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Refuting An Agitation
101 Lies & Dubious Arguments of Telangana Separatists
Published by us and released in New Delhi on January 22, 2013
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All rights reserved, No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any from,
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person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.
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$X\.. ~, $X\... n~ nH &e+& ke $ds D y< <sD

q&T+<, @~ @yTq |{ &e+& yqT q eTqd e+ key<+>H
|]>D+ #\ HVA nHsT.
eTT+<T> HVA $X+< nq ef y&< T , s +& $wjT +, 1953 HVA uc|jT T
sc\ kqTL\+ <T, <X+ |& C> s|~<T +Tq deTjTeTq y<q jTq
@u$+#&yT n+<T sD+. <VsD HVA eTVsw, >TsY *d sw+>
+&\ sTHsT. n> \T>T, eTs], q& e{& |\ L&Tq V <su< sc
L& jT<<+ > =+\+ +#\qTHs+!
uc|jT T sc\| jTq q $eTsH <sD deT]+#<\ #T qysT jTqq
s n_bj\qT L& deT]+#*. n+ | eT d+ ueC, ysTy<
nqTL\+> q e\qT eyT m+#T+{eT+f <s< T . b+rjT + eTs| ~eTC
\D\THjT L& HVA y~+#sT. sc\H$ e\+ b\H|syTq k\u |
>sy <HsT. \+>D ysTy<T\T e+ y +<q \ + b+ |\
>se |qsT<s D q |< |< #TT+{sT. ~ HVA <~+q< esyT <,
nsTTH m+<T sjT + #dT H s?
21
#]
nejT| |[LT] >&d] |[=&T |[ #dTqT $q+ deTjT+

HVA nHsT. jTq e\ |s+ $&\ neXeTT+~.
ysT y<T\T # \+> |#s+ #dTq eTs n<$T~.

Ceu< du HVA e\T nd\T nq<T. u$wT
y&Te{ M\T> HVA eT +{ u+ #={ sd
qT> ysTy<T\T |&T #| +THsT!
|< Ceu< |Hk |P]> jT<<+ > |#T ]+q m+|

#dq eVsY HVA s#q \T (The Selected Works of Jawaharlal
< T . C jTq |Hd <sD >eTd <X ds eTTU_e~
Nehru) m& |keq H
<c n+<s \dyT \d +&*q neds ddTq T nse TeT+~. jTq b+rjT d+
<sDT\ < es L& +~ | qqT { nse TeT+~.
us< X + e\+ , H #+~q~ <T, eTq+<]B us e e\+ V <suBjTT\<,

s |<X ydT\ eyT #+~q< <T. eTq+<s+ usY u>+. Ve\j\ qT+
He] < <Xe T+ eTq+<]~. V <su<, Ceu< MT<, & , nVeT<u<
H< #| { M< T . MT Ve\j\ MT<, & ~s |<X \ MT< V qf, HLV <su<
MT< V+~.
eT] HVA nq|&T ysTy<T\T m+<T n+^]+#s y *j*.
22
sTEe\T <eT+
\+>D |\ n;c $sT<+ > \+>D qT +< $q+ #XsT
yT+{ *d L& ysTy<T\T #TTq | n<$ T~. \+>D yTC]{
|\ n;c $sT<+ > 1956 $X+< @sf+ < ysTy<T\T |< |<
#TTHsT. eT s|D }+> .$. s+>s&, eT] #Hs& e+{
sjT HjT\qT <V ]dTH sT. yde + n+<T _q+> +~.
1955 nsY 27 q V <su< q>s +>dt $T{ $X+< eT< T >, n+f
k, sjT\deT, V <su< sw+ \T>T e{& b+\ $H nqTL\+>
rsq+ y~++~. V <su< sw+ qT+ eTs, q& e{& b+\T
y[bsTTq|{ V <su< b<q+ m+eeT >Z +& +& => @s&
sc s< e+ V <su< H +&\ $T{ ]+~. \+>D n+{ nH |< q |D \, e+<~
>eT |+#sTTr\ $X+< @sT nqTL\+> @^e rsH\T #XsTT. KeT+yTT, >s+, eTT\qsT,
+ <T, es+>, c< q>sY n+<T = C n|{ yTT+ \+>D n+{ $X+< H<+ esTy+~.
Xdqdu #s \qT{, ~q|\ ys\ qT{, \+>D nH |D \, >e\ #dq rsH\qT {
#d 1956 eTT+<T dyT y< ueq n+{ eV++< | ysTy< <sD < dwe TeT +~.
V <su< Xdqdu 1955 qe+sY 25 yTT<\T= &d+sY 3 es sc\ |qseed s D d+|T + (mk)
y~ MT< |y X |{q n~] rsH #]++~. Xdqdu 174 eT+~ |C | <T \ 103 eT+~ $X+<
nqTL\+>qT, 29 eT+~ \+>D sc nqTL\+>qT 15 eT+~ duT \T d+ >qT +&bjsT. e\+
\+>D b+ #+~q |C|<T\qT eyT |]>Dq rdTH, y] 59 eT+~ $X+<
nqTL\+>q, 25 eT+~ eyT \+>D sc nqTL\+>q sT d+ >q +&bjsT. B {
H{ Xdqdu yK ] $X+< nqTL\+> +~.
1961 k<sD m\ nq+s+ eT&+ s +&=+T\eT+~ XdqduT \T sTq |+ +<, \+>D $q+
e#Tq | n $TwH db sY #d+ ~. d s y T q n+XyT $T+f V <su< sw Xdqdu | db sT
#dq >&T e < eTT+< $H nqTL\+> eT&+ s +&=+T\ yTC]{ rsq+ y~++~. {
| n d#q\ nqT>TD+>H < eTT+< $q+ ]bsTT+~.
+< sjT HjT\T eT ## + $q+ eeVs q&|+ #sH~ | &T |#s+. |#s $sT<+ >
sc\ |qsed s D d+|T + (mk) y~ 382 e |s qy<T#dq $wjT + +~. +<
|C_bj |_+_+# \ HjT\T $H y~dH $q+ n_\wDj
T yT nsTTq|{ \+>D |\T
d#+ <+> y<+ *jTCjT + # eTTKeT n_bjT|&sT . eT u$ wT d++~+q sj
T + rdTe\d+~
|< q+> \+>D |qHsT
23
#]
H&T +< ysT L& \+>D yH \TeT #| > b|d s Y jTX+sY e+ $&s + > yTT+
|T q\ e esd sXsT.
\+>D |\ n;c $sT<+ > mk dw+ > #dq db sT _q+>, n|{ |eTTK HjT&q eVsY
HVA n_bj\ $sT<+ > 1956 qe+sT 1 q +< |<X sw+ @sf+ ~. ## + #dq sj \
|* yT ~.
ysTy<T\ TsTT+|, b|d s Y jTX+sY y<q nd\T C\eTT+<T <~|+ *bTHsTT <!
24
sTEe\T <eT+
| n n<q @sfq sc\ |qsedsD d+|T+ $H es+
sTy<T\T |< |< #TTq eTs n<$ T~. @ sT rsT nsTTH,

