¢ËÊÆh, play as well as Australia. world.
read? How Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç well éπü∆? Åçü¿’-éπE well, adverb
much does he Å´¤-ûª’çC. äéπ sentence ™ äéπ ´÷ô îËÊÆ °æEE îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆ ´÷Í®a °æü¿l¥A Adjective Å®·Ø√ äéπõ‰, – ÉC Comparative. verb - reads. DEo pos-
read? •öÀd, ÅC noun/ adjective/ adverb etc., OöÀ™x adverb Å®·Ø√ äéπõ‰. itive èπ◊ ´÷JÊÆh, not ®√¢√L. Å°æ¤púø’ í∫’®Ω’hç--
(àç îªü¿’-´¤- àC ÅE E®Ωg-®·ç-î√Lq Öçô’çC. 1) Tendulkar bats better than Sehwag. éÓ-¢√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç – reads + not = does not
û√úø’? áçûª This is a fast train. (ÉC Éü¿lJ ´’üµ¿uØË §ÚLéπ – Ééπ\úø not ™‰ü¿’– ÉC read.
îªü¿’-´¤-û√-úøç- Ééπ\úø ᙫçöÀ train? ÅØË v°æ¨¡oèπ◊, fast train ÅØËC comparative degree) DEéÀ superlative Positive degree: Ravi does not read so/ as
ö«´¤?) M. SURESAN ï¢√•’. 鬕öÀd fast, adjective. Öçúø-ü¿’-éπü∆. Positive ™éÀ ´÷Í®a-ô-°æ¤púø’, fast as Krishna. (Krishna Åçûª ¢Ëí∫çí¬ ®ΩN
Tendulkar, Sehwag Ê°®Ω’x û√®Ω’-´÷-®Ω-´¤-û√®·; îªü¿-´úø’)
not ´Ææ’hçC. 3) Kites fly faster than crows.

Why so? Sehwag does not bat (bats + not = does


not bat) so (as) well as Tendulkar
2) Bret Lee does not bowl faster than Shoaib
Akthar- comparative degree. (Bret Lee,
(é¬èπ◊© éπçõ‰ í∫ü¿l©’ ¢Ëí∫çí¬ áí∫’-®Ω’-û√®·)
Comparative. verb - fly. Comparative
not Positive
™‰ü¿’.
+ not = do not fly.
verb - fly. fly
™ ´Ææ’hçC.
™

Shoaib Akthar bowl


Åçûª ¢Ëí∫çí¬ îËߪ’úø’) – Positive: Crows do not fly so/ as fast as
Vishal: For one thing, he reads the English A Cheetah runs fast. kites.
not
§ÚLéπ Éü¿lJ ´’üµËu, ÖçC. DEéÀ superlative
news paper daily. He reads too, a lot Now look at the following sentences from the
(*®Ω’-ûª-°æ¤L ¢Ëí∫çí¬ °æ®Ω’-Èí-ûª’h-ûª’çC. Ééπ\úø runs, ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆.Positive not
™ subjects
®√ü¿’,
of fiction in English. He reads quite conversation at the beginning of the lesson.
verb. How does it run? question
ÅØË èπ◊ fast, Lee, Akthar positions
© û√®Ω’-´÷-®Ω-´¤-û√®·.
often English news magazines too. 1) Doesn't Ramana speak English the best of
answer fast
鬕öÀd adverb.
ÅØËC Åçõ‰ – Positive: Shoaib Akthar bowls (at least) as
(äéπ-õ‰-N’-ôçõ‰ ®ÓW English newspaper 1) ᙫçöÀ, ᙫç-öÀC (äéπ ´Ææ’h´¤/ ´’E≠œ) ÅØË fast as Bret Lee. (Shoaib Akthar Bret éπFÆæç all of us in the class? (superlative degree of
îªü¿’-´¤-û√úø’. Éçé¬ English †´-©©’, éπü∑∆-E- v°æ¨¡oèπ◊ Ææ´÷-üµ∆-†çí¬ ´îËa-´÷ô Adjective. Lee Åçûª ¢Ëí∫çí¬ bowl îË≤ƒhúø’) the adverb)
éπ©÷ îªü¿’-´¤-û√úø’. ûª®Ωîª÷ English news 2) °æE ᙫ ïJ-TçC ÅØË v°æ¨¡oèπ◊ answer í¬ ´îËa Adverb degree ´îËa-ô-°æ¤púø’, do, does, did 2) He reads more than any of us.
magazines èπÿú≈ îªü¿’-´¤-û√úø’.)
©
´÷ô Adverb. Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç í∫’®Ω’h-°-ô’d-éÓ-¢√L. (comparative degree)
fiction = °∂œéπ{Ø˛ – '°∂œ— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. Å®Ωnç – 3) Reading English helps you more than a
Eg: 1) Steve played more matches than Mark.
éπ©p†– éπLpç-*† éπü∑¿©’ – novels (†´-©©’), Ñ È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ í∫’®Ω’hç--èπ◊çõ‰
degrees of comparison á°æ¤púø’ Adjectives èπÿ, study of grammar (comparative)
(Mark éπçõ‰ Steve áèπ◊\´ matches Çú≈úø’)
short stories (éπü∑∆-E-éπ©’) ™«çöÀN. 4) He certainly works harder than any of us.
á°æ¤púø’ adverbs èπÿ ÅØËC Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬ ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC. – ÉC comparative. verb - played. DEo pos-
Komal: (Do) you mean he speaks English so (comparative)
a) Australia plays best of all teams in the world. itive ™ îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰, played + not = did not
well because of his reading? 5) At the same time, he plays games better
(v°æ°æç-îªç-™E ÅEo ïôx™ ÇÊÆZ-Lߪ÷ ïô’d play Å´¤-ûª’çC. Å°æ¤púø’ positive.
(Åçõ‰ †’´y-ØËC Å™« îªü¿-´ôç ´©xØË than us too. (comparative)
Åûªuçûª ¶«í¬ Çúø’-ûª’çC.) Mark did not play as/ so many games as
English Å™« ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o-úøç-ö«¢√?) 6) He scored higher than any other member of
í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ– Ééπ\úø 'best'- adverb, áçü¿’-éπçõ‰, Steve. (Steve games Mark
ÇúÕ-†Eo Çúø-™‰ü¿’)
Vishal: Exactly. Reading English helps you our team. (comparative)
plays ÅØË verb °æEE ᙫíÓ N´-J-≤ÚhçC 鬕öÀd. 2) Krishna reads faster than Ravi
more than a thorough study of gram- Exercise: OöÀéÀ Éûª®Ω degrees practise îËߪ’çúÕ.
(Note: Superlative degree of the adjective (
mar. ®Ω-N éπçõ‰ éπ%≠æg ¢Ëí∫çí¬ îªü¿’-´¤-û√úø’) Answer:
´·çü¿’ the éπ*a-ûªçí¬ Öçú≈-©E ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç.
superlative degree of the adverb
(éπ*a-ûªçí¬. ÉçTx≠ˇ ´÷ö«x-úËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ví¬´’®˝ Å®·ûË superlative comparative positive
the
èπ~◊ùoçí¬ Å¶µºu-Æœç-îªôç éπçõ‰, îªü¿-´ôç
áèπ◊\´í¬ Ææ£æ…-ߪ’-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC.) ´·çü¿’ Åçûª °æöÀdç-°æ¤-™‰ü¿’. ¢√úÕûË ´’ç*üË, 1. Doesn't Ramana speak Doesn't Ramana speak Does any of us speak
¢√úø-éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ °∂æ®√y-™‰ü¿’.) English the best of all of us? English better than any of English so well as
thorough = ü∑¿®Ó = èπ~◊ùo-¢Á’i†
°j sentence ™ adverb, superlative degree (É*a† sentence) us? Ramana?
Komal: The language of the English newspa- ™ ÖçC éπü∆? ÉC superlative of 'well'. É°æ¤úø’ 2. Of all of us he reads the most. He reads more than any of None of us reads as much
pers is difficult to understand, isn't it? ÉC îª÷úøçúÕ. us. sentence) as he (reads/ does)
How then does it help?
(É*a†
b) Tendulkar plays better than any other/ all Reading helps us more than A study of grammar doesn't
3. No superlative.
(English newspapers English other players = player/ help us so much as/ as
Å®Ωnç õ„çúø÷-©\®˝ à Éûª®Ω a study of grammar. (É*a†
îËÆæ’-éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ éπ≠dçæ í¬ Öçô’çC. Å™«ç-ô- N’í∫û√players éπçõ‰ ¢Á’®Ω’í¬_ Çúø-û√úø’. sentence) much as reading.
°æ¤púø’ ÅüÁ™« Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC?) Ééπ\úø better, comparative degree of well 4. He certainly works hardest of He certainly works harder than None of us work as/ so
Vishal: Ramana says he began with short
c) No other player hits the ball so/ as well as any of us. sentence) hard as he, certainly.
news items, and then went on to all of us. (É*a†
Dhoni= player
5. Of all of us, he plays games He plays games better than We don't play games so
ÉçÍé Éûª®Ω èπÿú≈ üµÓE Åçûª
news stories.
ball adverb, well-
best. us too. sentence) well as/ as well as he.
¶«í¬ †’ éÌôdúø’. Ééπ\úø (É*a†
(¢Á·ôd-¢Á·-ü¿ô *†o ¢√®√hç-¨»-©ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç- positive.
Gµç*, Ç ûª®√yûª °ü¿l °ü¿l ¢√®Ωh© reports 6. He scored highest of all of us. He scored higher than any No other member of our
good= ´’ç* (adjective) better (comparative)
other member of our team. team scored so/ as high as
well= ¶«í¬ (adverb) best (superlative)
îªC-¢√-†E ®Ω´’ù ÅØ√oúø’) he.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm


-Ç-C¢√®Ωç 10 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Chandan: Of the two who do you find the Santhan: We're going to appoint him. Better
better- Sekhar or Srikar? sooner than later. I'll send the
(Ç Éü¿l-J™, Åçõ‰ ¨Ïê®˝, Xéπ-®˝™ á´®Ω’ appointment order today itself.
¢Á’®Ω’-í∫ç-ö«´¤?/ á´®Ω’ ¢Á’®Ω’-í∫-E- (ÅûªEo appoint îËÆæ’hØ√oç. Ç îËÊÆ-üËüÓ
°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’?) ûªy®Ωí¬ îËÊÆh †ßª’ç. Ñ®Óñ‰ appoint-
Santhan: Difficult to say. Each has his ment order °æç°æ¤û√)
virtues and defects. Srikar is the Chandan: O.K. Go ahead. (ÆæÍ®, é¬F.)
more intelligent but Sekhar is the Go ahead = é¬F/ é¬E´¤y/ Ææ´’t-Aç-îªôç.
more industrious. Ram: I want to tell you something.
(îÁ°æpôç éπ≠dçæ . Éü¿l-J™ éÌEo ´’ç* (Fèπ◊ ØËØÓ-N-≠æߪ’ç îÁ§ƒp-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o) 2) Between Bangalore and Hyderabad, 2) Who is the more suitable for this job?
í∫’ù«©÷ ÖØ√o®·, éÌEo üÓ≥ƒ©÷ Sam: Go ahead. (é¬F/ îÁ°æp-®·ûË). Bangalore is the cooler = 3) The sooner, the better =
ÖØ√o®·.) ÉC English ™ common. O’®Ω÷ practice Bangalore is cooler than Hyderabad. áçûª ûªy®Ωí¬ Å®·ûË Åçûª ´’ç*C.
Virtue = ´îª÷u– '´— bird ™ '•— ™« ØÌéÀ\- 3) Of (between) his two sons, the elder is the
îËߪ’çúÕ. É°æ¤púø’ sentence 3) ™«çöÀ comparative
°æ-©’-èπ◊û√ç– Å®Ωnç – Ææ’í∫’ùç. Gandhi was a ☯ ☯ ☯
stronger = ÅûªE éÌúø’èπ◊Lü¿l®Óx °ü¿l-¢√úø’ •©- sentences îª÷ü∆lç: Ééπ\úø, È®çúø’ compar-
man of virtue = í¬çDµ Ææ’í∫’-ù«©’ éπL-T† ´uéÀh. (The elder is the stronger of his
atives °æéπ\ØË ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç éπü∆. È®çúÕçöÀ
Comparative degree (adjective/ adverb)
´ç-ûª’úø’.
Chandan: And who is the more suitable for two sons
Ææçü¿-®√s¥-EéÀ ûªT-†ô’x ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ ¢√úÕûË ´’† con-
ÅE èπÿú≈ ÅØÌa). ´·çü¿÷ the ®√´ôç îª÷úøçúÕ.
this job then? 4) Pranav: How does he compare with his
versation î√™« Åçü¿çí¬, effective (v°æ¶µ«´ç a) The taller a player is, the better can he
father?
(Å®·ûË É°æ¤púø’ ´’†èπ◊ 鬢√-Lq† °æEéÀ éπ©’-í∫-ñ‰-ÊÆ-C)í¬ Öçô’çC. 鬕öÀd Comparative play =
ÅûªE ûªçvúÕûÓ Åûª-ØÁoç-ûª-´®Ωèπÿ §Ú©a-
á´®Ω’ ûªT-†-¢√®Ω’?) degree ¢√úø-ôç™ ¢Á’∞¡-èπ◊-´©’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÌE ´’† véÃú≈-é¬-®Ω’úø’ áçûª §Òúø’-ÈíjûË Åçûª ¶«í¬ Çúø-
Santhan: Certainly Sekhar. He doesn't com-
´îª’a? (Åçõ‰ Åûª†’ ûª† ûªçvúøçûª
Spoken English ™ ¢√úøü∆ç: íÌ°æp-¢√ú≈? ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ.) í∫-©úø’.
plain about the work. É™«çöÀ sentences, conversation ™
Sourav: The father is certainly the better.
(¨ÏêÍ®. °æE N≠æߪ’ç™ complain practice îËߪ’çúÕ.
(éπ*a-ûªçí¬, ûªçvúÕ éÌúø’-éπ\çõ‰ ¢Á’®Ω’í∫’.
îËߪ’úø’.) (Ééπ\úø - better - comparative. b) Prasad: How did our team play yester-
Chandan: Has he to be
trained? -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 211
Better ûª®√yûª than ™‰†ç-ü¿’† better
´·çü¿’ the.)
day?
(E†o ´’† team ᙫ ÇúÕçC?)
(ÅûªEÍé´’Ø√o

He is as good as ..
Péπ~ù
É¢√y™«?)
Santhan: I don't think
so. He has M. SURESAN
two years' experience in the field.
(Å´-Ææ®Ωç ņ’-éÓ†’. Ñ ®Ωçí∫ç™ a) The Giraffe is taller than any other land Pramod: The less we talk about it, the
compare
animal. Giraffe
Ééπ\úø ¢√úÕ† B®Ω’ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
Åûª-EéÀ È®çúË∞¡x ņ’-¶µº´ç ÖçC.) Éûª®Ω ¶µº÷Ω ïçûª’-´¤© éπç-õ‰ better.
How does this car compare with imported
Chandan: How good is he at the job? §Òúø’í∫’.
cars? = cars (ü∆E í∫’Jç* áçûª ûªèπ◊\-´í¬
Giraffe =
NüËQ ûÓ DØÁoç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ §Ú©a-
(Ñ ÖüÓuí∫ç áçûª ¶«í¬ îËߪ’-í∫-©úø’?) 'ï—®√°∂ˇ – 'ï— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç.
Compare
´îª’a? Åçûª íÌ°æpü∆? ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ. ´÷ö«x-úÕûË Åçûª-´’ç-*C – less -
Santhan: He is as good as or even better comparative of little)
Ééπ\úø §ÚLéπ È®çúÕç-öÀ-éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ ¢√öÀ ´’üµ¿u. practice
taller - comparative. taller ûª®√yûª than any
É™« ¢√úøôç îËߪ’çúÕ.
than any employee we have. How does this CM compare with his pred- c) The higher a place, the colder it is
other (singular)/ than all other (plural) é¬E
=
(É°æ¤púø’ ´’† ü¿í∫_-®Ω’†o ÖüÓu-í∫’-©ç-ûª-é¬F, ´Ææ’hçC éπü∆. ecessor? = Ñ ´·êu-´’ç-vAE ûª†èπ◊ ´·çü¿’†o äéπ v°æü˨¡ç áçûª á-ûÁj h-†-üÁjûË (Ææ´·-vü¿-´’ôdç
b) The Giraffe is taller than the Elephant =
Åçûª-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\-´-é¬F ≤ƒ´’®Ωn uç ´·êu-´’ç-vAûÓ áçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ §Ú©a-´îª’a? †’ç*) Åçûª xí¬ Öçô’çC.
Giraffe predecessor (v°‘úø-ÂÆÆæ/ v°úÕ-ÂÆÆæ. 'v°‘—E/ 'v°—E
Ö†o-¢√úø’.) à†’í∫’ éπç-õ‰ §Òúø’í∫’. Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ d) The longer you walk, the healthier you
Good = ´’ç* – Éü¿-Ææ©’ Å®Ωnç. é¬F ûÁ©’-í∫’™ taller (comparative) than
ûª®√yûª ´Ææ’hçC. ÉC ØÌéÀ\-°æ-©’-èπ◊û√ç) = äéπ °æü¿N/ ≤ƒn†ç™ äéπ-JéÀ become =
'´’ç*—-™«-í¬ØË, 'good' èπÿú≈ î√™« Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x èπÿú≈ comparative. Å®·ûË §ÚLéπ È®çúÕçöÀ ´·çü¿’†o ¢√∞¡x†’ predecessor Åçö«ç.
eg: Chandrababu Naidu was the prede-
†’´¤y áçûª áèπ◊\-´í¬ †úÕÊÆh, Åçûª Ç®Ó-í∫u-
àü¿-®·Ø√ ã N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ íÌ°æp/ Ææ´’-®Ω’n-™„j†/ sentences (a), (b)
´’üµËu. °j i) compar-
©™
cessor of Rajasekhara Reddy =
ative than
ûª®√yûª ii) comparative
´≤ÚhçC. ®√ï-¨Ï-ê-®˝-È®úÕf ´ç-ûª’-úÕ-´-´¤-û√´¤. =
≤ƒ´’®Ωn u-´·-†o ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√ç.
the ´·çü¿J ´·êu-´’çvA îªçvü¿-¶«-•’-Ø√-ߪ·úø’. †úÕ-*-†-éÌDl Ç®Óí∫uç áèπ◊\´.
good actor = ´’ç* †ô’úø’– DE Å®Ωnç íÌ°æp
´·çü¿’ ™‰ü¿’.
†ô’-úøE. ÅçûË-í¬F ´’ç* í∫’ùçí∫© †ô’úø’ ÅE Now compare sentences (A) and (B) below: Predecessor X Successor (ûª®√yûª ´*a† Ñ English proverbs (≤ƒ¢Á’-ûª©’) îª÷úøçúÕ:
Sentence A Sentence B
¢√∞¡Ÿx – °æü¿-N™/ ≤ƒn†ç™) a) The nearer the temple, the farther
é¬ü¿’ éπü∆. eg: YSR is the successor of Chandrababu
The Giraffe is taller Of (between) the Giraffe from god.
good at something = àüÁjØ√ ¶«í¬ îËߪ’-í∫©/
than the Elephant = and the Elephant, the Naidu
í∫’úÕéÀ ü¿í∫_-®Ω-®·† éÌDl, üË´¤-úÕéÀ ü¿÷®Ωç.
5) Janaki: Is Rekha as good at dancing as
¶«í¬ ûÁL-Æœ†.
à†’í∫’ éπØ√o Giraffe Giraffe is the taller =
He is good at maths = Åûª-EéÀ maths
Åçõ‰ í∫’úÕéÀ ü¿í∫_-®Ωí¬ ÖçúË-¢√∞¡Ÿx, á°æ¤p-úÁjØ√
§Òúø’í∫’. Giraffe, à†’í∫’, Ñ È®çúÕç- Suma?
¢Á∞Ôx-a™‰ ÅE ÅÆæ©’ ¢Á∞¡x-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a, Åçûª
¶«í¬ ´îª’a. öÀ™ Giraffe §Òúø’í∫’. (Rekha, Suma Åçûª ¶«í¬ dance ¶µºéÀh ™‰éπ-§Ú-´îª’a ÅE.
Chandan: Then let's appoint him. The soon- i) È®çúø’ sentences ™†÷, degree, comparative îËÆæ’hçü∆?) farther - comparative of far.
er, the better. We've a lot of pend- ii) È®çúø’ sentences ¶µ«´ç äéπõ‰, îÁÊ°p Nüµ¿ç ûËú≈, ÅçûË. Devaki: No, Suma certainly dances the
ing work. iii) Sentence A ™ Sentence B ™ com- far =
better.
ü¿÷®Ω-¢Á’i†
(Å®·ûË ÅûªúËo Eߪ’-N’ü∆lç. áçûª comparative ûª®√yûª parative ûª®√yûª than (é¬ü¿’, Æ撢˒, Í®ê éπçõ‰ ¶«í¬ îËÆæ’hçC) b) The more you eat, the less you wish
ûªy®Ωí¬ Å®·ûË, Åçûª ´’ç*C. °æE ¶«í¬ than ÖçC. ™‰ü¿’. Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ better (comparative) ´·çü¿’, to eat; the more you earn, the more
Ê°®Ω’-èπ◊-§Ú-®·çC.) iv) Comparative Comparative ´·çü¿’ the ´Ææ’hçC. you wish to earn =
pending = °æ‹Jh-é¬E/ °æ‹Jh-îË-ߪ÷-Lq†
´·çü¿’ the ™‰ü¿’. 'the' ÖçC. Now look at the following sentences from the áèπ◊\´ A†o-éÌDl ûªèπ◊\´ AØ√-©-E-°œ-Ææ’hçC,
v) Sentence subject, Sentence, Of conversation at the beginning of the lesson:
Santhan: What about the pay? áèπ◊\´ Ææ秃-Cç-*-†-éÌDl, Éçé¬ áèπ◊\´
Giraffe begin (between) begin
1) Of the two, who do you find the better,
ûÓ ûÓ Ææ秃-Cç-î √-©-E-°œ-Ææ’hçC. (ÅçûË éπü∆!
(´’J @ûªç Ææçí∫A?) Å®·çC. Å®·çC.
Chandan: Let's pay him more than what he Sekhar or Srikar? éπúø’°æ¤ EçúÕ† ûª®√yûª A†™‰ç. ÅüË úø•’s
gets now in his present job? Comparative †’ sentence B ™ ™«í¬ conver- (Whom do you find the better? ÅØ√-©E éÌçü¿- ´Ææ÷h Öçü¿†’-éÓçúÕ, Ç, î√™‰x ņ’-èπ◊ç-
sation ™ î√™« ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç. Practice îËߪ’çúÕ. whom É™«çöÀîÓôx old fash- ö«´÷? Éçé¬ é¬¢√-©-†’-èπ◊çö«ç)
(É°æ¤púø’ ÅûªE job ™ §Òçü¿’-ûª’†o ®Ωç-ö«®Ω’. é¬F
´’J-éÌEo examples îª÷úøçúÕ: ioned - É°æ¤púø’ ¢√úø-õ‰xü¿’) c) The more, the merrier =
ü∆E-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\-Nü∆lç).
1) Of the two girls, the one in the red dress is better - comparative ûª®√yûª than ™‰ü¿’ –
Santhan: How much more? (áçûÁ-èπ◊\´?) áçûª ´’çü¿-®·ûË, Åçûª Ææ®Ωü∆.
the more beautiful =
Ç Éü¿l-®Ω-´÷t-®·™x, red 鬕öÀd, better ´·çü¿’ the. (°j ´‚úø’ English proverbs; O’
Chandan: Say Rs. 200/- (È®çúø’´çü¿-Lü∆lç.)
dress™ Ö†o Å´÷t®· áèπ◊\´ Åçü¿çí¬ Å™«Íí conversation ™E éÀçC sentences ™ conversation ™ ¢√úøçúÕ.)
Say = îÁ°æpôç – ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç. ÖçC. (Comparative
ûª®√yûª than
™‰ü¿’. 鬕öÀd comparative ´·çü¿’ the îª÷úøçúÕ– compara-
Ééπ\úø Say Åçõ‰ – ņ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. comparative
´·çü¿’, the.) tive ûª®√yûª than ™‰†ç-ü¿’-´©x.
ÉO comparative uses.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm


-´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 12 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Prakash: What's wrong with you, Chum? You Prakash: We start at my place at 5. We can
appear run down nowadays. see him at 6.
(àçöÀ N≠æߪ’ç? Ñ ´’üµ¿u †’´¤y (´÷ ÉçöÀ †’ç* Å®·ü¿’ í∫çô-©èπ◊
F®Ω-Ææçí¬ éπ∞¡-ûª°œp éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤.) ¢Á∞¡ü∆ç. Ç®Ω’ í∫çô-©èπ◊ Çߪ’-††’
Chum= ØËÆæhç. ´’†èπ◊ î√™« ÆæEo-£œ«-ûª’-úÁj† éπ©’ü∆lç.)
Prasad: That's OK. Then I will be here at 5.
ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’úø’. (ÆæÍ®. Å®·ûË Øˆ’ âCç-öÀéÀ Ééπ\úø’çö«)
They are chums= ¢√∞¡Ÿx î√™« v°œßª’-N’-vûª’©’.
   
