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Terminologi adalah A large majority of documents today are designed for specialist communication (including business and commercial texts). They are thus written in specialist language, 30-80% of which (depending on the particular domain and type of text in question) is composed of terminology(2). In other words, terminology (which as we have seen may also include non-linguistic items such as formulae, codes, symbols and graphics) is the main vehicle by which facts, opinions and other "higher" units of knowledge are represented and conveyed. Sound terminology work reduces ambiguity and increases clarity - in other words, the quality of specialist communication depends to a large extent on the quality of the terminology employed, and terminology can thus be a safety factor, a quality factor and a productivity factor in its own right.

The communication of specialist knowledge and information, whether monolingual or multilingual, is thus irretrievably bound up with the creation and dissemination of terminological resources and with terminology management in the widest sense of the word. This process is not restricted to science and engineering, but is also vital to law, public administration, and health care, to quote just three examples. In addition, terminology plays a key role in the production and dissemination of documents, and in workflow. Terminology as an academic discipline offers concepts and methodologies for high-quality, effective knowledge representation and transfer. These methodologies can be used both by language specialists and by domain specialists after appropriate training. In addition, they form the basis for an increasing number of tools for the identification, extraction, ordering, transfer, storage and maintenance of terminological resources and other types of knowledge.

Terminological resources are also valuable in many other ways: as collections of names or other representations, as the object of standardisation and harmonisation activities, and as the input (or output) of a wide range of applications and disciplines, whether human or machine-based (see the Figure below). The range of applications to which terminology is of direct relevance was a primary motivating factor at the inception of the POINTER Project with its brief to analyse the situation of terminology in Europe, and to make concrete suggestions for a future infrastructure and activities.

The ISO and OECD activities hav e full industry support. For producers standardisation and characterisation are very important for the quality of products con taining ENMs. Development of clear terminology is to their advantage given the dives rity of applications as indicated by representatives from industry: the possibility to pro duce materials of light weight but suitable for extreme conditions, more efficient sola cells, materials to protect against environmental degradation and targeted drug deliver y. Numerous ENMs are currently used in these applications, such as metal oxide EMs (e.g. ZnO, TiO2, SiO2), quantum dots and carbon ENMs, like (C60)fullerenes and car bon nanotubes (CNTs). Christoph Klein from the European Commission Joint Reseach Centre added views fr om a regulatory, risk assessment perspective. For this the lists of physicochemical par ameters as prepared by both OECD and ISO are very important. These lists are derive d from currently existing requirements for conventional chemicals with the inclusion of other specific characteristics of ENMs, such as surface area. There is currently no consensus with in the scientific community on which characteristics should be deter mined with higher pr ior ity. It is still largely unknown which properties determine and/or influence the toxicity of particular nanoparticles. Because of thedifference between nanoparticles and bulk chemicals, the risk charac-terization of larger counterparts of the same chemical composition asa nanoparticle cannot be extrapolated to the substances at nanoscale. Also, it is not possible to draw any general conclusions or develop mechanisms of the potential toxicity of nanomaterials. Therefore, a comprehensive risk characterization should be performed whenever a novel nanoparticle is designed and then introduced into the market. Commonly accepted and followed risk assessment procedures for ordinary chemicals include[57]: (i) Exposure assessment that refers to the identification and char-acterization of the populations exposed and determines the magnitude, frequency and duration of the exposures; (ii) Hazard assessment, which involves: (a) Hazard characterization (defining of doseresponses for critical target organs, tissues, cells and sub-cellular struc-tures as well as mechanisms of toxicity); (b) Hazard identification (meaning identification of chemical properties that may cause adverse health effects); (iii) Final risk assessment based on exposure (i) and hazard (ii) assessments.