Pronoun Case Case refers to the way a noun or pronoun is used in a sentence.

When it is the subject of a verb, it is in the subjective case (the term nominative can also be used for subjectivecase though we will use subjective case only). When it is the object of a verb or a preposition, it is in the objective case. When it possesses something, it is in the possessive case. With nouns, the subjective and objective cases aren't a problem because nouns have the same form whether they are subjects or objects.

The frog ate the bee. The bee stung the frog.

Regardless of what's happening to the frog or the bee, the nouns frog and bee don't change form. ome pronouns, however, ta!e different forms depending on whether they are subjects or objects.

TABLE 1 Subjective and objective pronouns Subjective case I he she we they who, whoever Objective case me him her us them whom; whomever

"n the sentence Tension existed between Franklin and Winston, there is no confusion about what case to use for Franklin or Winston. #ut what about in this sentence$

Tension e%isted between &ran!lin and him.

"s him right$ 'r should it be he? (The pronoun is the object of the preposition between , so him is correct.).

Subjective case of pronouns Pronouns are used as subjects of verbs. (se the subjective case of pronouns when the pronoun is the subject of a verb.

I drive to wor!. He enjoys dancing. We bought the lodge. They are fighting over the property line.

The man who won the game was the guest of honor.

Compound subjects When there are compound subjects, that is, more than one actor, don't be confused. )ronouns should still be in the subjective case.

*ileen and he ( +'T *ileen and him) enjoy dancing. The ,arrisons and they ( +'T The ,arrisons and them) are fighting over the property line.

To !eep from ma!ing pronoun case efforts in sentences with compound subjects, drop the subject that is a noun and read the sentence with the pronoun alone. -ou would never say Him enjoy dan ing or Them are fighting over the !ro!erty line. -ou'll see immediately that the subjective forms he and they are correct.

Pronouns following to be -ou should also use the subjective case of pronouns after forms of the verb to be.

"t is I who chose the location. The man who called the police was he. The real criminals are we ourselves. The winners were they and the Rudermans. The man who phoned was who?

The word after a form of to be is called a complement. ("t is also sometimes called a !redi ate nominative or !redi ate adje tive". (nli!e words following action verbs, a complement of a lin!ing verb is not an object, a receiver of action. "nstead, the complement identifies or refers to the subject. .ompare the following two sentences.

The president saw #r. $omine. The president was #r. $omine.

"n the first sentence, #r. $omine is an object that receives the president's action of seeing. "f a pronoun were to be substituted for #r. $omine, the pronoun would be in the objective case/ him. #ut in the second sentence, #r. $omine isn't receiving any action0 #r. $omine identities the subject, that is, the president. The correct pronoun to substitute for #r. $omine in this sentence would be he.

)ronoun complements can cause case problems. 1s the rule says, the subjective form of a pronoun is correct after to be, but sometimes it may sound unnatural or aw!wardly formal.

"t is I. " am she. The person " chose was he. The winners were they.

The best way to handle aw!ward2sounding constructions is to loo! for a better way to say the same thing. &or e%ample,

They were the winners. 'R They won. (better) ,e was the person " chose. 'R " chose him. (better)

"n informal speech and writing, modem usage allows It is me or It%s me. 'bjective pronouns after to be are also gaining some acceptance in other constructions. When you are writing formally, either stay with the established rule or rewrite the sentence to avoid an aw!ward correctness. Possessive Case of Pronouns The possessive case of nouns is formed with an apostrophe/ $eesha%s costume, the wolf%s fangs . #ut personal pronouns and the relative pronoun who change form to indicate possession.

3y house is bigger than your house. His anger evaporated in the face of her ex!lanation . The bulldog bared its teeth at us. 'ur decision affected their plans. The economist, whose book had received good reviews, agreed to spea!. +o mother tried harder to help than hers. &our !lans are more definite than ours.

Remember that possessive2case nouns and pronouns are different0 possessive pronouns do not have apostrophes. -ou have to distinguish between its, it%s, and whose, who%s . The possessive of it is its, +'T it%s' the possessive of who is whose, +'T who%s. It%s and who%s are contractions (it%s ) it is' who%s ) who is".

The cat lost its whis!ers. ( +'T it's whis!ers) It%s ( It is ) &riday4 The boy whose mother ( +'T who%s mother ) called left the meeting. Who%s ( Who is ) the author of the boo!$

Objective Case of Pronouns When a pronoun is the object of the verb or preposition it is in the objective case. Pronouns as objects of verbs (se the objective case of pronouns when the pronoun is a direct or indirect object of a verb.