Chummy= î√™« ÊÆo£æ«çí∫©. Degrees of comparison, grammar exer-
äéπ
He is chummy with the CM= cise sentence
í¬ é¬èπ◊çú≈, Åçõ‰ äÍé †’ ´‚úø’
Çߪ’-†èπ◊ ´·êu-´’ç-vAûÓ î√™« ≤ƒEo-£œ«ûªuç/ degrees practice
™ îËߪ’ôç é¬èπ◊çú≈ Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo
ÊÆo£æ«ç ÖçC. •öÀd à degree, degrees
N’í∫û√ È®çúø’ ûÓ b) He is among the more popular actors on c) A Chief Minister is more influential than any
be run down= F®Ω-Æ œç-îªôç. conversation
Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ᙫ ¢√ú≈™, °j the Telugu screen - Union Minister -
He is run down= Åûªúø’ F®Ω-Ææçí¬, EÊÆh-ïçí¬ ™ study Lesson No. 210
îËߪ’çúÕ. ™ èπÿú≈ ÉüË ûÁ©’í∫’ ûÁ®Ω-O’ü¿ áèπ◊\´ v°æñ«-Gµ-´÷-†-´·†o à Íéçvü¿-´’ç-vA-éπçõ‰ èπÿú≈ Chief Minister áèπ◊\´
ÖØ√oúø’. practice express
î˨»ç éπü∆. ´’†ç îËߪ÷-©-†’- †ô’úø’ = °∂æ®√y-™‰ü¿’, ´’ç* †ô’úË ÅE. °æ©’-èπ◊-•úÕ Ö†o-¢√úø’.
idea (Chief Minister, Union Minister
É´Fo conversation ™ ûª®Ωîª÷ ´îËa ´÷ô©’. 3) He has more practice than any MS or MD =
èπ◊†o ´’†èπ◊ Ææp≠ædçí¬ Öçõ‰ à Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ à äÍé ûÁí∫ é¬ü¿’.
degree
¶«í¬ áèπ◊\-´í¬ O’ Spoken English ™ MS/ MD practice any other
¢√ú≈L ÅØËC ´’†Íé ûªúø’-ûª’çC. Åçü¿’-éπE à éπØ√o Åûª-E-Èé-èπ◊\´ ÖçC. Åçü¿’-éπE ûª®√yûª, ™‰ü¿’.)
´’† ¶µ«´ç Ææp≠ædçí¬ Öçõ‰ ´’†ç îÁÊ°p Nüµ¿ç èπÿú≈
¢√úøçúÕ. Ææp≠ædçí¬ Öçô’çC. Å™« Ö†o-°æ¤púø’ à degree ¢√ú≈- More practice - ÉC comparative degree. d) The Home Minister is more powerful than
Prasad: Certainly I am not in the best of ©-ØËC, Ç™-*ç-îª-èπ◊ç-ú≈ØË ´’†èπ◊ ûªúø’-ûª’çC. Ñ les- ≤ƒ´÷†uçí¬ comparative ûª®√yûª than any any other minister = Éûª®Ω ´’çvûª’-©éπçõ‰
health. I wish to see a doctor. Who son ™ ¢√úÕ† comparisons îª÷úøçúÕ. other é¬F than all other é¬F ®√¢√L, È®çúÕç-öÀ- Home Minister Home Minister,
¨¡éÀh-´’ç-ûª’úø’.
do you suggest? Is Dr Kushalam any other.
Éûª®Ω ´’çvûª’©÷ äÍé ûÁí∫ – Åçü¿’-éπE
OK?
éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ ¢√öÀE §ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’. é¬F Ñ Â°j
sentence ™ than any MS or MD Åçô’Ø√oç e) Shoiab Akthar is faster than any Australian
bowler. any other Shoiab Akthar
(Eï¢Ë’. ؈çûª Ç®Ó-í∫uçí¬ ™‰†’. – any ûª®√yûª other ™‰ü¿’. ÉC èπÿú≈ îª÷úøçúÕ: ™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd,
Doctor †’ éπ©¢√©†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’. à
Though, he is in the 7th class, he can speak Australian
Doctor †’ éπ©-¢√©çö«´¤? Dr èπ◊¨¡©ç
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 212
é¬úø’.
´’ç* ¢Ájü¿’u-úËØ√?) English better than any 10th class student = f) Bret Lee is faster than any other Australian
bowler=
Éûª®Ω Australians éπçõ‰ Bret Lee, Fast. Any
other ÅØ√oç 鬕öÀd, Bret Lee èπÿú≈ Australian.
g) No Australian plays like Laxman.
à Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ à -úÕ-vU? h) No other Australian plays like Ponting.
Laxman, Australian
í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: é¬úø’, 鬕öÀd
no other ņç,no ÅE Åçö«ç. Ponting
Now look at the fol- (sentence h) Australian. Åçü¿’-éπE, no other
Prakash: He is certainly OK. He is among the 7th class Å®·Ø√, 10th class ¢√∞¡xéπç-õ‰
lowing sentences
Åûªúø’
better doctors in the town. I know English Åçö«ç.
from the conversa-
¶«í¬ ´÷ö«x-úø-û√úø’.
him well. Shall I take you to him? Dçöx èπÿú≈ other ™‰ü¿’. Any other/ all other, i) Åûªúø’ ´%Ah-°æ-®Ω-¢Á’i-† †ô’© éπçõ‰ ¶«í¬ †öÀç-îª
tion at the beginning
(Ç -ú≈éπd®˝ ´’ç*-¢√úË. ´’† Ü∞x of the lesson. äÍé ûÁí∫èπ◊ îÁçC† N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ §Ú™‰a-ô-°æ¤púË -í∫-©úø’ (Åçõ‰ ´%Ah-°æ-®Ωçí¬ Åûª†’ †ô’úø’ é¬úø’)=
He acts better than any professional actor.
1) I am not in the best
¢Á’®Ω’-Èíj† -ú≈éπd®Ωx-™ Åûª-ØÌ-éπ\úø’. Åûªúø’ ¢√úøû√ç.
°j sentence ™ 7th class student †’, 10th (Any other é¬ü¿’, áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ Åûª†’ ´%Ah-°æ-®Ω-¢Á’i†
Ø√èπ◊ ¶«í¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’. ؈’ E†’o BÆæ’-èπ◊ of health, certainly.
class student ûÓ= Åçõ‰ ¢ËÍ®y®Ω’ ®Ω鬩 N≠æ-ߪ÷- †ô’úø’ é¬ü¿’). ÉD Any/ no other
ûª®√yûª
(English ™ É™«çöÀ M. SURESAN
-¢Á-∞¡}Ø√?)
Prasad: When shall we see him then? This expressions î√™« ©†’ §Ú©’-Ææ’hØ√oç. Åçü¿’-éπE other ®√ü¿’. Å™«Íí, ¢√úø-éπ-§ÚûË ´îËa Å®Ωnç.
evening? He has more practice than any MS/ MD O’®Ω’ ´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤púø’ á°æ¤úø÷ äÍé ûÁí∫ ¢√∞¡x†’/
ûª´÷≥ƒ Å®√n-Eo-≤ƒh®·. ¢√öÀE N†-í¬ØË ´’†èπ◊ MS/ MD MBBS ¢√öÀE §Ú©a®Ω’ éπü∆? Å™«ç-ô-°æ¤púø’ any/ no
(Å®·ûË á°æ¤púø’ éπ©’ü∆lç Çߪ’-††’?Ñ Ææ’p¥JçîË Å®Ωnç äéπöÀ, usage ™ ¢√öÀ-èπ◊çúË Å®Ωnç ¢Ë®Ω’.) Åçõ‰, Åûªúø’
ÅE Å®Ωnç.
é¬ü¿’ ÅE, Öûªh
ûª®√yûª other, ¢√úø-éπçúÕ.
≤ƒßª’çvûªç éπ©’-ü∆l´÷?) Ñ sentence ØË BÆæ’-éÓçúÕ. ÉC N†-í¬ØË ´’†èπ◊ a) Dr. Kushalam has more practice than any 4) Now is as good as any other time=
Prakash: Why not? This evening is as good Ææ’p¥JçîË Å®Ωnç: Ø√ Ç®Óí∫uç Åûª’u-ûªh-´’çí¬ ™‰ü¿’
as any other time. é¬F, °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’ ÅE. Å®·ûË DE ÅÆæ©’ Å®Ωnç, MS/ MD = MS, MD doctors
©’†o éπçõ‰ á°æ¤púÓ îËÊÆ •ü¿’©’ É°æ¤púË îËßÁ·îª’a éπü∆ ÅE.
(áçü¿’èπ◊ é¬ü¿’? á°æ¤p-úÁjØ√ °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’.) usage ™ 'Ø√ Ç®Óí∫uç àç ¶«í¬-™‰ü¿’— ÅE. ã Dr. Kushalam practice
èπ◊ áèπ◊\´ ÖçC. (N’í∫û√ Ææ´’-ߪ÷©’ áçûª ´’ç*¢Ó, É°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈ Åçûª
N≠æߪ’ç °æôx ´’†-èπ◊†o ´uA-Í®-éπûª†’ É™« ûÁL-ߪ’- (Åçõ‰ Dr. Kushalam MS/ MD é¬úø’ ÅE.) ´’ç*üË ÅE.) ÉüË ¶µ«¢√Eo éÀçC-N-üµ¿çí¬ îÁ§Òpa.
í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
ñ‰≤ƒhç. ÅçûË-é¬èπ◊çú≈ É™«çöÀ sentences ™ é¬Ææh b) Dr. Kushalam has more practice than any Now is the best time/ Now is better than any
This evening is as good as any other time=
´uçí∫uç èπÿú≈ Ææ’p¥J-Ææ’hçC. ´’J-éÌEo sentences other MS/ MD = MS/ MD
Éûª®Ω © éπçõ‰ ÅûªúÕ other time/ no other time is so (as) good as now.
Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç, Éûª®Ω Ææ´’--ߪ÷-™«xÍí ´’ç*üË. Ñ lesson ™ ´’†ç ¢√úÕ† expressions ÅFo daily
Åçõ‰ Ñ ≤ƒßª’ç-vûª-¢Á’iØ√ ´’ç*üË/ Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç É™«ç-öÀ¢Ë îª÷ü∆lç. practice Dr. Kushalam
áèπ◊\´. (Åçõ‰ èπÿú≈
a) Suraj: What do you think of our hockey MS/ MD conversation ™ ¢√úø-ü¿-T-†¢Ë. Practice îËߪ’çúÕ.
¢Á∞«lç/ Ñ ≤ƒßª’ç-vûª¢Ë’ ¢Á∞«lç– ÉC O’ conver- ÅE Å®Ωnç.)
sation ™ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. team?
Practise the following aloud in English. Answer
Pratiksha: Pratyusha played very well in the
üËFo ¢√®·-ü∆-¢Ë-ßÁ·ü¿’l ņ-ö«-E-éÀ™« ņçúÕ= (´’† £æ…éà öÃç í∫’Jç* F ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç Pratiksha: E†o match ™ -v°æ-ûª÷u-≠æ î√™« ¶«í¬
Now is as good as any other time= àN’öÀ?) match yesterday. Didn't she?
Neeraj: Well, it is not the greatest team
ÇúÕçC éπü∆?
á°æ¤púÓ •ü¿’©’, É°æ¤púË îËÊÆ-ßÁ·-aí¬! ÅE Niriksha: ûª†’ regular player é¬éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√, Niriksha: She is not a regular player, but she
Prasad: He appears to have good practice. in the world. played better than any regular
regular players éπçõ‰ î√™« ¶«í¬
(Çߪ’-†èπ◊ î√™« ´’ç* practice (Ñ sentence N†o-°æ¤púø’ ´’†èπ◊ Ææ’p¥JçîË ÇúÕçC. player.
Ö†o-ô’dçC) Å®Ωnç– Åûª’u-ûªh´’ ïôx™ äéπöÀ é¬éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√, Pratiksha: Å´-ûªL team captain í∫’Jç* F Pratiksha: What's your opinion of the captain
Prakash: What do you think? He has more °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’, ÅE. ÅÆæ-©’ -Å®Ωnç: ´’ç* ïõ‰dç of the opposite team?
ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç àN’öÀ?
practice than any M.S. or M.D. He é¬ü¿E, ü∆ü∆°æ¤ °æEéÀ®√E-ü¿E.) Niriksha: I never thought her the best of
Niriksha: ûª†’ ´’ç* player ÅE ØËØÁ-°æ¤púø÷
is better at diagnosist than many b) She is not the most beautiful girl here, is she? players.
MDs. Ç¢Á’ °ü¿l Åçü¿-í∫ûËhç é¬ü¿’ éπü∆? – ÉD ņ’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’. Pratiksha: Don't undermine her so much. She
(not/ neverûÓ superlative ¢√úøçúÕ)
(M.S, M.D. Ö†o doctors éπçõ‰ ÅÆæ-©®Ωnç. é¬F ´’†èπ◊ Ææ’p¥JçîË Å®Ωnç Åçü¿®Óx is certainly among the better play-
Çߪ’-†èπ◊ áèπ◊\´practice ÖçC. î√™«- Pratiksha: -Ç-¢Á’-†’ ´’K ûªèπ◊\-´-îËÆ œ ´÷ö«x-úø-èπ◊. ers.
Åçü¿-í∫ûÁh é¬ü¿’, é¬F Åçü¿-í∫ûËh, ÅE– ÉC
´’çC MDs éπØ√o Çߪ’† ®Óí∫ -E®√l¥®Ω-ù-™ ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. ¢Á’®Ω’-Èíj† players ™ -Ç-¢Á’ -äéπ®Ω’. Niriksha: Whatever it is, she is certainly not
Niriksha: àüË-¢Á’iØ√ ûª†çûª íÌ°æp captain àç the greatest of captains, is she?
î√™« ¢Á’®Ω’í∫’) 2) He is among the better doctors in the town.
M.S. M.D. Åçõ‰ ûÁ©’Ææ’ éπü∆? MBBS ûª®√yûª doctors
Ñ °æôd-ùç-™E ¢Á’®Ω’-Èíj† ™ Åûª-ØÌ- é¬ü¿’ éπü∆? Pratiksha: Don't say that. The games the
Surgery/ Medicine Degrees. Pratiksha: Å™« ņèπ◊. Ç¢Á’ captaincy ™ ¢√∞¡Ÿx team has won under her captaincy
éπ\úø’. Åçõ‰ Éûªúø’best doctor é¬éπ-§Ú-´îª’a.
Diagnosis= ®Óí∫ -E®√l¥®Ω-ù- ÈíL-*† games ûªèπ◊\¢Ëç é¬ü¿’. are not a few.
é¬E Åçûª BÆœ-§ƒ-Ȯߪ’uü¿í∫_-¢√úËç é¬ü¿’ (Åçõ‰ Ñ
Diagnosists - Niriksha: OK. äéπ-≤ƒJ ´’†ç Ç¢Á’†’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ü∆´÷? Niriksha: OK. Shall we meet her once?
®Óí∫ -E®√l¥®Ω-ù- îËÊÆ-¢√∞¡Ÿx °æôd-ùç-™E doctors †’, ´’ç*, °æE-éÀ-®√E ÅE
Pratiksha: É°æ¤púË éπü∆ Ç¢Á’ ´’ç* player é¬ü¿E Pratiksha: You've just said she isn't a great
Prasad: Then let's see him this evening. È®çúø’ ûÁí∫-©’í¬ N¶µº->ÊÆh, Éûªúø’ ´’ç* ûÁí∫-™Íé player.
When is the best time? îË®Ω-û√úø’ ÅE) ÅØ√o´¤.
Niriksha: àüÓ ûª´÷-≥ƒ-éπ-Ø√o-†’™‰. Ç¢Á’ Åçõ‰ Niriksha: I was just joking. I do like her.
Å®·ûË Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç Çߪ’-††’ éπ©’ü∆lç. a) AP is among the bigger states in the
Pratiksha: Why any other time? Let's meet
á°æ¤úø’ ÆæÈ®j† Æ洒ߪ’ç? country. Ø√éÀ≠d¢æ Ë’.
Pratiksha: á°æ¤púÓ áçü¿’èπ◊, É°æ¤púË ¢Á∞«lç. her now. Now is as good as any
best time= ÆæÈ®j† Æ洒ߪ’ç= right time. ü˨¡ç™ °ü¿lN ņ-ü¿í∫_ ®√≥ƒZ™x -á.°œ.äéπ-ôE. other time.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm


í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 14 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Bharat: Sarat, Vasanth has yet to come. He is


2) not the + superlative = Åçûª íÌÊ°pç-é¬ü¿’.
late most of the days.
a) Hari is not the best in our team, is he?
(¨¡®Ωû˝, ´Ææçû˝ Éçé¬ ®√™‰ü¿’. ¢√úø’ áèπ◊\´ ´’† team ™ £æ«J Åçûª íÌ°æp player é¬ü¿’.
®ÓV©’ Ç©-Ææuç-í¬ØË ´Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’)
b) certainly Sudhakar is not the worst of
Sarat: Yesterday he was even later than the
our friends.
day before.
(¢Á·†oöÀ éπçõ‰ èπÿú≈ E†o Éçé¬ Ç©-Ææu- ´’† ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’™x Ææ’üµ∆-éπ®˝ î√™« ´’ç*-¢√úø’
´’-®·çC) ÅØË Å®Ωnç.
3) Comparative + than + any éÃ, comparative
Bharat: Isn't he the last to come to class most
+ than + any other éà ûËú≈:
of the days?
´’†ç §Ú©’-Ææ’h†o N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ äÍé ûÁí∫èπ◊
(áèπ◊\´ ®ÓV©’ Åçü¿-J™ Ç©-Ææuçí¬ îÁçC†¢ÁjûË than any other, ¢ËÍ®y®Ω’ ûÁí∫-©èπ◊ ûËú≈ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ– Older, elder - ÉN È®çúø÷, old èπ◊ comparatives.
a) old news (§ƒûªC, Åçü¿-Jéà ûÁL-Æ œ† ¢√®Ωh)
(*´®Ωí¬) ´îËaü¿ûª-ØË-éπü∆?) îÁçCûË than any Åçö«ç ÅE ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. OöÀ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ñ«ví∫ûªh Å´-Ææ®Ωç.
Sarat: That he is. I don't know what his prob-
1) Sunayana is cleverer than any other girl b) late news (û√ñ« ¢√®Ωh – Åçõ‰ éÌûªhí¬ ûÁL-Æ œ† Old - ´·ÆæL, §ƒûª-•-úÕ†. ´·ÆæL ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ
lem is.
in her class. ¢√®Ωh) ´’†’-≠æfl-©èπ◊, ïçûª’-´¤©èπÿ, îÁôxèπÿ; §ƒûª
(Åûª-†çûË. ÅûªE Ææ´’-ÊÆuçö ûÁL-ߪ’úøç (Ææ’†-ߪ’† ûª† class ™ N’í∫û√ Å´÷t-®·©
™‰ü¿’) c) later reports contradict the earlier reports ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ´Ææ’h-´¤©èπÿ ¢√úøû√ç.
éπçõ‰ ûÁLN í∫©C) of the incident = Older - ÉC èπÿú≈, §ÚLéπ© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ´·ÆæL
(That he is = Å´¤†’, Åûª-†çûË. That he is - Ç °∂æ’ô† í∫’Jç* ´*a†
ÅØËC èπÿú≈ conversational) (Ææ’†-ߪ’†, Éûª®Ω Å´÷t-®·©÷ äÍé class ¢√∞¡Ÿx) É°æpöÀ ¢√®Ωh©’, Åçü¿’-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ´*a† ¢√®Ωh-©èπ◊ ÅØË/ áèπ◊\´ ´ßª’Ææ’†o ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ
2) A Cheetah is faster than any tiger.
Bharat: I think his mother is ill most of the ´uA-Í®-éπçí¬ (N®Ω’-ü¿l¥çí¬) ÖØ√o®·. ´’†’-≠æfl-©èπÿ, ïçûª’-´¤-©èπÿ, îÁôxèπÿ; §ƒûª
time and delays packing his lunch. (à °ü¿l-°æ¤L éπçõ‰ èπÿú≈ *®Ω’-ûª-°æ¤L ¢Ëí∫ç éπ©C contradict (é¬çvô-úÕé˙d. 'é¬ç— ûªèπ◊\-´í¬ 'úÕ—E ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ´Ææ’h-´¤-©èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç.
(¢√∞¡x-´’tèπ◊ äçöx ¶«í∫’ç-úø-ü¿-†’-èπ◊çö«. – Ééπ\úø Cheetah, tiger ¢ËÍ®y®Ω’ ûÁí∫-©N – áèπ◊\-´í¬ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) = ´uA-Í®-éÀç-îªôç. Elder - áèπ◊\´í¬ ´’†’-≠æfl-©Íé ¢√úøû√ç, Å°æ¤p-úø-
Åûª-úÕéÀ carrier ûªßª÷-®Ω’-îË-ߪ’ôç Ç©-Ææu- Åçü¿’-éπE than any Åçö«ç) incident = °∂æ’ô† °æ¤púø÷ ïçûª’-´¤-©èπÿ ¢√úøû√ç.
´’-´¤-ûª’ç-ü¿-†’-èπ◊çö«) d) later, comparative éπü∆ – É°æ¤púø’ îª÷úøçúÕ. 1) Older - äÍé èπ◊ô’ç-¶«-EéÀ îÁçü¿E¢√J ´ßª’-Ææ’q©’
Sarat: Hasn't he a sister? She can help his My shirt is of later cut than yours = F shirt §Ú©a-ú≈-EéÀ ¢√úøû√ç.
mother. éπçõ‰ Ø√ shirt fashion ûª®√y-ûªC. (Åçõ‰ Ø√ a) Mahatma Gandhi was older than Nehru
(Åûª-úÕéÀ sister ÖçC éπü∆? Ç¢Á’ ¢√∞¡x-´’tèπ◊ -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 213 shirt fashion éÌûªhC, F shirt éπçõ‰. cut = (´’£æ…-û√t-í¬çDµ, ØÁv£æfi éπçõ‰ °ü¿l – äÍé
fashion)
Ææ£æ…-ߪ’-°æ-úø-´îª’a.) èπ◊ô’ç•ç é¬ü¿’)
Bharat: Is she his elder or younger? I think
she is younger than he and she goes
to school too.
(Ç¢Á’ ÅûªúÕ Åé¬\, îÁ™„x™«? îÁ™„x-©-†’-èπ◊çö«,
ûª†’ èπÿú≈ Ææ÷\©’èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûÓçC)
Sarat: That's a pity.
Bharat: To add to all this, his dad is most of
Bhima was Arjuna's elder
the time on camp. His poor mom has
to take care of everything. ÉD ´’†ç spoken English èπ◊ Ö°æßÁ÷í∫°æúË latest - ÉC late èπ◊ superlative. Åçõ‰, É°æp-öÀ-´- b) He is older than
Nüµ¿çí¬ degrees of comparison í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-Ææ’- any other per-
(Oô-Eo-öÀéÀ ûÓúø’, ¢√∞¡x Ø√†o áèπ◊\´ ®Ωèπ◊ (Till now) ´*a† ¢√öÀ™ *´-JC – Åçõ‰
Æ洒ߪ’ç camps ™ Öçö«úø’. ¢√∞¡x¢Ë’t èπ◊çC. son in the vil-
Åûªuçûª û√ñ«, Åüµ¿’-Ø√-ûª† ÅE. ´’†ç ´÷´‚©’í¬
ÅEo N≠æ-ߪ÷©÷ îª÷Ææ’-éÓ-¢√Lq ´Ææ’hçC.) Now look at the following sentences. lage =
¢√úË ´÷õ‰ éπü∆.
To add to all this = OöÀéÀ ûÓúø’/ OôEo-öÀéÀ ûÓúø’ a) The train arrived late this morning = Ç ví¬´’ç-™ E
latest fashion - Ñ ´’üµËu ´*a† fashion – DE
Sarat: What's her present condition? Ñ®ÓV Öü¿ßª’ç wõ„jØ˛ Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ´*açC. N’í∫-û√-¢√∞¡x éπçõ‰
b) The match began later than the time fixed
(Ç¢Á’ v°æÆæ’hûª °æJ-Æœn-ûËçöÀ?) ûª®√yûª Éçé¬ àD ®√™‰ü¿’. Åûª†’ °ü¿l. (äÍé M. SURESAN
Bharat: He told me yesterday she was much = ´÷uî˝ EKgûª Æ洒ߪ’ç éπçõ‰ Ç©-Ææuçí¬ latest news éπúø-°æöÀ ¢√®Ωh (¢√®Ωh©’ – ûÁ©’-í∫’™) èπ◊ô’ç•ç é¬ü¿’)
better than before. latest score (cricket) ™ éπúø-°æöÀ score - Åçõ‰ 2) elder - ÉC äÍé èπ◊ô’ç-¶«-EéÀ îÁçC-†-¢√J
v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-¢Á’içC.
(´·çü¿’-éπçõ‰ ¢Á’®Ω’-í∫E E†oØË Ø√ûÓ ÅØ√oúø’) c) He was the last to come to class yester- É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ äéπ ïô’d îËÆœ† °æ®Ω’-í∫’©÷, éÓ™p-®·†
day=
´ßª’-Ææ’q©’ §Ú©a-ö«-EéÀ ¢√úøû√ç.
Sarat: That's something. Åûªúø’ E†o é¬xÆˇ èπ◊ Åçü¿-J™ Ç©Ææuç wickets. a) Sri Rama was Laxmana's elder.
(ÅC-éÌçûª †ßª’¢Ë’)
Bharat: She is under the treatment of the (*´-®Ω)í¬ ´î√aúø’
latest developments
Late (positive), later (comparative) – Ñ
foremost doctor of the town
É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ ïJT† °æJ - (®√´·úø’, ©éπ~ t-ù’úÕ éπçõ‰ °ü¿l – äÍé
Dr.Vaidyanath. Still she isn't all right. È®çúø÷ èπÿú≈ ´’†ç ņ’-èπ◊†o time/ ã EKgûª ù«-´÷™x éπúø-°æöÀC– Åçõ‰ éÌûªh °æJ-ù«´’ç. èπ◊ô’ç•ç)
(†í∫-®Ωç™ ÅA íÌ°æp doctor ¢Ájü¿u-Ø√ü∑˛ Æ洒ߪ’ç ü∆öÀ† ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ Ç©-Ææu-¢Á’i† N≠æ-ߪ÷© latest techniques = (É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ éπúø-°æöÀ) éÌûªh °æü¿l¥A Å®·ûË elder ¢√úË B®Ω’ ´·êuç.
Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ¢Ájü¿uç îËÆæ’h-Ø√oúø’. Å®·ûË Ç¢Á’èπ◊ í∫’Jç* îÁ•’-û√®· éπü∆. É°æ¤púø’ last N≠æߪ’ç îª÷ü∆lç. latest, É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ elder than é¬F, elder to é¬F ņç
(late = Ç©-Ææu-¢Á’i†/ Ç©-Ææuçí¬ = ņ’-èπ◊†o
¶«í∫-´ôç ™‰ü¿’) ïJ-T† time ™ *´J Å®·ûË, last, äéπ ´Ææ’h-´¤© b) Bhima was Arjuna's elder - É™« ¢√ú≈L
Sarat: Yea, I have heard about him. Is he Æ洒ߪ’ç ü∆öÀ†; véπ´’ç™/ ´’†’-≠æfl© véπ´’ç™ *´-JC/ *´-J-¢√®Ω’ elder †’.
expensive? later = (§ÚL-éπ™ ) ü∆öÀ† Ææ´’-ߪ÷E éπçõ‰
áèπ◊\´ Ç©-Ææu-¢Á’i†/ Ç©-Ææuçí¬) a) Kumar is the last to come = c) My uncle is my mother's elder -
(Å´¤†’. Çߪ’† í∫’Jç* NØ√o†’. î√™«
êK-üÁj† ú≈éπd®√?) É°æ¤púÕC ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ îª÷úøçúÕ. í∫ûªç™ àüÁjØ√ Ç©Ææuç Åçü¿-J™ *´®Ω ´*a-†-¢√úø’ èπ◊´÷®˝. ´÷ Å´’t-éπØ√o ´÷ ´÷´’-°ü¿l.
Bharat: No, not at all. He doesn't charge (My uncle is elder than my mother.
Å´úøç Åçõ‰, ÅC v°æÆæ’h-û√-EéÀ ü¿í∫_-®Ω-®·-†õ‰x éπü∆? í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ – Ééπ\úø time èπ◊ é¬ü¿’ v§ƒüµ∆†uç,
more than the lesser doctors in the ¢Á·†o ï®Ω-í¬-LqçC E†o ïJ-Tç-ü¿çõ‰, ÅC Ñ ®ÓVèπ◊ ´*a† ¢√∞¡x ´®Ω-Ææèπ◊ v§ƒüµ∆†uç. My uncle is elder to my mother -
city. (Åçõ‰ v°æÆæ’h-û√-EéÀ) ü¿í∫_®Ωí¬ ïJ-T-†õ‰x éπü∆.
b) This is the last book written by the author=
Ñ È®çúø÷ ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’)
I got the news late =
(àç é¬ü¿’. Åçûª íÌ°æp-é¬E (´÷´‚©’) Å®·ûË American English ™ He is my older
doctors éπçõ‰ Çߪ’† fees áèπ◊\¢Ëç Ç ¢√®Ωh Ø√èπ◊ Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ûÁL-ÆœçC. Ç ®Ωîª-®·ûª *´J °æ¤Ææhéπç ÉC. brother, She is my older sister ņôç
é¬ü¿’.) (Åçü¿’-´©x †≠ædç, Å≤˘-éπ®Ωuç éπLT ÖçúÌa) °æ-öÀdéπ -îª÷-úøç-úÕ. Ææ®Ωy-≤ƒ-üµ∆-®Ωùç. ûª°æ¤p-é¬ü¿’.
Sarat: Let's hope she will recover complete- The news came late =
ly soon.
Last Latest
¢√®Ωh Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ´*açC.
(ûªy®Ω-™ØË Ç¢Á’ °æ‹Jhí¬ éÓ©’-èπ◊ç-ô’ç-ü¿E °∂æLûªç, †≠ædç, Å≤˘-éπ®Ωuç 鬢Ìa.
ÇPü∆lç.) Å®·ûË ÉC îª÷úøçúÕ. 1) This is the last book of the author This is the latest book of the author.
☯ ☯ ☯ ☯ a) Late news = Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ÅçC† ¢√®Ωh ÅE. (Ç ®Ωîª-®·ûª*´J °æ¤Ææhéπç ÉC – DE ûª®√yûª (Ç ®Ωîª-®·ûª É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ ®√Æœ† ¢√öÀ™
´’†ç comparatives, superlatives í∫’Jç* í∫ûª Åçõ‰ û√ñ« ¢√®Ωh. Å™«Íí, Çߪ’† °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ ®√ߪ’-™‰ü¿’) *´-J-CC/ DE ûª®√yûª Éçé¬ ®√ߪ’-´îª’a)
lesson points b) My information is later than his = 2) This is the last of the series (Ç ´®ΩÆæ véπ´’ç™ This is the latest in the series
™ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o èπ◊x°æhçí¬.
1) Among + comparative degree - é¬Ææh ÅûªúÕ ´ü¿l Ö†o Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç éπçõ‰ Ø√ ´ü¿l
¢Á’®Ω’-Èíj† é¬Ææh áèπ◊\-¢Áj†, etc N≠æߪ’ç ÅØË Å®Ωnç. ÉC *´-JC – DE ûª®√yûª ÉçÍéD ™‰ü¿’) (Ç ´®Ω-Ææ-véπ-´’ç™ ÉC éÌûªhC)
Ö†oC Ç©-Ææu-¢Á’içC – Åçõ‰ v°æÆæ’h-û√-EéÀ éÌçîÁç
eg: She is among the clever students of ´·çüË ïJ-T-†ô’x – Åçõ‰ û√ñ« Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç. 3) The last wicket fall at 313. (*´J Çô-í¬úø’ 313 The latest wicket to fall is that of Sehwag.
the class = ´’†ç à news paper †’ áèπ◊\´ É≠æd-°æ-úøû√ç?late °æ®Ω’-í∫’© ü¿í∫_®Ω Å´¤-ô-ߪ÷uúø’– Innings ´·T-ÆœçC) (É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ ïJ-T† Çô™ éÌûªhí¬ out Å®·çC
class™ ¢Á’®Ω’-Èíj† students ™ Ç Å´÷t®· news ÉîËa newspaper †’ éπü∆ – Åçõ‰ û√ñ« (Å®·ûË, last Åçõ‰ §Ú®·† ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿ-ú≈ ÖçC Sehwag (Éçé¬ Çú≈Lq†¢√∞¡ŸxØ√o®Ω’)
ÖçC – ÅE Å®Ωnç. Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç ÉîËa news paper †’. éπü∆– last week/ last year ™™«. í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√L)

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm


-¨¡-E¢√®Ωç 16 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Sampath: Why are people so crazy about Sanath: You pay for quality; that's all. But I
imported stuff? They are proud of think wrist watches are among the
possessing them. lesser imported items.
(Imported ´Ææ’h-´¤-©çõ‰ Åçûª ¢Á÷ñ‰çöÀ - (Ø√ùu-ûªèπ◊ ê®Ω’a °úø-û√´¤. ÅçûË éπü∆.
ï-Ø√-EéÀ ÅN Ö†o¢√∞¡Ÿx î√™« í∫®Ωyçí¬ Å®·ûË Øˆ-†’-éÓ-´ôç, ûªèπ◊\-´èπ◊ Cí∫’-´’-
Öçö«®Ω’.) ûªßË’u ´Ææ’h-´¤™x wrist watches äéπôE)
imported Éç§Ú-öÀú˛ – Cí∫’-´’-ûÁj†, Åçõ‰ NüËQ
(foreign). crazy vÈé-ß˝’> – °œ*a-¢Á÷V. ☯ ☯ ☯ ☯

