ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER

TITLE

PAGE

DECLARATION DEDICATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ABSTRACT ABSTRAK LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ii iii iv v vi vii ix x

INTRODUCTION 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 Background of the study Problem Statements Aims and Objectives Research Questions Research Hypothesis Scope of the Study Significance of the study Summary of the Chapters 1 2 3 4 4 5 5 7

LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 2.2 Introduction The Concept of BIM 9 9

2.2.1 2.2.3

Definition of BIM According Vendors Development of BIM

12 14 16 17

2.2.3.1 Parametric Library 2.2.3.2 The Capabilities of Parametric Modeling in design 2.2.4 Potential Building Modeling Tools

17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

2.2.4.1 AutoCAD Based Application 2.2.4.2 Autodesk Revit 2.2.4.3 Tekla 2.2.4.5 ArchiCAD 2.2.4.6 Bentley System 2.2.4.7 Google Sketch up 2.2.4.8 Navisworks 2.3 Phases to Integrate in Construction life cycle 2.3.1 Conceptual Phase Model

25 26 26 27 27 29 29 30

2.3.1.1 Site Planning and Site utilization 2.3.1.2 Space Planning 2.3.1.3 Environmental Analysis 2.3.2 Design Phase Model

2.3.2.1 Analysis and Simulation 2.3.2.2 Design Visualization 2.3.2.3 Integration of Contractors and supplier Model 2.3.2.4 General Information attribution 2.3.3 Construction Phase Model 2.3.3.1 Design Assistance & Constructability 2.3.3.2 Scheduling and Sequencing 2.3.3.3 Cost Estimating

31 31 31 31 32

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2.3.3.4 System Coordination 2.3.3.5 Layout and Fieldwork 2.3.3.6 Clash detection 2.3.3.7 Prefabrication 2.3.3.8 Process simulation in building Construction 2.3.4 Manage/Maintenance Phase Model 2.3.4.1 Model updating 2.3.4.2 Behavior simulation 2.3.4.3 Auto Alert 2.3.4.4 Project Visualization 2.3.4.5 Value intelligence 2.4.0 Implementation of BIM 2.4.1.1 Barriers to BIM in construction Industry 2.4.1.2 Interoperability 2.4.1.3 Client demand 2.4.1.4 Legal Issues 2.4.1.5 Issues of training and learning 2.4.1.6 Summary

32 32 32 33 33

35 35 36 37 37 38 41 41 43 45 46 47 47

METHODOLOGY 3.1 3.2 Introduction Research Methodology 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.3 Literature Review Study Population and Sample 48 48 49 49 49 50 52 52 52 54 55 55

Instrument for Data Collection 3.3.1 Questionnaire Survey Design

3.4

Method of Data Analysis 3.4.1 3.4.2 3.6.3 3.6.4 Frequency Analysis Average Index Correlation Coefficient Hypothesis Testing

3.5

Summary

xii

DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS 4.1 Introduction 4.1.2 4.1.3 4.1.4 4.1.4 4.2. Respondents Area of Expertise Respondents Qualification Respondents Firms Respondents Years of Experience 56 56 57 59 60

BIM Tools utilization 4.2.0 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3 4.2.4 4.2.5 4.2.6 4.2.7 4.2.8 4.2.9 4.2.10 4.2.11 4.2.12 4.2.13 4.2.14 4.2.15 4.2.16 Introduction Autodesk AutoCAD Autodesk 3D MAX Tekla Structures Autodesk Revit MEP Autodesk Revit Architecture Autodesk Revit Structure ArchiCAD Bentley Microstation Bentley Structures Bentley HVAC IntelliCAD Google Sketch up Nemetschek Vector Works TuborCAD Navisworks Analysis of findings on BIM tools utilization 4.2.17 Comparism of BIM tools usage between Architects and Engineers 4.2.18 4.2.29 Correlation Testing of Hypothesis Decision and Inference 73 75 71 62 62 63 63 64 64 65 65 66 66 67 67 68 68 69 69 70

4.3

Barriers to BIM utilization and implementation

xiii

4.3.0 4.3.1 4.3.2 4.3.3 4.3.4 4.3.5 4.3.6 4.3.7 4.3.8 4.3.9 4.3.10 4.3.11

Introduction BIM learning Difficulty Lack of legal backing from authority Interoperability issues Lack of skillful operators Lack of request by client Lack of request by other team members Higher price of software Non availability of parametric library Long duration of model development Readiness for organizational change Analysis of Findings on barriers to BIM implementation