$T{ < $TwH y~ nsTTH, eT |]o\q q n+X
nqTL\, |L\ y<q\{ qy<T #dT+~. ddt | n
n< q @sfq sc\ |qsed s D d+|T + L& q n< jTq+
u>+> eq n y<q\q d+| ] ++~. y~ qy<q
y<q d+| sb $TwH n_bjT+> |]>D+#L&<T.
ysTy<T\T e+ $H es+> =+<sT deT]+q
y<q\qT $TwH n_bj\T> +dT H sT. n< $<+ > nqTL\
y<q\T $|+qy] n_bj\T L& n< y~ HsTT eT].
nsTT n y<q\q |]>Dq rdTq sTy $TwH #d dbsT\T eyT eTq
s<s+. mk T~ db sT ~.
386. n+X\{ |]>D+ q sT y nT +<, T \+>D |j H\qT <w

+#T= |dT \+>D qT | sw+> @sT#d < V<su< sw+>
+#T 1961 s>{ neXeTTq k<sD m\ nq+s+ V <su< sw Xdqdu
eT&+ s+&=+T\eT+~ XdqduT\T $H nqTL\+> q |+ n|&T $H
neX+ *+#\ yTyTT ssD e#+.
|q |s=q e\qT{ $H mk es+ < dwe Te+~. s +&<++f, $H
nqTL\yTq |+ z{+> |{q |&T V <su< Xdqdu eT&+ s +&=+T\ yTC]{
+&\ $TwH #| +~. n+H my e+~ < !
{ mk dbsT qT+ d | ] #dq |... $q+ >&TeqT <
eTT+<T s|+ <bT y +&*q neds+ +& D $H eT&+
s +&=+T\eT+~ H |> H yTT>TZ #bsT. B MT< HVA d+<q d + n< $esD +~.
< sT y s>\qTq < n+\+bT |+&+> |+ | |+ <qT+{..
n+<T eTT+<T> $H y~+#sT nHsjTq
n sjT b\ y<+H T~ sj
e#eT HVA $dw+ > #| qT> ~ V+<
~q| jTq Ceu< |d+ > +d sd+~....
25
#]
V <su< sw =* eTTKeT+ sT\Z seTcse $H es
yVsTy<
<su<T\Ts|w \=*eTqdeTTKeT+
sT\Z seTcse b~d
T H{q eTs n<+ ~. ~ +< |<X
@sT sTZ\ eseT |#s+ #jT{ <s+> jTq
sdqT #TTq KH=< #|THsT. n~ jTq eTTKeT+>
sdq n~sK <T. k+ | L& n~ <T . n dw+ q
&yT+{ <s+> ysT y<T\T $eTs #dT H sT.
$d+> y&Te{ M\T> K $ksY esZq eH n~
sY V& MT< <q yde + >, < MT< m& jTq d++
<q $wjT + > ysTy<T\T m& |k$+#&+ <T . C
&yT+T $\Te |Xs y T q $ksY L& #T+~.
10
y K dw+q~ <H nqTH, sTZ\ C | \+>DqT deT]+#<T.

jTq~> #TTq K K] |s ~.
|]d nqTL\+>, |L\+> q n+X\qT HqT s U e+> d+#qT. H k+

n_bjT+ #| + | eT+~. n+X+ MT< c + >, s>< c\r+> |]d dMT+ #.
u+usTT qT+ H deT> dMT B MT< eT]=+ sk.
sw eTTKeT+> sT\Z $X+< y | \&sq ~ sT>T d +. $q+ sT y =>
@s& sc qT HjT + eV+#ue+< jTq *dq|{ >o\, |]b\H<
|<] +#sT. $X+< $wjT + m+{ u< _bj\ e n+ V <su< sw
eTTKeT+ sT\Z seTcse, +< sw eTTKeT+ uy& >b\ s & q d+jTT
| qqT 1955 nsT 24H{ +< |u ~q| +++~.
26
sTEe\T <eT+
yT+ n&T>TTq~ 1956 eTT+<Tq \+>D sw |qsT<sD
ysTy<T\T 1956 eTT+<Tq \+>D sc eyT eTT

n&T>TTHeT #TTHsT. ~ y n$yy T H y*. <+ f
<X | P s+> #]qT e] dTH s nqTy*. yde yT$T+f,
\+>D sweTH~ @H& <T. 1947 us<X
k++ eq|&T C+ b*dTq V <su< s+ \+>D,
eTss &, q& e{& b+\T *d HsTT.
11
1956 uw b|~> sc\|qsedsD sT>TTq|&T

V <su< sc eT&TeTT\T #XsT. < +< |<X , u+ujYT
sw+ (|dT eTVsw) , s eT< $u +#sT. V <su< q>s+ yTT+ V <su< sc
s< | , e\+ \+>D <T { \+>D swy T T{ | &T +&< nsy T T#
<X | P s+> ysTy<T\T \+>D |\qT | <]|{d T H sT. C n~ ysTy<T\T
dw+ |#s+ #dT q }VyT q swy T .
27
#]
1956 $H es+> |< mTq & k+usY

> u +<q ]+~.
k++ e# V <su< sc usY ]|_ *|+<T

C+ s]+#&T. \+>D s T \| ssq T d>=&T, |* +>
C+L, |P & u keTT\L es+> kjTT< s +> bs+
k+~. bsT sCsq T m<TsTH eT+ @&T y\ eT+~
|> s T \T neTsT\jsT. <+ y| sT>TT+&>H C+
q ~ d + < X + > | { + | C d T e{ neX y T H
HjTyq |jT +#&T. n+<T n+X sd$T y~
MT~ rdT &T.
12
e] 1948 d|+ sY ]q bdt #s |* +> us ]|_ C+ >Z&T . |uT

q&|+<T us |uT + eT<dt qT+ => b\H d+~ rdT=+~. B+ nHe T+~
$T\T |]b\H|syTq \ kH jT$TT\jsT. |uT |]b\H <>\
V <su<s T \qT jT$T+#{ ||T {+#+<T & k+usY > u |sT +<q
]+~. yde yT++f, & k+usY > u +<q k+< |\ es+> ]q~
<T. |< q+> eT<dT qT+ eq $T\ es+> ]+~.
|&T \+>D | uy<>\T s #>=& H{ & k+usY > u +<q eT
kss+ ysTy< #]sT\T = s#q$T#sT.
28
sTEe\T <eT+
=+<sT H\ T \+>D |\ +\ qeT <V+ #d \+>D

|Cd$T +>dt b *bsT.
\+>D | n~ d+U\ + | swe Tq~ + <T.