Sanath: (Do) you mean imported TVs, Our study of comparative in spoken English
imported cars, imported watches etc. continues. éÌEo éÌEo comparatives usage Now look at the following sentences from
positive comparative superlative
(†’´y-ØËC NüËQ鬮Ω’x, öÃO©’, ¢√’ ´÷´‚©’ éπçõ‰ Gµ†oçí¬ Öçö«®·. Å™«çöÀ ¢√öÀ™x the conversation:
äéπöÀ elder, older - OöÀ N≠æߪ’ç ´’†ç éÀçü¿öÀ little less least
1) They are definitely superior to Indian
´Èíj®√ í∫’Jçî√?)
Sampath: Yea. I am sure our country goods lesson ™ îª÷¨»ç éπü∆. É°æ¤púø’ Å™«ç-öÀN ´’J-éÌEo few fewer fewest
goods.
are as good as the so called comparatives ÖØ√o®·. ÅN superior inferior,
2) Our technology is inferior to theirs and nat- Little, uncountables
imported ones. Moreover, I think, senior and junior. Oô-®√n©’ ´’†çü¿®Ωèπÿ ûÁL-Æ œ-†¢Ë ûÓØË ¢√úøû√ç 鬕öÀd, ü∆EéÀ
éπü∆; Å®·ûË ÉN comparatives Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéà OöÀ urally the quality is inferior too. comparative Å®·† less, superlative Å®·†
the so called imported goods are
not suitable for Indian conditions. ûª®√yûª than ®√ü¿’. To ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´Ææ’hçC. 3) I am senior to you in the field. least †’ èπÿú≈ uncountables ûÓØË ¢√ú≈L.
(´’† ÆæyüËP Ææ®Ωèπ◊, NüËQ Ææ®Ω-éπçûª 4) I do admit I am junior to you. a) The milk in this glass is less than the milk in
´’ç*üË ÅE Ø√ †´’téπç. ÅçûËé¬èπ◊çú≈, °j sentences ÅEoçöx, superior, inferior, that glass =
senior, junior - Ñ comparatives ûª®√yûª than Ç glass ™ §ƒ©’ Ñ glass
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 214
Ñ NüËQ Ææ®Ωèπ◊©’ ´’†-ü˨¡ °æJ-Æœn-ûª’©èπ◊ ™ §ƒ©éπçõ‰
ņ’-í∫’-ùçí¬ Öçúø´¤.) é¬èπ◊çú≈ to ®√´ôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. ûªèπ◊\´.
So called = ÅØË (ņ-•úË)
The so called honest man = Eñ«--ߪ’Béπ©-

I have few friends here


¢√-úÕí¬ Å†-•-úË-¢√úø’ – Åçõ‰ ÅûªE Eñ«--ߪ’B
´’†ç †´’túøç ™‰ü¿’.
Sanath: No, no. They are definitely superior
to Indian goods. Our technology is
inferior to theirs, and naturally the
quality is inferior too.
Superior: Ø√ùu-ûª™ , Ææy¶µ«-´ç™ ÉçÍé-üÁjØ√ ´’ç* b) Of the three glasses,
(ÅüËçé¬ü¿’. NüËQ ´Ææ’h-´¤©’ ´’† ´Ææ’h-
í∫’ùç™ N’í∫-û√-¢√öÀéπçõ‰/- N’-í∫û√ ¢√∞¡xéπçõ‰ íÌ°æp-C/- Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ Ñ columns ™ èπÿú≈ little, few this glass has the
´¤© éπçõ‰ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ¢Á’®Ω’-Èíj-†¢Ë. ´’†
íÌ°æp ÅE. ©†’ í∫’Jç* îªJaçî√ç éπü∆. ¢√öÀ comparatives least milk =
≤ƒçÍé-Aéπ ØÁj°æ¤ùuç, ¢√∞¡x ü∆E-éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ Åçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ îªJaçî√ç, äéπ\-≤ƒJ í∫’®Ω’hèπ◊ ûÁa-
®Ωéπç, Åçü¿’-éπE Ææ£æ«-ïç-í¬ØË ´’† ´Ææ’h´¤ a) This camera is superior to that because of Ç ´‚úø’ glasses ™, Ñ
èπ◊çü∆ç.
Ø√ùuûª NüËQ ´Ææ’h-´¤© Ø√ùuûª éπçõ‰ its extra features = glass ™ ÅEo-öÀ-éπçõ‰
èπÿú≈ ûªèπ◊\¢Ë) Ñ camera èπ◊†o Åü¿-†°æ¤ ≤˘éπ-®√u© ´©x, Ç ûªèπ◊\´ §ƒ©’-Ø√o®·.
Sampath: Whether a thing is inferior or supe- camera LITTLE FEW
M. SURESAN Less, countables ûÓ
éπçõ‰ ÉC íÌ°æpC.
rior depends on its adaptability to b) The camera work in Hollywood movies is uncounta- á°æ¤púø÷ countables
á°æ¤púø÷ èπÿú≈, ´·êuçí¬ 'no' ûÓ,
the situation of its use, doesn't it? If superior to that in Indian movies = bles (™„éπ\-°--ôdE (™„éπ\°õ‰d-¢√öÀ)ûÓ ûªèπ◊\´é¬èπ◊çú≈/ ûªèπ◊\´é¬E ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úø’-ûª’ç-
that's the case, Indians goods are £æ…L-´¤ú˛ *vû√™x îµ√ߪ÷-ví∫-£æ«ùç ¶µ«®Ω-Bߪ’ ¢√öÀ)ûÓ ¢√úøû√ç. ¢√úøû√ç.
as good as, even better than for-
ö«®Ω’.
(little rice/ sugar/ (few books/
a) The book has been translated into no less
*vû√™x éπçõ‰ ¢Ë’©’í¬ Öçô’çC.
eign ones. milk, etc) friends/ boys)
Inferior = ûªèπ◊\´ ®Ωéπç than twenty languages =
Little = Few =
(äéπ ´Ææ’h´¤ íÌ°æpü∆, -ûªèπ◊\-´-ü∆ ÅØËC a) Indian bowling strength is inferior to ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ™‰ü¿’ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ™‰´¤/
ü∆Eo -´’-†ç -¢√-úË °æ-JÆœn-ûª’-©èπ◊ -Å-†’í∫’-ù- -Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç 20 éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\-´-é¬E ¶µ«≠æ-™xéÀ ņ’-
Australian bowling strength = There is little milk in ™‰®Ω’
¢Á’iç-ü∆ é¬-ü∆ -Å-ØË-ü∆-Eo •öÀd éπü∆ I have few friends
¢√-ü¿-¢Á’içC.
Australian bowling °æöÀ-´’-éπçõ‰ ¶µ«®Ωûª bowling the glass =
here =
Öçô’çC? Å™« BÆæ’-èπ◊çõ‰ ¶µ«®Ω-û˝™ (-ü∆--ü∆°æ¤ 20 -¶µ«-≠æ-™xéÀ)
°æöÀ´’ ûªèπ◊\´. glass™ §ƒ©’ ™‰-´¤ Ééπ\úø Ø√èπ◊
b) The movie has been released in no less
ûªßª÷®ΩßË’u ´Ææ’h-´¤©’, NüËQ ´Ææ’h-´¤©Íéç
b) In speed and mileage Indian cars are infe- (ü∆ü∆°æ¤) ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’©’ ™‰®Ω’
than thirty theatres =
BÆœ-§Ú´¤, Éçé¬ ¢Ë’™„j†N èπÿú≈.)
rior to japanese cars =
(ü∆ü∆°æ¤)
adaptibility °æJ-Æ œn-ûª’©èπ◊ ņ’í∫’-ùçí¬ ÖçúË
Ææy¶µ«´ç. ¢Ëí∫ç, mileage N≠æ-ߪ÷™x Japanese cars A little = àüÓ éÌçûª/ A few = à¢Ó éÌEo/ Ç *vûªç 30éÀ ûªèπ◊\-´-é¬E ÆœE-´÷-£æ…-∞¡x™ Núø’-ü¿-
Sanath: Look here. I have been a dealer in éπçõ‰ ¶µ«®Ωû˝ cars BÆœ-éπõ‰d. Ææy©pç éÌçûª´’çC ™„jçC.
electronic goods and appliances for The Patient had a A few friends of
senior = ´ßª’-Ææ’™, ņ’-¶µº-´ç™ (à ®Ωçí∫ç-™ -ØÁj†) (-ü∆-ü∆-°æ¤ 30 Æœ-E-´÷£æ…-∞¡x-™)
far longer than you. I am senior to little milk in the mine are coming Little èπ◊ comparative, less. Little †’
°ü¿l/ áèπ◊\´.
you in the field. Our goods are not morning = ®ÓT--§Ò-ü¿’l-† today = friends
Ø√ uncountables ûÓØË ¢√úøû√ç 鬕öÀd less †’
a) He was senior to me/ my senior at school
half as durable as imported ones. by a year =
éÌ-Eo -§ƒ-©’ -û√í¬-úø’ ™ É-ü¿l®Ω’ ´·í∫’_-®Ì-Ææ’h- countables ûÓ ¢√úø-èπÿ-úøü¿’, fewer ´÷vûª¢Ë’
(îª÷úø’ Ñ electronic ´Ææ’h-´¤©, °æJ-éπ- school ™ Åûªúø’ Ø√éπçõ‰ °j class ™ ÖçúË-
Ø√o-K-®Ó-V. ¢√ú≈-©E éÌçü¿-®Ωç-ö«®Ω’.
®√© NvÍé-ûªí¬ ؈’ Féπçõ‰ î√™« áèπ◊\´ Very little = î√-™«- Very few = î√-™«- eg: I tried to contact him no fewer than ten
¢√úø’.
The patient
times
鬩çí¬ ÖØ√o†’. ؈’ Féπçõ‰ Ñ b) She is senior to me in age by a year =
éÌCl. éÌ-Eo/ éÌ-Cl-´’ç-C
®Ωçí∫ç™ áèπ◊\´ ņ’-¶µº´ç Ö†o-¢√-úÕE. had very little food Very few know this
yesterday =
NüËQ ´Ææ’h-´¤© ´’Eo-éπ™ ´’† ´Ææ’h-´¤© Ç¢Á’ Ø√éπçõ‰ äéπ Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç °ü¿l (´ßª’-Ææ’™) ®ÓT E†o secret = î√-™« -éÌCl (à °æC-≤ƒ®Óx/ °æC-≤ƒ-®Ωxèπ◊ ûªèπ◊\´ é¬èπ◊çú≈ Åûª-EûÓ
´’Eoéπ Ææí∫ç èπÿú≈ Öçúøü¿’.) c) NT Rama Rao was senior to Jaggaiah as a î√™« ûªèπ◊\´ ǣ慮Ωç ´’çCÍé Ñ ®Ω£æ«Ææuç ´÷ö«x-ú≈-©E v°æߪ’-Aoç-î√†’.)
Appliances = Å°æx-ߪ ’-Eq-ñ ¸ – '°æ— ØÌéÀ\ movie actor = BÆæ’èπ◊Ø√o®Ω’. ûÁ©’Ææ’. Å®·ûË ´÷´‚©’ spoken English ™ counta-
†ô’-úÕí¬ NTR èπ◊ ïí∫_ߪ’u éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ņ’-¶µº´ç. bles èπ◊ èπÿú≈ less, fewer °ü¿l ûËú≈ ™‰èπ◊çú≈
°æ©’-èπ◊û√ç = °æJ-éπ-®√©’ (≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬) í∫%£æ«Ù-°æ- The little = Ö†o The few = Ö†o Ç
ßÁ÷í∫ ´Ææ’h-´¤©’. Durability = ´’Eoéπ Junior. Senior èπ◊ ´uA-Í®éπç – ´ßª’-Ææ’™ *†o, Ç éÌCl = éÌ-Eo / éÌCl ´’çD. ¢√úË-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’.
Sampath: I do admit I am your junior, but I still ņ’-¶µº´ç ûªèπ◊\´. The patient threw The few that I gave him no less than a hundred books/
feel that the prices of imported a) Sehwag is junior to Kumble = up the little food she passed got very no fewer than a hundred books.
goods are unreasonable. èπ◊綉x éπçõ‰ Sehwag cricket ņ’-¶µº´ç ûªèπ◊\´ had taken = low marks = Åûª-úÕéÀ ؈’ à ´çü¿ °æ¤Ææh-鬙/ ´çü¿èπ◊ ûªèπ◊\´
(Féπçõ‰ Ñ ®Ωçí∫ç™ ûªèπ◊\´ ņ’-¶µº´ç b) Though we are classmates, he is junior to ®ÓT BÆæ’èπ◊†o Ç éÌCl pass Å®·† Ç éÌCl é¬èπ◊çú≈ °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ Éî√a†’ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ less,
Ö†o ¢√úÕ-†E -Åç-Uéπ-J≤ƒh. é¬F NüËQ me in age. Ç£æ…-®√Eo ¢√çA îËÆæ’- ´’çD ûªèπ◊\´ fewer éÀ ûËú≈ ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ¢√úøôç ´÷´‚-™„jçC.
´Ææ’h-´¤© üµ¿®Ω©’ ´’K áèπ◊\´.) (¢Ë’ç äÍé class Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, ´ßª’-Ææ’™ Åûª†’ èπ◊çC. ´÷®Ω’\©’ ûÁa-èπ◊- less ¢√úøôç °ü¿l ûª°æ¤p-é¬ü¿’. (Å®·ûË fewer
unreasonable = Ææ•-•’-é¬-†çûª áèπ◊\´ *-†o.) Ø√o®Ω’. ´÷vûªç uncountables èπ◊ ¢√úøç).

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm


-≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 18 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Jayanth: Hi Anant, good to see you though Ananth: That'll be too late for me to see him. I
after such a long time. How goes think I'll wait and see him today.
life? (£æ…ß˝’ ņçû˝, î√™«-鬩ç ûª®√y-ûª- Won't you come with me? (Å°æp-öÀéÀ
®·Ø√ E†’o îª÷úøôç ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçC. ´’K Ç©Ææu¢Á’i-§Ú-ûª’çC. Ñ®ÓV ÇT, ¢√úÕE
àçöÀ N¨Ï-≥ƒ©’? ᙫ ÖØ√o´¤?) îª÷ü∆l-´’-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. †’´¤y- Ø√ûÓ®√¢√)
Ananth: Getting on. How is it with you? Jayanth: I will, of course. (ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ ´≤ƒh)
(àüÓ Å™« ïJ-T-§Ú-ûÓçC. F Ææçí∫-ûËçöÀ?) Ananth: OK. Let's in the meantime watch the
Jayanth: As usual. (´÷´‚™‰) TV.(-ÆæÍ®. Ñ´’üµ¿u é¬ÊÆ°æ¤ öÀ.N. îª÷ü∆lç.)
Ananth: How is Vasanth? Long since I met ´’†ç éÀçü¿öÀ≤ƒJ îª÷ÆœçC - little
èπ◊ Éûª®Ω degrees
him. (´Ææçû˝ ᙫ ÖØ√oúø’? îª÷Æœ - little (positive), less (comparative), least
î√™«-é¬-©-¢Á’içC.) (superlative).Å®·ûË little
èπ◊ È®çúÓ, (ÉçéÓ) com- d) He is involved in the crime to a lesser or Prem: I want to go to bank urgently. I am
Jayanth: Not in the best of circumstances, I parative èπÿú≈ ÖçC. ÅC lesser. Less, lesser - greater extent= Ç ØË®Ωç™ éÌüÓl, í̧Úp OúÕ starting. (Bank èπ◊ ¢Á∞«xL. •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω’-
must say. (ÅûªúÕ °æJ-ÆœnA ÅçûËç Ñ È®çúø÷ little
èπ◊ comparatives Å®·Ø√, ¢√öÀ §ƒvûª èπÿú≈ ÖçC. ûª’Ø√o)
use
extent= ´®Ωèπ◊/ ¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊= degree. Syam: It is too early -
¶«í¬™‰ü¿ØË îÁ§ƒpL ) Å®Ωnç, ™ î√™« ûËú≈ ÖçC. (´’K ûªy®Ωí¬ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o´¤
Ananth: Why? what is wrong? (àçöÀ N≠æߪ’ç) Less
e) This is the lesser of the two evils Bank
Åçõ‰ Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. ÉçéÓ = È®çúø÷ – ûÁJ* Öçúøü¿’/ †’´¤y áèπ◊\-´-
Jayanth: He has had losses in business. His ü∆EûÓ §ÚLÊÆh ûªèπ◊\-¢Áj† ÅØË Å®Ωnç™ less ¢√úøû√ç.
a) She has less jewellery than her sister (has)
îÁúË, Å®·ûË ÉC È®çúÕç-öÀ™ ûªèπ◊\´ îÁúø’. ÊÆ°æ¤ ¢Ë* Öçú≈Lq ´Ææ’hçC.)
partners have cheated him. But he
f) He is among the lesser known actors of a) Reaching the station at 3.30 for a train
is facing all this very bravely. A less- = Ç¢Á’-èπ◊†o †í∫©’, Ç¢Á’ ≤Úü¿J †í∫© éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´. Bollywood= that arrives at 5.00 is too early =
er man than he would have gone b) He gets less income from his job than from
Åçûªí¬ Ê°®Ω’-§Òç-ü¿E ¶«M-´¤ú˛ 5 í∫çô-
train station
mad. his rents=
(¢√u§ƒ-®Ωç™ †≥ƒd©’ ´î√a®·. Åûª-úÕéÀ ÅüÁl© †ô’™x Åûª-ØÌ-éπúø’. ©èπ◊ ´îËa éÓÆæç, 3.30Íé èπ◊ îË®Ω’-
ÅûªúÕ ¶µ«í∫-≤ƒy-´·-©-ûª-úÕE ´·çî√®Ω’. é¬E ´©x ´îËa Çü∆-ߪ÷-E-éπçõ‰, g) A lesser man than he would have gone éÓ-´ôç ´’K ´·çü¿Í® ¢Á∞¡xôç Å´¤-ûª’çC.
Éçûª ïJ-TØ√ üµÁj®Ωuçí¬ØË ÖØ√oúø’. Åûª-úÕ- ÖüÓuí∫ç ´©x ´îËa mad = etc)
Åûª-úÕéπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ (ÂÆkn®Ωuç, ¢√∞¡x-®·ûË, b) If 3.30 is too early, 5.30 is too late. 3.30
éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ ÂÆkn®Ωuç Ö†o-¢√-∞¡x-®·ûË, ѧƒ- Çü∆ߪ’ç ûªèπ◊\´. °œ*a ¢√∞¡x-®·-§Ú-ßË’-¢√∞Ïx. éÀ ´’K ûªy®Ωí¬ ¢Á∞¡}ôç Å®·ûË, 5.30 éÀ ´îËa
öÀéÀ °œ*a-¢√-∞¡x-®·-§Ú-ßË’-¢√®Ω’.) Lesser Å®Ωnç, ÉçéÓ-ü∆-Eéπçõ‰ ÉD lesser Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç. O’ conversation ™ •çúÕ-éÓÆæç 5.30 èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡}ôç Åû√u-©Ææuç (•çúÕ
ûªèπ◊\´ ÅE Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéà less practice îËߪ’çúÕ. ûª°œp-§Ú-ûª’çC– v°æߪ÷ùç îËߪ’™‰ç.)
¢√úË îÓô™«x lesser ¢√úøç.     3) I'm afraid that it is too long = ÅC ´’K

Look at the following sentence from the


≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ ÉçéÌ-éπ-J-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\-´-ÊÆ-Ê°¢Á÷ ÅE-°œ-≤Úhç-C-Ø√èπ◊. (°æJ-Æœn-ûª’©’
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 215 conversation at the beginning of the lesson.
ûªèπ◊\´ •©ç/v°æA¶µº/¨¡éÀh, -¢Á·- N≠æ-N’çîËçûªÊÆ°æ¤)
M. SURESAN a) He stayed here too long = Åûª-E-éπ\úø ´’K
1) He is too trusting and too risking
ü¿-™„j-† ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√ç.
áèπ◊\-´-ÊÆ-°æ¤-Ø√oúø’. (Åçûª-ÊÆ°æ¤çúøôç ´©x
°∂æL-û√©’ îÁúø’. ÅûªE ÖüËl-¨¡´‚ îÁúø’é¬-´îª’a/

That'll be too late


Åûª-EéÀ, Éûª-®Ω’-©èπ◊ àüÁjØ√ îÁúø’ éπL-TçC)
Very, too- Ñ È®çúø÷ äéπöÀ鬴¤ – Å®Ωnç™ é¬F,
use ™ é¬F.
Very Åçõ‰ î√™«/ áèπ◊\´ ÅE ´’†ç-ü¿-JéÃ
ûÁ©’Ææ’. Åçü¿’-´©x Åçûª îÁúø’/ †≠ædç ™‰ü¿’.
Ananth: Sorry to hear that. But one thing. He 2) It is too early Too Åçõ‰ ´’K/ ÅA ÅE.
Look at the following.
is too trusting and too risking. That 3) I'm afraid that's too long a) The train is very late = Train î√™«
a) The pen can't be Rs 15/- It'd be much less=
sometimes lands him in trouble. Ç pen 15 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-©’ç-úøü¿’. ¶«í¬ ûªèπ◊\¢Ë 4) That'll be too late
Eü∆-†çí¬/ ØÁ´’t-Cí¬ §ÚûÓçC. ´’†ç í∫´’uç
(N†-ö«-EéÀ ¶«üµ¿í¬ ÖçC. Å®·ûË äéπöÀ. less,
Öçô’çC. ÉçéÓ-ü∆-E-éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ ÅØË Å®Ωnç Look at the use of too in the sentences above.
îË®Ωôç (î√™«) Ç©Ææuç 鬴a, °∂æLûªç
Åûªúø’ Éûª-®Ω’-©†’ ÅAí¬ †´·t-û√úø’; ÅAí¬ lesserÈ®çúÕç-öÀéà ֆo°æpöÀéà less
¢√úÕ-†çûª ûª®Ω- too Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç, ÅA/ ÅAí¬ ÅE. ÅAí¬ Åçõ‰ Å´- ü¿éπ\-´îª’a.
ûÁT-≤ƒhúø’. Åü¿-ûªEo *èπ◊\™x °æúË-Ææ’hçC.) îª’í¬ lesser ¢√úøç. b) Train is too slow = Train ´’K/ ÅA
Trusting= †¢Ë’t Ææy¶µ«-´ç-éπ©;
Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’i† ü∆E-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\-´í¬, ¢Á÷û√ü¿’èπ◊ N’ç* ÅE
b) They originally demanded Rs. 50,000/- but Eü∆-†çí¬ ¢Á∞hçC. ´’†ç îËÍ®-ô-°æp-öÀéÀ, v°æߪ÷ù
risking= ûÁTç-îªôç, -JÆˇ\ BÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç.
éπü∆. Åçü¿’-´©x îÁúø’ °∂æL-û√©’ éπ©-í∫-´-îªaE.
finally settled for a lesser sum=
1) He is too trusting and risking = Åûªúø’ (Éûª-®Ω’-
¢√∞¡Ÿx ¢Á·ü¿ô °∂æLûªç ü¿éπ\ü¿’.
Land somebody in trouble= *èπ◊\™x 50,000 ®Ω÷§ƒßª’©úÕ-TØ√, *´-®Ωèπ◊ ûªèπ◊\´ ¢Á·û√h- c) The doctor was called in very late =
°æúË-ߪ’ôç EéÀ ÅçU-éπ-Jç-î√®Ω’. ©†’) ÅAí¬ †´·t-û√úø’. ü∆E-´©x ü¿’≠æp¥-Lûªç – Doctor
Jayanth: I agree with you there. ÉüË ¶µ«´ç, less ¢√úÕûË É™« îÁ•’û√ç. ÅûªE partners ÅûªEo ´·çîË-ߪ’ôç. ÅçûË-é¬- †’ î√™« Ç©-Ææuçí¬ °œL-î√®Ω’. (N’ç*
c) They originally ... , accepted a sum less
èπ◊çú≈ too risking = ´’K áèπ◊\´ ûÁTç°æ¤ – §Ú™‰ü¿’. é¬Ææh-®·Ø√ v°æßÁ÷-ï†ç ©Gµç*çC)
(Ç N≠æߪ’ç ؈ç-U-éπ-J≤ƒh.) d) The doctor was called in too late =
Ananth: I wish to see him. than that.
v°æ´÷ü¿çûÓ èπÿúø’-èπ◊†o N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo (risk †’)
Doctor †’ ´’K Ç©-Ææuçí¬ °œL-î√®Ω’. (Å°æp-öÀÍé
(b) a lesser sum = (c) a sum less
(¢√úÕE îª÷ú≈-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o) ™ ™ èπÿú≈ ûÁTç* îËߪ’ôç. – Éûª†’ ÉC ´’K îË≤ƒhúø’
N’ç*-§Ú-®·çC. v°æßÁ÷-ï†ç ™‰éπ-§Ú-®·çC.
Jayanth: It is too early. You wait for an hour. than ... lesser
ûËú≈ í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’, ûª®√yûª – °∂æLûªç, †≠ædç
Doctor îËûª’©’ èπÿú≈ ü∆öÀ-§Ú-®·çC.)
He will then have returned from his sum ÅØËnoun ®√´ôç – É™« lesser ûª®√yûª 2) It is too early = ´’K °çü¿-™«úÁ – Åçü¿’-´©x °æE
morning walk. (É°æ¤púø’ ´’K °çü¿-™«úË áèπ◊\-´í¬ noun Eg: A lesser player,
´Ææ’hçC. ï®Ω-í∫ü¿’.
Å´¤-ûª’çC. ã í∫çô Çí∫’. Å°æp-öÀéÀ A lesser degree (ÉçéÓ-ü∆-E-éπçõ‰ é¬Ææh ûªèπ◊\´
´÷Joçí˚ ¢√é˙ †’ç* AJ-íÌ-≤ƒhúø’.) ¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊),A lesser offense (Åçûª-éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´
Ananth: Does he still continue his morning ØË®Ωç),etc. EXERCISE ANSWER
walk? (Éçé¬ ´÷Joçí˚ ¢√é˙èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª÷ØË A lesser player than Tendulkar could not have Sumithra: Ñ <®Ω ᙫ ÖçC? E†oØË éÌØ√o. Sumithra: How is this sari? I bought it yes-
scored so many centuries= terday.
ÖØ√oú≈?) Suchithra: Ñ <®Ω °æô’d (silk) †’´¤y Åçûª-èπ◊-
Jayanth: He does. That keeps him healthy. Tendulkar cricketer,
Suchithra: The silk/ texture of this sari is
éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ v°æA¶µº éπL-T† ´·çü¿’ é̆o <®Ω °æô’d-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ (ØËûª)
centuries
superior to that of the sari you
(Å´¤†’. ÅC ¢√úÕE Ç®Ó-í∫uçí¬ Öç-ûÓçC.) ÅEo îËߪ’-í∫-L-Íí-¢√úø’ é¬úø’. Ø√ùu-¢Á’içC. Å®·ûË ü∆E ï-KéÀ D†çûª
Ananth: (Do) you suggest that I wait for Åçõ‰ lesser †’ ´÷´‚-©’í¬ äéπ noun (Ê°®Ω’x Ø√ùu-ûª-™‰ü¿’. bought earlier, but its brocade is
another hour to see him. I'm afraid
ûÁLÊ° °æü¿ç) ´·çü¿’ ÉçéÓ-ü∆-E-éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ ¢Á·ûªhç
(ïK = brocade - v¶ÔÈé-ß˝’ú˛ – inferior to that of the earlier sari.
(amount), v§ƒ´·êuç (importance), °æJ-´÷ùç
that's too long. I have work at 9.30.
(size) Ö†o ÅØË Å®Ωnç ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC. 'Èéß˝’— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) Sumithra: But this is costlier than that.
I think I'll see him tomorrow.
a) The growing pollution, and, to a lesser Sumithra: Å®·ûË ÉC ü∆E-éπçõ‰ êK-üÁjçC. Suchithra: You must have bought not less
(¢√úÕE îª÷ÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ ††’o ´’®Ó í∫çô degree, the scarcity of drinking water, are Suchithra: Ñ È®çúø’ Ææç´-ûªq-®√™x †’´¤y -á-E-N’-C than/ no fewer than eight saris in
¢Ë*-îª÷-úø-´’ç-ö«¢√? ÅC ´’K áèπ◊\´ the cause of the trouble= °®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o °æô’d <®Ω-©-éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ é̆’ç-úø-´¤-éπü∆? the last two years. Isn't that so?
Ææ´’-ߪ’-´’-´¤-ûª’ç-üË¢Á÷ ÅE-°œ-≤ÚhçC. Ø√èπ◊
ûÌN’t-C-†o-®Ωèπ◊ °æ†’çC. Í®°æ¤ îª÷ú≈-©-†’- 鬩’≠æuç, ü∆Eéπçõ‰ é¬Ææh ûªèπ◊\´ ¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊, ´’ç*-FöÀ Sumithra: ņ’-èπ◊çö«. Sumithra: I think so.
éÌ®Ωûª, ¶«üµ¿-©èπ◊ 鬮Ω-ù«©’. Suchithra: Is the selection yours, or do you
èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.) b) Though a city of lesser size and population Suchithra: áç°œéπ FüËØ√,- -¢ËÍ®-´-J Ææ£æ…-ߪ’-¢Á’iØ√
Jayanth: I leave it to you, but I'm not sure of take any one's help?
than Kolkata, Mumbai has greater promi- BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«¢√?
his programme tomorrow. He may nence= éÓ™¸-éπû√ éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ ïØ√¶µ«, °æJ-´÷- Sumithra: ´÷ ´C††’ BÆæ’-èπ◊-¢Á-∞¡û√. Ç¢Á’èπ◊ Ñ Sumithra: I take my sister-in-law's help. She
be out of town, and return only on ùç-éπ© †í∫-®Ω-¢Á’i-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, ´·ç¶„j v§ƒ´·êuç is senior to me in these matters.
N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ Ø√éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ņ’-¶µº-´-
friday. (F É≠ædç ´’J. é¬E Í®°æûªE áèπ◊\´. Suchithra: The selection is really good.
´·çC.
v§Úví¬¢˛’ àN’ö Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ-Mü¿’. Í®°æ¤ Ü∞x c) A lesser leader than Gandhi would have Suchithra: Selection î√™« ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC.- Sumithra: Thank you.
Öçúø-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. äéπ-¢Ë∞¡ Ü∞x ™‰éπ-§ÚûË yielded to the British=
Sumithra: üµ¿-†u-¢√-ü∆-©’.
í¬çDµéπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ íÌ°æp
¨¡Ÿvéπ-¢√®Ωç ´®Ωèπÿ ®√éπ-§Ú-´îª’a) British
Ø√ߪ’-èπ◊úø’ ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ™ÔçÍí-¢√úø’.
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
-•’-üµ¿¢√®Ωç 20 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Govind: Aravind, where did you get the infor-