77 77 78 78 79 80 80 81 82 82 83 84

4.4

Strategies for BIM implementation 4.4.1 4.4.2 4.4.3 4.4.4 4.4.5 4.4.6 4.4.7 4.4.8 Introduction Interoperability efforts Development of local parametric libraries Provision of Legal Backing Development of web portal Training and retraining Managing cultural change Summary 86 88 88 89 90 91 92 92

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Introduction Conclusion Recommendations to AEC Professionals Recommendation For Further Study 93 93 95 96

REFERENCES APPENDIX

97 101

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LIST OF TABLE

TABLE NO TITLE

PAGE

2.1

Differences between traditional 2D Construction 13 processes versus model Based process.

2.2

BIM Implementation Phases and BIM Product Matrix

38

3.1 3.2 3.3 4.1

Classification of the Rating Scales in Section B Classification of the Rating Scales in Section C Classification of the Rating Scales in Section D Distribution of Respondents According Area of Expertise

52 52 52 55

4.2

Distribution of Respondents According to Qualification

56

4.3 4.4 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3 4.2.4

Names of firms that have responded to the study

58 59 61 62 62 63

Years of experience of the respondents Autodesk AutoCAD

Autodesk 3D MAX Tekla Structures Autodesk Revit MEP

xv

4.2.5 4.2.6 4.2.7 4.2.8 4.2.9 4.2.10 4.2.11

Autodesk Revit Architecture Autodesk Revit Structure ArchiCAD Bentley Microstation Bentley Structures Bently HVAC IntelliCAD

63 64 64 65 65 66 66 67 67 68 67 69

4.2.12 4.2.13 4.2.14 4.2.15 4.2.16

Google sketch up
Nemetschek Vector Works TuborCAD Navisworks Frequency of BIM Software usage in Local Construction Industry

4.2.17 4.3.1 4.3.2 4.3.3 4.3.4 4.3.5 4.3.6 4.3.7 4.3.8

Summary output Difficulty in learning BIM Tools Lack of legal backing from Authority Problems of interoperability Lack of skilled BIM Software operators Lack of request by client Lack request by other team members High price of software Non availability of parametric library

72 74 75 75 76 77 77 78 79

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4.3.9 4.3.10 4.3.11

Longer to develop a model Redness for Organizational Change Average index of response on Barriers to implementation of Building Information Modeling (BIM)

79 80 81

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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO

TITLE

PAGE

1.1 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4

Flowchart diagram of the research process Islands of Automation in construction BIM integrated BIM Model Development of BIM from 70s to date

6 10 12 16

A screen shot of AutoCAD Architecture model 18 Windows

2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9

A screenshot of Autodesk Revit 3D Window A screenshot of Google sketch up interface Schematic diagram of integrated design process Screen shot of various windows of BIM tools

20 23 28 30

3D geometric capabilities of BIM in Mechanical, 35 Electrical and Plumbing (MEP) coordination

2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13

BIM Implementation Model Stages of Interoperability Interoperability model between various software

41 43 44

Interrelationship between technology, people 45 and process in technology implementation

3.3 4.1 4.2

Rating scale of questionnaire responses Respondents area of specialization Respondents Qualification

50 56 57

xviii

4.3 4.4 4.5

Percentage of Respondents per Firm Respondents years of experience Design software usage frequencies

58 60 71

4.6

Model for strategic implementation of 84 Building Information Modeling

4.7

Proposed National BIM server

88

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LIST OF ABBREVIATION

3D ADT AEC AECON

Three Dimensional Architectural Desktop Architecture, Engineering and Construction Architecture, Operation Engineering, Construction and

AIA AGC BEM BIM BMP CAD CAM CIM DGN DWF DWG DXF GDL gbXML IFC JPG MEP NBIMS RVT STEP

American Institute of Architects America General Contractors Building Element Model Building Information Modeling Bitmap formatted image Computer Aided Design Computer Aided Manufacturing Computer Information Manufacturing Microstation Design File Autodesk Web Design Format AutoCAD and Open Design Format Drawing Interchange File Format Geometric Description Language Green Building Extensible Language Industry Foundation Classes
Joint Photographic Experts Group

Mechanical Electrical and Plumbing National Building Information Modeling Standards Revit File Format Standard for the Exchange of Product model data