A typical mechatronic system consists of mechanical skeleton, actuators, sensors, controllers, signal conditioning/ modification devices, computer/digital hardware

and software, interface devices and power sources. Mechatronics a smart device used to denote a rapidly developing interdisciplinary field of engineering that deals with the design of product whose function relies on synergetic integration of mechanical, electrical and electronic components connected by a control architecture. The primary disciplines involved in the design of mechatronic systems include mechanics, electronics, controls, and computer science. A mechatronic system designer must assemble analog and digital circuits, microprocessors, and computers, mechanical devices, sensors and actuators, and controls so that the final designs achieves a desired goal. Mechatronic system encompasses a numerous of device and system. Digital Circuits and microprocessors are embedded in electromechanical devices, creating more flexibility and control possibilities is system design Example: 1. Aircraft flight control and navigational system, 2. Automobile electronic fuel injection and anti-lock brake system, 3. Automatic manufacturing equipment, such as robot and numerically controlled machine tools, 4. Office equipment such as copying and facsimile machine, 5. Smart kitchen and home appliances such as bread machines and clothes washing machine and toys. Components of a mechatronic system 1. Analog and digital circuits, 2. Sensors, 3. Actuators, 4. Microprocessors. Copying Machine 1. Analog circuits control the lamp, heater and other power circuit 2. Digital circuits control the digital displays, buttons and switches comprising the user interface 3. Sensors (optical) and microswitches detect the presence or absence of paper, its proper positioning and whether or not doors and latches are in their correct positions 4. Actuators include serve and stepper motors that load and transport the paper, turn the drum, and index the sorter. 5. Microprocessor and other logic circuits coordinate all the functions in the machine A fundamental part of many mechatronic system is a measurement system composed of 3 basic parts: Elements of a Measurement System 1. Transducer a sensing device that converts a physical input into an output usually a voltage as example. 2. Signal processor that performs filtering amplification or other signal conditioning on the transducer output sensor, often used to refer to the transducer or the combination transducer and signal processor 3. Recorder is an instrument, a computer, a hard copy device, or simply a display that maintain the sensor data, online monitoring or subsequent processing Process Control Valve are used to control the rate of fluid flow of a liquid into a tank that has to be controlled The basis of such values is an actuator being used to more a plug to flow pipe and so alter the cross section of the pipe through which the fluid can flow. A common form of pneumatic actuator used with pressure control valve is the diaphragm

Essentially it consists of a diaphragm with the input pressure signal from the controller on one side and atmospheric pressure on the other, this difference in pressure being termed the gauge pressure. The diaphragm is made of rubber which is sandwiched in its center between two circular steel disc. The force acting on the shaft is the force that is acting on the diaphragm and is thus the gauge pressure P multiplied by the diaphragm area A. A restoring force is produced by a spring. If the shaft moves through a distance x and assuming compression of a spring is proportional to the force F=kx with k being the constant then kx=PA and thus the displacement of the shaft is proportional to the guage pressure. Valve Bodies and Plugs The pressure change in the actuator causes the diaphragm to move and so consequently the valve stem. The result of this is a movement of the inner valve plug within the valve body. The plug restricts the flow of fluid and so its position determine the flow rate. There are many forms of valve body and plug. The shape of plug determines the relationship between the stem movement an the effect on the flow rate. With the quick opening type a large change in flow rate occurs for a small movement of the valve stem. Such plug is used where on/off control is required. With the linear-contoured type, the change in flow rate is proportional to the change of displacement of valve stem. Change in flow rate = k (change in displacement) Where k is constant. If Q is the flow rate at a valve stem displacement and Qmax is the maximum flow rate at the maximum stem displacement Smax, then we have, Q/Qmax = S/Smax Or percentage in the flow rae equals the percentage change in the stem displacement. With the equal-percentatge type of plug equal percentage in the flow rate occurs for equal change in the valve stem position Thus deltaQ/Q = kdeltaS Where delta @ is the change in flow rate Q and delta S is the change in valve positioning resulting from this change. If we rewrite this expression for small changes and then integrate it, we obtain SQ-Qmin 1/QdQ = kS S-Smin dS Hence, lnQ-lnQmin = k (S-Smin) If we consider the flow rate Qmax which is given by Smax then ln Qmax ln Qmin = k (Smax-Smin) eliminating k form 2 equations gives, lnQ-lnQmin/ lnQmax-lnQmin = S-Smin / Smax-Smin ln Q/Qmin = S-Smin/Smax-Smin ln Qmax/Qmin and so, Q/Qmin = Qmax/Qmin The term rengeability R is used for the ratio Qmax/Qmin