(†’´‹y ؈÷ Å™« ØÁô’d-éÌ-Ææ’hØ√oç. Ê°ü¿-¢√∞¡xç 鬴·.
mation from?
ÅC î√©’ éπü∆? Sekhar á°æ¤púø÷ úø•’s Ææ秃-ü¿-
(Å®Ω-Nçü˛, Fèπ◊ Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç áéπ\-úÕ-†’ç* †™ í∫úø’-°æ¤-ûª’ç-ö«úø’. Ææ秃-Cç-*† úø•’s ņ’-¶µº-
´*açC?) Nç-îª-ö«-EÍé BJ-éπ-™‰-ü¿-ûª-EéÀ. Åçûª trouble °æ-úø-ôç
Aravind: Which information (do) you mean? éπç-õ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ úø•’sûÓ Öçúø-ö«-EÍé É≠æd-°æ-úø-û√†’ ؈’)
(à Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç í∫’Jç* Åçô’-Ø√o´¤?) get on = Å™« í∫úÕ-Ê°≤ƒhç. we are not starv-
Govind: That there will be a hike in the ing = ´’†ç °æÆæ’h-©’ç-úøôç ™‰ü¿’ – Åçõ‰
allowances to employees. Ê°ü¿©ç é¬-´· ÅE. üµ¿E-èπ◊-úÕE é¬éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ ØËØËç
(ÖüÓu-í∫’© ¶µºû√u™x °ç°æ¤-ü¿© Hü¿-¢√-úÕ-E-鬆’, ÅE í∫öÀdí¬ Å†-ö«-EéÀ, English
Öçô’çü¿E) ™ I am not starving Åçö«ç. ÉC O’ con- eg: The elephant is stronger than any other a) I'd rather die than tell a lie
Aravind: I had it from Gopal. You know he is versation ™ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. starve =
land animal.Éûª®Ω ¶µº÷Ω ïçûª’-´¤©éπç-õ‰ à†’í∫’
in a key position in the finance min- °æÆæ’hç-úøôç; fast = äéπ-§Òü¿’l/ Ö°æ-¢√Ææç •©-¢Á’içC. Ééπ\úø î√™« ïçûª’-´¤©èπ◊†o äÍé
(Å•ü¿l¥ç îÁ°æpúøç-éπçõ‰ î√´-ô¢Ë’ Ø√éÀ≠dçæ )
istry Öçúøôç. í∫’ù«Eo – strong - §Ú©’-Ææ’hØ√oç – 鬕öÀd b) Our Indian movie heroes rather dance
(íÓ§ƒ™¸ îÁ§ƒpúø’ Ø√èπ◊. Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’í¬, I'd do = I would be satisfied stronger. in the movies than act = ´’† ÆœE-´÷™x
Åûª†’ finance ministry ™ éééπ °æü¿- Govind: Yes, That's true. 2) äÍé ´uéÀhéÀ/ äéπ-ü∆-EÍé Ö†o È®çúø’ í∫’ù«©’ £‘«®Ó©’ †öÀç-îªôç éπçõ‰ dance áèπ◊\´
N™ ÖØ√o-úøE.) ☯ ☯ ☯ ☯ §ÚLÊÆh, Å°æ¤púø’ more ¢√úøû√ç, regular com- îË≤ƒh®Ω’.
Key = éé-éπ-¢Á’i†; position = ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç parative forms Ö†o ¢√öÀéÀ èπÿú≈.
c) It is better to call them dancers rather
îÓô’. Ééπ\úø Å®Ωnç °æü¿N. eg: The elephant is more strong than fast.
than actors = ¢√∞¡x†’ actors ņ-ôç-éπçõ‰
Govind: Yea, I know. He is really in a good à†’-í∫’èπ◊ (äÍé ïçûª’-´¤èπ◊) Ö†o È®çúø’ dancers ņôç †ßª’ç. (É™«çöÀîÓôx than
position in the IAS. I think of all of us
he enjoys the highest official status.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 216 ©éπ~-ù«-©†’ §Ú©’-Ææ’hØ√oç – 鬕öÀd, more strong
Åçô’Ø√oç. •ü¿’©’ rather than áèπ◊\´ ¢√úøû√ç.)
(Å´¤†’, ûÁ©’Ææ’. IAS ™ Åûª†’ ´’ç*

He is more smart than good


°æü¿-N™ ÖØ√oúø’. ´’†ç-ü¿-J™ Åûª’u-†oûª
ÅCµ-é¬-Jéπ ÆœnA™ ÖØ√o-úø-ûª†’.)
Aravind: He hasn't earned much, though. He
is too honest for that. Others in sim-
ilar or even in lower positions are
much richer than he.
Look at the following sentences: So that is the differ-
d) Rather than get into a crowded bus,
(Å®·Ø√ ÅûªØËç Ææ秃-Cç--éÓ-™‰ü¿’, ´’J.
a) Gopal is richer than Gokul (Gokul éπçõ‰ ence between the
why not walk?/ why don't you walk? =
Åûª-E-™«çöÀ °æü¿-´¤™x, Åûª-E-éπØ√o ûªèπ◊\´
°æü¿-´¤™x Ö†o-¢√∞¡Ÿx Åûª-E-éπçõ‰ üµ¿E-èπ◊-©’í¬ Gopal üµ¿†-´ç-ûª’úø’) regular comparative
form, and more + bus
b) Gopal is more rich than handsome - (Gopal
ÖØ√o®Ω’.) Åçûª ï†ç Ö†o áéπ\úøç éπçõ‰ †úø-´ôç
adjective form. Some
He hasn't earned much, though - Ñ üµ¿E-èπ◊-úÁj-†çûª, Åçü¿-í¬úø’ é¬úø’ = íÓ§ƒ-™ ¸èπ◊ ¢Ë’©’ éπü∆?
more examples. e) I decided to be jobless rather than do
v°æßÁ÷í∫ç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Though he is in a Åçü¿çéπç-õ‰ úø¶„s-èπ◊\´)
good position, he hasn't earned much = a) This building is more such a job =
(a) ™ rich éÀ comparative í¬ richer ¢√ú≈ç.
M. SURESAN
Å™«çöÀ ÖüÓuí∫ç îËߪ’-úøç-éπçõ‰
He is in a good position, he hasn't earned strong than beautiful
(b) ™ more rich ÅØ√oç. ÖüÓuí∫ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ Öçúø-ö«-EÍé E®Ωg-®·ç--èπ◊Ø√o.
much, though. Though, = Ñ ¢Ë’úø Åçü¿çí¬
Ééπ\úø *´®Ω (a) ™ Éü¿l-J-èπ◊†o äÍé í∫’ù«Eo (rich) §Ú™«aç. (E®Ω’-üÓu-Tí¬ Öçú≈-©E E®Ωg-®·ç--èπ◊Ø√o.)
position éπçõ‰ •©çí¬ ÖçC. (stronger é¬ü¿’)
®√´ôç îª÷úøçúÕ. ´’ç* ™ ÖØ√oúø’, Åéπ\úø richer ÅE regular comparative b) He is more smart than good = ÅûªEéÀ É™« rather than ´’†ç äéπ ®Ωéπ-¢Á’i† compar-
Å®·Ø√ àç Ææ秃-Cç-îª-™‰ü¿’, ÅE. ÉC ´’ç* ¢√ú≈ç. (smarter ative í¬ ¢√úø-´îª’a. ´·êuçí¬ à Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰E
conversational expression. O’ conversa- ´’ç*ûª†ç éπçõ‰ ûÁLN áèπ◊\´. é¬ü¿’.)
(b) ™ äéπ-JÍé Ö†o È®çúø’ í∫’ù«©’ §Ú™«aç éπü∆. È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ §Ú™‰a-ô-°æ¤púø’ rather than
tion ™ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. Now study this sentence from the conver-
(b) ™™« äéπ-JÍé Ö†o È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ í∫’ù«-©†’ sation:
Govind: He has more power than money. ¢√úøû√ç.
§ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’, áèπ◊\-´í¬ Ö†o í∫’ùç-´·çü¿’ more I'd (I would) rather do with less money than f) Rather than talk all the time, why don't
(Åûª-EéÀ úø•’s-éπç-õ‰, ÅCµ-鬮Ωç, °æ©’-èπ◊-•úÕ
áèπ◊\´.) ¢√úøû√ç – Åéπ\úø regular comparative ®√ü¿’. put myself to such a trouble = Åçûª v¨¡´’°æúËéπçõ‰ you do some work? = Åçûª-ÊÆ°æ‹ ´÷ö«x-úË-
i) She is more clever than beautiful = Ç¢Á’èπ◊
Aravind: That way Mukund is the best of the ûªèπ◊\´ úø•’sûÓ í∫úø’-°æ¤-û√†’ ؈’. éπç-õ‰ àüÁjØ√ îËߪ’-èπÿ-úøü¿÷? (´÷ô-™«°œ °æE-
lot. He is very wealthy but has little
Åçü¿ç-éπç-õ‰ ûÁL-¢Á-èπ◊\´. (äéπ-JÍé Ö†o È®çúø’ Ñ sentence ™ rather ... than èπÿú≈ äéπ ®Ωéπçí¬
else. Unfortunately he is more
í∫’ù«-©†’ §Ú©’-Ææ’hØ√oç. Åçü¿’-éπE more clever §ÚL-éπ†’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûÓçC éπü∆. Ééπ\úø rather ... than
îÁ®·u ÅE).
wealthy than healthy.
Åçö«ç, cleverer ÅE ņç.) ´’† áç°œéπ (choice) †’ ûÁ©-°æ-ú≈-EéÀ ¢√úøû√ç.
ii) Kumar is more good than intelligent =
(Ç Nüµ¿çí¬ îª÷ÊÆh ´·èπ◊çüË Åçü¿-J™
´’ç* ÆœnA™ ÖØ√oúø’. Åûª†’ Ææç°æ-†’oúË Kumar èπ◊ ûÁL-N-éπçõ‰ ´’ç*ûª†ç áèπ◊\´.
(äéπ-JÍé Ö†o È®çúø’ í∫’ù«-©†’ §Ú©’-Ææ’hØ√oç – EXERCISE ANSWER
é¬E úø•’s ûª°æp Åûª-E-éÀç-Íéç-™‰ü¿’.
ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%-≠æd-´-¨»ûª’h Åûª-EéÀ Ç®Óí∫uçéπç-õ‰ Åçü¿’-éπE better ¢√úøç; more good Åçö«ç.) Practise the following aloud in English: Gandharv: Why are you awake so late at
úø¶„s-èπ◊\´.) Now look at the following sentences from Gandharv: Éçûª-ÊÆ°æ¤ ¢Ë’™Ô\-Ø√o-¢ËçöÀ? ®√vA 12 night? It is 12 midnight.
Govind: Life's like that. It isn't an unmixed the conversation at the beginning of the í∫çô-©-®·çC. Kinnera: I have an exam tomorrow.
blessing for any. Look at koteswar. lesson. Kinnera: Ø√èπ◊ Í®°æ¤ Exam ÖçC. Gandharv: Rather than lose sleep by keeping
He has more fame than happiness 1) He has more power than money = Åûª-EéÀ Gandharv: É™« Evü¿-§Ú-íÌ-ô’d-èπ◊E ®√vûªçû√ ¢Ë’™Ô\ØË awake late at night, you can study
or money. úø•’s-éπç-õ‰ £æ«Ùü∆-´©x ÅCµ-鬮Ωç áèπ◊\´ •ü¿’©’ °æí∫©’ time waste îËߪ’-èπ◊çú≈ during the day without wasting time.
(@Nûªç ÅçûË. Åçü¿-JéÀ ÅFo Öçúø´¤. 2) He (Mukund) is more wealthy than healthy îªü¿-¢Ì-a-éπü∆? Kinnera: That's true. But what can I do? I
= am not like Apsara. It doesn't mat-
éÓõ‰-¨¡y®˝ N≠æߪ’ç îª÷úø’. ¢√úÕéÀ ÆæçûÓ≠æç, ´·èπ◊ç-ü˛èπ◊ Ç®Óí∫uç éπç-õ‰ Ææç°æü¿ áèπ◊\´. Kinnera: ÅC Eï¢Ë’. é¬F àç îËߪ’†’? ؈’
ter even if she doesn't work. By
-úø-•’s éπç-õ‰ ë«uA -á-èπ◊\´.) (í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: wealthier ¢√úøôç ™‰ü¿’. more Å°æq-®Ω-™«í¬ 鬆’. ûª†’ v¨¡´’-°æ-úø-éπ-§Ú-
Life's like that = @Nûªç ÅçûË. (ÅüË @Nûªç nature she is more clever than
wealthy Åçô’Ø√oç. áçü¿’-éπE? äÍé ´uéÀhèπ◊†o ®·Ø√ °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’. ûª† Ææy¶µ«´ç, (by hard working.
– ´’†ç ņ’-èπ◊-†oô’d ï®Ω-í∫ü¿’.) È®çúø’ ©éπ~-ù«©’ §Ú©’-Ææ’hØ√oç– Åçü¿’-éπE wealthy, nature) éπ≠d-° æ æúÕ °æE-îË-ÊÆ-éπçõ‰ clever
unmixed blessing - ÉC @N-û√Eo í∫’Jç* Gandharv: What I mean is rather than study at
healthy èπ◊†o regular comparatives - wealth- í¬ Öçúøôç.
night, you can study during the day.
îÁÊ°p N≠æߪ’ç – @N-ûªç™ °æ‹Jhí¬ ´’†èπ◊ ier, healthier ®√´¤.) Gandharv: ؈-ØË-üËç-ôçõ‰, †’´¤y ®√vA •ü¿’©’
Kinnera: I'd rather study at night than dur-
ÆæçûÓ-≥ƒEoîËa N≠æߪ’ç Öçúøü¿’. ´’†ç ņ’- 3) He has more fame than happiness or °æí∫©’ îªü¿-¢Ì-a-éπü∆ ÅE. ing the day.
èπ◊-†oô’d àD °æ‹Jhí¬ Å´’-®Ωü¿’. money. Åûª-EéÀ ÆæçûÓ≠æç, úø•’séπç-õ‰ ë«uA Kinnera: Ø√èπ◊ °æí∫-©’-éπçõ‰ ®√vA îªü¿-´-ô¢Ë’ É≠ædç.
Aravind: You and I just get on. We are not Gandharv: I have a friend. He is clever too.
áèπ◊\´. äéπ-JÍé Ö†o äéπ í∫’ùç N’í∫û√ í∫’ù«-©- Gandharv: Ø√éÓ friend ÖØ√oúø’. ¢√úø÷ clever
starving. That's enough for us, isn't But he is not rich.
éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ÅE îÁ°æpôç – 鬕öÀd more fame student. Å®·ûË §ƒ°æç Ö†o-¢√-úËç-
it? Sekhar is all the time busy mak- Kinnera: That means he is more clever
than Åçö«ç
ing money. God knows when he than rich.
é¬ü¿’.
finds the time to enjoy what he gets.
É°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o N≠æߪ’ç. Kinnera: Åçõ‰ Åûª-EéÀ ûÁL-´¤-†oçûª úø•’s-™‰ü¿’. Gandharv: Yea.
I'd rather do with less money than
1) î√™«-´’ç-C-èπ◊†o äÍé í∫’ù«Eo §ÚLÊÆh regular Gandharv: Å´¤†’. Kinnera: Life's like that.
comparative form ¢√úøû√ç.
put myself to such trouble. Kinnera: @Nûªç Å™«ØË Öçô’çC.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm


-¨¡Ÿ-véπ¢√®Ωç 22 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Pramod: Vinod, this book doesn't give all the 2) She wants full details of all the tourist spots
information about the tourist spots in in the state.
A.P. 3) She wants to make full use of this trip to see
(Ñ °æ¤Ææhéπç Ççvüµ¿-v°æ-üË-¨¸™E °æ®Ωu-ôéπ all the places.
Ææn™«© °æ‹Jh Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç É´yôç ™‰ü¿’.) 4) They can help your sister plan a perfect
(Tourist = °æ®Ωu-ô-èπ◊©’. Spot= îÓ-ô’) holiday.
Vinod: This booklet appears to better. In fewer 5) She said I was free to plan it any way I liked.
pages, it gives complete information 6) The road from here to it is straight.
about the matter. 7) I will go direct from here.
(Ñ *†o°æ¤Ææhéπç ü∆E-éπçõ‰ ¢Á’®Ω’í¬_ éπE°œ- Éç-Tx-≠ˇ ™- éÌEo adjectives èπ◊ degrees of com- woman = °æJ-°æ‹-®Ωg-¢Á’i† ( à Nüµ¿-¢Á’i† üÓ≠æç ™‰E) Æ‘Y. ÅçûË. Åçõ‰ Circle (´%ûªhç), Square (îªûª’-®ΩvÆæç),
≤ÚhçC. ûªèπ◊\´ Ê°-@-™x °æ‹Jh Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç parison Öç-úø´¤. °j† Åç-úø®˝-™„j-Ø˛ îËÆœ† -´÷ô-©-Fo (Ééπ\úø she was more perfect than other women Rectangle (D®Ω` îªûª’-®ΩvÆæç), Triangle (vA¶µº’ïç),
É≤ÚhçC) (Booklet= *†o °æ¤Ææhéπç) Å™«ç-öÀ¢Ë. ¢√öÀéÀ comparative, superlatives ņç. she was perfect; some other women were etc.
Pramod: Let me have a look at it. My sister is Öçúø´¤. Åçõ‰ ¢√öÀE comparative, superlative
perfect too, others were not perfect.) í∫’çvúøç (circular/round) í¬ ÖçúËüË circle.
returning from the states. She wants ©™ ¢√úøç. 鬮Ω-ù«©’ îª÷ü∆lç.
5) She said I was free to plan it anyway I í∫’çvúøçí¬ ™‰EC circle é¬ü¿’. 鬕öÀd This Circle is
full details of all the tourist spots in the 1) It gives complete information:
liked: more round than that Circle = Ñ ´%ûªhç, Ç ´%ûªhç
state. She wants to make full use of
Free = Ææyûªçvûªç/ ÊÆyîªa- Ö-†o éπçõ‰ í∫’çvúøçí¬ ÖçC. Circle í∫’çvúøçí¬ Öçúø-éπ-§ÚûË
this trip to see all the spots.
°j† îÁ°œp† N’í∫û√ ´÷ô--™«x free èπ◊, freer, freest ÉçÈ陫 Öçô’çC? Å™«Íí N’í∫û√ geometric fig-
(†ØÓo-≤ƒJ îª÷úøF. ´÷ -ÆœÆd®æ ˝ ÊÆdö¸q †’ç* ÅE degrees of comparison ¢√úøç. á´-J-ÈéjØ√ ÊÆyîªa ¥ ures N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ èπÿú≈. OöÀ-™ ¢ËöÀéà degrees of
AJ-íÌ-≤ÚhçC. Ñ °æ®Ωu-ôéπ Ææn™«© N´®√-©’
¢Á·ûªhç ûª†èπ◊ 鬢√-©ç-öçC. Ñ≤ƒJ ´*a-†-
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 217 Öçõ‰ ¢√∞¡Ÿx free. -™‰èπ◊ç-õ‰ -¢√-∞¡Ÿx free 鬮Ω’. comparison Öçúø´¤.
Åçõ‰ ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ÊÆyîªa ¥ ™‰ü¿’. Åçõ‰ ÊÆyîªa ¥èπ◊ éÌEo