1969 \+>D +<q s 1971 du ]q eT< +s
m\T ]>sTT. | sw H<+ \+>D |Cd$T \+>D
b++ 14 du kH b{#d |~+{ >\Tb+~+~.
H\T+{HH dyT y<+ > *+<q~ +. @yTH +{ u
$jT+ k~+q|{ #Hs& HjT + \+>D |Cd$T
+>dt $qyT | \+>D sw +<q dd| * +~.
13
$q+ $u~ +q nHe T+~ HjT\T d+|Ps \+>D |C d$T (mdt{m dt) |sT =
b @sT #XsT. 1972 sw Xdqdu m\T ]q|&T mdt{m dt \+>D b++
40 kH b{#d+~. b s|q nu] >\Tb+<sT. $T*q nusT\T eT
&bT e+ eyT <T, yTT+ z 1.7 X+ eyT b+<>* >sT. { {|m dtqT
+>dt $q+ #jT eTH~ \+>D |\ +\ qeT <V+ #jT eT nq{
M<T. 1972 sw Xdqdu m +>dt u $jT+ k~+#&yT +>dt \+>D
|Cd$T $H, dyT ueq \+>D |\T y<eTT< yXsq& <s q+.
29
#]
+< sw+ @s&|&T +< b+ |\T eT<dt $&|{qf |&T

V <su< $&|{ k+ s< ]+#Ty*.
eT
<dt sw+ qT+ $&Bd +< sw+ @sT #dq |&T \T>T
|\T eT<dt q>s+ n&>sT. <Ts< we X y] |jT + |* +#< T ,
n> => @s& \T>T sw+ HjT <+ > \y*q \T>T
e{ & b+\T ], s +| s +, VAdsY s sc
*dbjsTT.
14
+< |<X sw+ @s&q|&T sjT\deT |\T s \T s<>

=qk> neX+ e<T\THsT. \T>Ty] nH $d |j q+
d+ >+ #XsT. C H{ V <su< sw+ \T>T |\T L& => |b~dTq
$X+< V<su< s< y\ sTHsT. V<su< sw+ <<| d>eTTq
q&, eTs uw\T e{& b+\T s, eTVsw \TdT+ &+, qc u
#jT { V <su< q>s $X+< s<> #j \qTHsT. \+>D |\T sTq
beTTK =qk>+<T sws < V <su< nsTT+~.
sw+ eT&T b+\L #+~q \T>T |\ eT&
+\ yTs L& V<su< qT s<>
m+#THsT. +< |<X sc @sT #j \ sT
1955 nsY 27 q V <su< q>s +>dt $T{
rsq+ #d+ ~. V <su< s<> = sw+ @sT
#j \ rsq+ | +> +< |uT $|
#XsT. < &T> \+>D q\TeT\ q nH
|D \T, >e L& +< \+>D *| = sw+
@sT #j \ sT rsH\T y~+#sT.
\T>T nH |< + Hsy s T H eT+ \T>T
e{& |\ b\eTTq = b+\qT s sc\
e<T\Ty* se+ <Ts< w+ , \+>D ysT y<T\T
e+ s# T > +< yq T eT<dT y ]$T yXsT
n+ d+s|&T #TT+{sT. \T>Ty&
neeq+ ]+< n+ eTs \T>Ty&T q+~+#+
$#ss+.
30
sTEe\T <eT+
1969 H{ C \+>D +<q s n\| &+& ]H, sT H\H

s<s TT+~. sT y m$T~ d\ |< + , sT d\
| < + | { + #s T . d T | + s T eTT +< q \qT
deT]++~. B J]+#T |\T&>\ +< es+Z
C +< +<q bs+_++~. m|{>H +< |uT +
|\T&>\ +< esZ\ ePV\ Z+~. 6 d\
|< + |yX |{+ ~. B \+|T d \+>Dy] <*q
neX\T <#THsT.
15
1969 +<q s \+ sw+ n sjT b\T *d <TsTq n\|

|+<+ C u>H neT\sTT+~. eTT +<q \ e+ ++ @s&+~. n\ |
|+<+ eTT +<q MT< +< |<X V sT d $~+#&+ e\H n ]+~. eTT
+<q neT\T m<Tsq + $TqVsTTd, n\| |+<+ neT\T <q y<q
X<n <+ sT <X+ |uT + #T * fj
T + e\ { neT\T <T .
m$T~ d\, sT d\ |< \T +<, sjT\deT |\ <>, $< neX\T s+&
#XsTT. B e\ y eT k+ s<H |ssTTysj sT. ~ C +< +<qqT
sCd+ ~. eT sw s<H deq V\T q|&T | sw+ @sT #j \ k+<,
sjT\deT |\T &e+& #XsT.
sJ es+Z n|{ |< +~s>+B sT d\ |< + sb+~+#sT. n b+\ eTTK
HjT\ n+^]+q |< e T~. |< + neT\T d+ sC+>+ q esT\T #XsT.
sTd\ |< \+|T+#sq s|D e\+ eTs esD k\ ]sY #dq
<>\qT |{ sTd\ |< + |s+ y {sTTdTH sT. q q neTD\T
@eTH +f |{ 610 Jy <s #es d]#XsT. $T*q = neTD me
u>+ usus \ d++~+q dT\T, n+f ys sT b+\ #+~q usus \ T b++
*d |#j\qT e+ +{$. { \|Tq\+ s+s+ #dTq s|D\T e\+
|\qT s #>={.
31
uw
d+d
32
33
+<, \+>D b+\ |\T y] d+d T\T ys sT
<$T $+&y<+!
\+>D nH |< \T>TH\ n ns+ . #] n+{ |&Tq
b+ &y, sT \T L& n> eeV]+#sT.
16
{e* \+ ysTy<T\ |T +Te +< nH |<+ T

|sjT|<+ > e]bsTT+~.\+>D +< |<\qT |sd s ys T <
|<\T> # n\y> |j dTH sT. \T>T e{&y +<T \T
nH nd\T ns e] k+<, sjT\deT y +<T \T nH
~+#XsT. | \+>D sw y< \ T q y n< |> <Tw #s+ #d +<
nH |< L, <|& , yk |sjT|<+ > y&TTHsT.
d s y T q $wjT yT++f, #] n+{ |dT \+>D (Xuse TT ` \T>T H\) b+H
+< > \T>Tys+<s d>s +> #THsT.
dT|d< d+|<jT \T>T e\ s q yTs bq |dT \+>D b+ #+~qy&.
jTq \T>T nqTe~+q u>e leT< +< eTV u>e+ > HeTsD + #dT HsT.
<T \T>T kV d++~+ $w e> |s=+~q l dTses+ ||s & \T>Ty]
ke #]| sdq |d +<T \ k+|T #]eTT nH |sT|{sT . +< ksd
|]wY B 1949 |#T ]++~. dTses+ d+b< + y\Te&q dT|d< |#T sD >+&
e\ d+qT >+& +< $esD $ $d |weTT> |]#jT + #XsT. C+ \+
+< nH |<+ b\\ s+X +| sT>TuT>q, nd V+>q >T]+| b+~+~.
1947 eTT+<T esL \+>D nH |<+ |<> b#Ts+ <T . \+>D kjTT< s +>
bs deTjT+H n~ =*k]> b#Ts+ e+~.
\+>D b+ sjT ke H n>>DT\T> |s=+~q e&b{ VqTeT+seqT
+< |eTVQ&>H ]+ #sT.
C+\+ D +q \T>T d+d sejTe X+ s+u+ |qsTJeq ;C\T HT+~.
1901 V <su< lw< e sjT +< uc \jT+ s+uy T , 1904 es+>
ss qs+< +< uc \jT+ @sT < yT \+>D n+{ n+{ kV,
34
sTEe\T <eT+
k+d d+| H @sjsTT. y{ me u>+ |{ j o\+> |#dT H sTT.

