Physiology Exam 5

Salivary Function Function of GI Tract o Propulsion of food & mixing of GI contents o Digestion & !sorption Secretions that promote digestion Ingest " #$day of %ater Secrete & #$day of saliva Secrete " #$day of gastric secretions 'ther secretions( o )ile * 5++ m#$day o Pancreatic * &,-5+ m#$day o Intestinal * " #$day Total excreted into GI tract * . # Small intestine rea!sor!s * /,-5+ m# 5++ m# enters colon 0++ m# rea!sor!ed !y colon &++ m#$day excreted 1utrient upta2e Sugars are a!sor!ed !y secondary active transport 3SG#T 4 sodium$glucose transporter5

Salivary Glands 6a7or Functions of Saliva o #u!rication o Digestion o Solvent action o nti!acterial action o )uffering action o 8e9minerali:ation o Temperature regulation o Production of gro%th factors Salivary Glands o Parotid Gland o Su!mandi!ular Gland o Su!lingual Gland 8esting ;onditions vs< Stimulated ;onditions Gland =istologic Secretion > of total Type secretion 3!asal5 @ rest Parotid Serous ?atery + Submandibula 6ixed 6oderatel /+ r y viscous Sublingual 6ucous Biscous "+$+

> of total secretion %hen stimulated @+ A+ "$/

Innervation o )oth sympathetic & parasympathetic salivary flo% Sympathetic * viscous saliva Parasympathetic * %atery saliva 3from parotid gland5 o Sensory afferents 3taste & smell5 4 trigger saliva flo%

Physiology Exam 5

Parasympathetic

Primary cell !ody Inferior Salivatory 1ucleus Dorsal vagal 1ucleus & 1ucleus m!iguus

1erve Glossopharyngeal 3;1 IC5

Ganglion 'tic

Gland Parotid 6ucous glands of oral cavity )ronchi, lungs =eart GI 3esophagus descending colon5 #iver, gall !ladder, pancreas Didneys #acrimal Palatal, pharyngeal, & nasal mucous glands Su!mandi!ular & su!lingual 6ucous glands of oral cavity Parotid Su!mandi!ular Su!lingual

Bagus 3;1 C5

Terminal Ganglia

#acrimal & superior salivatory nucleus Sympathetic

Pterygopalatine Facial 3;1 BII5 Su!mandi!ular Superior cervical ganglion

Secretory Path%ay o Initially, you can have salivary flo% %$out !lood flo% o Salivary secretion is 1'T a filtration process 4 it is due to active & passive ion transport o Path%ay( primary secretion in acinar cells intercalated ducts granular tu!ule striated duct excretory duct oral cavity o 6yoepithelial cells #ocated around acinar cells & intercalated duct ;ontractile 4 force saliva into striate duct o Striated Ducts 1aE$DE exchange as saliva moves thru striated duct 1aE is rea!sor!ed DE is excreted Secretion of various glycoproteins & proteins Ex( gro%th factors, immunoglo!ins )oth processes %or2 !etter %ith slo%er saliva flo% 3processes ta2e time5 Slo% flo% * F1aEG & FDEG in saliva Fast flo% * FDEG & F1aEG in saliva o Total salivary secretion is -5+9&+++ m#$day ;omposition of Saliva o 6ain ;omponents ?ater Electrolytes 4 1aE, ;l9, DE, =;'A9 6ucous 4 made of glycoprotein Slippery & stic2y 4 allo%s for lu!rication Protects GI tract from acid Gro%th factors 1umerous proteins$glycoproteins o Electrolyte ;omposition

Physiology Exam 5

Dependant on Flo% rate Slo% * more hypotonic 3/@ m'sm5 Fast * slightly hypotonic 3&A" m'sm5H more !icar!onic acid 3due to ;'"5

'rganic ;omponents Proteins of acinar cell origin( digestive en:ymes 3amylase & lipase5, mucous glycoproteins mylase 4 starts car! digestion #ingual #ipase 4 not that important under normal conditions 6ucous Secretion o 6ucous is pac2aged into glo!ules Glo!ules fuse %$ mem!rane mucous released into lumen o 6ucin glycoprotein & 4 high 6? 4 coat hard & soft tissues o 6ucin glycoprotein " 4 lo% 6? 4 clump !acteria together so they can !e removed from oral cavity 1on9acinar cell origin( gro%th factors, regulatory peptides 1erve Gro%th Factor 31GF5 o Found in salivary secretion of the su!mandi!ular salivary gland 3also produced !y other !ody organs5 o Function in saliva is un2no%n 4 it does stimulate the gro%th of sympathetic 1S o Giving ne%!orns anti!ody to 1GF %ill inhi!it 1GFIs systemic action, creating immunosympathetomy Salivary Gland Epidermal Gro%th Factor o ?ound healing in saliva 3ex( animals lic2 %ounds5 o Gets into general circulation & has trophic effects( 6aintains ileal mucosa ids in healing ulcers 8ole in liver regeneration 3regenerate hepatocytes5 Salivary Gland Dalli2rein o Protease found in saliva o Ta2es a precursory molecule to !rady2inin o )rady2inin is a potent vasodilator Immunoglo!ins 6a7ority is Ig 3->5 Ig J Ig6 J IgG J IgD 'ther Salivary constituents P'A 6g"E ;ortisol, estrogens, progesterone, testosterone, & aldosterone ;oncentrations close to those in plasma DonIt have to dra% !lood to do testing