It gives complete information


°æ¤púø’, ¢√öÀ-†-Eo-öÀE îª÷úø-ö«-EéÀ ûª† v°æߪ÷- Ééπ\úø complete Åçõ‰ °æ‹Jh. àüÁjØ√ äéπ N≠æߪ’ç °æJ-N’-ûª’-©’ç-úÌa. Åçü¿’-éπE -v°æ-¨¡o:
I Éç-Tx-≠ˇ -ØË®Ω’aéÓ-´-ú≈-EéÀ -Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫°æ-úË °æ¤Ææhé¬-©-
ù«-Eo °æ‹Jhí¬ -Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-éÓ-¢√-©-†’-éÌç- °æ‹Jhí¬ Öçô’çC. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ Öçúøü¿’. ÅçûË-é¬F äéπ éÀçC Nüµ¿çí¬ îÁ°æp-´îª’a. †’ -ûÁ-©°æí∫-©®Ω’.
öçC.) N≠æߪ’ç, ÉçéÓ N≠æߪ’ç éπçõ‰ °æ‹Jhí¬ Öçúøôç ÅØË Kumar is free to a II éÀç-C-¢√-öÀéÀ -ûÁ-©’í∫’-™  -Å®Ωnç -N-´-Jç-îªç-úÕ?
Vinod: Why don't you consult a travel agency? °æJ-ÆœnA Öçúøü¿’. greater degree than
1. I'm enjoying my new job.
They can help your sister plan a perfect This glass is more complete than that glass- 2. Diana said that she was enjoying her
Kesav. Íé-¨¡-¢˛ éπç-õ‰ èπ◊´÷-®˝èπ◊ new job.
holiday. ÉC Å®Ωnç ™‰E N≠æߪ’ç éπü∆. Öçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊ ÊÆyîªa ¥ ÖçC. M. SURESAN 3. My father isn't very well.
(†’¢Óy -vö«-¢Á-™¸ -à-ñ„-FqE Ææçv°æ-Cç-îª-èπÿ-úøü¿÷? a) È®çúø÷ °æ‹Jhí¬ EçúÕ Öçö«®·. (™‰èπ◊çõ‰) (Å°æ¤púø°æ¤púø’ Kumar has 4. She said that her father wasn't very well.
¢√∞¡x-®·ûË O’ ÆœÆd®æ ˝ ÂÆ-©-´¤ °æJ-°æ‹-®Ωgçí¬ -§ƒx-Ø˛ b) äéπöÀ EçúÕ Öçúøôç, ÉçéÓöÀ Eçúø-éπ-§Ú-´ôç more freedom in these matter than Kesav- É™« 5. I have to go early.
îËߪ’-ôç™ ûÓúøp-úø-í∫-©®Ω’.) Å-¢Ìa. ÅçûË-é¬E äéπ glass ÉçéÓ glass éπçõ‰ îÁ°æpôç ¢√-úø’éπ™ ÖçC. 鬕öÀd Åü¿çûª ûª°æ¤p-é¬ü¿’. é¬E 6. Peter said that he had to go early.
Holiday- ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç– ÂÆ-©´¤. -N. X®√-´’-îªç-vü¿-´‚Jh,
freer, freest ´÷vûªç ´÷´‚-©’í¬ spoken English
ûª®Ωxç-°æ‹-úÕ (-ûª÷.-íÓ.->™«x.)
°æ‹Jhí¬ Öçúøôç Å®Ωn-®Ω-£œ«ûªç.
É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x Å®Ωnç– ÂÆ©-´¤™x ´’† N£æ…- a) é¬-•-öÀd – Both the glasses are complete ™ N-E°œç-îª-´¤.
-ï-¢√-•’:
6) Straight:
®√©’, Ææ®Ω-ü∆©’. Åçö«ç.
i)
Pramod: That's a good idea. She said I was b) Å®·ûË– This glass is complete but that glass
-Éç-Tx-≠ˇ ®√´-ö«-E-éÀ -Ö-°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æúË °æ¤Ææh-鬩’:
ÉC èπÿú≈ °j´÷-ô-™«xí¬ØË. Åçõ‰ DEéÀ èπÿú≈ degrees a) Living English structure: By stannard
free to plan it any way I liked. I will isn't Åçö«ç. so, complete has no degrees of Allen
b) NCERT Let's Learn English,
Öçúø´¤.
approach the Vihar Travel Agency. comparison. v°æ-Jç-*†
straight= A†o-í¬/--ØË-®Ω’í¬. Öçõ‰ straight (A†o)í¬ series series No.5
They are known to give correct infor- 2) she wants full details of.....:
™ – 11
Öçô’çC, ™‰éπ-§ÚûË -Öç-úø-ü¿’. ÅçûË-é¬F, äéπ-ü∆E-éπçõ‰ ii) 1) I'm (= I am) enjoying my new job=
mation. Complete ™«Íí full èπ◊ èπÿú≈ degrees of compar-
ÉçéÓöÀ A†oí¬, Ø訽Ւ ÖçúË Å´-鬨¡ç ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆. Ø√ éÌûªh ÖüÓuí∫ç Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçC
(ÅC ´’ç* Ç™-îªØË, Ø√ É≠ædç ´*a-†ô’x ison Öçúø´¤ éπü∆. full Åçõ‰ EçúÕ-§Ú-®·†, ÅE éπü∆. 鬕öÀd straighter/ more straight, straightest/ most (؈’ îªéπ\í¬ Å†’-¶µº-N-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’)
§ƒx-Ø˛ îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ Ø√èπ◊ ÊÆyîªa ¥ Öçü¿E Öçõ‰, EçúÕ -Öçô’çC, ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ EçúÕ-†ô’x é¬ü¿’ ÅçûË. straight ™«çöÀ expressions Öçúø´¤. 2) ûª† ÖüÓuí∫ç ûª†’ îªéπ\í¬ Å†’-¶µº-N-Ææ’h-Ø√o-†E
îÁ°œpçC. ؈’ -N-£æ…®˝ -vö«-¢Á-™¸ -à-ñ„-Fq ¢√∞¡x (fuller, fullest, ™«çöÀ ´÷ô©’ ¢√úøç) Å°æ¤p-úø-°æ¤púø’ 7) Direct: (ûª†èπ◊ éÌûªh ÖüÓuí∫ç ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ Öçü¿E)
úøߪ÷Ø√ îÁ°œpçC.
ü¿í∫_-®Ω-Èé-∞«h†’. ÆæÈ®j† Ææ´’-î√®Ωç É≤ƒh-®ΩØË Åéπ\-úø-éπ\úø îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’çö«ç, Nçô’çö«ç; ÉC èπÿú≈ ÅçûË. Give me a direct answer= A†oE/
Ê°®Ω’ ¢√∞¡xèπ◊çC.) I promise you my fullest cooperation/ You shall 3) ´÷ Ø√†o Åçûª èπ◊™«-≤ƒí¬ ™‰®Ω’.
Ö†oC Ö†oô’d (úÌçéπ A®Ω’-í∫’úø’ ™‰E) Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç
approach (Å—v§Úî˝ – v§Ò—ØÌéÀ\°æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) have my fullest cooperation= O’èπ◊ Ø√ °æ‹Jh Ææ£æ«-
4) ¢√∞¡x Ø√†o Åçûª èπ◊™«-≤ƒí¬ ™‰®ΩE Ç¢Á’ îÁ°œpçC.
É´¤y. Öçõ‰ direct, ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ indirect ÅçûË. More 5) ؈’ ûªy®Ωí¬ ¢Á∞«xL
= ü¿í∫_-®Ω-Èé-∞¡xôç/ÆæO’-°œç-îªôç/Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç éÓ®Ωôç. 鬮Ωç Öçô’çC. Ééπ\úø fullest ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. full Åçõ‰ direct, most direct Öçúø´¤. 6) ûª†’ ûªy®Ωí¬ ¢Á∞«xL ÅE °‘-ô®˝ îÁ§ƒpúø’.
Vinod: Where is this Vihar Travel Agency? î√©’ éπü∆. °æ‹Jhí¬ Öçô’çC. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ °æ‹Jhé¬ü¿’. 8) Correct (ÆæÈ®j†): -v°æ-¨¡o:
(áéπ\úø’çD -vö«-¢Á-™¸ -à-ï-Fq?) ÅçûËé¬E áèπ◊\´ °æ‹Jhí¬ ÖçC/-ûª-èπ◊\´ °æ‹Jhí¬ ÖçC A thing is correct or incorrect. äéπ\öÀ Ææ-J 1. vis - a - vis - Å®Ωnç N´-Jç-îªçúÕ.
Pramod: It is in the round building next to 2. Éçûªèπ◊ ´·çü¿’ °æEîËÆœ† ÅCµ-é¬J îËÆœ†
ņç. -Å´¤-ûª’çC, ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ûª°æp-´¤-ûª’çC ÅçûË. More correct,
Chitramahal 4) They can help you plan a perfect holiday: ûª°œpü¿ç.
most correct Öçúø´¤ éπü∆. 3. Ééπ°j Å™«çöÀ §Ò®Ω-§ƒô’ ´’-Sx îË-ߪ’†’.
(*vûª´’£æ«™¸ °æéπ\† í∫’çvúøöÀ ¢Ë’úø™ ÖçC) ÅEoNüµ∆© ¶«í∫’†o/ à üÓ≠æ´‚ ™‰E N£æ…-®√©’ §ƒx-Ø˛ His answer is more correct than yours... Åûª-úÕ - 2, 3 -v°æ-¨¡o-©-†’ -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ -™ -à-N-üµ¿çí¬ -îÁ-•’-û√®Ω’?
Vinod: Are you going now? -îËÆæ’éÓ-´-ôç-™ ûÓúøp-úø-í∫-©®Ω’.- -ï-¢√-•’ F Ç-†q®˝ éπçõ‰ éπÈ®é˙d. É™« îÁ°æpôç áçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ – Èé. džç-ü¿- π◊-´÷®˝,
Perfect= °æJ-°æ‹-®Ωg-¢Á’i†; à üÓ≠æ´‚ ™‰E (fault-less,
(É°æ¤p-úø’ -¢Á-∞¡Ÿ-ûª’-Ø√o¢√?) Ææ••’? Åûª-úÕ -ï-¢√-•’ correct Å®·ûË, F -Ç-†q®˝ ÅüË í¬ü¿-®√úø (ûª÷.íÓ.->™«x)
Pramod: Yea, I am. good in every way)
鬆-°æ¤púø’, ÅC ûª°æ¤p (Wrong/incorrect) Å´¤-ûª’çC, -ï-¢√-•’:
Vinod: The road from here to it is straight. Perfect èπ◊ èπÿú≈ more perfect, most perfect 1) vis - a - vis (Oñ«O/ Nï-N–ï, size ™ z ™«í∫)
é¬F F -Ç-†q®˝ ûªèπ◊\´ correct, Åûª-úÕ -ï-¢√-•’ áèπ◊\´
(Ééπ\-úÕ -†’ç-* -Å-éπ\-úøéÀ ®Ó-ú˛ A†oí¬ ÖçC) ™«çöÀ degrees Öçúø-´E O’®Ω’ -Ü-£œ«ç--éÓ-í∫-©®Ω’. correct Å´ü¿’.
= ü∆EûÓ §ÚLÊÆh, ü∆E Ææç•ç-üµ¿çí¬.
Pramod: I Will go direct from here. àüÁjØ√ ´Ææ’h´¤/ á´-È®jØ√ Öçõ‰ perfect í¬ Öçö«®Ω’, °j† îÁ°œp-†-´Fo èπÿú≈ degrees of comparison ™‰E a) What are your job opportunities vis-a-vis
the reservation policy-
reservation
(Ééπ\-úÕ-†’ç* A†oí¬ Åéπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√o) à üÓ≥ƒ©’ ™‰èπ◊çú≈, °æJ-°æ‹-®Ωg-ûªûÓ. üÓ≠æç Åçô÷ Öçõ‰ ´÷ô©’. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ Ç í∫’ù«©’, Öçúøôç Åçô÷ ïJ- Ñ © Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç/- ØË-°æ-ü∑¿uç™, F
¢√∞¡Ÿx/ ÅO imperfect (üÓ≠æ-´·-†o) Åç-ûË é¬F äéπ®Ω’ TûË Öçö«®·, ™‰èπ◊ç--õ‰ -Öç-úø´¤ Åç-ûË. ¢√öÀ™ áèπ◊\´,
❒❒❒ ÖüÓu-í¬-´-é¬-¨»-™„™« ÖØ√o®·?
b) India is not vis - a - vis the US=
í∫ûª éÌEo lessons -†’ç-* degrees of comparison Sita, Lord Sri Rama's wife, was a perfect ûªèπ◊\-´-©’ç-úø´¤. Geometrical figures N≠æ-ߪ’ç™†÷
ÉçéÌ-éπJ éπç-õ‰ áèπ◊\¢Ó, ûªèπ◊\¢Ó Öç-úø-™‰®Ω’ éπü∆.
Å-¢Á’-Jé¬ûÓ §ÚLÊÆh ¶µ«®Ωû˝ Ææç°æ-†o-ü˨¡ç é¬ü¿’. -
îª÷Ææ’hØ√oç í∫ü∆? É°æ¤púø’ ´’J-éÌEo ÇÆæ-éÀh-éπ®Ω ii) This the mistake made by/ the lapse of the
N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ îª÷ü∆lç:
Look at the following sentences from the con-
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. previous official/ incumbent.
(Incumbent = °æü¿-N™ Ö†o-¢√®Ω’)
Incumbent: Pronunciation-
URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
ÉØ˛-éπç-•çö¸
versation at the beginning of the lesson: iii) I will not repeat this mistake.
1) It gives Complete information.
-Ç-C¢√®Ωç 24 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Kavitha: You've been out too long. Where c) The car is very expensive -
have you been? ¶«í¬ êK-üÁjçC. (Å®·Ø√ ´’†ç é̆-´îª’a)
(F´¤ î√™«-ÊÆ°æ¤ •ßª’-ô’-Ø√o´¤. áéπ\-úø’-Ø√o- d) The car is too expensive -
Nç-ûª-ÊÆ°æ¤?) car ´’K êK-üÁjçC.
Sabitha: I am returning from the Cinema. I (Åçü¿’-´©x é̆ç/ é̆-™‰†çûª üµ¿®Ω)
have been there to book tickets for ÉC too èπ◊ Ö†o Å®√n™x, ¢√úø’-éπ™x äéπöÀ.
us.
Look at the following sentences.
(
a) The patient is too weak to walk -
ÆœE-´÷-£æ…-™¸-Èé-∞«x†’. öÀÈé\ô’x •’é˙ îËߪ’-
ú≈-EéÀ) ®ÓT †úø-´-™‰†çûª •©-£‘«†çí¬ ÖçC.
Kavitha: Have you got them? For what show
b) The amount with him is too little to buy a The table is too small for the big room/
on what day? Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ´’†ç îª÷Æœ† sentences èπÿ, sen-
car - The room is too big for the small table.
(üÌJ-é¬ßª÷/ ûÁî √a¢√? à show tences (2) and (3) éÀ ûËú≈: - for us ÅØËC extra.
f) Prakash: Are you attending the party
à ÅûªE ü¿í∫_-®Ω’†o úø•’s 鬮Ω’ é̆-™‰-†çûª ûªèπ◊\´. i) He is too foolish to understand this.
tomorrow?
®ÓV?)
c) He is walking too slow to catch the train -
Sabitha: Of course I have. With great difficul- ÉC Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰-†çûª ÅN-¢ËéÀ ¢√úø’.
Train †’´¤y Í®°æ¤ party éÀ ¢Á∞¡Ÿûª’-Ø√o¢√?
ty I was able to get two seats for the
Åçü¿’-éÓ-™‰†çûª Eü∆†çí¬ †úø’-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’. ii) He is too clever for us to cheat.
d) He is driving too carelessly to be safe. Subhash: I am too busy.
matinee the day after tomorrow. The ´’†ç ¢Á÷Ææç îËߪ’-™‰-†çûª ûÁL-N-í∫-©-¢√-úø-ûªúø’.
queue was too long. Íé~´’ç-鬆çûª E®Ωxéπ~uçí¬ †úÕ-°œÆæ’hØ√oúø’. Sentence (i) ™ infinitive ´·çü¿’ for ... ™‰éπ-§Ú-
؈’ î√™« BJ-éπ-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√o –
´ôç îª÷úøçúÕ. Sentence (ii) ™ infinitive §ƒKdéÀ ¢Á∞¡x-™‰-†çûª
(ûËéπ-§Ú-´-ô¢Ë’çöÀ? ÅA éπ≠dçæ -O’ü¿ á©’xçúÕ Ééπ\úø Subhash's reply í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. I am
matinee éÀ È®çúø’ tickets üÌJ-鬮·. ´·çü¿’ for us ÖçC.
too busy ÅE ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Åçô’-Ø√oúø’ – Åçõ‰, I
Queue ´’K §Òúø’í¬_ ÖçC) iii) Hari is too fat to walk fast.
Kavitha: For the matinee? In these dog -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 218 ¢Ëí∫çí¬ †úø-´-™‰-†çûª ™«´¤. (Infinitive ´·çü¿’
am too busy to attend ÅE. Ñ too †’ °j
dialogue ™™« ¢√úøû√ç. ÉC èπÿú≈ îª÷úøçúÕ.
days? I think it'll be too hot for us to for ...™‰ü¿’)
go out. The sun could scorch us.
(matinee é¬? Ñ ´’çúø’ ¢ËÆæ-N-™ Ø√?
Åçûª áçúø™ ´’†ç ¢Á∞¡x™‰ç ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-
Ø√oØË. áçúø ´’†-Lo ´÷úËa-ßÁ·îª’a)
Scorch (≤ƒ\î˝) = ´÷úËa-ߪ’úøç.
The car is too expensive
In the scorching sun = ´÷úËa áçúø™ 
Sabitha: I thought so too, but ... sentences too g) Sankar: I'll carry this
iv) Hari is too fat for us to carry.
°j ™ ¢√úøéπç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
( box and you carry
... too + adjective (sentences a & b) + infinitive
؈÷ Å™«ØË Å†’-èπ◊Ø√o, é¬F ...)
Kavitha: Why didn't you think of the first adverb (sentences c & d)
´’†ç ¢Á÷ߪ’-™‰-†çûª ™«´-ûª†’. that.
show? We shall have had a pleasant (Infinitive
´·çü¿’ for ... ÖçC)
[a) Adjective Åçõ‰ í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆. í∫’ù«Lo ûÁLÊ° ØËF-°õ„d BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«†’.
time. v) ´’†ç B®Ωa-™‰-†çûª Ææ´’Ææu ÅC †’´yC BÆæ’éÓ.
´÷ô©’.
(†’´¤y first show í∫’Jç* áçü¿’-é¬-™-*ç- It is too difficult a problem for us to solve/ Vishnu: Oh, that's
b) Adverbs Åçõ‰ adjectives ûÁLÊ° í∫’ù«©’ à
The problem is too difficult for us to solve. too heavy.
îª-™‰ü¿’? î√™« £æ…®·í¬ ÖçúËC éπü∆? ¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊ ᙫ ÖØ√o®· ÅE; verb ûÁLÊ° °æ†’©’ M. SURESAN
Pleasant = Ç£æ…x-ü¿-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† ᙫ, á°æ¤púø’ ïJ-í¬®· ÅE ûÁLÊ° ´÷ô©’. vi) ´’†ç îª÷úø-™‰-†çûª <éπ-öÀí¬ ÖçC ÅC ´’K •®Ω’´¤ – Åçõ‰
Sabitha: It's such a lengthy movie, you know. c) Infinitive Åçõ‰ to & 1st regular doing word. It is too dark for us to see. ؈’ ¢Á÷ߪ’™‰-†çûª ÅE.
If it is the first show, it will be too late eg: to go, to see, to sit, etc - Åçõ‰ ¢Á∞Ïxç-ü¿’èπ◊/ vii) ؈’ é̆-™‰-†çûª üµ¿®Ω. Vishnu's response èπ◊ Å®Ωnç– That's too
in the night for us to return home ¢Á∞¡x-ö«-EéÀ/ ¢Á∞¡xôç; îª÷ÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊/ îª÷úø-ö«-EéÀ/ The car is too expensive for me to buy. heavy for me to carry ÅE.
safely. îª÷úøôç; èπÿ®Ω’a-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊/ èπÿ®Óa-´-ú≈-EéÀ/ èπÿ®Óa- viii) Ç¢Á’ éπç®∏Ωç N†-™‰-†çûª ûªèπ◊\´ ≤ƒn®·™ ÖçC h) Prabhakar: Why don't you send Ganesh
(ÅC î√™« °ü¿l ÆœE´÷. First show ´úøç, etc.] Her voice is too low for him to hear. for talks?
Å®·ûË ÉçöÀéÀ AJ-T-®√-´úøç Ç©-Ææu-´’-´¤- °j† É*a† v°æA sentence ™ v°æA-ü∆-EéÃ, ûÁ©’-í∫’™– ix) °œ©x©’ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰-†çûª éπ≠d-¢æ Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç Ωa-©èπ◊ í∫ù‰-≠ˇ-ØÁç-ü¿’èπ◊ °æç°æ-èπÿ-úøü¿’?
ûª’çC. ÅC ´’†èπ◊ ´’ç*C (Íé~´’-éπ®Ωç) ™‰†çûª, 鬆çûª – ÅE negative ´≤Úhç-C-éπü∆. ÅC This is too difficult for children to understand. Sudhakar: He is too innocent.
too v°æûËu-éπûª.
x) dress
é¬ü¿’)
too + adjective/ adverb + infinitive= Ç adjec-
Ñ Ç¢Á’ ¢ËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰-†çûª §ƒûªC Åûªúø’ ´’K Å´÷-ߪ’-èπ◊úø’ – Ωa©’
Kavitha: We can't bear the heat. How about
tive/ adverb ´©x 鬢√Lq† °æE ï®Ω-í∫-ü¿ØÓ, †≠ædç This dress is too old for her to wear. é̆-≤ƒ-Tç-îª-™‰-†çûª.
giving away the tickets to others?
xi) ÉC Ç ´%ü¿’l¥úø’ ¢Á÷ߪ’™‰-†çûª •®Ω’´¤ Éçé¬ Núø-´’-®Ω* îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰, He is too innocent
tickets
(Ç áçúø ¶µºJç-‰ç. Ç ÉçÈé-´-J- Öçô’ç-ü¿ØÓ Å®Ωnç.
i) He is too poor to continue studies. This is too heavy for the old man to carry. to participate in talks/ to handle talks
éπØ√o ÉîËaÊÆh?)
Sabitha: That'd be foolish. I've taken a lot of ¢√úø’ îªü¿’´¤ é̆-≤ƒ-Tç-îª-™‰-†çûª Ê°ü¿¢√úø’. Ñ N≠æߪ’ç ÉçéÓ ®Ωéπçí¬ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´îª’a. Åûªúø’ ûÁL-Ní¬ ´÷ö«x-úø-™‰-†çûª/ Ææ´÷-Rç--éÓ-™‰-
trouble to get the tickets. Don't ii) She is too proud to listen to advice. ûÁ©’-í∫’™– ÉC ؈’ ¢Á÷ߪ’-™‰-†çûª •®Ω’´¤ Åçõ‰ = †çûª Å´÷-ߪ’-èπ◊úø’.
worry. It's an AC hall. Ç¢Á’ Éûª-®Ω’© Ææ©-£æ…†’ N†-†çûª í∫Jy. ÉC î√™« •®Ω’´¤, ؈’ ¢Á÷ߪ’-™‰†’– ÅE éπü∆. i) Gowtham: How do I look in this shirt?
iii) She cooks too badly to eat. English ™ èπÿú≈ ÅçûË. ØËF shirt ™ ᙫ éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’?/
(ÅC °œ*a-°æE. Ç tickets ûË´-ú≈-EéÀ î√™« a) It is very heavy; I cannot carry it.
v¨¡´’°æ-ú≈f†’. àç °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰-ü¿’™‰. Ç hall, A†-™‰-†çûª ü∆®Ω’-ùçí¬ ´çúø’-ûª’ç-ü∆¢Á’. Ñ shirt ᙫ ÖçC?)
iv) She knows too little to teach others. It is too heavy for me to carry. Viswam: Isn't that too big for you?
AC hall)
b) The movie is very good; We cannot miss it.
Kavitha: OK. It's too good a movie to miss. Éûª-®Ω’-©èπ◊ ¶Cµç-îª-™‰-†çûª ûªèπ◊\´ ûÁ©’-≤ƒ-¢Á’èπ◊. ÅC Fèπ◊ ´’K °ü¿l-Cí¬/ ´ü¿’-©’í¬
Now study the following sentences from The movie is good for us to miss. ™‰ü¿÷?
(Å™«Íí. ´’†ç ´ü¿’-©’-éÓ-™‰†çûª ´’ç*
ÆœE´÷ ÅC) the conversation at the beginning of the c) The chapter is very important; Nobody can É™« 'too' - question form ™ èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç.
lesson. ignore it.
Very, too èπ◊ Ö†o ûËú≈ Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç j) Bhaskar: Is the curry too hot?
éπü∆. very Åçõ‰ áèπ◊\´, î√™«– Åçü¿’-´©x îÁúø’ 1) The Queue was too long. Ñ chapter î√™« ´·êuç. á´®Ω’èπÿú≈ ü∆Eo Ñ èπÿ®Ω ´’K 鬮Ωçí¬ Öçü∆?
éπ©-í∫-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. Too Åçõ‰ ÅA, Åçü¿’-´©x îÁúË èπÿu ´’K §Òúø’í¬_ ÖçC. (؈’ ûªy®Ωí¬ ®√™‰-†çûª) ÖÊ°-éÀ~ç-îª-™‰®Ω’.
hot - ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç, ¢ËúÕ. Ééπ\úø Å®Ωnç, ÉçéÓöÀ
ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC. 2) I think it will be too hot (for us) to go out. The chapter is too important for anybody to
ignore it.
– 鬮Ωç – A†™‰ç.
a) Ramana is too good - ®Ω´’ù ÅA ´’ç*. 3) It will be too late in the night (for us) to
Bhavan: So it is, and the sambar is too
return home safely. d) The problem is very serious; We cannot
salty.
(Åçü¿’-´©x Åûª-EéÀ éπL-ÍíC éÃúË)
b) Aruna: Son, how about the girl you saw the 4) It is too good a movie to miss. neglect it.
Å´¤†’ – ≤ƒç¶«®Óx Ö°æ¤p ´’K áèπ◊\´
other day? Is she to your liking? Sentence No (2): ... it will be too hot for us to Ææ´’Ææu î√™« Bv´çí¬ ÖçC; ´’†ç °æöÀdç--
– A†™‰ç
go out. éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ Öçúø™‰ç.
´’†ç ¢Á·†o îª÷Æœ† Å´÷t®· N≠æߪ’ç àçöÀ?
The problem is too serious for us to neglect.
ÉO too Ö°æßÁ÷-í¬©’. É™« 'too' ¢√úø-éπçûÓ ´’†ç
Fèπ◊ †*açü∆? ´’†ç •ßª’öÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡x-™‰-†çûª áçúøí¬ Öçô’çC.
e) The room is very big; The table is very
îÁ§ƒp©†’èπ◊†o N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ î√™« short sen-
Pranav: Mom, don't you think she is too tall Sentence No (3): It will be too late in the night
tences ™ simple í¬ îÁ°æp-´îª’a. conversation
for me? for us to return home safely. small.
Åçü¿çí¬ Öçô’çC.
´’K §Òúø’-í∫-E-°œç-îª-™‰ü∆ Fèπ◊? (Åçõ‰– Ø√ áûª’hèπ◊ ´’†ç Íé~´’çí¬ ÉçöÀéÀ AJT ®√™‰-†çûª Ç©Ææuç í∫üË¢Á÷ î√™« °ü¿lC, table ´÷vûªç î√™« *†oC.
ûªT-†çûª/ Ø√ ÅçûªØ√o/ Ø√éπçõ‰ áûªhØ√o 鬴a) 鬴a ®√vA-°æ‹ô. (Åçûª °ü¿l í∫CéÀ ûªí∫-†çûª *†oC)

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm


-´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 26 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Praful: Are you telling me that you are doing


éÀçü¿öÀlesson we discussed the meaning
™
all this just for me?
and use of 'too'. Let's know something more
(Éü¿çû√ Ø√éÓÆæç îËÆæ’h-Ø√o-†ç-ö«¢√?) about 'too'. Look at the following sentences:
Mohan: What then? Why should I go about He is too strong not to beat his opponent
places to get your papers moved?
ÅûªúÕ v°æûªu-JnE ãúÕç-îª-í∫-L-Ííçûª •©-´ç-ûª’-úø-ûª†’
(´’Jç-ÍéçöÀ? F é¬T-û√©’ éπü¿-°æ-ö«-EéÀ
ÅEo-îÓô’x áçü¿’èπ◊ A®Ω-í¬L ØË-†’?) ´’†ç éÀçü¿öÀ lesson ™ îª÷ÆœçC:
too + adjective/ adverb + infinitive Ö†o
Praful: Come now, Mohan. You are too
sentences ™ Å®Ωnç, infinitive èπ◊ ´uA-Í®-éπçí¬
clever not to have any self interest.
´Ææ’hçC éπü∆.
a) He is too weak to walk - Ééπ\úø Å®Ωnç, Ñ
(¢Á÷£æ«Ø˛ îª÷úø’. àüÓ ≤ƒy®Ωnç Öçõ‰ØË
Sentence No.1: Not to have any self-interest
sentence ™ Ö†o infinitive 'to walk' èπ◊ Spoken English (British or American) also
îËÊÆ ûÁL-N-í∫-©-¢√-úÕN †’´¤y) ™
Mohan: You are right. Let me be frank. I do
too
´uA-Í®-éπçí¬ É™« ´Ææ’hçC – †úø-´-™‰-†çûª •©- èπ◊ ´uA-Í®-éπçí¬, ≤ƒy®Ωnç Fèπ◊ç-úËçûª ÅE éπçõ‰ ÅüË Å®Ωnç (èπÿú≈)ûÓ, áèπ◊\´ NE-°œ-Ææ’hçC.
take this opportunity to meet officers
Also formal. serious
£‘«-†çí¬ ÖØ√o-úøE. ´Ææ’hçC. ≤ƒy®ΩnçûÓ îËÊÆçûª ûÁL-N-í∫-©-¢√- ¢√úøéπç éÌçîÁç Åçõ‰
and get their acquaintance.
b) She is too slow to understand things. úÕ¢Ë †’´¤y. É™« èπÿú≈ Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. speech/ book language ™ áèπ◊\´. ´÷´‚-©’í¬
(†’´yØËC Eï¢Ë’. Ö†o--ü¿’-†oô’d îÁ°æpF. infinitive, to understand
Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ Å®Ωnç ≤ƒy®Ωnç àç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ îËÊÆçûª ûÁL-N-™‰-E-¢√- too, as well,
Officers †’ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-ö«-EéÃ, ¢√∞¡xûÓ °æJ-îª-ߪ÷-
´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤púø’ é¬èπ◊çõ‰, ¢√úø-û√®Ω’.
èπ◊ ´uA-Í®-éπçí¬, Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰-†çûª (Eü∆†ç úÕN é¬ü¿’ †’´¤y. É¢Á-°æ¤púø÷ sentence *´®Ω ´≤ƒh®·.
Eéà DEE ØËØÓ Å´-鬨¡çí¬ BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’) Ç¢Á’) ÅE ´≤ÚhçC éπü∆. ÉC ´’†ç last les- No. 2: You are too smart not to miss the point
1) ؈’ ¢√úÕE éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’. ¢√úÕ ûª´·t-úÕF éπ©’-
son ™ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. either = not to miss the point èπ◊ ´uA-Í®éπç
É°æ¤púø’ Ñ sentence îª÷úøçúÕ. Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’=
– Å稡ç í∫´’-Eç-îËçûª ûÁLN ÖçC Fèπ◊/ I met him, and his brother too/ I met him
c) He is too clever not to understand this.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 219
Å稡ç í∫´’-Eç-îª-éπ-§Ú-ßË’çûª ûÁL-N-™‰-E-¢√-úÕ-N- and his brother as well. (I met his brother
Ñsentence infinitive
™ not ´·çü¿’ 鬴¤.
Öçúøôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. also -ÉC äéπ Nüµ¿çí¬ ûªÊ°p – also, sentence
*´®Ω ¢√úøôç.)
2) †’´¤y Ç èπ◊Ka 鬢√-©çõ‰ BÆæ’éÓ, ü∆çûÓ §ƒô’