5ilbertson nominated me for secretary. (direct object of nominated" The news hit them hard. (direct object of hit" 6ennifer gave him the house and car. (indirect object of gave" Robert .hang told us and them the same incredible story. (indirect object of told"

Pronouns as objects of prepositions -ou should also use the objective case of pronouns when the pronoun is an object of a preposition.

The man pulled a blan!et over the children and us. ('bject of the preposition over ) The man for whom they waited never arrived. (They waited for whom* object of the preposition for)

Pronoun over-refinement .hoosing between you and me vs. between you and I should be easy. ome people incorrectly

believe that the subjective forms are more correct7that I is actually superior to me. Where this idea comes from is a mystery7perhaps from having It%s me corrected to It is I or from recogni8ing obvious bad grammar, as in #e and him really like you. #ut don't be influenced by a misguided idea of refinement. The objective case has a clear purpose as the rules show, and not to use it when you should reveals your lac! of !nowledge. The phrase for &ou and I and between you and I are common mista!es that are probably due to over2refinement. The pronouns in these phrases are objects of prepositions, and therefore for you and me and between you and me are correct.

Compound objects Watch out for pronoun case when you have a compound object. Remember that when an object is more than one person, it is still an object. )ronouns should be in the objective case.

The ceremony will be given for Tuc!er, 3artine8, and me. ( +'T for Tuc!er, 3artine8, and 9) Without $ate and me ( +'T Without $ate and I ), the boo! wouldn't have been published. The dean nominated +elson and me ( +'T +elson and I ) to serve on the committee.

-ou can chec! for pronoun cases in such situations by reading the sentences with the pronoun object alone/ The ceremony will be given for "0 Without ", the boo! wouldn't have been published, The dean nominated " to serve on the committee. The mista!es show up :uic!ly. #e is obviously the right form of the pronoun in these three sentences.

Pronouns as subjects of infinitives When a pronoun is the subject of an infinitive (the basic verb with to* to swim, to drive, etc.), use the objective case for the pronoun. This rule shouldn't cause you any problems. -our ear will tell you the objective case is correct.

,e wanted her to drive the car.

Bradford liked them to leave early. Which Case? Subjective or Objective

Choosing between the subjective and objective case is sometimes complicated by appositives, and the as or than construction. The confusion over the choice of who or whom is a good example of this problem. Pronoun case with appositives 1n appositive is a word or group of words that restates or identifies the noun or pronoun it is ne%t to/ 3y sister He!h,ibah' 6ohn, the gardener 0 our friend -arlos' We, the !eo!le. The presence of an appositive doesn't change the rule for pronoun case0 that is, use the subjective case for subjects and the objective case for objects.

The decision to close the pool was a setbac! for us swimmers. ( +'T we swimmers )

The best way to ma!e sure you have chosen the correct pronoun case is to read the sentence without the appositive/ The de ision to lose the !ool was a setba k for we. 'nce again, you can see immediately that us is the right pronoun to use. )ronoun case after as, than. .hoosing the right pronoun case after as or than can be difficult. ;oo! at the following two sentences.

-ou respect )rofessor 3orrow more than I. -ou respect )rofessor 3orrow more than me.

<epending on the meaning, either choice could be correct. "f the writer means &ou res!e t .rofessor #orrow more than I (res!e t .rofessor #orrow", then the first sentence is correct. "f the writer means &ou res!e t .rofessor #orrow more than (you res!e t" me, then the second sentence is correct. The !ey to choosing the right pronoun case is to supply mentally the missing part of the clause.

<id you wor! as hard as they? ( worked ) " li!e *d better than he. ( likes *d) " li!e *d better than him. (than " li!e him) They are smarter than we. ( are )

"f a sentence sounds aw!ward to you7for e%ample, They are smarter than we 7you can avoid the problem by actually supplying the missing word/ They are smarter than we are.

Who, whom, whoever, whomever These pronouns cause so much an%iety that they are being treated separately, even though the rules about case are the same as those for I, he, she, we, and they. 1s a subject, choose who or whoever.

,e was the man who won the game. (subject of won ) Whoever wants the paper can have it. (subject of wants )

1s an object, choose whom or whomever.

,e was a person around whom controversy swirled. (object of the preposition around" Whomever will you invite$ (-ou will invite whomever/ direct object)

"n informal speech and writing whom is used infre:uently. 1t the beginning of :uestions, for e%ample, who is substituted for whom, even when whom would be grammatically correct.

Who will you marry$ (-ou will marry whom. ) Who did he as!$ (,e did as! whom.)

*ven some standardi8ed tests have given up who/whom 0uestions . Who !nows$ 3aybe whom will disappear from the language someday. <oes this mean you should feel free to ignore it$ )robably not yet, at least in formal writing. "t is still safer to maintain the distinction between who and whom 7and maintain it correctly.