C 1945`48 eT< C+ es+> +>D kjTT< s +> bs+ +< eTVdu
H +H ]+~. C+ |uT + q~]> |#dq qyu n*jesY +> k] l
e&b{ VqTeT+se e{&T .. eT<dt sw+ +< \qT, C+ H +
+< \qT $q+ #j\q< MT +< +<q \eT e |uT <w e+~
nHsT.
nsTT, H{ \+>D H\ T e+ +< nH |< T& \T>T < \+>DqT
|ejT+> y&{ s]+#sT. ydy \T +&>, ysTy<T\T e+ n$ s +&
ysT ys , e], n$ <={ $sT<e T L& <Tw #s+ kdTH sT.
35
uw, d+d
e uw ysT, e d+d ysT
~ # |e<s y T q y<q!
17
eTq $X\ \T>T d+d \+>D d+d u>+ eyT .

e=d \+>D d + nH | d+d T\THsTT. n$ ~u<
qT+ qZ+& < esT +{sTT. yTT+ > #d \T>Tys+<]
<<| deqyTq k+d bs\THsTT. ny \T>Ty]
| C> \u{sTT. nsTT d+d nH~ m|& d+|Ps+ >,
@s|+ ds+> +&<T. d\ se\T +&e#T. @yTH
sw+ \T>T |\+<s , eTTK+> +< |<X @s&q s
k+d +> d$T[yT b jsT.
sw+ ed+#y]B, ||+ #y|+ > q \T>T ys+<]B C+ \+>D +< <eT+ H{ ^+ ~ :
*| >\ @ uwq #| { ucXgy qeds+ <T .
sT#Ty?
S
n uw\qf b+\T, | b+\ e+&*\THsTT.
e+&*\T, |e+&*\T, jd\T d\ se\ keTT |\T +&
q+ eq n$ eT+ eTT | uw C\e <X $T+q +&
$sT>T sT>T\{
>T]+#*. uc|jT T sc\ N* jk|jT Ts c\T
]b +~
#j \+f \+>D b+H |\T | sc\T> N*. \T>T _&! sT#Ty?
\+>D \T>T (~ L& @s|+ <T, \+>D
b++ nH jd\THsTT) nH~ k \T>T, sjT\deT
\T>T +f _qyTq< $+&y<+ #dysT uw +f
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36
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18
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37
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19
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38
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20
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39
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22
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23
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42
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24
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43
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44
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28
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47
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48
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29
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50
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30
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51
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32
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55
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56
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34
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35
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58
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36
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39
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62
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41
C |< d+d\ u {sTT+|\T nH$ V <su< |]$T+ <T . $XK|D +q

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64
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42
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66
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|uT\T n_e~ #d e#sTT. y>+> ]q q>s n_e~e\
V <su< #TT| \ q \+>D \T \_ b+<>, $T*q
\+>D \ bT k, sjT\deT \T s H u>
qwbjsTT.
45
+<|<X sw s<> +&+e\H |\T |uT d+d\

V<su< +<+> e]+~. Xd |]X<q, n_e~ s+>+ CCMB, IICT, NIN, NRSA,
+ d+d\ T V <su< @sjsTT. n<$<+ > DRDO,
NMDC bT eT]= Xdk
b , qj
T sY |P jT +| (NFC) e+{ sD s+>
DRDL, DMRL, BDL $T<, ]HH
d+d\ T V <su< #TT| \ H\=HsTT. |uT s+> d+d q BHEL, IDPL, HMT, ALLWYN
>T]+ => #b*+<MT <T . V <su< yT | sc > <XL& bs, { yT&
Vu> e]+~.
sw+ @s&q|{qT+ d+|< V <su< |eV++~ | sw+ s b+\
n+> y <T . ] neX\ sD+>H \+>D, k, sjT\deT b+\
bT <X+ <<| n sc\qT+ L& |<d + K |\T V <su< s* e#sT.
{ k, sjT\deT b+ |* V <su< <|&< sT\T> r ]+#&+ e\+ ysTy<T\
{\ <s qeTq~ nse Te+~ <!
68
sTEe\T <eT+
sw <jT+ 50 X+ y{ V <su<qT+# edTH , < \+>D n_e~

|j+#&+<T.
< nsd + <, <X | P s es D . u>[+>
V <su<
\+>D b++H +&>, ~ sT <Xu\T> n+<|<X
s<. n+<T n \ |uT, ybs, b]X$T |y{,
|uT s+> |< q s\j\L V <su< +<yT + ~.
46
d+d <jT+ V <su< eyT ]+q~ q|{ <

|< q s\jT+ V <su< q~ { & |qT\T #*k sT .
swy|+> sb\T sVdTq |\T b]X$T, ybs d+d\ ]dsY s\j\T
V <su<H HsTT.
{, V <su< <j \+>D <jT+> #| &+ CsTTr |+#yT. V <su<
<jT+ @ b+ #+~q~<T. n~ sw|\+<] eT& kT. { V<su<
<j Hu b|~q sw+ n b+\L |+#*.
V<su< ]> syq edMT< e eyT V+< ysTy<T\T n+f m
<TsTT+~? +<|qT\ ed\T <jTeT+ & |dT\ e\H sT>TTq~ {
<j T eT+ e q> s # + < T T +< & yd T \T n+f eTq $u qy< T \T L &
n+^]+#s T <! ds , >D+\T |]o*<+...
b+\y> ] |]d ` s yq ed
b++
k+<
sjT\deT
\+>D
yTT+
\+>D (V <su<, s+>s& $TqV)
1956
862
217
1010
2088
752
y{ %
41%
10%
48%
100%
36%
2005`06
228139
50387
849376
1127903
148075
y{ %
20%
4%
75%
100%
13%
>eT: u $TdT, m C, d s yq\ 75 X+ y{ +>D<q ysTy<T\T TsTTdTH sT. C

V <su<, s+>s& \ $TqVsTTd y{ 13 X |&b T+~.
s yq ed \\ sbjTSource: Statistical abstract of AP, 1957, 2008 for 2005-06 Excise, Revenue Contribution
69
] n+X\T
+< b++ \|& +f eTT+< V <su < q>s+ m+ n_e~ #+~+~.

s dyT sh+ ]q n_e~ XSq+. n|&T,
|&T, m|{ V<su< < |< q>syT.
k
+ eTT+<, _{wt b* sc\ s<qT\T> q eT<dT,
u+usTT, \\ bT yTdsY, >*jTsY, V<su<, s& e+{
d+kH\ s<qT\T L& m+ n_e~ #+<sTT.
47
V<su< sheT+f |&Tq \+>D f <T. eTss, H&

b+\T L& *d +&$. s+&T b+\ Hu 50 X d
e> +&~. V<su< sh+ n+s>+> q eTs\T
eTVsh, q&>T\T s \y\ ssTT+#Te&+ V<su< sh+ d>
~+#TbsTT+~. B+ s< q>s+> V<su< nd+ qujT |e<+ @s&+~.
B+1955 $X+< | #s d+<s+> n q sh+ s<> V<su< q>s+ q
b<H \T|be#Tq V<su< +>dt $T{ uj+<q\T e+ #d+~. \T>T
|\+<s {> +& +<|<X sc V<su<qT s< #j\ +>dt $T{
|b<q\T |{+~. y>+> esTTq <T ||+#+ d+ q d \T|y\H,
|sT>T |<T
$q+ |*+>H +<|<X s<> ne]+q s L& V<su< >+ e~]>H
n_e~ #+<TH +~. +<|<X $$< b+\ #+~q |\ bT <X+ q\TeT\\
qT+ eqy] w |*+> V<su< n_e~ |<+ <dTbTH +~. <X+ n|<
sc {> q +<|<X s<> V<su< yTT<{ qT+ \_ b+<TH +~. nT
+<|uT+ L& V<su< | | <w |&TH +~. \+>D |\ yT\T #Ls mH
+< d+d\ V<su< \jT+> e]+~. <VsD ddm+;, d{, mHmH, mdtsYmdt@,
mHm+&d, &sY&z, &sYm+m MT<, ]HH b, nDT+<q d+d ;V#Ym, V#Y@m,
V#Ym+{, mdt;, {, &|m , X{, X+cu< n+srjT $eHXjT +, d+ jTe]{,
Vf d{... e V<su< bT #TT|\ \ n_e~ m+ <V<|&sTT. $H
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<VsD dy\jT+ |dT + ~ed q C u | n eT&<T \ ]+qy <!
s d+kH\ s<qT\T> q yTd sY, >*jTsY, s&, EH>&\ T k++ s eT+>
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~q~H_e~ #+<TH +~. yTdsY, >*jTsY, s&, EH>&\ |]d #d +#+&
+<|<X s< +& +f V<su< ksTT <dTbjT<..?
70
sTEe\T <eT+
+D ]+ > yqT&bsTT+~.
\
jTsY yT |> s Y { |> s Y &+{ n +>+ HqT&.
n<&ysT +{sT>, n+\T n<&e n <qs+ . @yTH ,
48
s|D | s+<+> sTEy+~. \d] <jT+, $<TY