We aren't too unlucky


õ‰•’™¸ èπÿú≈ 鬢√-©çõ‰ èπ◊ü¿-®Ωü¿’ =
You take the chair, but you can't take the
table too./ You can't have the table as well
Also¢√úÕûË, ü∆Eo verb ´·çü¿’-í¬F, 'be' form
´·çü¿’-í¬F ´îËaô’x ¢√úøû√ç.
frank = ´’†-Ææ’™ Ö†oC •ßª’-ô-°õ‰d/ I went to Delhi last month; I also stayed
É™« infinitive ´·çü¿’ No. 3: Not to speed up things èπ◊ ´uA-Í®-éπçí¬
there for a week.
´’†-Ææ’™ àD ü∆-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ Ö†oC Ö†oô’x not ¢√úÕûË, sentence
îÁÊ°pߪ’ôç. ûªyJ-ûªçí¬ îËÊÆçûª ÅE Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. Ç
To tell you frankly/ To be frank I don't like you
èπ◊ Å®Ωnç, not infinitive officer °æ†’©’ ûªyJ-ûªçí¬ îËߪ’-í∫© ≤ƒ´’®Ωn uç (؈’ §Ú®·† ØÁ© Delhi ¢ÁR} Åéπ\úø ã ¢√®Ωç
Ø√ ´’†-Ææ’™ Ö†oC îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰/ Ö†oC ü∆-
èπ◊ ´uA-Í®éπçí¬ Ö†o-¢√úø’. èπÿú≈ ÖØ√o†’)– also, verb- stayed ´·çü¿’
Öçô’çC. Åçõ‰ (ûªyJ-ûªçí¬ îËߪ’-™‰-†çûª ÅÆæ-´’-®Ω’núø’ é¬úø’) ®√´ôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ îÁ•’-ûª’Ø√o – †’´yçõ‰ Ø√éÀ≠dçæ ™‰ü¿’. infinitive îÁÊ°pC ï®Ω’-
Acquaintance (ÅÈéj y-®·-Ø˛-ôØ˛q. 'éπy— ØÌéÀ\ No.4: We aren't too unlucky there = ´’†ç ´’K 3) The British ruled us for centuries and
í∫’-ûª’çC ÅE. É°æ¤púø’ M. SURESAN robbed us too/ robbed us as well =
sentence (c) éÀ Å®Ωnç
°æ©’-èπ◊û√ç)= °æJ-îªßª’ç ´÷vûª¢Ë’/ ´·ê Åçûª ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%-≠dçæ í¬ (°æE-é¬-†çûª) ™‰ç
°æJ-îªßª’ç (ÊÆo£æ«ç é¬èπ◊çú≈)/ °æJ-îª-ߪ’-Ææ’húø’ É™« ´Ææ’hçC éπü∆. Åûªúø’ ÉC Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓí∫© 'Too' †’ áEo Nüµ∆-©’í¬ ¢√úÌîÓa îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆! vGöÀ≠ˇ ¢√∞¡Ÿx ´’†Lo §ƒLç*, üÓ-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’
I have acquaintance with him = ûÁLN Ö†o¢√úË. Åçõ‰ not to understand É°æ¤p-úÕC îª÷úøçúÕ. èπÿú≈.
ÅûªúÕûÓ Ø√èπ◊ °æJ-îªßª’ç ÖçC. (Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓE/ îËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰E) èπ◊ ´uA-Í®éπç – Å®Ωnç a) The Australian team was too strong for ÉD spoken English™ too (as well) èπ◊ Ö†o
He is an acquaintance of mine = îËÆæ’-èπ◊ØË/ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-í∫© ÅE ´Ææ’hçC. India v§ƒ´·êuç.
Åûªúø’ Ø√èπ◊ °æJ-îª-ߪ’-Ææ’húø’ He is too clever not to understand the = The Australian bowling was too much for Not ûÓ Å®·ûË ÅÆæ©’ also ®√ØË-®√ü¿’. ÅC ûªÊ°p
Praful: I appreciate your frankness. point India = (äéπ\ not only ... but also sentences ™ ûª°æp).
(F´¤ ´’†-Ææ’q-™ØË Â°ô’d-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ •ßª’-öÀéÀ Ñ N≠æߪ’ç Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-í∫© (not to under- ¶µ«®Ωû˝ ûªô’d-éÓ-™‰-†çûª •©-¢Á’i† öÃç ÇÊÆZ-Lߪ÷. Å™«ç-ô-°æ¤púø’ either ¢√úøû√ç.
îÁ°œp-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢Á’a-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.) stand èπ◊ ´uA-Í®-鬮Ωnç) ûÁL-N-í∫-©-¢√úø’. (Å®Ωnç ÇÊÆZ-Lߪ÷ ¶˜Lçí˚ ¶µ«®Ωû˝ ûªô’d-éÓ-™‰-†ç-ûªC. 1) Åûªúø÷ ®√™‰ü¿’, ÅûªúÕ ûª´·túø÷ ®√™‰ü¿’.
appreciate Åv°‘-≠œ-ß˝’ö¸ – 'v°‘— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç b) The boy is too clever for a boy his age = He hasn't come, his brother hasn't either.
îËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰-†çûª ûÁL-N-™‰-E-¢√úËç é¬ü¿’) Ç
a) She has had too much of practice not
(his brother hasn't come too- sentence
= ´’ç*-ûª†ç/ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç ™«çöÀN Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’- èπ◊v®√úø’ ÅûªE ´ßª’-Ææ’èπ◊ N’ç*† ûÁL-N-í∫-©-¢√úø’. ÅE
éÓ-Ææ’-éÓ-í∫-©-í∫ôç/ ¢Á’a-éÓ-´ôç. äéπ Ææ´’-Ææu†’ to play well = c) The old man is too strong for his age = Ç *´®Ω ®√´îª’a/ as well èπÿú≈ ¢√úø-´îª’a)
Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç. ¶«í¬ Çúø-í∫-L-Ííçûª practice Ö†o-ü∆-¢Á’èπ◊. 2) Ç¢Á’ ®√™‰ü¿’, ®√´-õ‰x-ü¿E §∂ÚØ˛ èπÿú≈ îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’ =
´·Ææ-™«-ߪ’-†èπ◊ Çߪ’† ´ßª’-Ææ’èπ◊ N’ç*† •©ç
He doesn't appreciate the seriousness of (not to play well
She hasn't come; She hasn't phoned either
èπ◊ ´uA-Í®éπç ¶«í¬ Çúø- ÖçC.
the situation = í∫-L-Ííçûª) É¢Ë é¬èπ◊çú≈, Ñ columns ™ØË also (èπÿú≈) ÅØË she won't come.
°æJ-ÆœnA Bv´ûª†’ Åûªúø’ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´-õ‰xü¿’ Compare the following. Å®ΩnçûÓ too ¢√úøéπç îªJaçî√ç. ÅC-èπÿú≈ ã≤ƒJ
Mohan: You are too smart not to miss the
i) He is too lazy to pass = í∫’®Ω’h-îË-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç.
point either. You know I alone can get
(to pass
things done for you.
§ƒÆˇ Å´-™‰-†çûª èπ◊ ´uA-Í®éπç)
•ü¿l¥-éπ-Ææ’h-úø’-¢√úø’. EXERCISE ANSWER
(Ç Å稡ç Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-èπ◊-ØËçûª ûÁLN F-C. ii) He is too hard working not to pass.
Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’ °æE Ø√ ´™‰x Å´¤-ûª’ç-ü¿E) Mohan: †’¢Áyç-ü¿’èπ◊ •ßª’-öÀéÀ ®√´-ö«-EéÀ É≠æd°æ-úø-ôç- Mohan: Why are you unwilling to go out?
pass ÅßË’uçûª (not to pass èπ◊ ´uA-Í®éπç) Madan: Isn't it too cold?
Praful: The dependence is mutual
™‰ü¿’?
í¬ v¨¡´’-°æ-úË-¢√-úø-ûª†’. Madan: ´’K îªLí¬ ™‰ü¿÷? Mohan: That's true. But you are wearing a
(Ñ Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æ-úøôç ÅØËC °æ®Ω-Ææp®Ωç.)
Mohan: Eï¢Ë’. †’´¤y sweater ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o-´¤-éπü∆? sweater.
Mutual (´‚u-Å™¸)– ´‚u ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç
ÉN πÿú≈ §ÚLa îª÷úøçúÕ.
= °æ®Ω-Ææp®Ωç äéπ-J-éÌ-éπ®Ω’. i) She is too careless to observe this = Madan: Å®·Ø√ èπÿú≈ ûªô’d-éÓ-™‰-†çûª îªL ÅE-°œ- Madan: Still I feel it is too cold for me to bear.
The husband and wife have mutual (to observe
ÉC í∫´’-Eç-îª-™‰-†çûª èπ◊ ´uA- ≤ÚhçC Ø√èπ◊. Mohan: You seen to have too little resistance.
understand = Í®éπç) Åñ«-ví∫ûªh ´’E≠œ Ç¢Á’. Mohan: Fèπ◊ ûªô’d-èπ◊ØË ¨¡éÀh (resistance) ´’K Madan: Yes, since I had the typhoid my
Ç ¶µ«®√u-¶µº-®Ωh™x °æ®Ω-Ææp®Ω Å´-í¬-£æ«† ÖçC ii) She is too keen not to observe this = ûªèπ◊\-´í¬ Ö†o-ô’dçC. resistance has been too low.
(not to observe Madan: Å´¤†’. Ø√èπ◊ typhoid ´*a-†-°æp-ô’oç< Mohan: See your doctor again.
Mohan: So what now? (Å®·ûË É°æ¤p-úËç-öÀçé¬?) ÉC í∫´’-Eç-îËçûª èπ◊
resistance ûªèπ◊\-´í¬ ÖçC.
Praful: The officer is too efficient not to
´uA-Í®éπç) ®Ω’-ÈéjçC Ç¢Á’. Madan: I have seen him too often already. I
Now, take the sentences from the conver- Mohan: Doctor †’ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´’S} have spent too much on medicine,
speed up matters.
sation at the beginning of the Lesson: Madan: É°æp-öÀÍé -î √-™« áèπ◊\-´-≤ƒ®Ω’x éπL-¨»†’. î√™« already.
(N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ ûªyJ-ûªçí¬ é¬EîËa ≤ƒ´’®Ωn uç fees Éa-èπ◊-Ø√o†’. ¢Ájü¿u ê®Ω’a©’ ´’K
Ö†o Ç°∂‘-Ææ®˝ -Ç-ߪ’-†, Åçõ‰ N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ 1) You are too clever not to have any self Mohan: I can understand all that. Still you had
ûªy®Ωí¬ Å´¤-û√-ߪ’E) interest áèπ◊\-´-ߪ÷u®· Ø√èπ◊. better see the doctor. You have
2) You are too smart not to miss the point Mohan: ؈C Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-í∫-©†’. Å®·Ø√ †’´¤y delayed too much already.
Mohan: We aren't too unlucky there.
either doctor †’ îª÷úøôç ´’ç*C. É°æp-öÀÍé
(Ç N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ´’†ç ´’K ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%-≠dæ Madan: What you say is correct. I'll see him
3) The officer is too efficient not to speed up this evening.
-´ç-ûª’©ç é¬-ü¿’) ¶«í¬ Ç©-Ææu-¢Á’içC.
Madan: †’´y-†oC correct. Ñ
☯ ☯ ☯ ☯ matters
≤ƒßª’çvûªç
4) We aren't too unlucky there
îª÷≤ƒh†’.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm


-¨¡Ÿ-véπ-¢√®Ωç 29 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Prabha: Hi Subha, how goes the world with


'Enough' Åçõ‰ ûÁ©’Ææ’ éπü∆. î√©’/ î√L-†çûª ÅE.
you?
1) I have enough money to buy a car =
(ᙫ ÖØ√o´¤?)
Ø√-ü¿í∫_®Ω 鬮Ω’ éÌØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ î√L†çûª úø•’sçC.
Subha: Well, I can't complain. How is it with
2) She hasn't (doesn't have) enough money to
you?
buy a house =
(
¶«üµ¿™‰ç ™‰´¤. -†’-¢Áy™« ÖØ√o´¤?)
(Ñ response English ™ ¢√úø’-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’. É©’x éÌØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ î√L†çûª úø•’s Ç¢Á’ ü¿í∫_®Ω ™‰ü¿’.
O’®Ω÷ practice îËߪ’çúÕ) 3) Preethi: How about some more biriyani?

Prabha: How did you spend the week in your (Éçé¬Ææh G®√u-F ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«¢√?)
cousin's place in Hyderabad? Pratima: Enough. No more, please. pass quickly -
¶«í¬ •©-£‘«†çí¬ ÖØ√oúø’, †úø-´-™‰úø’.
(î√©’. °‘x-ñ ¸ Éçéπ ´ü¿’l. )
b) He is strong enough to walk fast =
(£j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛™ O’ éπ->-Ø˛ Éçöx ᙫ -õ„i-¢˛’ -î√-™« ûªy®Ωí¬ í∫úÕ-*-§Ú-ßË’-ôô’x îËߪ’-í∫©çûª
í∫úÕ-§ƒ´¤?) Preethi: Is so little enough for you? ’-û√\J †v´’ûª.
Subha: Happily enough to remember the
ûªy®Ωí¬ †úÕ-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ î√L-†çûª •©çí∫©-¢√úø’.
(Éçûª ûªèπ◊\´ î√™« Fèπ◊?) Namrata is quite/ very jovial; she can
2) a) She is too ill to need a doctor =
days there for a long time. Pratima: That's more than enough. make your time pass quickly.
Ç¢Á’ î√™« Bv´çí¬ ï•’sûÓ ÖçC. -ú≈éπd®˝ Å´-
(áçûÓ-鬩ç í∫’®Ω’hç-úËçûª ÆæçûÓ≠æçí¬) (ÅC î√L†çûª éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´) 3) I remember her jokes well enough to make
Prabha: What was so enjoyable about it?
Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’. -(ú≈éπd®˝´*aØ√ v°æßÁ÷-ï†ç ™‰ü¿’)
4) Surendra: When shall we go to the next me laugh whenever I remember them =
b) She is ill enough to need a doctor -
(àN’-ôçûª Ææ®Ωü∆ éπ-L-Tç-îË N≠æߪ’ç movie? á°æ¤púø’ í∫’®Ìh-*aØ√ †¢Ëyçûª ¶«í¬ Ç¢Á’ -ñ é˙q Ø√èπ◊
Åéπ\úø?) ï•’s ¶«í¬ Bv´çí¬ ÖçC. -ú≈éπd®˝†’ ¢ÁçôØË
(ûªü¿’-°æJ ÆœE´÷ á°æ¤púø’ îª÷ü∆lç) í∫’®Ω’h/ ؈’ í∫’®Ω’hç--èπ◊ç-ö«†’.
Subha: My cousin. Namrata is jovial enough
°œ©-¢√L. (v°æßÁ÷-ï†ç Öçô’çC)
Narendra: Enough is enough. No more of I remember her jokes very well; they make
to make your time pass very quickly. ÅD too èπÿ, enough èπÿ ûËú≈, È®çúÕçöÀ ûª®√yû√
me laugh whenever I remembered them.
(-õ„i-¢˛’ î√™«ûªy®Ωí¬ í∫úÕ-*-§Ú-ßË’ç-ü¿’èπ◊ î√L- infinitive ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’. Å®·ûË ´÷ô© èπÿ®Ω’p
4) She has enough assignments/ assign- îª÷úøçúÕ enough ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’.
ments enough to keep her home -
†çûª/ ûªT†çûª £æ…Ææuç éπ©C ´÷ éπ->-Ø˛
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù
†v´’ûª) a) He is wise enough to understand such
Prabha: Yea. She was here last summer, 220 ûª††’ áéπ\-úÕéà éπü¿-©-èπ◊çú≈ (ÉçöxØË ÖçúË-ô’xí¬) things =
îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ î√L†çûª -ÅÂÆj-Ø˛-¢Á’ç-ö¸q ÖØ√o®·.
wasn't she? I remember her jokes
well enough to make me laugh

Enough is enough
whenever I remember them.
(éÀç-ü¿-öÀ ¢ËÆæ-N™ Ééπ\-úø’çC éπü∆. á°æ¤púø’
í∫’®Ìh-*aØ√ -†-¢Áy-ô÷d -îË-ߪ’í∫-© Ç¢Á’ -ñ é˙q
Ø√èπ◊ í∫’-®Ω’h-Ø√o®·)
Subha: I asked her over here for the Dasara
holidays, but she has enough She has a good number of assignments.
these movies.
assignments to keep her home. They keep her home.
Å™«çöÀ N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-í∫-L-T†çûª ûÁL-N-
(ÉçéÌü¿’l ¶«•÷. Ñ ÆœE-´÷©’ Ééπ í∫©¢√úø-ûª†’.
(ü¿Ææ®√ ÂÆ©´¤©èπ◊ Ééπ\-úÕéÀ ®Ω´’tØ√o. é¬F 5) A cold is not serious enough to cause worry
É©’x éπü¿-©-F-ߪ’†çûª -ÅÂÆj-Ø˛-¢Á’ç-ö¸q
´ü¿’l)
in hot countries -
´÷ô© èπÿ®Ω’p (Word
5) He has enough and to spare Order) îª÷ü∆lç
ÖØ√o®· ûª†èπ◊) Ö≠ægü˨»™x ï©’•’ Çü¿’®√l éπL-TçîËçûª Bv´--¢Á’içC
Prabha: We shall be missing here a lot. Åûª-úÕéÀ î√L†çûË é¬èπ◊çú≈, Éûª-®Ω’© éÀ´y-í∫-L-T†çûª Wise (Adj) +
é¬ü¿’.
-Öç-C. enough + infinitive
A cold is not very serious in hot Countries;
(´’†ç ûª††’ î√™« N’Æˇ Å´¤-û√ç- )
Subha: She is a good laugh. She is enter-
îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆. enough Å®Ωnç, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-ç. too
it does not cause worry.
(ÅüË ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’
taining enough to make us like her Look at the following too: too + adjective/
6) It is nuisance enough to make us feel out of
company. 1) You are clever enough to understand easi- adverb + infinitive
sorts =
Prabha: Well, by the way, I have a bad cold. I ly = *é¬èπ◊ éπL-TçîËçûª Ææ´’-≤ƒu-ûªtéπç.
´Ææ’hçC éπü∆?) M. SURESAN
don't know how to get rid of it. ÉD í∫´’-Eç-î √-Lq†
(†’´¤y Ææ’-©’-´¤í¬ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÌ-ØËç-ûª ûÁL-¢Áj-†-¢√- = It is a big nuisance; it makes us feel out N≠æߪ’ç.
of sorts.
(ÅC ÆæÍ®-é¬F, Ø√èπ◊ ¶«í¬ ï©’•’ úÕN.)
îËÆœçC. ÅC ᙫ ´ü¿’-©’a-éÓ-¢√™ ûÁL-ߪ’- = You are clever; you understand easily.
ÅüË adjective •ü¿’©’ noun Å®·ûË, enough +
ôç-™‰ü¿’) ÉN enough Å®Ωnç, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç. éÀçü¿öÀ lessons ™ noun + infinitive ´Ææ’hçC.
= †’´¤y ûÁL-¢Áj-†-¢√-úÕN. †’´¤y Ææ’©¶µºçí¬ Å®Ωnç too Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç îª÷¨»ç.
get rid of = üˆo-®·Ø√ (îÁúø’†’) ´ü¿’-©’a-éÓ-´ôç a) There is enough water in the tank to last for
îËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«´¤. (†’´¤y Ææ’©¶µºçí¬ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÌ-ØËçûª too + adjective/ adverb + infinitive ´ÊÆh (´’K,
Subha: A cold is not serious enough to the whole day =
ûÁL-¢Áj-†-¢√-úÕN.)
cause worry in hot countries, but it is
ÅA ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ) ´uA-Í®-é¬-®√n-Eo-Ææ’hçC.
2) He is tall enough to touch the ceiling fan=
(Ñ ®ÓVèπ◊ ÆæJ-°æúË F∞¡Ÿx-Ø√o®· -ö«uçé˙™.)
nuisance enough to make us feel out Enough + infinitive ´ÊÆh positive Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC
b) I have enough friends to help me =
of sorts with yourself. Æ‘-Lçí˚ -§∂ƒu-Ø˛-†’ û√éπ-í∫-L-T-†ç-ûª §Òúø-´-ûª-úø’ = (Å´¤†’ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ)
(
Compare:
Ø√èπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ î√L-†ç-ûª-´’ç-C
(-Ö-≠ægü˨»™x ï©’•’ -ÅØËC °ü¿l Çü¿’®√l He is tall. He can touch the ceiling fan.
ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’-©’-Ø√o®Ω’.)
éπ©-í∫-ñ‰-ÊÆçûª ï•’sé¬ü¿’. é¬E *é¬èπ◊ éπL- -Å-ûª-úø’ -§Ò-úø-´¤. -Å-ûª-úø’ Æ‘-Lçí˚-§∂ƒu-Ø˛-†’ -Åç-ü¿’éÓí∫- a) He is too weak to walk - He is very weak,
TçîËçûª Ææ´’-≤ƒu-ûªtéπç) ©-úø’. so he cannot walk =
(Feel out of sorts = *é¬èπ◊ §Òçü¿ôç) 3) The class room is large enough to seat 45
Prabha: Why didn't you take some medicine? students - EXERCISE do you have?
Priya: Why? What do you want?
(´’ç-ü¿’-©’ -áç-ü¿’èπ◊ -¢ËÆæ’éÓ-™‰-ü¿’?) 45 -´’ç-C -N-ü∆u®Ω’n-©’ èπÿ®Óa-í∫© ´ÆæA Ö†oçûª Preetham: F ü¿í∫_-È®çûª úø•’sçC?
Subha: I did, of course, but the relief has
Preetham: Have you enough money to
°ü¿l é¬xÆˇ ®Ω÷ç ÅC. Priya:
been temporary.
àç? áçü¿’èπ◊?
4) He is ill enough to need a doctor = give/ spare/ lend me Rs.200?
Preetham: Ø√éÓ È®çúÌç-ü¿-L-îËaçûª Öçü∆?
(BÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’ é¬F û√û√\-Léπ Ö°æ-¨¡-´’- -ú≈éπd®˝ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç 鬢√-Lq†çûª ï•’sí¬ ÖØ√o-úø- Priya: Not so much. I have enough
†¢Ë’) Priya: Åçûª-™‰ü¿’. Ø√é¬\-¢√Lq† È®çúø’ °æ¤Ææh-
ûª†’. money to buy the two books I
Prabha: Doctors say you are cured of cold in 鬩’ éÌØËçûª úø•’sçC.
Now look at the following sentences from need.
seven days if you take medicines, Preetham: Ø√èπÿ °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ éÌØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ®Ω÷.200
the conversation at the beginning of the Preetham: I am short of Rs.200/- to buy
and in one week if you don't take ûªèπ◊\-¢ÁjçC. ´÷ Ø√†o °æç°œçîË´®Ωèπ◊
lesson. the books I need. I don't have
medicines. ¢Ë* ÖçúË -õ„i-¢˛’ ™‰ü¿’.
1) (I spent) happily enough to remember the the time enough to wait till my
(´’çü¿’©ûÓ 7 ®ÓV™x, ´’çü¿’-™‰x-èπ◊çú≈ Priya: ≤ƒ-K.
days for a long time - dad sends me money.
¢√®√-Eéà 禍•’ †ßª’-´’-´¤-ûª’ç-ü¿ç-ö«®Ω’ - Answer
ú≈éπd®Ω’x) Priya: I'm sorry.
î√™«-鬩ç í∫’®Ω’hçúËçûª ÆæçûÓ≠æçí¬ í∫úÕ-§ƒ-†-éπ\úø. Preetham: How much money have you?/
☯ ☯ ☯ ☯ 2) Namrata is jovial enough to make your time

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm


-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 1 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Prem: Hi Syam, you are so late that all the Prem: Why didn't you tell us of it over the
people have left. cell?
(¨»uç, †’¢Áyçûª Ç©Ææu-´’çõ‰ FéÓÆæç Ö†o (cell ™ îÁ°æp-™‰üËç Ñ N≠æߪ’ç?)
¢√-∞¡xçû√ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ÷®Ω’) Syam: It was so noisy that you could hear
Syam: I was held up on my way by a terrible nothing.
traffic jam. The traffic was so heavy (àD N-E°œç-îª-†ç-ûª íÌúø´)
that I took an hour to travel one kilo- Prem: Anyway, it's all over. Our friends have
meter by car. gone away. Let's plan a meeting this
(ü∆J™ ®ΩDl ††’o ÇÊ°-ÆœçC. 鬮Ω’™ äéπ weekend.
éÀ™-O’-ô®˝ ®√´-ö«-EéÀ í∫çô °æöÀdçC – Åçûª Now look at the following sentences from
(à¢Á’i-ûËØËç Å®·-§Ú-®·çC. ´’†v°∂çú˛q ÉD so... that Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç. Ééπ\úø ´’†ç í∫´’-Eç-î√-
®ΩDlí¬ ÖçC) the conversation at the beginning of the
Prem: Didn't you hear us on your mobile?
Åçü¿®Ω’ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ÷®Ω’. Ñ ¢√®√ç-û√-EéÀ Lq† N≠æߪ’ç: so ûª®√yûª adjective/ adverb, ü∆E
lesson.
éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ØË à®√pô’ îËÆæ’-èπ◊çü∆ç) ûª®√yûª that ®√´ôç.
(F ÂÆ™¸-§∂ÚØ˛™ ´÷ ´÷ô©’ NE-°œç-‰ü∆ Syam: OK. 1) The traffic was so heavy that I took an hour
a) She hates him so much that (so + much
to travel one kilometer.
Fèπ◊?) ´’†ç-ü¿-Jéà ûÁ©’Ææ’: So èπ◊ Ö†o Å®√n©’: (adverb) + that) she doesn't want to talk to
Syam: I knew you were calling, but I couldn't
So = 1) Åçü¿’-´©x/ 鬕öÀd 2) Åçûª (American
vö«°∂œé˙ áçûª ®ΩDlí¬ Öçü¿çõ‰, äéπ éÀ™-O’-ô®˝ him
make out anything. The whole road
usage)
v°æߪ÷ùç îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ äéπ í∫çô °æöÀdçC. Åûª-úÕûÓ ´÷ö«x-úøôç É≠ædç-™‰-ü∆-¢Á’èπ◊. Åçûªí¬
was so noisy. ´÷´‚-©’í¬ ´÷ö«xúË ûÁ©’-í∫’™– äéπ éÀ™-O’-ô®˝
É°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç, so = Åçûª ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ Ö†o ÅûªúÕE üËy≠œ-≤ÚhçC.
b) He is so tall that he can touch the ceiling
(O’®Ω’ §∂ÚØ˛ îËÆæ’h-†oC Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’, é¬F v°æߪ÷-ù«-EéÀ äéπ í∫çô °æöÀdçC; vö«°∂œé˙ Åçûª
Ö°æßÁ÷í¬©’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç.
fan =
O’Í®ç ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’†oD ؈®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰-éπ- ®ΩDlí¬ ÖçC.
(Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ, so, such (Å™«çöÀ) ÅØË ´÷ôèπ◊ 2) You are so late that all the people have left=
ceiling fan
§Ú-ߪ÷†’. ®Ó-úøfçû√ -Åç-ûª íÌúø-´í¬ ÖçC.) †’ û√éπ-í∫-©çûª §Òúø´¤ Åûªúø’.
ü¿í∫_-®Ωí¬ äéÓ\-≤ƒJ ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç)
(so + tall (adj) + that)
Éûª-®Ω’-©çû√ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ßË’çûªí¬ Ç©Ææu-´’-ߪ÷u-´¤ †’´¤y.
a) I can't go out now, It is so hot =
3) I couldn't make out any thing.
鬕öÀd 'so' É™« ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’ ü∆E ûª®√yûª adjective/
ØËE-°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-öÀ-Èé-∞¡x-™‰†’, Åçûª áçúøí¬ ÖçC = The whole road was so noisy = adverb, Ç ûª®√yûª that ûª°æpéπ ®√¢√L.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 221
ØËE-°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-öÀ-Èé-∞¡x-™‰-†çûª áçúøí¬ ÖçC.
It is so hot now that I can't go out.
Ø√Íéç Å®Ωnç 鬙‰ü¿’ (NE-°œç-îª-™‰ü¿’).Road Åçû√ - (Å®·ûË present day (É°æpöÀ) American usage
Åç-ûª íÌúø-´í¬ ÖçC. ™, so ûª®√yûª that ´C-™‰-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’.
He is so tall he can touch the fan.

It is too difficult .. to understand


É™« ņôç American usage ™ ûª®Ω’îª÷
NE°œÆæ’hçô’çC.)
O’éÀ-°æp-öÀéÀ Å®Ωn-´’ßË’u Öçô’çC- so ... that éÀ,
´’†ç éÀçü¿öÀ lessons ™ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o too ...
infinitive éÀ î√™« ü¿í∫_®Ω Ææç•çüµ¿ç Öçü¿E.
The car is so expensive that ordinary peo-
Prem: Our friends had waited and waited. b) 4) They had to wait so long that I served them
ple can't buy it = The car is too expensive
Ç é¬®Ω’ ≤ƒ´÷-†’u©’
They had to wait for so long that I coffee twice =
for ordinary people to buy it. =
é̆-™‰®Ω’. Åçûª êK-üÁjç-
served them coffee twice. That was ü¿C = È®çúø’-≤ƒ®Ω’x coffee ÉîËaç-ûª-ÊÆ°æ¤ ¢√∞¡Ÿx áü¿’-®Ω’-
how long it was.
È®çúÕçöÀ Å®Ωnç äéπõ‰ éπü∆. Å®·ûË too ... +
Ordinary people îª÷-¨»®Ω’. (F ®√éπ Åçûª Ç©-Ææu-´’-®·ç-ü¿E ¶µ«´ç)
infinitive sentence simple
Å®·ûË, í¬ ÖçúÕ
can't buy the car; It's 5) Why was the traffic so heavy?=
conversation effective
(´’† v°∂çú˛q F éÓÆæç áçûÓ-ÊÆ°æ¤ ¢Ë*- í¬ Öçô’çC.
so expensive = Traffic
Too ... infinitive ¢√úø-í∫-L-TûË, ÅüË so that ...
îª÷-¨»®Ω’. áçûª-ÊÆ-°æçõ‰ ؈’ ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ È®çúø’- Åçûª ®ΩDlí¬ áçü¿’-èπ◊çC?
≤ƒ®Ω’x 鬰∂‘ É¢√y-Lq-´-*açC. Åçûª-ÊÆ-°æ¤-Ø√o-®Ω-†o- ≤ƒ´÷-†’u©’ é̆-™‰-†çûª M. SURESAN 6) ... it was so long that it took nearly 20 min- éπçõ‰ ¢Á’®Ω’-í∫E ûÁ©’-≤ÚhçC éπü∆.
´÷ô ¢√∞¡Ÿx) êK-üÁj† 鬮ΩC = utes to clear the road. Compare:
Syam: I'm really sorry but I couldn't help it. The car is so expensive that ordinary peo- Ç ÜÍ®-Tç°æ¤ áçûª §Òúø-´çõ‰, ÅC ®Óú˛ ü∆ô--ú≈-EéÀ a) It's too heavy for me to carry.
When I took out my car to make it here ple can't buy it. 20 EN’-≥ƒ©’ °æöÀdçC. (Ç ÜÍ®-Tç°æ¤ ®Óú˛ ü∆ô-ú≈- b) It is so heavy that I cannot carry it.
I didn't expect it to happen this way. c) It is a long way off; the girl can't walk the EéÀ 20 EN’-≥ƒ©’ °æöÀdçC. Åçûª §Òúø-´C.) îª÷úøçúÕ: so ... that Ö†o sentence (b) ¶«í¬
(Eïçí¬ ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o†’, é¬E àç distance = 7) It was so noisy that you couldn't hear any- §Òúø’í¬_ ÖçC. éÌçûª ÆæçéÀx-≠dçæ í¬ èπÿú≈ ÖçC éπü∆.
îËߪ’†’? ØËE-éπ\-úÕéÀ ®√´-ö«-EéÀ Ø√ 鬮Ω’ ÅC î√™« ü¿÷®Ωç. Ç Å´÷t®· Ç ü¿÷®Ωç †úø-´- thing c) It is too difficult for me to understand
•ßª’-ôèπ◊ BÆœ-†-°æ¤púø’ Ñ Nüµ¿çí¬ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’ç- ™‰ü¿’. ´’†èπ◊ (Ééπ\úø, you Åçõ‰ F´¤/ O’®Ω’ ÅE d) It is so difficult that I can't understand it.
ü¿-†’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’) Ç Å´÷t®· †úø-´-™‰ü¿’; Åçûª-ü¿÷®Ωç ÅC. ´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬ü¿’; you – Åçõ‰ 'á´-È®jØ√— ÅØË c) éπçõ‰ (d) complicated í¬ ÖçC éπü∆?
(... I couldn't help it = ØËØËç îËߪ’-™‰E °æJ-Æ œnA/ so ... that practice îËߪ’çúÕ, é¬F too ... infinitive
= The girl can't walk the distance; it's such Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úø-û√-®ΩØË N≠æߪ’ç Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’
Ø√èπ◊ ûª°œpç-C-é¬ü¿’.) a long way off/ so distant. ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç.) áèπ◊\´ ¢√úøçúÕ.
eg: I have to go now. I can't help it =
= It is such a long way off that the girl can-
not walk.
ØËE-°æ¤púø’ ¢Á∞«x-LqçüË. Ø√éπ-C-ûª-°æpü¿’.
He has to pay the fine. He can't help it =
îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆. so †’ Ñ Nüµ¿çí¬ ¢√úø-´îª’a. Å®·ûË
fine EXERCISE ANSWER
'so' É™« ¢√úË-ô-°æ¤púø’, sentence ™E ´÷ô-©
Åûªúø’ éπö«d-LqçüË. ÅûªúÕéπC ûª°æpü¿’.
To make it here = to reach here = Ramana: The rain is so heavy/ It's raining so
èπÿ®Ω’p í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. (Practise the following aloud in English;
Ééπ\-úÕéÀ îË®Ω-ö«-EéÀ. 1) The box is so heavy that I cannot carry it. use only so ... that structure.) heavily that we can't go out.
Prem: Why was the traffic so heavy? Sumana: But we've to do shopping.
(Ç Â°õ„d ؈’ ¢Á÷ߪ’-™‰-†çûª •®Ω’´¤) Ramana: ´’†ç É¢√y∞¡ •ßª’öÀÈé∞¡x™‰ç. Åçûª
(áçü¿’-éπçûª ®ΩDlí¬ ÖçC vö«°∂œé˙ É¢√y∞¡?) Ramana: Let's do it tomorrow.
2) He is walking so slowly that he cannot ¢√†í¬ ÖçC.
Syam: For onething, it is a peak traffic hour. Sumana: Some of the things are so important
catch the train. Sumana: ´’J shopping îËߪ÷L éπü∆?
Secondly some procession was in the that we have to buy them today.
(wõ„jØ˛ Åçü¿’-éÓ-™‰-†çûª Eü∆-†çí¬ †úø’-Ææ’h-Ø√o-úø-ûª†’) Ramana: Í®°æ¤ îËü∆l癉.
way. At one point it was so long that it Ramana: Yes, I remember. Some of the
Sumana: Ñ®ÓV éÌØ√-Lq†N î√™« ÖØ√o®·. ÅN
took nearly 20 minutes to clear the things are so important that they
´÷ô© èπÿ®Ω’p îª÷úøçúÕ:
road. ... so + adjective (heavy - 1) + that + ... (not) etc. Åçûª ´·êu-¢Á’i-†N. have to be bought/ we have buy
adverb (slowly - 2) Ramana: Å´¤†’ í∫’®Ìh-*açC. Í®°æ-öÀ-ü∆é¬ Ç°æ-™‰-†çûª them today.
(äéπ N≠æߪ’ç àN’-ôçõ‰ ÅC ´÷´‚-©’í¬
Sumana: The rain is so heavy that we will be
vö«°∂œé˙ ®ΩDl ¶«í¬ áèπ◊\-´í¬ ÖçúË Æ洒ߪ’ç. Éçé¬-îª÷-úøçúÕ. Å´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’i-†N éπü∆?
Sumana: Å®·ûË ´’†ç °æ‹Jhí¬ ûªúÕ-Æ œ-§Ú-ßË’çûª drenched. What shall we do?
È®çúÓüËçôçõ‰ àüÓ ÜÍ®-Tç°æ¤ Åúøfç ´*açC. 3) He is so lazy that he cannot finish the work
on time. Ramana: Let's start after an hour.
äéπ ü¿¨¡™ Ç ÜÍ®-Tç°æ¤ áçûÓ §Òúø-´¤çC. ¢√†í¬ ÖçC. ´’Í®ç îËü∆lç?
áçûªçõ‰, ÅC ®Óúø’f ü∆ô-ö«-EéÀ ü¿í∫_®Ω ü¿í∫_®Ω Ramana: ã í∫çö«T •ßª’-©’-üË-®Ωü∆ç. Sumana: By then the shops will all have
(Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ °æE-°æ‹-Jh-îË-ߪ’-†çûª ≤Ú´’J Åûª†’)
Sumana: Å°æp-öÀéÀ shops ÅFo ´‚ÊÆ-≤ƒh®Ω’. closed.
4) He talks so fast that I can't understand him
Å®Ω-í∫çô °æöÀdçC)
peak traffic = Åûªuçûª ®ΩDl Ramana: Auto ™ ¢Á∞¡ü∆ç. Ramana: We'll take an auto.
؈®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰-†çûª ¢Ëí∫çí¬ ´÷ö«x-úø-û√-úø-ûª†’.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm


-•’-üµ¿-¢√®Ωç 4 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Sankar: Hi Vishnu, you've been away for such Sankar: Thank God. I wasn't with you.
a long time that I felt lonely here. (•A-éÀ-§Úߪ÷. FûÓ Øˆ’ ™‰†ç-ü¿’èπ◊.
(؈’ äçô-J-ûª-†çûÓ ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úËç-ûª-鬩ç (™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ؈÷ îª÷ú≈Lq ´îËaC)
†’´¤y •ßª’-ô’-Ø√o´¤) Vishnu: What next now? Shall we have coffee?
Vishnu: I felt the same too, without your company. (ûª®√y-ûËçöÀ? coffee BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ü∆´÷?)
(F ≤ƒ£æ«-Ωuç ™‰éπ ؈÷ Å™«ØË ¶«üµ¿-°æú≈f) Sankar: OK.
Sankar: Why did it take so long for you? ☯ ☯ ☯ ☯
(Åçûª-鬩ç áçü¿’èπ◊ °æöÀdçC?) éÀçü¿öÀ lesson ™ ´’†ç so ¢√úøéπç îª÷¨»ç éπü∆.
Vishnu: I had been away on a company 'so' Åçõ‰–
assignment. I returned this morning. 1) Åçûª
He is such a man that all like him =
(éπç°F °æE-O’ü¿ ¢Á∞«x†’. Ñ §Òü¿’lØËo ´î√a†’) a) He isn't so tall. (Åûª-†çûª §Òúø’-Ííç-é¬ü¿’) (´÷N’úÕ, apple ™«çöÀ ®Ωéπ-®Ω-鬩 °æçúø’x éÌØ√o).
Assignment = Å°æp-Tç-*† °æE. b) The place is so distant.
É™«ç-öÀ-îÓôx èπÿú≈ such as •ü¿’©’ like ¢√úøôç Åçü¿®Ω÷ É≠æd-°æúË ´uéÀh Åûª†’.
ÅÂÆj-†tçö¸ – 'ÂÆj— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. ´’† ¶µ«≠憒 Ææ®Ω-∞¡çí¬, Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ NE-°œç-îËô’x ÉD so ... that èπÿ, such ... that èπÿ Ö†o
(Ç îÓô’ Åçûª ü¿÷®Ωç) Ææç•çüµ¿ç, ûËú≈. ÉçéÓ N≠æߪ’ç èπÿú≈ îª÷ü∆lç.
Sankar: What kind of assignment?
îËÆæ’hçC.
´·êuçí¬ so + adjective/ adverb + that (so b) There were a number of things such as a) He is such a good man that we all like him
(ᙫçöÀ °æE?) tall that/ so large that/ so nice that, etc.)
pen, paper, etc., = There were a number of =
Vishnu: Such a tough assignment that I had Åçõ‰ adjective/ adverb ©’ ûÁLÊ° à ¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊ Åûª†’ ¢Ë’´’ç-ü¿®Ωç É≠æd-°æ-úËçûª ´’ç*-¢√úø’.
things like ... b) He is so good a man that we all like him.
to visit a number of places. I had to ÅE ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç. 3) Now look at the following sentences from
see a number of dealers, watch the 2) American usage ™ î√™« ÅE Å®Ωnç. (a) ™ such a good man = (b) ™ so good a
the conversation at the beginning of the
movement of our products, and see a) Thank you so much. man
lesson.
that the sales increased. (British: Thank you very much.) c) She is so clever a woman that she can
a) You have been away for such a long time
(Å¢Á÷t î√™« éπ≠d-¢æ Á’i† °æE. î√™« îÓôxèπ◊ solve any problem easily = She is such a
that I felt lonely.
(Ü∞¡xèπ◊) A®Ω-í¬-Lq-´-*açC. î√™«-´’çC clever woman that she can ...
b) such a tough assignment that I had to visit
dealers †’ îª÷Æœ, ´÷ company ûªßª÷-
a number of places. (à Ææ´’-Ææu-ØÁjØ√ °æJ-≠æ \-Jç-îª-í∫-L-T-†çûª ûÁL-N
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù
K© Å´’t-鬩’ ᙫ ÖØ√oßÁ÷ í∫´’-Eç*,
c) ... they were such lousy movies that I -í∫-™«¢Á’)
Å´’t-鬩’ °çî√-Lq† ¶«üµ¿uûª ÅC.) 222 wished that I hadn't gone to them. so clever a woman = such a clever woman
dealers = äéπ éπç°F ûªßª÷-K©’ (Ææ®Ω-èπ◊©’)
Ţ˒t ¢√∞¡Ÿ}/ shops.
Movement = ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç = éπü¿-L-éπ(©’).

Thank you so much


Ééπ\úø Å®Ωnç ã company ûªßª÷-K© Å´’t-éπ°æ¤
üµÓ®ΩùÀ. (Öü¿u´’ç ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ÖçC.
Telangana Movement = ûÁ©ç-í¬ù Öü¿u´’ç)
Products= ûªßª÷K– ã éπç°F ûªßª÷®Ω’ îËÆ œ
Ţ˒t ´Ææ’h´¤. v§ƒúøé˙d q – 'v§ƒ— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. so + adjective/ adverb
Sankar: What a time you had! I really pity b) You are so nice. d) India is such a large country/ so large a
+ that-
country that progress cannot be quick
Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫ç-™«ç-öÀüË
you, old boy! You do get a fat salary, (British: You are very nice)
°j sentences such
™
but you can't have a minutes leisure.
... that
É°æ¤púø’ ü¿í∫_®Ω ü¿í∫_®Ω Å™«çöÀ Å®Ωnç, ¢√úø’éπ Ö†o Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç èπÿú≈. (ÅGµ-´%Cl¥ Åçûª ûªyJûªç 鬆çûª °ü¿l ü˨¡ç
'such' N≠æߪ’ç îª÷ü∆lç.
a) He is so good that all
(áçûª éπ≠dçæ í¬ í∫úÕ-§ƒ¢˛! E†’o îª÷ÊÆh ñ«™‰- ¶µ«®Ωû˝)
Ææ’hçC, N’vûª´÷! Fèπ◊ ´’ç* @ûª¢Ë’ Such Åçõ‰ Å™«çöÀ. like him= Åûª†’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd, so í¬F such í¬F ¢√úø-´îª’a.
´Ææ’hçC é¬F éπ~ùç Nv¨»ç-A-™‰-ü¿’-éπü∆!) a) I don't like such things = Å™«çöÀ N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ Åçü¿®Ω÷ É≠æd-°æ-úËçûª Sentences from the conversation:
Vishnu: It isn't the salary that matters. I like Ø√éÀ-≠dçæ -™‰ü¿’. ´’ç*-¢√úø’. M. SURESAN 1) You have been away for such a long time
the challenging nature of the job. It is b) He never smiles. Such men are very dan- b) He is such a good that I felt lonely.
such a challenge that you have the gerous = man that all like him.
satisfaction of having done some-
Åûª-ØÁ-°æ¤púø÷ †´yúø’. Å™«ç-öÀ-¢√∞¡Ÿ}
î√™« v°æ´÷ü¿ç. Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ so ¢√úø-´îª’a. Å®·ûË Â°j† îª÷°œ-†-
thing. You feel happy that you've c) She works very hard. Such people prosper
Åçü¿®Ω÷ Åûª-†çõ‰ É≠æd-°æ-úø-û√®Ω’. Åçûª ´’ç*-¢√-úø-
ûª†’. = Åûª-†ç-ü¿®Ω÷ É≠æd-°æ-úËç-ûª- ´’ç-*-¢√úø’. ô’xí¬ such a long time, so long a time
achieved something. = Ç¢Á’ î√™« éπ≠dæ-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC. Å™«ç-öÀ-¢√∞¡Ÿ} í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆. Ééπ\úø a) Å®Ωnç, b) Å®Ωnç äéπõ‰. Å´¤ûª’çC.
You have been away for so long a time that
(@ûªç é¬ü¿’ ´·êuç, Åéπ\úø Ø√ ÖüÓu-í∫ç™ °jéÌ-≤ƒh®Ω’. c) The day was so hot that we couldn't go out
Ö†o Ææ¢√©’ Ø√éÀ≠dçæ . Ç Ææ¢√©’ áçûªü¿çõ‰, Such E É™« èπÿú≈ ¢√-úø-û√ç. (Such ... as èπÿ®Ω’pûÓ) = ¢Ë’ç •ßª’-öÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡x-™‰-†çûª áçúøí¬ ÖçC Ç ®ÓV. ...
àüÓ éÌçûª ´’†´‚ ≤ƒCµç-î√ç-éπü∆ ÅØË a) Such people as Gandhi are always [so + adjective (hot) + that] 2) ... such a tough assignment that I had to
ûª%°œh N’í∫’-©’-ûª’çC (éπ©’-í∫’-ûª’çC). ؈÷ respected = í¬çDµ-™«çöÀ ´uèπ◊h©’ á°æ¤púø÷ d) It was such a hot day that we couldn't go out. visit many places = so tough an assign-
àüÓ ≤ƒCµç-î√†’./ ÉC ؈’ ≤ƒCµç-î√†’ íı®Ω´ç §Òçü¿’-û√®Ω’. sentence (c)
D†®Ωnç, Å®Ωnç äéπõ‰. í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. ment that I had to visit many places ...
ÅØË ûª%°œh Öçô’çC.) (´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’í∫’ = í¬çDµ-™«çöÀ ´uèπ◊h-©†’ word order
Å®·ûË Ééπ\úø (´÷ô© èπÿ®Ω’p) ûËú≈. 3) ... they were such lousy movies that ... =
that matters = ´·êuç. achieving = ≤ƒCµç- such + adjective (hot) + day (noun) + that
á°æ¤p-úø÷ íı®Ω-N-≤ƒh®Ω’) the movies were so lousy that ...
îªôç; Achievement = ≤ƒCµç-*† N≠æߪ’ç b) Such trees as the coconut grow very tall so
so ... that, such ... that
鬕öÀd È®çúÕçöÀ Å®Ωnç äéπõ‰. Å®·ûË, ûª®√yûª ÉO Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’.
Sankar: Corporate culture has taken hold of you. adjective/ adverb such
´Ææ’hçC. adjec-
ûª®√yûª,
(éÌ•s-J-îÁôx ™«çöÀ îÁô’x à°æ¤í¬ °®Ω’-í∫’-û√®·)
(°ü¿l ¢√u§ƒ®Ω Ææç≤ƒn ÆæçÆæ \ %A ÅDµ-†ç™ tive noun
Ééπ\úø such ¢√úË B®Ω’, Å™«çöÀ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ: such ´*a, ü∆E ûª®√yûª
noun
èπÿú≈ ®√¢√L.
+ noun + as + noun (à Ê°®Ω’-ØÁjØ√ noun Åçö«ç)
ÖØ√o´¤ †’´¤y). äéÓ\-≤ƒJ, ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´Ææ’hçC.
Corporate =°ü¿l °ü¿l ¢√u§ƒ®Ω ÆæçÆæn-©èπ◊
c) Such movies as Titanic are rare. (Titanic EXERCISE ANSWER
Ææç•ç-Cµç-*†. ™«çöÀ ÆœE-´÷©’ Å®Ω’ü¿’) Pratap: E†o meeting èπ◊ î√™«-´’çC Pratap: Did a large number attend the meeting yesterday?
Corporate - pronunciation 鬧ÒJ/ È®ö¸.
Ééπ\úø ´÷ô èπÿ®Ω’p: ´î√a®√? / Was it a largely attended meeting yesterday?
Vishnu: And I am proud of it too.
Such + movies (noun) + as + Titanic (noun) Manish: áçûª Ææçêu™ ´î√a-®Ωçõ‰ Åçûª Manish: It was such a large number/ so large a number
(Å™« Ö†oç-ü¿’èπ◊ í∫Jy-Ææ’hØ√o.) Å®·ûË äéπ ´·êu í∫´’-Eéπ: °∂晫Ø√ ´uèπ◊h©, N≠æ-ߪ÷© °ü¿l Hall èπÿú≈ ÆæJ-§Ú-™‰ü¿’. that the hall wasn't enough.
Sankar: Did you see any movies while you ™«çöÀ ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ éπü∆ Ééπ\úø ´’†ç such ... as Pratap: ´éπh ¶«í¬ ´÷ö«x-ú≈ú≈? Pratap: Did he speak well?
were away? ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç. É™« such ... as ¢√úøôç ÆæÈ®j-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, Manish: Åçü¿®Ω÷ E¨¡z-•lçí¬ èπÿ®Ω’aE Manish: He was such a great speaker/ so great a
(•ßª’-ô’-†o-°æ¤púø’ ÆœE-´÷-™‰-´’Ø√o îª÷¨»¢√?) ÉC é¬Ææh ví¬ç-C∑éπç, §ƒçúÕûªuç. Éçûª-éπç-õ‰ like ¢√úøôç v¨¡ü¿l¥ûÓ N†oçûª íÌ°æp ´éπh Çߪ’†. speaker that all heard him with all attention.
Vishnu: I saw two but they were such lousy î√™« simple, better éπü∆! (™«çöÀ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ) Pratap: àçö«-ߪ’† v°æÆæç-í∫ç™ N¨Ï-≥ƒ©’? Pratap: What were the special points/ highlights of his speech?
movies that I wished I hadn't seen 1) Such men as Gandhi are always respected Manish: Çߪ’† îÁ°œp† Å稻©’ áçûª
them. Manish: He made such good points/ the points he made
= Men like Gandhi are always respected.
were so good that we can easily practise them.
´·êu-¢Á’i-†-´çõ‰, ´’†ç Ææ’©¶µºçí¬
(È®çúø’ îª÷¨». Å¢Áçûª îÁûªhçõ‰ îª÷úø-èπ◊çú≈ 2) Such trees as the coconut = Trees like the ņ’-Ææ-Jç--îªí∫-LÍíç-ûªN.
coconut. Pratap: Was it such a good speech/ so good a speech?
Pratap: Åçûª ´’ç* v°æÆæç-í∫´÷?
Öçú≈-LqçC ņ’-èπ◊Ø√o.)
Lousy = îÁûªh. Louse - ™˜Æˇ– Ê°†’ – ÅÆæ©®Ωnç– such ... as •ü¿’©’ like ¢√úøôç Ææ®Óy-ûªh´’ç éπü∆. Manish: So good a speech/ such a good speech that
Manish: @Nûªç™ ´’Sx N†-™‰-†çûª ´’ç*
Lousy - ÅÆæ-£æ«uçí¬/ îÁûªhí¬ ÖçC ÅE É°æ¤púø’ ÉC îª÷úøçúÕ: we can't hear it again.
Aôd-ú≈-EéÀ èπÿú≈ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. Lousy fellow - v°æÆæçí∫ç.
a) I bought a variety of fruits such as the Pratap: Unfortunately, I couldn't attend it.
Pratap: ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%≠ædç, ®√™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’.
¢Áüµ¿´ ņoô’x. mango, the apple, etc.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm


-¨¡Ÿ-vèπ-¢√®Ωç 6 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Sourabha: Hi Susmitha, we'd better start Sourabha: That I've already done. The taxi
early so that we don't miss Aruna. will be here the day after tomor-
(Ææ’Æœtû√, ´’†ç ûÌçü¿-®Ωí¬ •ßª’-©’ row. She has to rest today and
-üË-®Ωü∆ç, Å®Ω’-ù†’ miss é¬èπ◊çú≈ tomorrow to get over the jet lag.
ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊.) (ÅD îËÊÆ-¨»†’. á©’xçúÕ §Òü¿’l† taxi
We'd better = We had better = ´’ç*C. ready. Ñ®ÓW, Í®°æ¤ ûª†’ rest
You'd better see a doctor = you had bet- BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ô’çC jet lag †’ç* •ßª’-ô
ter ... =
†’´¤y doctor †’ îª÷úøôç ´’ç*C. -°æ-úø-ö«-EéÀ.)
Susmitha: I am almost ready. I got up quite jet lag = N´÷-Ø√™x Ææ’ü¿÷®Ω v°æߪ÷-ù«©’
early so that I might not be late. îËߪ’-ôç™ ®√vA-°æ-í∫∞¡x ´’üµ¿u ü˨¡-üË-¨»-©èπ◊ ÖçúË
ûËú≈© ´©x éπLÍí •úø-Léπ. b) Harsha goes to bed early so that he can
so that
(؈’ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ Æœü¿l¥ç. ûªy®Ωí¬ ™‰î√†’
Susmitha: Let's accompany her to Tirupathi
É™« ¢√úøû√ç. Å®·ûË éÌEo Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x
Ç©Ææuç é¬èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊.) get up early =
so that we too can have Lord so that •ü¿’©’ to ¢√úË-ߪ’-´îª’a, simple í¬.
Sourabha: That's good. I told the taxi man to
Venkateswara's darsanam.
ûªy®Ωí¬ Evü¿ ™‰îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ £æ«®Ω{ ûªy®Ωí¬ °æúø’-èπ◊ç-ö«úø’. He came here so that he could meet the min-
be here at 7 so that we need not
c) I am noting down the phone numbers so ister.
waste time looking for a taxi. (´’†ç èπÿú≈ Å®Ω’-ùûÓ ¢Á∞¡ü∆ç. ´’†ç
that I can call you when necessary =
(´’ç*C. Taxi ¢√™«†’ àúÕç-öÀÍé èπÿú≈ A®Ω’-´’-™‰-¨¡ŸE ü¿Jzç--éÓ-´îª’a.) ´’çvAE éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÅûªE¢√∞¡ Ééπ\-úÕéÀ ´î√aúø’
®Ω´’tE îÁ§ƒp, ´’Sx Taxi éÓÆæç time Sourabha: OK. Å´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’i-†-°æ¤púø’ °œL-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÅEo phone num- He came here to meet the minister
waste é¬èπ◊çú≈.) ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ bers ®√Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’. (Åçõ‰so that †’ ÖüËl¨¡ç ûÁLÊ° Å®ΩnçûÓ, to + 1st
éÀçü¿öÀ lessons so + adjective/ adverb +
™ É™« °j sentences ™™«, so that ÅØË expres- Regular Doing Word = infinitive ¢√úø-´îª’a.)
that, such + (adj) + noun + that sentences
´îËa sion ÖüËl-¨»Eo ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC. He bought the bike so that he can move about
îª÷¨»ç éπü∆. Now look at the following sentences from quickly =

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 223
a) He is so good that every one likes him =
Åûªúø’ Åçü¿®Ω÷ É≠æd-°æ-úËçûª ´’ç*-¢√úø’ =
the conversation at the beginning of the
lesson:
ûªy®Ωí¬ AJ-Ííç-ü¿’-èπ◊-í¬†’ Åûª†’ bike é̆’-èπ◊\-Ø√oúø’ =
He bought the bike to (be able to) move about
quickly.
Å®·ûË so that •ü¿’©’ infinitive ¢√úøôç ÅEo-îÓö«x

.. so that we don't miss ..


≤ƒüµ¿uç é¬éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. Ééπ\úø îª÷úøçúÕ.
Let's accompany her so that we too can have
darsanam.
´’†ç èπÿú≈ ü¿®Ωz†ç §ÒçüËç-ü¿’èπ◊, ´’†ç ûª†ûÓ
éπL-Æœ -¢Á-∞¡ü∆ç.
Susmitha: When exactly is the arrival of the He is such a good 1) We'd better start early so that we don't miss Ñ sentence ™ so that we too can have
plane? man that everyone Aruna = darsanam •ü¿’©’, to have darsanam ÅE infini-
(Plane correct í¬ á°æ¤p-úÌ-Ææ’hçC?) likes him. Å®Ω’-ù†’ miss é¬èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ûªy®Ωí¬ tive (to have) ¢√úÕûË ÅüË Å®Ωnç ®√ü¿’. Let's
Sourabha: At 8.30. It'll be another hour after b) She drives so slow •ßª’-©’-üË-®Ωôç ´’ç*C. accompany her to have darsanam Åçõ‰ ´îËa
the touch down for Aruna to come that even a bullock 2) I got up quite early so that I might not be Å®Ωnç, ü¿®Ωz-Ø√-EéÀ Ç¢Á’ûÓ éπL-Æœ-¢Á-∞¡-ü∆-´’ØË ´Ææ’hçC.
out of the check in area and join cart can over take late = ÅçûË-é¬E so that Ö†o sentence ™™«í∫ Ç¢Á’ûÓ
us. The collection of the baggage her = Ç©Ææuç é¬èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ûªy®Ωí¬ Evü¿-™‰-î√†’. ¢ÁRûË ´’†èπÿ ü¿®Ωz†ç Å´¤-ûª’ç-ü¿E ®√ü¿’.
after the baggage check these áúøx-•çúÕ èπÿú≈ Ç¢Á’†’ M. SURESAN 3) I told the taximan to be here at 7, so that we ´’®Ó-≤ƒJ îª÷úøçúÕ:
days take a lot of time because of ü∆öÀ-§Ú-ßË’çûª ØÁ´’t- need not waste time looking for a taxi = Let's accompany her so that we can have
security reasons. Cí¬ é¬®Ω’ †úø’-°æ¤-ûª’ç-ü∆¢Á’. Taxi ¢√™«†’ àúÕç-öÀÍé ®Ω´’tE îÁ§ƒp, ´’Sx taxi éÓÆæç darsanam too =
(8.30éÀ. Check in area †’ç* •ßª’- Hers is such slow driving that even a bullock time waste îËߪ’-èπ◊çú≈/ é¬èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊. ´’†´‚ ûª†-ûÓ-§ƒô’ ¢ÁRûË ´’†´‚ ü¿®Ωz†ç
cart over takes her.
öÀéÀ ®√´-ö«-EéÀ ÉçéÓ í∫çô °æúø’-ûª’çC
Å®Ω’-ùèπ◊. ûªE& -ûª®√y-ûª Baggage 4) We are starting so early so that nothing îËÆæ’éӴa.
(overtake = ´·çü¿’†o ¢√£æ«-Ø√Eo ü∆öÀ-¢Á-∞¡xôç) may delay us = Let's accompany her to have darsanam.
BÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç ¶µºvü¿û√ 鬮Ω-ù«-©-´©x Ñ
®Ó-V™x î√™« Ç©-Ææu-´’-´¤-ûÓçC.) ÉD ´’†ç, so ... that/ such ... that © í∫’Jç* üËE-´™«x Ç©Ææuç é¬èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’-èπ◊í¬†’, ´’†ç ü¿®Ωz-Ø√-EéÀ ûª†-ûÓ-§ƒô’ ´’†ç ¢Á∞¡ü∆ç.
touch down = N´÷†ç ¶µº÷O’t-ü¿èπ◊ Cí∫ôç. Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oC. ´·çüË •ßª’-©’-üË-®Ω’-ûª’Ø√oç. ´’†ç ¶µ«≠æ practice îËÆæ’h-†o-éÌDl, ´’†èπ◊ -ûÁ-L-ߪ’
Check in = ´’† ≤ƒ´÷†’x N´÷-Ø√-v¨¡ßª ’ É°æ¤púø’ éÀçC sentences ûËú≈ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: 5) Let's accompany her to Tirupathi so that we èπ◊ç-ú≈-ØË, so that áéπ\-úø- ¢√-ú≈™, to áéπ\-úø -¢√-ú≈™
ÅCµ-鬮Ω’©’ ûªE& îËߪ’ôç. a) He studies so hard that he always scores too can have darsanam = ¢√úË-Ææ’hçö«ç. Practice alone helps us.
Check in Åçõ‰ ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç = Hotel ™ high = ´’†ç èπÿú≈ ûª†ûÓ éπLÆœ ¢Á∞¡ü∆ç, ´’†´‚
•Ææèπ◊ í∫C BÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç. -áèπ◊\-´ marks ´îËaçûª ¶«í¬ îªü¿’-´¤-û√-úø-ûª†’. ü¿®Ωz†ç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´îª’a.
baggage - ¶«Tñ¸ (¶« bank ™ b ™«) = b) He is studying very hard so that he may
≤ƒ´÷†’x. score high =
EXERCISE ANSWER
baggage (American) = luggage (British)
-áèπ◊\-´ marks ûÁa-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊, Åûª†’ î√™« éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ Practise the following aloud in English. Sulochana: Take a decision, only after a lot of
Susmitha: Then why are we going so early?
thinking so that you don't regret
îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’-Ø√oúø’.
(Å®·ûË áçü¿’-éÀçûª ´·çüË a) ... so hard that. [so èπ◊ that èπ◊ ´’üµ¿u hard Sulochana: -î√-™« -Ç-™-*ç-* -E®Ωg-ߪ’ç -BÆæ’éÓ,
later (to avoid regretting later)
(adv)]
¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’Ø√oç?) -ûª®√y-ûª -*ç--Aç-îªèπ◊ç-ú≈ -Öç--úËç-
Sourabha: The airport is so long way off. ü¿’èπ◊. (-*ç-Aç-îª-ôç= regret/ Sunayana: That's exactly why I've asked for
b) so that - Ééπ\úø so èπ◊ that èπ◊ ´’üµ¿u ÉçÍéç two days time ... so that I can think
There are likely to be traffic jams. repent)
We are starting so early so that
´÷ô ®√´-úøç-™‰ü¿’. ÅN È®çúø÷ °æéπ\-°æ-éπ\ØË well about it.
Sunayana: -Åç-ü¿’Íé È®ç-vúÓ-V-©’ -Å-úÕí¬ -¶«í¬
nothing may delay us. Better half ´Ææ’h-Ø√o-®·-éπü∆. Sulochana: Let's consult our elders too, so
(a) éÀ, (b) éÀ Å®Ωnç™ èπÿú≈ ûËú≈ í∫´’-Eç-î √®Ω’ éπü∆.
an hour early than a minute late.
-Ç-™-*ç-îª-´-îªa-E. that we can have their opinion. (to
Sentence (a) He is studying so hard that ... Sulochana: °-ü¿l-¢√-∞¡x-†’ èπÿ-ú≈ -Å-úø’í∫’-ü∆ç,
(N´÷-Ø√-v¨¡ßª’ç î√™« ü¿÷®Ωç. Traffic have their opinion)
Sunayana: That's why I've asked my uncle to
®ΩDl©’ ¶«í¬ Öçúø-´îª’a. É¢Ëç ´’†èπ◊ ÅØËC, Åûª†’ áçûª/ à ¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊ éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ îªü¿’-´¤ -¢√-∞¡x -Å-Gµ-v§ƒ--ߪ’-´‚ -ûÁ-©’Ææ’
come here. (... I've asked my
Ç©Ææuç éπL-Tç-îª-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊ -ûª’-Ø√oúÓ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC. èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊.
ûªy®Ωí¬ •ßª’-©’-üË-®Ω’-ûª’Ø√oç. äéπ Sentence (b) He is studying very hard so that Sunayana: Åçü¿’-éπØË ´÷´’-ߪ’u--†’ -É-éπ\-úÕéÀ uncle over here)
EN’≠æç Ç©Ææuç éπçõ‰ äéπ Å®Ω-í∫çô he may score high ... ÅØËC Åûª†’ à ®Ω´’tØ√o. Sulochana: We should tell him all about it, so
´·çü¿’ç-úøôç †ßª’ç éπü∆.) ÖüËl-¨¡çûÓ îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’-†oD ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC. Sulochana: ÅEo N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ Çߪ’-†ûÓ that he can have a correct under-
Susmitha: The first thing Aruna wants to do standing of it.
after landing here is to go to
í∫’®Ω’hç-- π◊çü∆ç: So that á°æ¤púø÷ ´’†ç äéπ îÁ§ƒpL ´’†ç, Çߪ’-†èπ◊ ÆæÈ®j†
°æEE áçü¿’ π◊ îË≤ƒhç/ ´’† ÖüËl-¨»Eo (purpose) Å´-í¬-£æ«† ´îËaç-ü¿’èπ◊. Sunayana: We should ask him to be here for
Tirupathi. Let's fix another taxi
Sunayana: Ç-ߪ’-†’o -ã È®çvúÓ-V-©’ -Ééπ\-úø two days to avoid coming to a con-
ready so that she may not lose ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC.
clusion in a hurry. (So that we may
time. a) Susila started at 7 itself so that she may not Öç-úø-´’-Ø√L, ûÌçü¿-®Ω-§ƒô’ E®Ωg-
ߪ÷-EéÀ ®√èπ◊çú≈ (conclusion= not come to a conclusion in a
be late for class =
hurry)
(Ééπ\úø Cí∫-í¬ØË ´·çü¿’ A®Ω’-°æ-A-Èé-∞«x-
©E Å®Ω’ù éÓJéπ. ÉçéÓ taxi E èπÿú≈ Class èπ◊ Ç©Ææuç é¬èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Ææ’Q© E®Ωl¥®Ωù)
Sulochana: OK. Sulochana: OK.
´÷ö«x-úø’ü∆ç, time éπL-≤Ò-Ææ’hçC.) àúÕç-öÀÍé •ßª’-©’-üË-JçC.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm


-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 8 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Ramesh: Hi Nikhila, What brings you here? Some = éÌçûª, éÌEo.