;ontrol of Salivary Secretion 'vervie% o Small !asal secretion 3small amount secreted even %$out stimulation5 o 6ost secretion caused !y afferent sensory input Taste triggers secretion( acid J s%eet & salty J !itter 3almost no secretionH !itter su!stances usu< toxic5 6astication( saliva triggered !y mechanoreceptors

Physiology Exam 5

'lfactory 3smell5 Tactile & temperature receptors o 6echanical irritation of oral mucosa 3ex( mastication5 * salivation Ex( patients %$ ne% dentures or ortho appliances salivary flo% is usu< temporary 1ervous system factors o " nuclei control salivary glands( superior salivatory nucleus 4 Facial nerve 3BII5 su!mandi!ular & su!lingual glands inferior salivatory nucleus 4 glossopharyngeal 3IC5 parotid glands o 1S ;ontol 3controls ho% much saliva & composition5 1S is the most important factor in control of saliva Parasympathetic Increase !lood flo% to%ards salivary glands ="' & electrolytes #arge in %atery secretion * volume " mechanisms for parasympathetic neurons to secretion o 6uscarinic receptors 4 ;h !inds to 6A receptor on salivary gland ctivates phospholipase ; converts phosphatidylinositol90,59!isphosphate into( IPA F;a"EG opens ;l9 channels ="' secretion into lumen 3="' follo%s ;l9 into lumen5 D G protein 2inase ; protein secretion into lumen o ;otransmitter BIP 3vasoactive intestinal polypeptide5 is released %$ ;h 1' 3nitric oxide5 is released vasodilation of salivary gland !lood vessels Sympathetic Small increase in secretion * volume Secretion is rich in protein * more viscous " receptors used !y sympathetic neurons to secretion( o receptors 3same activity as muscarinic receptor5 fe%er availa!le compared to receptors activates phospolipase ; converts phosphatidylinositol90,59!isphosphate into( IPA F;a"EG opens ;l9 channels ="' secretion into lumen 3="' follo%s ;l9 into lumen5 D G protein 2inase ; protein secretion into lumen 8esults in small secretion 3only "+> of that caused !y parasympathetic stimulation5 o & receptors activates adenylyl cylase c 6P rich protein secretion 'ther factors involved in Salivary Secretion o =ormones Trophic effects =elps maintain salivary glands Does 1'T cause change in rate of flo%

Physiology Exam 5

o o o o

Psychic 3cephalic5 stimulation 3ex( sight & smell5 4 via salivary center in medulla Fright * salivary secretion nxiety * salivary secretion ;ircadian rhythm 6ost secretion occurs in the afternoon Secretion K lo%est levels during sleep 3only L&+ m#5 Seasonal factors 'nly occurs in temperate :ones 3%here it is %arm all year5 =ighest secretion in %inter 4 lo%est in summer 6ay !e due to hydration

Electrolyte & Protein Secretion o cinar ;ell ;l9 & 1aE Secretion Solution is hypertonic as it first is secreted !y acinar cells ;o9transporter moves A 1aE9@ ;lMA DE I1 3electrically neutral5 Pump moves A 1aE 'NT & " DE I1 5 DE lea2 'NT @ ;l9 move thru ion channel 'NT 4 %ater follo%s ;l9 'NT o cinar ;ell =;'A9 Secretion ;'" & ="' 3%hen more active5 =";'A =E E =;'A9 exchanger moves =E 'NT %hile moving 1aE I1 =;'A9 moves thru ;l9 anion channel 3non9selective anion channel5 Due to !icar! ion moving 'NT 4 p= increases as flo% rate increases o Striated Duct 1aE$DE Exchange DE$=E exchanger moves DE 'NT 3into lumen5 & =E I1 3into cell5 1aE is !eing rea!sor!ed I1 3out of lumen5 do%n its concentration gradient thru 1a9selective ion channel o Fluoride ;oncentration is saliva is the same as in plasma ;oncentration is raised !y exogenous sources ;ities in NS put & ppm fluoride in drin2ing %ater ?or2s to sta!ili:e ;a"E in enamel & prevent caries

Physiological Functions of Saliva Taste 4 dissolves particles so the can !ind to taste !uds Digestion o 9amylase 4 dissociates all 9&,0 !onds, cannot !rea2 9&,@ !onds 3K !ranch points5 o lingual lipase 4 not very active under normal conditions S%allo%ing 4 coats oral cavity & esophagus Speech Pathological states 4 ex( fever * in salivary flo% 3can result in fever !listers5 Esophageal secretion 4 mucous secreted into esophagus 4 facilitates movement of !olus