$j>+, s& b&e, b<$ T s> +<\T, {bsT<\, s>s
<>\T, ns d, bsX \ $< e+{ n_e~ d\qT #d
+< |<X @s&q|{ qT+N \+>D b++ >DjT+> n_e~
#+~+< \TdH +~. = n+X k+<, sjT\deT b*
\+>DH n_e~ # me> +~. ns, >D+\ d+#\\
s\jT+(Direcorate of Economics and Statistics) de#s+ >
us |D[ d+|T+(Planning Commission of India)y] e< q \ de#s+ >
|]o*d, +<|<X $T> b+\+f \+>D b+yT n~+> n_e~ #+~+<
dw+ > \TdT+ ~.
< $wj +< deT]+q y~ lw $T{ s]++~. esT X, n_e~
X, sh n_e~ b+\ y> y{\qT, n_e~ d\qT eT\+q+ #d nk<s D yTq
$wj MT |+#< T . \+>DH n_e~ >DjT+> +~. k +< dV d<+ >
q nqTL\\ bT eekjTs+> n_e~ dTBs #] +~. \+>D $wj =d >& q
eT&T` H\T>T <Xu\T> eekjTs+>+ |s>H +~. \qT { #d yqT&q
b++ sjT\deT neT+< | \+>D <T.
<q{ M s s ydy \ <{ ysTy<T\ n<\ eT\d+ u+ |L\TT+~.
b++
k +<
sjT\deT
\+>D
\+>D(V<su<,s+>s& $TqVsTT+)
1993`94
8863
8753
8498
7888
2003`04
26586
20204
25584
22725
e~ X+
200%
131%
201%
188%
<s+: sh d\ (93`94 qT+ 2003`04), d\ (2002`03) 93`94 d\

\d+ 91 Hu \T, 2003`04 d\ \ d+ 2001 Hu >D+\T <s+.
>eT : ]|syTq |]|w dsq d> |]>D+# \d] d\ Crj |s+ #d, sh
$q+ ]q s s b+\ b* #dq|&T \+>D n_e~ n+ y>+ > ]+~.
71
] n+X\T
\+>D 1956 eTT+<T mH |]XeT\T+&$. +sY b , nC+CV $T, b> e+{ |]XeT\T
|&T eT|& e yde yT. nsTT, 1956 s $s$ +q
*H, @| dsY e+{ |c |]XeT\T L& eT|& $wj
eT]bL&<T . 56 sT y nH |]XeT\T bs+uy T ~jT+>
=qk>TTq d <#d m?
49
nsTT, ] eed n_e~#+ <T, $d eTq eT+ = |]XeT\T UsTT |&{ + y{

kq+ yTsT> q d]= |]XeT\T se+ # dV +. { s+> b++ ]q
>DjTyTq n_e~ eTq+ $d]+#+ . n+srjT ksTT |sTydq s & u, ns_+<
bs, {d u <#\+, eTV+< d +, Hdd ,t $b, yT k|t e+{ d+d\ T sh s<
\yT q sb\T s]dT H sTT. eqe, 1956 sT yH <?
72
sTEe\T <eT+
\+>D b]X$T_e~ =se&+~. \>D +f k +<

sjT\deTH me |]XeT\T HsTT.
~ eTs s<syT q s|D. b]X$T_e~ =se&+<q y<
50
d| y<q d+ eTH nqTH, < $e b~+#+.

+< |<X b* >TsY, |+Cu sc me |]XeT\T HsTT.
n+eq +< |<X MT< +< $e |<] ++<qTy? n>
eTq sh+ b* &c b]X$T+> yqT& +~. eT] BH
#&*? = sc\T, = \T, =q b+H = ] s+>\
n_e~ s>& mH sD\T+{sTT. n& u>[ |]dT\T,
|<X + q#, KCeqsT\ n+<TuT, |uT $<H\T, |]XeT ~X> n& |\ # q +,
mH n+X\qT #&*.
+< |<X @s&q s \+>D b++ ]q b]X$T n_e~ k, sjT\deT\ +f
# meq~ ={b sjT yde +. b+\ y> ]\T, <>T\ rdT+f b]X$T
yqTuT nH s|D CC\T jT|& sTT. +< |<X >D+\T `2010|s+ k +<
5,95,240 eT+~ ]\T +f, sjT\deT 1,37,461 eT+~ HsT... \+>D e+
13,95,240 eT+~ HsT. V <su<, s+>s& \ b ]\qT $TqVsTT+H, $T*q
\+>D b++ 10,34,936 eT+~ b ]\T, <>T\T HsT.
>D+\qT |]o*d ysTy<T\T C\qT sTesT#d eT ysTy< mC+&qT m eTT+<T
rdT THs nse TeT+~.
|]XeT\T ` b <>\T, Ju\T

b++
k +<
sjT\deT
\+>D
\+>D(V<su<,
s+>s& $TqV)
2001
yTT+ ]\T, |10y\
Hu
<>T\T eT+~<>T\T
3,17,05,092
52,78,585
166
1,35,17,644
1,03,264
76
3,09,87,271
10,86,366
351
2,35,82,454
8,39,570
356
<s+: +< |<X >D+\T (2008)
73
J\T
\
1,75,782
25,680
2,56,069
1,46,668
d>T
Ju\T
554
190
826
622
] n+X\T
V <su< q # |]XeT\T +< y]y
~ L& eTs |d s|D. \+>D b+ b]X$Ty \
51
neX\T s+& nqTeTT\T, dqT\T s]+, +<, sjT\deT

b+\ y d s|D d \eTT+&~. n+{ |]d
qT qb{ <s+ L& m& <T . <X+ $$< b+\
#+~q b]X$T y\ T +< |<X n b+ ybs\T
#dT H sT. VQC +|\T H\=*q ybsd+ d\ d+>
dsd]. <VsD >jT+\ #+~q |&, b{, |]sY
(m|mt |mt |)t +| |eT><e] &|* > &+ dMT|+
+~. {d u<#\+ KeT+ +~. sT ><e] V] b, n<
keTs sY.m.. ds$T HsTT. es+> @| s jH +| +~. \+>D
b+ #+~q . y+k$T +T+u $XK|D + $X dt ukdt +| +~.
\+>D b+ #+~q yeTqse q&T|Tq | { |+& XK\T sh y|+ > <<|
n eTTKyTq |D q $d] + HsTT.
|]XeT, < d+d jeH, y] b+ b~+#+ >< T . |q #| qT> sw s T
+& sc #+~q b]X$Ty \ T L& b+\r+> |]XeT\T H\=\TTHsq
$wj >eT+#*.
74
sTEe\T <eT+
\+>D sh+ @s&>H T+u eT&s \ u $T k+
+<q }$T# H Te{ m+{ y>q+

