The Renaissance

14th 17th centuries Changes in Philosophy, Government, Science, and Art began in Italy in hat as !no n as the Italian "enaissance# $his then led to a period o% change all over &urope !no n as the "enaissance# $his gave ay to the Age o% Science and %inally, $he &nlightenment#

Causes' (ree $rade) Gunpo der) Printing Press) Science

Italian "enaissance * the ne+us o% ideas such as individualism, nationalism, secularism, and humanism ere born and transmitted to the rest o% the orld# It as e+pressed in the %ields o% art, philosophy, and science# $he Italian "enaissance mar!ed the beginning o% the "enaissance period, hich is considered the bridge bet een the ,edieval Period and &arly ,odern &urope# $he opening o% trade created vast ealth %or the merchant class hich raised the level o% ealth to all but the poorest o% people# -o ever, hile trade brought prosperity, it also brought death in the %orm o% the .lac! Plague# /ddly enough, the impact o% the huge decrease in population resulted in relatively the same amount o% ealth among %ar %e er people# -o ever, ith %e er people to purchase goods, it is debatable hether that helped those ho ere ealthy# Italian scholar Plutarch is generally credited ith ushering in the "enaissance by his interest in classical Greece# &ventually classical 0atin replaced medieval 0atin in most business transactions#

,an as no longer 1ust a member o% a race 2Italian, German, &nglish, Spanish3 but he as an individual# -e as %irst recogni4ed as a spiritual individual, hich gave ay to the philosophy !no n as humanism# $his philosophy is based upon the recognition o% dignity in the human being based upon the ability to reason and use logic#

The introduction of the use of gunpowder in ar%are did much to usher in the acceptance o% democracy due to the %act that no instead o% !nights, ho ere nobility, men such as engineers, artillerists, etc, ere no the most important in military campaigns#

Changes in government Feudalism a system hereby arriors called vassals s ear allegiance to a lord or a monarch in e+change %or a %ie% or %ie%dom# $he granting o% a %ie% did not relin5uish the o nership o% the land to the vassal, merely the use#

Art Art is a very clear re%lection o% society#

$here as a revival o% all things classical, particularly Gree!, hich as hy art o% the "enaissance o%ten depicted scenes %rom Ancient Greece# $his revival as !no n as 6eoclassical

Leonardo Da Vinci died in 1819 Painted the ,ona 0isa and the 0ast Supper and also the :itruvian ,an Painter, biologist, anatomist, inventor, engineer, sculptor, architect, musician, and riter A common theme in his or! is that man is an aspect or re%lection o% nature

Michelangelo Painter, sculptor, engineer, poet, ,ost %amous sculptures ;avid, and also the Pieta Painted the ceiling o% the Sistine Chapel scenes %rom Genesis Architect o% St Peter<s .asilica As opposed to ;a :inci, ,ichelangelo<s or! had a common theme that nature as the enemy o% man

Raphael Painter and architect -is most %amous or! is the School o% Athens Plato points to the heavens) Aristotle to &arth

0iterature =topia ritten by $homas ,ore in 1819 about a %ictitious colony =topia meant >place that did not e+ist?

$he Prince 6iccolo ,achiavelli 18@7 Aritten as a guide boo! %or a prince to ac5uire and maintain his po er

Science Hans Lippershe ;utch eyeglass ma!er ho invented the telescope in 19BC

184@ !icolaus "opernicus De Revolutionibus orbium coelestium /n the "evolution o% the -eavenly Spheres Put %orth the heliocentric theory that the sun is the center o% the universe# ;iscovered that planetary orbits ere elliptical rather than circular#

#alileo #alilei "evolutioni4ed science and is considered the %ather o% modern science because o% his approach to research hich included the method o% in5uiry and the criterion o% truth# =ntil that time, the authority o% the Church as not 5uestioned# Although he did not invent the telescope, he is the %irst to use it %or astrological observation# =sing his telescope he discovered the %our moons o% Dupiter Also discovered and mapped the phases o% the planet :enus Aas the %irst to state that the la s o% nature are mathematical

Malleus Maleficarum -ammer o% Aitches

$he ,alleus ,ale%icarum as a reaction against the burgeoning po er o% omen# Aitchcra%t as ine+tricably lin!ed ith politics# Aomen ere prevented by la %rom o ning or inheriting property, %rom choosing their o n lovers, %rom providing itness in court, %rom signing legal agreements ithout a male present, or even %rom earing pants# $here%ore most omen reacted by using the only po er le%t to them' the po er o% se+ and seduction# ,atthe Paris tells ho in 17@7 the Chie% Dustice -ubert de .urgh, &arl o% Eent, as accused o% having on the %avor o% Eing -enry III through >charms and incantations?# $he discovery 1@74 at Coventry o% a number o% the richest and most po er%ul burghers o% the to n had been consulting ith a ,aster Dohn, a sel%*pro%essed pro%essional necromancer, and paying him large sums o% money to bring about the death o% &d ard II and several nobles o% his court through blac! magic#

Alice Perrers, the mistress o% &d ard III, as not only reputed to have in%atuated the !ing by occult spells but her physician as arrested on charges o% creating love potions and talismans#

-enry : o% &ngland prosecuted his stepmother, Doan o% 6avarre, %or attempting to !ill him ith itchcra%t >in a most horrible manner that anyone could devise#? She as convicted in 141F and imprisoned in Pevensey Castle#