(àçöÀ™« ´î√a¢˛?) a) There is some milk in the glass =
(Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ What brings you here? ÅØËC í¬xÆæ’™ éÌçîÁç- §ƒ-©’-Ø√o®·.
Å´’-®√uü¿éπ®Ωç ÅØË Å§Ú£æ« ÖçC. é¬E ÉC b) Have some coffee =
´’®√u-ü¿-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† °æ©-éπ-JçÊ°. O’ conversation é¬Ææh coffee BÆæ’éÓ.
c) She cooked some of the rice =
™ ûª®Ωîª÷ ¢√úøçúÕ.)
Nikhila: Just to see you. Long since we met,
you know.
Ç Gߪ’uç™ -Ç-¢Á’ éÌçûª ´çúÕçC.
d) I gave him some books yesterday =
(E†’o îª÷-úø-ö«-EÍé. ´’†ç éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊E E†o -Å-ûªúÕéÀ ؈’ éÌEo °æ¤Ææh-é¬-L-î√a†’.
î√-™« ®ÓV-©-®·çC éπü∆)
e) Some men were sitting; others were stand- Now look at the following sentences from
Ramesh: Thank you. Any news of Krishna? = Do not (Don't) waste any more time.
ing = the conversation at the beginning of the
(´’ç*üË. éπ%≠æg†’ í∫’-Jç-* à¢Á’iØ√ éÌçûª-´’çC èπÿ®Ω’aE ÖØ√o®Ω’, Éûª-®Ω’©’ E©’-E ûÁ©’-≤ÚhçC éπü∆– no more = not any more. lesson:
ûÁ©’≤ƒ?) 1) Waste no more time
Nikhila: I'm afraid I haven't any.
ÖØ√o®Ω’. 1) I'm afraid I haven't any.
f) Only some students were present = 2) Don't waste any more time.
Sorry) (I haven't any news = I have no news.
(àç ûÁ-L-ߪ’ü¿’. éÌçü¿®Ω’ students ´÷vûª¢Ë’ class éÌî√a®Ω’. Ñ È®çúø’ èπÿú≈ grammatical í¬ correct. I have no news
Ramesh: I was hopeful you'd have some Å®·ûË no more éπçõ‰ èπÿú≈ not any more
Åçûª Ææ£æ«-ï-¢Á’i† ¢√úø’éπ é¬ü¿’)
Any = àüÁjØ√, á´-È®jØ√
information about him. 2) ... You'd have some news-
a) Any book/ Any of the books here is very ÅØËC spoken English ™ áèπ◊\´ ¢√-úø-û√®Ω’. not™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd some news.
(†’¢ËyüÓ ÅûªE í∫’-Jç-* îÁ§ƒh-´ØË Ç¨¡-ûÓ- expensive = Å™« ¢√úÕ-ûËØË English, Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ Öçô’çC. (F ü¿í∫_-Í®üÓ ¢√®Ωh-©’ç-ö«-ߪ’E ÇPçî√)
ÖØ√o.) Ééπ\úÕ à °æ¤Ææh-éπ-¢Á’i-Ø√/- É-éπ\úÕ °æ¤Ææh-é¬-©™ àüÁjØ√ ´’J-éÌEo examples îª÷úøçúÕ. (Not / Question ûÓ any)
Nikhila: Let's call Alamelu. She might have êK--ü¿®·ç-üË. a) There is no sugar in the bowl.
some news. 3) ... she might have some news.
b) Any of them will help you = (ÉC spoken English -™ -Åç-ûª -áèπ◊\-´í¬
(Å-©-¢Ë’-©’èπ◊ phone îËü∆lç. Ç¢Á’èπ◊ éÌçûª not ™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd some.
¢√∞¡x™x á´-È®jØ√ Fèπ◊ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îË≤ƒh®Ω’. -N-E°œç-îª-ü¿’.)
ûÁL-ßÁ·îª’a.) (Ç¢Á’ ü¿í∫_®Ω éÌçûª Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç ÖçúÌa)
Ramesh: As a jockey he keeps moving
= There isn't any sugar in the bowl. 4) But there aren't any races now.
about. Let's call the Race course. (ÉC spoken English -î √-™« natural (É™« ņôç, There are no races ņôç
They can give us definite informa- (Ææ£æ«-ïç)í¬ üµ¿yEç-îËô’d îËÆæ’hçC.) éπØ√o ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ωùç, Ææ£æ«ïç)
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù
tion about him. b) I have no money (not natural) -
224 5) Do you have any friends there?
Åûª†’ jockey éπü∆. Åçü¿’-éπE †í∫-®√-©Fo I haven't (have not) any money/ I don't (Question 鬕öÀd any)
A®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’ç-ö«úø’. Race course ¢√∞¡xèπ◊
phone îËÊÆh ¢√∞¡x ü¿í∫_-®Ω éπ*a-ûª-´’-®·†

Have some coffee


Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç Öçô’çC)
(Jockey= ñ«éà – í∫’v®Ω-°æpç-ü∆--™ x í∫’v®√-©†’
†úÕ-Ê°-¢√∞¡Ÿx. Race course = í∫’v®Ω-°æpç--ü∆©’
ïJÍí ¢Á’iü∆†ç)
Nikhila: But there aren't any races now in
Hyderabad. Not the season here. 6) I haven't any= I don't have any.
It's the Bangalore racing season. ´÷´‚-©’í¬ affirmative 2) Come no more to me for help
sentences (no, not
(É™« ņôç, I have no friends éπØ√o
He might be in Bangalore. (Ø√ ü¿í∫_-JéÀ Ææ£æ…ߪ÷EéÀ ®√´ü¿’l) – ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ωùç, Ææ£æ«ïç)
™‰E sentences) ™, Éü¿ç-ûª natural é¬ü¿’. Spoken English ™
(£j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛™  í∫’v®Ω-°æpç-ü∆™‰ç ™‰´¤ 7) I haven't had any coffee since morning.
some, not Ö†o ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ ÉC ¢√úø®Ω’. ÉüË Å®ΩnçûÓ áèπ◊\-´í¬
É°æ¤púø’. °æçü∆© Ææ´’-ߪ’ç- é¬-C-éπ\úø.
sentences ¢√úË sentence – (Better than saying, I have had no coffee
É°æ¤púø’ ¶„çí∫∞¡⁄®˝ í∫’v®Ω-°æpç-ü∆© Time. ™í¬F/
since morning)
questions any
™í¬F Don't come to me any more for help.
Åûª-†-éπ\-úø’ç-úÌa.)
3) I don't have any money
N’í∫û√ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ some ¢√úøéπç éÌçûª ÅF, éÌFo
Ramesh: Do you have any friends there?
¢√-úø-û√ç. ņôç,
1) They have some M. SURESAN I have no money éπØ√o better, natural.
ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√ú≈ç îª÷úøçúÕ.
books
(Åéπ\úø FÈé-´-®ΩØ√o ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’©’Ø√o®√?)
Nikhila: I haven't any friends there. 4) She doesn't have any property ņôç,
(¢√∞¡x ü¿í∫_®Ω éÌEo °æ¤Ææh-é¬-©’-Ø√o®·) She has no property éπØ√o better, natural.
X They do not (don't) have any books
(Åéπ\úø Ø√Èé-´®Ω÷ ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’©’ ™‰®Ω’)
Ramesh: Neither have I. How about having
(They haven't (have not) any books) EXERCISE ANSWER
coffee? I haven't had any since
morning.
= ¢√∞¡x ü¿í∫_Í®ç °æ¤Ææh-鬩÷ ™‰´¤. Practise the following aloud in English. Vinod: You seem to have some computer books.
Question: Vinod: F ü¿í∫_®Ω computer books à-¢Ó Ö†o-ô’x- Can you lend me some?
(Ø√èπÿ ™‰®Ω’. é¬Ææh coffee û√í∫’-ü∆´÷?
Do they have any books?/ Have they any Vikram: Who said so? I don't have any (books on
§Òü¿’l-†’oç* coffee BÆæ’éÓ™‰ü¿’ ؈’) Ø√o®·. Ø√éÌ\-Eo-≤ƒh¢√?
books? Vikram: á´-®Ω-Ø√o®Ω’? Ø√ ü¿í∫_Í®ç computer computers).
Nikhila: Coffee is certainly welcome. I've
books ™‰´¤. Vinod: You usually buy, don't you?
come to you for some CDs on spo- (¢√∞¡x ü¿í∫_®Ω °æ¤Ææh-é¬-™‰-´’-Ø√o/- °æ¤Ææh鬙‰-¢ÁjØ√
ken English. Can you lend me them? ÖØ√oߪ÷?) Vinod: †’´¤y ´÷´‚-©’í¬ éÌçô’ç-ö«´¤ éπü∆? Vikram: I don't have any money. I don't buy (them)
2) He wants some more milk. Vikram: É°æ¤púø’ úø•’s©’ ™‰´¤. éÌ-†-úøç ™‰ü¿’. any more.
(Coffee Ø√éÀ-≠d¢æ Ë’. ØËØÌ-*açC éÌEo
Vinod: Ç library ™ Ø√éÀçé¬ °æ¤Ææh-é¬-L-´y-ôç- Vinod: They aren't giving me books any more in
spoken English CD © éÓÆæç. -Å-N (Åûª-EéÀ ÉçéÌç-îÁç §ƒ©’ 鬢√L)
X He doesn't want any more milk. ™‰ ü¿’. the library.
Ø√éÀ-≤ƒh¢√?)
Vikram: áçü¿’-éπE? Vikram: Why?
Ramesh: List the CDs you want. (Åûª-EéÀçé𠧃©-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’)
(Fé¬\-´-©Æœ† CD © list ®√®·) Question: Vinod: Ø√™«çöÀ outsiders éÀ ¢√∞¡Ÿx °æ¤Ææh-é¬ - Vinod: They aren't giving books to outsiders like
me any more.
Nikhila: I want some paper and pen. Does he want any more milk? L-´ y- ®Ωô .
Vikram: I am sorry. Vikram: I'm sorry. Why don't you buy?
paper, pen
(Ø√é¬\Ææh 鬢√L) (Éçé¬ §ƒ©’ 鬢√™«?) é̆’-éÓ\-´îª ’a éπü ∆?
Vinod: I haven't the money/ I don't have the money.
Ramesh: Here you are. Have this coffee too. Å®·ûË éÌ-Eo Ææç-ü¿®√s¥-™x some, question ™ Vinod: Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω úø•’s-™‰ü¿’.
(ÉNíÓ. Ñ coffee èπÿú≈ BÆæ’éÓ) πÿú≈ ¢√-úø-û√ç.
a) will you have some more Upma?
-v°æ-¨¡o: 1. say ûª®√yûª to Öçô’çC. ô°æ¤púø’, NØË-ô-°æ¤púø’ Å©-¢√ô’°æúÕ
Nikhila: Thank you. But I need some more
verbs usage ™ confuse - ï - ¢ √- • ’: 1. Say ûª®√yûª to 2. Time is up (Time Å®·-§Ú-
tell ûª®√yûª Öçúøü¿’. éÌEo í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√-Lq† N≠æ-ߪ’¢Ë’.
sugar. = ÉçéÌçîÁç Ö§ƒt BÆæ’èπ◊ç-ö«®√? DEéÀ answer
(Ø√éÌ\çîÁç °æçîª-ü∆®Ω 鬢√L.) a) not ûÓ: Å´¤-ûª’Ø√oç. DEéÀ °æJ-≥ƒ\-®Ω- ¢√úøôç, tell ûª®√yûª to ®√éπ-§Ú-´ôç ®·çC). Half an hour is up
Ramesh: There isn't any in this bowl. I will get No. Thank you. I don't want any ¢Ë’-N’öÀ? ÅØËC English usage ™ ¶µ«í∫ç. (Å®Ω-í∫ç-ô-®·çC).
some. Wait. more. 2. exams ®√ÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ time Å®·-
Åçõ‰ ¢√úø’éπ v°æ鬮Ωç ´Ææ’hçC. Time is over ÅØËC ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’.
(Ñ *†o §ƒvûª™ ™‰ü¿’. ØË-†’ BÆæ’éÌ≤ƒh. b) not ™‰èπ◊çú≈: §Ú-ûª’-†oC -Å-E ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-í∫’™ äéπJ O’ü¿ 3. He is in college now = Åûª†’
Thank you. A little more would do. college ™ ÖØ√oúø’ = He is at
Öçúø’) îÁ§ƒpL? éÓ°æçí¬ ÖçC, Åçö«ç. Ééπ\úø
☯ ☯ ☯ ☯ college now. É™«çöÀîÓôx, in,
'O’ü¿— ÅE áçü¿’-éπ-Ø√L Åçõ‰ àç
(Éçé¬Ææh 鬢√L) 3. He is in college now, He is îÁ-°æp™‰ç éπü∆? Å™«Íí English ™
at college now. ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? at ûËú≈ ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ¢√úø’ûª’çö«®Ω’.
Spoken English ™ some èπ◊, any éÀ î√-™« ´·êuçí¬ í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç:
-v§ƒ-´·-êu--´·ç-C. ´’†-ç-ü¿-Jéà ûÁ©’Ææ’, some Åçõ‰ éÌçûª, No = not any
à ´÷ô ´·çü¿÷/- ûª-®√yû√ à àüÁ jØ√ correct. éÌEoîÓôx, in èπ◊
– Èé.Ç®˝. v°œßª’-ü¿-JzE, é¬éÀ-Ø√úø preposition ´Ææ’hç-ü¿-ØËC îªC-¢Ë- ’, 'the' ¢√ú≈-Lq- ®√-´îª’a.
éÌEo ÅF, any Åçõ‰ àüÁjØ√, à¢ÁjØ√, á´-È®jØ√ ÅE. eg: Waste no more time = Éçéπ time ´%-ü∑∆ îËßÁ·ü¿’l -´ ·çü¿

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm


-´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 10 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Govardhan: Where are you going?


(Ç í∫C™ áçûª-´’çC Ŷ«s-®·-©’-Ø√o®Ω’?)
Prasanth: There aren't any = á´®Ω÷ ™‰®Ω’
(áéπ\-úÕ-Èé-∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o¢˛?)
Sudarsan: No where in particular
There are not any - ÉC î√™« Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬, Ææ®Ωy-
(áéπ\-úÕéà ™‰ü¿’/ °∂晫-†-îÓ-öÀ-éπØËç ™‰ü¿’, ≤ƒ-üµ∆-®Ω-ùçí¬ NE-°œçîË response.
(There are no students at all – ÉC correct
àüÓ Å™« ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√o)
Govardhan: (Are you) meeting any
Å®·-†-°æpéà spoken English ™ Åçûªí¬ ¢√úøç)
friends today?
b) Kamala: Have you any story books?
Vimala: I'm sorry I haven't any/ I don't have
(Ñ®ÓV v°∂çú˛qØÁ´-J-ØÁjØ√ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-
any.
Ø√o¢√?)
Sudarsan: None
(I haven't any
ÅØËC áèπ◊\´ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’) (ØËØËç ņ-™‰ü¿’) (Å¢Á’-Jé¬ á°æ¤p-úÁjØ√ ¢Á∞«x¢√?)
some, any, not any (n't any ®Ω÷°æç™) spo-
(á´-JF éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç ™‰ü¿’)
Govardhan: Have you any programme c) Sankar: who told you to do that? Suresh: a) Never. (short response - one
ken English
word)
™ î√™« v§ƒüµ∆†uç Ö-Ø√o®·. ´’†
today? (EØÁo-´®Ω’ îËߪ’-´’-Ø√o-®ΩC?)
conversation
b) I haven't been there at any time / so far.
Ææ®Ω-∞¡çí¬, Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ üµ¿yEç-î√-©çõ‰ Brahmam: Nobody.
(Ñ®ÓV àüÁjØ√ 鬮Ωu-véπ´’ç Öçü∆?) OöÀE ¶«í¬ Åüµ¿u-ߪ’†ç îËÆœ ¢√úø-í∫-©-í¬L.
Sudarsan: None at all (á´®Ω÷ îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’) (I have never been there - spoken form ™
Look at the following sentences:
(ÅÆæ™‰ç ™‰ü¿’) a) Ram: I want some paper. Have you any?
É™« é¬ü¿’, ™‰ü¿’ ÅE ´·éπh-Ææ-Jí¬ responses ÉîËa- ÉC Å®Ω’ü¿’ )
Govardhan: You were asking me for Sekhar's ô°æ¤púø’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’, no, no combinations ¢√úøû√ç. Let's study the following exchanges from
the conversation at the beginning of this
(Ø√èπ◊ é¬ÆæhÊ°°æ®˝ 鬢√L. Fü¿-í∫_-Í®-´’Ø√o d) Sudhakar: How many books will you give
address. What do you want from
lesson:
Öçü∆?) me?
him?
Laxman: I have some/ I do have some, but I
(áEo °æ¤Ææh-é¬-L-≤ƒh´¤ Ø√èπ◊?) É´Fo èπÿú≈ short negative responses:
can't lend you any. I need all of it
(†’´¤y ¨Ïê®˝ ÅvúøÆˇ ÅúÕ-í¬´¤.
Prabhakar: None. (None - àO É´y†’) 1) Govardhan: Where are you going?
now.
¢√úÕ†’ç* à´’Ø√o 鬢√™«?)
Sudarsan: Nothing. I just wanted to see him. É°æ¤p-úÕC îª÷úøçúÕ. Sudarsan: No where (in particular)
(Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω ÖçC/ Öçúø-ö«-E-ÈéjûË ÖçC, é¬F e) Suman: How many has he given you? (áéπ\-úÕéà ™‰ü¿’)
(àç Åéπ\Í®xü¿’. ¢√úÕE îª÷ú≈-©-†’-èπ◊-
Ø√o†’) (Åûªúø’ FÈéEoî√aúø’?) 2) Govardhan: (Are you) meeting any
Govardhan: Here you are. This slip has his Sunil: None/ He hasn't given me any. friends?
address. Why are you going to îª÷úøçúÕ. short response Å®·ûË None Sudarsan: None.
see him? -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 225 ÅØËÆœ ÇÊ°≤ƒhç. ÅüË sentence Å®·ûË, He (™‰ü¿’)
(ÉCíÓ Ñ Æœx°ˇ™ ¢√úÕ ÅvúøÆˇ ÖçC. 3) Govardhan: Have you any programme
¢√úÕE áçü¿’èπ◊ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤ ?)

HAVE YOU ANY PROGRAMME TODAY?


Sudarsan: I wonder if he can help me get a
gas cylinder.
(í¬uÆˇ ÆœLç-úø®˝ à´’Ø√o É°œpç-îª-í∫-©-úË-
¢Á÷-†E)
Govardhan: How much gas have you at
home now? today?
FÍéç É´y-™‰†’. Å´Fo/
(Éçöx í¬uÆˇ áçûª’çC?) has'nt, given me any, not... any
ÅE Sudarsan: None (at all) =
Åü¿çû√ Ø√èπ◊ 鬢√L.
Sudarsan: Nil. Åçô’Ø√oç. ÉD, no, no combinations èπÿ, ÅÆæ©’ ™‰ü¿’.
í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆:
not... any 4) Govardhan: What do you want from him?
Paper, uncountable
(ÅÆæ-™‰ç- ™‰ü¿’) éà ֆo ûËú≈.
Govardhan: I am sure he can help you. f) Prem: Who did you consult about this? Sudarsan: Nothing.
Åçõ‰ papers ÅEplural
paper a/
(-¢√-úø’ Fèπ◊ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îËߪ’-í∫-©-úøØË ¢√úøç; ´·çü¿’ (Ñ N≠æߪ’ç™ á´JE Ææçv°æ-Cç-î√´¤?) (àç Åéπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’)
Syam: a) None (short negative response) 5) Govardhan: How much gas have you...?
†´’téπç Ø√èπ◊çC.) an, 1, 2, 3 ™«çöÀ Ææçêu-
Sudarsan: But today is Sunday. Is there any- b) I didn't consult anyone (sentence) Sudarsan: Nil.
©÷-¢√úøç. ÉC ´’†ç M. SURESAN
thing he can do? (I consulted no one
®√ߪ’-ö«-EéÀ, printing ņ-ç) (ÅÆæ™‰ç ™‰ü¿’)
g) Sri Ram: Where did you go last night? 6) Sudarsan: Is there anything he can do?
(é¬F É¢√y∞¡ ÇC-¢√®Ωç. -¢√-úø’ èπ◊¢√úË paper N≠æ-ߪ’ç™)
îËߪ’í∫-L-Íí-üË-´’Ø√o Öçü∆?) 鬕öÀd ´’† conversation ™ ´·êuçí¬ í∫’®Ω’hç-- (E†o ®√vA áéπ\-úÕ-Èé-∞«x¢˛?) Govardhan: Nothing.
Govardhan: Nothing, I'm afraid. Srihari: a) No where (short response- naga-
éÓ-¢√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç. Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd no •ü¿’©’, (àç ™‰ü¿’)
tive) Å®·ûË Ñ Short nagative responses ÉîËa-
(à癉ü¿’) not any (n't any) ¢√úøôç conversation Ææ£æ«-
I'm afraid – Å™« îÁ°æp-ö«-EéÀ ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úø’-ûª’Ø√o. ïçí¬ ÖçúËô’x îËÆæ’hçC. b) I didn't go anywhere (sentence) ô°æ¤púø’, I'm sorry, I'm afraid, I wonder
Sudarsan: So I've to wait till tomorrow. We Éçé¬ îª÷úøçúÕ: (I went no where ņç) ™«çöÀN ¢√úø-´îª’a.
have to make do with the b) There are no good watches in the shop = É™« no, no combination (none, never, no a) Prakash: Can you lend me some money?
Kerosene stove at home. where, nil short nagative respons- Prabhat: I'm afraid, no / No, I'm afraid /
There aren't any good watches in the shop.
™«çöÀN)
es sentence I'm sorry, no / No, I'm sorry.
There aren't any good watches
(Åçõ‰ Í®°æöÀ´®Ωèπ◊ áü¿’®Ω’ îª÷ú≈- Ééπ\úø ņôç, èπ◊ ´·êuçí¬ ¢√úøû√ç. Å®·ûË
not... any short negative response b) Sumanth: Is your dad coming?
There are no good watches...
LqçüË. Åçûª´®Ωèπ◊ éÀ®ÓÆœØ˛Æd¢æ ˛ûÓ Ææ®Ω’l- éπØ√o Ææ®Ω∞¡ç, Åçö«ç.
éÓ-¢√-LqçüË.) Ææ£æ«ïç. -™ á°æ¤púø÷ äéπ-´÷õ‰ Öçô’çC. Srikanth: I wonder. (=No)
h) Ramesh: Have you ever been to the US?
[ [ [ c) His watch is no better than mine =
éÀçü¿öÀ ™„Ææ-Ø˛™ îª÷¨»ç ´’†ç. No = not any Ø√ ¢√--î˝ éπçõ‰- Åûª-úÕ ¢√--î˝ Â°ü¿l-¢Á’-®Ω’ÈíjçüËO’ é¬ü¿’
ÅE. Spoken English ™ ûª®Ωîª÷, no •ü¿’©’ not – DEo É™« ņôç better. Exercise: ANSWER
any ¢√úøôç Ææ®Ωy-≤ƒ-üµ∆-®Ω-ù¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈, Ææ£æ«ïç His watch isn't any better than mine (spo- Practise the following aloud in Gopal: Who did you meet yesterday?
(natural) ÅE èπÿú≈. ken form) English. Govind: None / Nobody
There is no sugar in the bowl ™«çöÀ sen- Å®·ûË 'no' form ÅÆæ©’ ¢√úø-®ΩE é¬ü¿’. 'No' form Gopal: Then where did you go last night?
(use short negative responses)
tences conversational English ™ î√™« - Govind: No where
èπÿú≈ î√™« ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ¢√úøû√ç, ´·êuçí¬ ™‰ü¿’, Gopal: á´-JE éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o´¤ E†o?
ÅÆæ£æ«-ïçí¬ NE°œ-Ææ’hçC.There is no sugar in é¬ü¿’, ÅE ´·éπh-Ææ-Jí¬ Ææ´÷-üµ∆-Ø√©’ (short neg- Gopal: What did you do sitting at home then?
Govind: á´JF éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’.
the bowl •ü¿’©’, There isn't (is not) any ative responses) ÉîËaô-°æ¤púø’,
Gopal: ´’È®-éπ\-úÕ-Èé-∞«x´¤ E†o ®√vA? Govind: Nothing. I just watched the TV
sugar in the bowl ÅØËC spoken English ™ Look at the following sentences:
Govind: áéπ\-úÕéà ¢Á∞¡x-™‰ü¿’. Gopal: How many exercises did you do?
áèπ◊\´ NE°œÆæ’hç-ô’çC, Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ üµ¿yE-Ææ’hçC a) Balu: How many students have come?
Gopal: Å®·ûË Éçöx èπÿ®ÌaE àçîË-¨»´¤? Govind: None.
èπÿú≈.
Gopal: How many serials did you watch?
(áçûª-´’çC Nü∆u-®Ω’n-™Ô-î√a®Ω’?)
(´·êu N-≠æߪ’ç: No any áéπ\-ú≈ -¢√úøç. Govind: àO’ îÁߪ’u-™‰ü¿’. öÀ.N. îª÷¨».
Sekhar: None/ No one
There is no any sugar in the bowl. ÉC Eng- Gopal: áEo áéπq®˝ÂÆj-V-©’ î˨»´¤?- Govind: None. I watched cricket.
(á´®Ω÷ ®√™‰ü¿’)
lish é¬ü¿’. Not... any î√™« ûª®Ωîª’í¬ ´Ææ’hçC; Govind: äéπ\öà îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’. short negative responses
b) Balu: What did you say?
Ñ èπ◊ •ü¿’©’,
no any á°æ¤púø÷ ®√ü¿’) Gopal: -öÃ-O-™  áEo Æ‘-J-ߪ’-™ ¸q îª÷¨»´¤? not... any ûÓ ÖçúË sentences practice
(à´’-Ø√o´‹?)
a) Subodh: How many boys are there in the Subha: Nothing = (I said nothing) Govind: àD îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’. -véÀÈé-ö¸ îª÷¨». îËߪ’çúÕ.
room?

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

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