#jT {H ysTy<T\T yq&s #| { +H <VsD
@+ y*? VMT Hsy s +<T y*q+ eekjTj>yTq
u$T \+>D b++ H<T. |dTeTTq de+ u$T
|q:|+|D s#sD mH deTd\T T sTT. m+>H +
sb+~+q u d+dsD |{ esL |P]> neT\T b jsTT.
<Xu\ sjT nqTue eTTq ysTy< HjT\ $wjT +
dw+ > \TdT. nsTTHds , |\qT +{ CsTTr y>H\
}]+ eT eTu |&TTHsT.
75
52
] n+X\T
\+>D sh+ @s&, \+>D q | sT< <>$Tk+
~ ysTy< <eT HjT\T #dT q eTs CsTTr y>q+.

s b+\ y] | $<c\T s #>=f mT> & u>+> +{
T VMT\T dTH sT. +<y] MT< $<w+ |+, +< b+
|\T \e++> e+ e\H eTT sT<>T\T> $T*
bjeTH ueq \+>D jTTe *+Z # ~. sh+ $&b
|&T y <>\T \+>D y] ekjT qeT\TTHsT.
53
yde + +<T |P] $sT<+ > +~. <X+ $$< b+

sT<>+ qf sh+ eT&T b+ L& deTd +~.
]| s y T q n+X\ bT sT<> eek> y T q mH sD\THsTT.
ydy sc $u d sT<> deTd >Z b > + |]> |e<eTT+~. <>T\ d+K
>T Z T +< | = <>\T |T se m+<T+f, u>[+> | +>D sh+ |&Tq
+<|<X +f q<eT+~. <jTeT >TZT+~. |*+> s< |uT <>\
d+K >DjT+> |&b T+~. |]DeT+ s nqT+< s+> <>eX\qT L&
~+ydT + ~. B+ bT |y T ybsT\T eT sb\qT k, sjT\deT b+\
s* +# neXeTT+~. <Xu\ \+> ysTy<T\T =qkdTq $w |#s+ |u e+ es
+{ |]De\ <] rdT+ <q e. d\ +> #d, sh $u q ] sT<>+ |sT>TT+<
| >Z<T.
| y<T\ VMT\T yde $sT<+ > +&yT <T, = sT<> deTd\ d + <]rksTT.
76
sTEe\T <eT+
| sh+ @s& eTTd+\ 12 X+ ]swqT
\+>D +<qq, | sc yTT<{qT+N esdTq

eTTd+ \qT T H+<T #dT q |jT + u>+> d>T>Z dTq
VMT ~. eTTd+ \qT +<q u>keTT\qT #d+<T ysTy<T\T
+{ #sD k< + y>H\T #dT H sT. eT|s y T q ]swqT
nH$ sC+>|s + > $y<d<yT q n+X+. eTTd+ \ e\+ 4.5
X+ ]swqT *+#\q sh |uT sj
T yT #| s y T q $y<
q $wjT+ *d+<. ydy\T *d L& 12 X+
]swkeT VMT m e>\sT? n+f, ysTy<T\T
de+ $$< esZ\ eT< T L&> Te+ d+ m+es H ks ,
@ VMTH m&|& #ks nse Te+<?
77
54
] n+X\T
\+u&\T, ~s w& >\ 12 X+ ]swqT
Hu b|~q |dT + sh+ q w& >\ |uT + 6

X+ ]swqT *k+~. nsTT, | \+>D md\ d+K 12
X+ +T+~ { y 12 X+ ]swqT *keT ysT
y<T\T }]dTH sT. n+f, | sh+ md\ s +&+\ ]swqT
#keT+THsT.
55
nsTT, & eTTK+> >eT+#*q $wjT yT++f, s b+\

b*q|&T \+>D md\ T me> +f y Hub|~q
|{ y 6 X+ +f me ]swqq T |j +#T+Tqf.
eTqdeT sT+Tq ]qT\ L& eTq+ < d e]+|C d m +T+~? eT
Hu me> q =+& b+\qT, ]q b+ | sh+ @sT #j \q &e+&
y qT+ L& +~ <! B y~+# |+ Hu b|~q y 50 X+ ]swqT
y* +T+~.
nsTT, ]swqT 51 X+ $T+#L &< dT|+sT dw+ #d+ ~. eT] me] ]swq
$~+ md\ ]swqT |+#Ts #| e\d+~> ysTy<T\qT \Bj*. ;d ]swq
kZ s, md ]swq kZ s ysTy<T\T dw+ #j *.
eT] ]swqT *keT+ ysTy<T\T w& >\y] |<e |{dTHsT. 12
X+ ]swqT nq~ $q& e+ u>H +~. d +> |]o*+ #dH
ydy \T \TksTT. |{ \+>D b++ q md\ T q {qT Hu b|~q
$j+#T= # { neX\qT b+<TTHsT. 12 X+ ]swqT <s y yde +>
m+ n<q| |j q+ #L sTT+<q~ d+<V yT.
78
sTEe\T <eT+
| sh+ @s& \+>D y>+ > n_e~ #+<TT+~.
ns# dsZ+ #|d ysTy<T\T #dTq eTs |#s$T~.

C k +< sjT\deT\ b* sE y>+ > n_e~
#+<TTq~ \+>D b+yT . 1956 s \+>D b++ n
eTTKyTq s+> #| <>Z |> k~++~. ] eqsT\ eT\
+<+> sh s< q>s+ V <su< \+>D eT< +&+
bsT>TH q eTVuq>s,Y yT<, s+>s&, qZ+& \T L&
u> \_ b+<sTT. sh+ eT&T b+\ bT <X+ $$<
b+\ qT+ |T&T\ V <su< q>s <]rXsTT. $u q
] < |]d +&b e#T ><!
56
sh $u q |&Tq kqTL\ ] yesD+ MT< re |L\ |u e+ #|dT + ~. ]

|]d +T |& \+>D b+ re qc $T>T\TT+~. q |uT e+e\, =+
ybs+ +< sjT\deT b+\ s* bjT neX+ e\ \+>D ]_e~ eT+<dT+ ~.
|]d +&ujT |e<eTTq|{ ydy eTsT>T|s \+>D ysTy<T\T
e+ >* yT&\T { #|dT H sT.
79
] n+X\T
@mdt, |mdt, m|tmdt, s jT|md | +<T\

y{me.
Ts< \+ n&n <T|P b e{ ~ |sw. CrjT ksTT

d+d\ q e<\<q e! jT|md nH~ n\ us |\ eed.
CrjT ksTT |u <s+>H nu sT\ m+| sT>TT+~. n+
| b+\T, sc\ y> nu sT\ m+| $e +&<T . n\
us ksTT ]> |\ L& b+rjT $<w| eT*
n+{+#+ <sTD+!
80
57
sTEe\T <eT+
{ ms\ k>Ts+~k+.
V.. $q{ # u>T+~. \ yT#T= rs*+< nsTT
58
| sw &e+&L B d++<+ <T =+es H k~+#\+f

