We have learnt

How do crystallites arrange in a polycrystalline material How to represent polycrystal information in stereographic projection The diffraction phenomenon, in general, and Xray diffraction, in particular

Todays objective
To know about pole figure

 Orientation of crystallites can be represented through pole figures, which are modified form of stereographic projection. Stereogram: A representation of 3D unit cell in 2D plane Pole figure: Stereogram of polycrystal with sample frame of reference embedded
RD

Pole figure

2 4 8

TD

Stereogram

Pole figure

Pole figure
Grains those are oriented along (001) in the predefined reference will show intensity around the (100) poles
ND RD 100

100
010 ND TD

010
001
RD

TD 001 (100) Pole Figure

Schematic representation of the orientation distribution in (100) pole figure

Pole figures essentially represent the orientation spread around the predefined pole or reference

Orientations representation in a pole figure: Cubic Case

(001) Standard stereographic projection of a cubic crystal
100 110 111 101 111 110

(001) Pole lies at the center of stereogram

010

011 111 110

001 011

010

101
100

111 110

Orientations representation in a pole figure: A Cubic Case

100
110
110

If only {111} orientations are 010 present in the sample

111 011 111

110

101
001

111 011 111 110

010

101
100

All the orientations appear around {111} in the stereogram

Corresponding Orientations representation in a pole figure 100

110 111 010 011 101 111 010

110

001 011 101 111 110 100

111
110

100 110 111 010 101 111 010 010 110 110 111 011 111

100 110 101 111 010

011
111 110

001 011 101 111

001 011

101

111 110

110
100

110 100

(100)[110] Orientation representation in sample frame of reference

ZZ

Rolling direction
ZY

ND [100]

XX

[110] RD

RD

RD

RD

TD (100) Pole figure

TD (111) Pole figure

TD (110) Pole figure

Crystal orientation represented in the RD, TD and ND of rolling coordinate

Representation of orientation in polycrystalline material

RD

Pole figures corresponding to above crystal configurations

TD

RD

100 1000 4000

TD

(111) Or any other Pole figure

(111) Pole figure

How to read the orientation from the pole figures?

If the (hkl) pole figure has region of high intensity at the centre, choose the (hkl) standard projection Coincide the centre of (any) stereogram with ND position of the (hkl) pole figure (e.g. the (001) position of the stereogram is coincided with ND of the (111) pole figure in the figure) 010 Note the pole (uvw) coinciding with RD of the pole figure. (e.g. (100) pole is coincident with RD in the pole figure given here. The texture component will be (hkl)[uvw]. (e.g. the texture component is (001)[100])
0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00

Calculated PF 111

RD 100

111

111 001

TD 010
111

111

100

The pole density locations coincides with (111) poles of the (001) stereogram
3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 8.00

 If the measured (hkl) pole figure does not have a region of high intensity at the centre then exclude the (hkl) projection and take any other projection to index the pole figure

Rotate the projection in such a manner that the regions of high intensity in the measured pole figure coincide with the (hkl) poles of the projection
Note the pole (hkl) on the projection coinciding the ND position of the measured pole figure and the pole (uvw) coinciding the RD position of the pole figure The texture component will be (hkl)[uvw]

Representation of orientations using Inverse pole figure (IPF)

When it is necessary to compare the texture of uniaxially deformed materials, it can be done conveniently by plotting the crystal axes in a single stereographic triangle. In this case, the sample direction is projected in a unit stereographic triangle this means the specimen direction is projected in a crystal frame of reference contrary to the pol figure where crystal directions are projected in specimen frame of reference. Therefore such a construction is known as Inverse pole figure (IPF). Texture of extruded, compressed or wire drawn materials are represented by IPFs. To present the texture of rolled materials, one needs to present 3 IPFs, the ones diplaying ND, RD and TD individually. The texture of thin films, where only sample plane normal direction need to be presented, can also be represented by IPFs.

Example of inverse pole figure for a drawn wire

Wire drawing axis

The wire axes coincide with the [110] direction of the crystals The crystal orientations can be shown in crystal frame of reference (IPF)

The crystals orientated along (110), the wire axes, orientation contours will form near (110) in the IPF

Questions
1. 2. What is a pole figure? Identify the following figures. What are they called? Describe the texture represented by each of them: RD
100 1000 4000

TD

001

3.

Pole figures represent orientation of (a) Sample w.r.t crystal (b) Crystal w.r.t sample (c) Both (a) & (b) (d) None of (a) & (b)

4. In a 111 pole figure measurement, only 111 planes of crystals parallel to sample surface diffract. True/False