-enry :I has &leanor Clobham, ;uchess o% Gloucester, arrested and imprisoned %or >treasonable necromancy? and %or conspiring ith an >evo!er o% demons? to procure the death o% the monarch by sorcery, so that the ;u!e o% Gloucester, could ascend to the throne# Also involved in this case as a oman previously accused as a itch, ,argery Dourdemayne# $he evo!er o% demons, "oger .olingbro!e, as hanged# $he ;uchess as imprisoned %or li%e in Peel Castle, and Dourdemayne as burned to death#

Church GState Guel%s and Ghibellins and the Investiture Controversy' $he Guel%s supported the authority o% the Pope, and the Ghibellins supported the authority o% the -oly "oman &mperor# $he dispute as over ho could appoint bishops and other religious authorities# $he compromise ended in 1177 ith the Concordat o% Aorms bet een the pope and Eing -enry : o% Germany, ho as the -oly "oman &mperor at the time# Concordat an agreement bet een Church and State# &tymology' Con H ith) Cor H -eart * so concordat means > ith heart? 2the Spanish ord %or heart is Cora4on3 meaning to be in harmony ith something# Aorms a city in Germany 2pronounced vurms3

$his agreement recogni4ed the !ing as having the right to invest bishops ith secular authority in the territories they governed, but not ith sacred authority# $he result as that bishops o ed allegiance in orldly matters both to the pope and to the !ing, %or they ere obligated to a%%irm the right o% the sovereign to call upon them %or military support, under his oath o% %ealty#

Previous -oly "oman &mperors had thought it their God given right to name the Pope, as ell as other Church o%%icials# /ne crucial result o% this agreement as an end to the belie% in the divine right of $ings# A more immediate result o% the Investiture struggle identi%ied the property rights o% the sovereign 2monarch or head o% State3 to revenue %rom the territory o% a vacant diocese and a basis %or ta+ation# $hese rights lay outside %eudalism# $he Pope emerged as a %igure above and out o% the direct control o% the -oly "oman &mperor#

$he concept o% Sovereignt can be traced bac! to Dean .odin and $homas -obbes# $he Peace o% Aestphalia in 194C is generally recogni4ed as the genesis o% State sovereignty# It ended the $hirty Iears Aar and also the &ight Iears Aar bet een Spain and the ;utch "epublic# $he results ere that Spain recogni4ed the independence o% the ;utch "epublic but more importantly, it created the concept o% a sovereign State ruled by a sovereign authority, in other ords and authority that ruled over a geographic area# $his began the establishment o% modern States rather than !ingdoms#

(eudalism and ,ercantilism both gave ay to Capitalism

%nlightenment $he late 17th century to late 1Cth century# $he %irst modern orld vie o% history hich approached all study through reason and logic#

&saac !ewton ;iscovered the light spectrum ;iscovered that light travels in straight lines called the rectilinear propagation o% light ;iscovered an e5uation %or the velocity o% sound .uilt the %irst re%lecting telescope ;eveloped di%%erential calculus ;eveloped the 0a s o% ,otion ;eveloped the 0a s o% Gravitation In 19C7 he published his principle or! Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica 2mathematical principles o% natural philosophy3 idely considered to be the greatest or! on theoretical physics

Rene Descartes (rench philosopher !no n as the (ather o% ,odern Philosophy Also the (ather o% Analytical Geometry

Francis 'acon originated the Scienti%ic method, in hich he used inductive reasoning based on observation rather than the use o% the syllogism that Aristotle relied on# Gathering observable, empirical and measurable evidence sub1ect to speci%ic principles o% reasoning# A scienti%ic method consists o% the collection o% data through observation and e+perimentation, and the %ormulation and testing o% hypotheses

Thomas Ho((es philosopher) authored Leviathan hich as the doctrine o% the %oundation o% state and legitimate governments based on Social "ontract theor # Advocated a Constitutional ,onarchy

)ohn Loc$e &nglish philosopher) rote about political philosophy including Social "ontract Theor republican theories by hich people %orm communities and maintain social /rder# Proclaimed that State authority resides in the consent o% the governed and insisted that all people are born ithout innate ideas, that they are a ta(ula rasa or blan! slate#

)ohn )ac*ues Rousseau + philosopher ho in%luenced the (rench "evolution) morality is a learned behavior that can only e+ist in a civil state ith a code o% la # Authored a or! entitled The Social Contract.

Adam Smith+ political economist) !no n as the %ather o% modern economics# Arote the Theory of Moral Sentiments and An In uiry into the Nature an! Causes of the "ealth of Nations the %ree mar!et hile appearing chaotic is actually guided by an unseen hand and hile people may appear to be acting on their o n sel%*interest they are bene%iting society# /ne o% the earliest champions o% the system o% Capitalism and %ree mar!ets# $he system is called >laisse4 %aire? meaning >allo to do?#

Voltaire (rench riter and philosopher !no n %or his de%ense o% civil liberties including %reedom o% religion and %ree trade#

David Hume most %amous %or his A #istory of $reat %ritain hich is commonly accepted as the de%initive history o% .ritain# Arote A Treatise of #uman Nature in hich he said that men ere governed by their o n sel% interest and ill al ays place their o n sel% interest over that o% the common good#

$he concept o% !atural Rights or !atural Law Theor challenged the ;ivine "ight o% Eings certain rights are inalienable and cannot be ta!en a ay by government established the theory o% Social "ontract

Protestant Reformation started by ,artin 0uther ho ob1ected to the Church<s practice o% selling indulgences

%ollo ed by Eing -enry :III started his o n church, Anglican Church or $he Church o% &ngland

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