dyT swyT XsD+. qB, \MT< V\ d+ sc\ eT<
reyTq b{ H\=q |dT |]d T \Te\ <s n<q| b+\
k>Ts+~+# >*> neX+ # |]$T+. c q~ |]$T+>
q { \\ {sTT+| |{ |P]> ]bsTT+~. lX\+
XjT + qB\ #T eTTdTsTq $y<\T d$TdbsTTH,
ysT y<T\T \+>D s T \ y>q+ qT> { ms\
k>Ts+~+#&+ k< eTjT eeVs+ <T. B &T sw $u q ] bC {
\+>D, sjT\deT\ eT< |+|\T #jT &+ L& $y<d< n+X+eTeT+~.
><e] qB \ $j>+ $wj =d \+>D = |L\ |]d T \THsTT. u>[+>
\+>D m>Te b++ +&+ +~s+ . n<q| u $T \Te\ <s s+~+#\+f
ls+k>sY bCqT yTsT>T|s#+ f esZ+ <+f mb\ |< |ejT+>
|dTHsTT. mb\ |<\ $<TY $j+#THy. M{ y*q $<TY qT
deTLsTe&+ dyT sw+ H dT\u+ > sT>TT+~. \+>D |\ ysTy<T\T
y>q+ #jT + yqT <q <TsT<X y T ++f, {bsT<\ s+>+ +>D b+ re
nHjT+ ]+<q nbV *+#{, +< |<X @s&q s \+>D b++
{ bsT<\s+>+ >DjTyTq |s> k~+<q~ +. k, sjT\deT\ b* #
y>+ > |s>$T++~. 1956 s k+< {bsT<\ |s> 71 X+ +&>, sjT\deT
64 XyT +~. \+>D e+ 228 X+ |]+~. +< |<X @s&q sT y {
bsT<\ s+>+ \+>D b++ mH yT\ TsqT n~>$ T++<q~ dTdw+ . { ms\qT
k>T rdTsy\q \+ ks+ e+ +#<q<.sw+ $&b n<T \+
\>H +&bT+~. dyT sw+ > +fH ~ =+es k< +. dyT sc+& u
&{ e\q u \\T k~+#>\ +. <+ f wy T .
81
] n+X\T
n +BjT $X $<\j 60 X+ k\ {sTTd,

V<su< d+ jTe]{ e+ +< y
+|XsT.
ne>Vq |+ #dq eTs s<s s|D ~. s< q>sy T q

V <su< kj $X$<\jT+ neX\T se+ <
1972 | +< <eT+ bZqysT #dq $eTs\qT <w
+#T=, y] X+|s # { V <su< +BjT $X$<\jT+
@sf+ ~. e\+ \+>D b++y] eyT \_ #L s+ d+
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67
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72
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s n~s+ sTTq n\ d+Uq ukeTT\ qT+
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k d+d\ T $X+< sh+ y\ &e+& #XsT. n+<T u keT esZ\ ] MbsTT+~.
n~ d+U\ n;w+ Hsy ] M*q+ ]+~.
1956 +< |<X sh+ @s&q s 1969 esL sh $u q &e+& s | s<T .
KeT+ $<] #|{ q sVs B 1969 \+>D +<q s>< &qsTT+~. +>dt
ndeTy~> e]q &s Y eT] #Hs& |{q \+>D |C d$T ({|m dt). 1971 bsy T +{
m n~ b{#d q 14 kH\>qT 10 kH $jT+ k~++~. H\T>T kH dyT y<+
H+Z ~. \+>D sh @sT z s|+ =+ nd+|Ps eT< T \_++<q{
m @ k +. nsTT, nd+|Ps eT< T L& m+ \+ =qk>< T .
e\+ @&~ >&e >H dyT y< \+> deT]+q +>dt b q {|m dt b $q+
#XsT. #Hs&. nsTT =+eT+~ H\ T $q sj
es+ d+|Ps \+>D |C
d$T (mdt{m dt) n nq eTs = b @sT #dT HsT. 1972 H{ sh Xdqdu
m \+>D b++ 40 kH b b{ #d+ ~. y] sT eyT > \Tb+<>
$T*qy+ &bT eyT <T, yTT+ z 1.7 X b |]$TyT + ~. 1972
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99
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110
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84
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112
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e=d nHeT+~ \+>D #+~q ybsT\ k+<, sjT\deT |]XeT\T
+&> k+< sjT\deT\ ybsT\ \+>D |]XeT\THsTT. uj
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113
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<T.
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86
$u+#\ sT 1969 q $<] <e sjT

<eT+ &+ ~. n< C \+>D +<q> |sTb+~+~. k+<,
sjT\deT ydT\qT deTjT+ ysTy<T\T V+d+#sT. |* +>,
sT b+\ eT< XT+ *+> re ksTT #]+~. n~
H{ $u qy<T\ |D+. \+>D +<q =qk+|>, 1971 yTT<q C +< +<q
eT]+ V+k+> e]+~. nH dT\T, s dw q T >\ u{sT . $<TY ds| s n+sjT+
*+#+ sw+ yTT+ N{e TjT+ nsTT+~. V+dqT n<T| #jT { dH s+>+
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|q #|q s+&T d+<s\ V+k d+|Tq\T ]q|{, sc +> +#\
sjT b\T, T~ n_bj eq s j b+ ] X+jTT |]d T \T
@s&sTT. |\T # =+<s> H #<T C| \qT eTsbsTT m+> *dbjs+f \T>Ty]
|\T| q +>ds eTTKeT+ m sese 1983 n~s+ #|{ sT .
1969 H{ C \+>D, 1971 H{ C +< +<q\ b* #d |{ ysTy< +<q
n++eyT . n|{ n+ reyTq +<q\T ]H s |\T #<T nqTuy \qT
eTsbsTT ] sT *dbjsT. |&T L& +< |uT + sw $u q es+>
dwy T q sj
T + rdT+f = ysH $u< \T deTdbsTT.
114
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+<, sjT\deT myT\ yTC]{ q+ \+ \+>D m|{ HjT+

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usY e+{ |]D >\ |CkeT <X+ <= ns+ y<q.

+{ y<qqT CrjT ksTT e]+|C d s Y |<X , ;VsY |
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87
|CkeT+ eT+&< \ qT+ |]wY duT \T, #s H <,

n> myT\T, m+|\T n+<s k bsT\ <sH mesT.
sw nd+; L& \+>D b+ 40 X+ b< + +~. k+< b< + eVdTq
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eT+~ eTKeT+T\T b++ qT+# e#sT. B { #d HjT+ b+<\+f yTC]{
+&\q #q ds + ~ <T. n> |< qeT+ eTHVH d+>, eJ |< | M qsd+ Vse,
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115
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sw nd+; rsq+ #j *q neds+ <T . us sC+>+ eT& ]

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|uT sj
\T HjT dMT &e\d +T+~. k<sD+>
= sc\T @sT #j \+f sw Xdq du | d]> rsq+
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L& #| +~.
88
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m|{ rsq+ y<+ b+<<H ~ ysTy<T\ s|D. q
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116
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+~.
89
sw, +< |uT \ n~] ]sT\ <s+> 1956 qT+ d]+q de#s+ |s+
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=~ deTjT+ | $T*q \eT+ \T>T |\T sjT |]b\q +< q $wjT +
L& |&T s|y T + ~. @yTq |{ n d+dT\q qf \T>T d+d q =+
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>& q =H $wj \ y\T>T #&+ ysT y<T\ y<q |d, X, C+ e
dwy T + ~. eT y<q <s+> ysT ]+#Tq |H~ L*be+, k+ |uT +,
k+ b\q nH = y<* s | #sT. usY e+{ VQb |CkeT eed
y #| sV djT+ b\q ns+ y<q. z{+> |< <s | e q n_bj
e+ #d+<T neXeTTq |Ck$T |jT eTq >eTksTT b\H eed\ THsTT ~
n ksTT\ djT+b\q +&+ eTs$T{.?
117
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90
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sh Xdq du >essY| <& jT+, $X+< eTVdu duT \|
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s & dS, J\ \e++> eTsTT+#+ e+{$ +<q deTjT+ ysT y<T\T
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MeTT+<T ~><T &T| nsTTq+<T d>T Z bjT y&|k+~. $u qy<T\T #| +Tq
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118
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91
l w $T{ d#q\T ysTy<T\ nqTL\+> sbe+

ysT $T{ |wq T <rd |jT \T yTT<{ sT . @&~\+bT
sheT+{ |s {d , |d, d++~ esZ\ n_bj\T d]dTq
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sH neTT&TueeTH s|D\T jT=#sTT. { $
e\+ sXdV\qT qT+ |T=q s|D\ me]H nse TeT+~.
119
sj\T
lw $T{ m$T< n<jT+ +< b+ sjT HjT\ &T
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|k$+#sT. $T{ duT \T ksTTqT, >eTksTTqT $$<
sjT b\qT, +<\qT, n+X+ e\ |u$T\jT
y]qT deyXy T d]+q $C|q |\T, d]+q n_bj\T,
]|q #s\ |*yT y~ ks+XeT $T{ dw+>
*jTCd+~.
92
lw $T{ $Xw D qT, eTT+<T { #|q es+Z qT mesH $u~ +#e#T. n+eq
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lw $T{ y~ m$T< n<j sdq eTT+<Te u>$T~.
$T{ q n< jTq deTjT+ d s X+u <\ deTd\qT, eysTTdT\ T/q T |sT>T<\
dV Bs \ n+sZ u < #s \ |u y\qT |]o*++~. $T{ sjT b\T ss \T
s >|\T deT]+q $q|\qT, shksTT deyX d++~ esZ\ ]|q
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deT]+#+ sT>TT+~. eTT+<T<] o]q y~ n<jT+ #]q $$< esZ\qT
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120
sTEe\T <eT+
| \+>D sh+ <[TD eTTKeT+ #k+
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eTTKeT+ mqT+{sT. \ <s + MT< <s|& +&
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93
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<[ esZ\ me] <j <D \T neds+ <T . \+>D +<q
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eT&TksT eTTKeT+ >*>sT. yT k~+#Tq eTTKeT+ kq+ |P& HjT\ _ <T.
k+ keTs +H < +#THsT.
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121
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MT< bdT dT\T qy<j sTT. dT\ e\ ysTy< +<q
bZH y] d+K bZ e+ yTT<\sTT+~. qc |P&Te{
HjT + n*yq #q eTT+<T=+~. +<q bZH y], bdT\ d&
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122
sTEe\T <eT+
| \+>DqT es+# y+ \+>D <VQ
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fq q~ \+>D HjT\ s +. n+f \+>DqT |$T+# y+<s
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sT\Z seTcse, dTses+ || s &, s$ HsjTDs&, +< |eTVQ&T e&b{ VqTeT+se,
<Xs~ , <e\|* seqTse e+{ \+>D HjT\+ dyT +< \yTq eT< T *|qys.
95
C+ es+> \+>D kjTT< s +> bs{ |sD # HjT l s$ HsjTDs& sT .

$X+< eT< T |*q =*s+ HjT jTq sT . jTq dyT y~>H $T*bjsT. q e]
sE\ esL dyT sc eT< T > s#q \T #XsT.
l sT\Z seTcse V <su< eTTKeT+, $X+< \qT Hsy s +<T jTq q eTTKeT+
|<$H >+ #XsT. q s\ d|yTq dyT sh+d+ jTq q VA<qT, sjT J$
e<T\THsT. jTqqT \+>D <V nq>\e? k+q+s+ us<X+ <s&q
|< qeT+> |sT#T HsT l|.$.qsd+ Vse. jTq \+>D b+ #+~qysT. b+
m+>H |$T+#sT. nsTTHds. sh $uqqT re+> es+#sT. 1969, 1972 ysT y<
<e\T reksTT q|&T jTq <s +> dyT y< $dwy T q eT< T |*sT.
sTZ\ seTcse
e&b{ VqTeT+se
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n> $u q nqTL\+> q y C +>D b+ XjT dT sysT<T. sEqsT>TTq

ysTy< n+<q bZ+Tq y #eT+~ eT b++| H n~s+ MT<H |eT me+~.
s+s+ +<\T, $< +k\ n_e~ n&T HyH < <VQ\H*. { ysTy<T \+>D
<VQ\T.
123
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sh |uT + \+>D <>T\T $e m<Ts=+THsT.
~ s<syTq, n+ {\yTq s|D, y <>T\|

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124
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54 nd+; kH b{#d q 26 dT eyT > \Tb+~+~. +<T
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97
2008 16 eT+~ {sYmdt Xdq duT \T sJHe\T #d, e\+ @&T kHH ] > \Tb+<>* >sT.
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kH b{#d H 10 kH eyT > \Tb+<>* +~. 2009 m djT+> {sYmdt n< &T
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nq kyT sV y<q +~!
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eT< T +< #| e+ n\yfb sTT+~. m\ <s eT u eT< T \_++< #| +THsT.
2004 H{ k<sD m\T, 2008 | m\T, 2009 nd+;, du m\ |* \qT eTq+
|]o*+#L&<q~ y] ]. 150 &$qT q V<su< eTT| s=swH H$THwqTqT
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125
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98
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$ msT>Tq+> b+rjT/CrjT $e ysTy<T\ e, s = $ s| <*+~.
ysT y<T\ n~ | |+#+ <T . $u qy< H\ T mes eesd H +{ no\ s\qT
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126
sTEe\T <eT+
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<sD <sq+. d+ |CkeT<X+ k{ usrjTT\q,
duwjT T\qTL& |ssTT _{wt b\\ b\yT ysTy<T\T
m+ #ksTT ~>Cs>\ s #T+~.
99
_{wt y us< X n_e~ #jT <T . ysT eTq <X HXq+

#XsT. us |K+&+ d+ &j +| n&T>T|& eTT+<T
u MT< q n+ d+|q <X usY {. 1947 _{wt b\q eTTd H{ eTq+
n+ |<<X {> H+. y s \ T esZ\T ]+#+, |{w y T q |]b\H jT++>
deTLs+ yT nsTTH, n~ y] ybs_e~d+ eyT. y |&T \+>
y*q usrjT ] eedqT <+d+ #XsT. @+ #dH ybs+ d+, eT keC
b&Te+ d+ eyT . ec @$T+f, ysTy<T C+ ]k sT . m+ n_e~
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127
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100
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128
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101
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129
130

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1

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