Fire Protection Philosophy and Design Guide

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PROCESS TECHNOLOGY PROCEDURES

DEPART#ENT$ SUB'ECT$
D. S. Register
APPRO&ED BY
Novem er 11! "003
PROCESS ENG%NEER%NG F%RE PROTECT%ON P)%*OSOP)Y AND DES%GN GU%DE
'. '. Po(ers

RE&%S%ON DATE RE&.
TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................2 1.1 Purpose.....................................................................................................................2 1.2 Parsons E&C General Fire Protection Philosophy.....................................................2 2.0 ABOUT FIRES AND FIRE PROTECTION......................................................................3 3.0 DESIGN GUIDE..............................................................................................................5 3.1 Getting Started...........................................................................................................5 3.2 Estimating The Fire ater Go!erning Case...............................................................5 3.3 Fire ater Pump" Storage" #nd Piping $esign..........................................................% 4.0 FIRE PREVENTION AND LOSS CONTROL..................................................................8 &.1 Pre!ention.................................................................................................................' &.2 (oss Control.............................................................................................................) 5.0 SPECIAL SITUATIONS..................................................................................................18 5.1 *uildings....................................................................................................................1' 5.2 Storage Tan+ Farms..................................................................................................1' 5.3 (PG Storage Tan+s...................................................................................................2, 5.& -..shore.....................................................................................................................21 5.5 Cold Climate..............................................................................................................21 #ppendi/ 1 0 1e.erences......................................................................................................22 #ppendi/ 2 2 Glossary..........................................................................................................2& #ppendi/ 3 0 E/amples -. 1ing 3ain (ayout........................................................................2% #ppendi/ & 0 E/amples -. Fire ater Pump Systems..........................................................24 #ppendi/ 5 0 1e.erences For Fire Fighting E5uipment.........................................................2' #ppendi/ % 0 6$PE Pipe......................................................................................................2)
PROCEDURE NO.
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PROCESS TECHNOLOGY PROCEDURES
D. S. RegisterE+ite+ ,rom e-isti.g +o/ 0 '. *. Smit1

APPRO&ED BY
Novem er 11! "003'230. 4! "003
DEPART#ENT$ SUB'ECT$
PROCESS ENG%NEER%NG F%RE PROTECT%ON P)%*OSOP)Y AND DES%GN GU%DE P5%D DE&E*OP#ENT PROCEDURE
'. '. Po(ers''P

RE&%S%ON DATE RE&.
063747"003
0E
1.0 INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................2 2.0 ABOUT FIRES AND FIRE PROTECTION....................................................................3 3.0 ..........................................................................................................................................6 DESIGN GUIDE..................................................................................................................6 3.3 Fire Water Pump St!ra"e a#$ Pipi#" De%i"# .........................................................& 1."." F%RE PRE&ENT%ON AND *OSS CONTRO*.......................................................10
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F%RE PROTECT%ON P)%*OSOP)Y AND DES%GN GU%DE
1.0
INTRODUCTION P71P-SE1.1 Purpose
This Guideline outlines the Parsons E&C philosophy go!erning the general design .or .ire protection systems. #dditionally" this document pro!ides an introduction .or the process engineer to the primary design criteria that must 8e considered in pro!iding .or Fire Protection o. ne9 .acilities. :t should 8e understood that this guide is a starting point. #lternate or additional approaches may 8e appropriate and;or re5uired due to particular re5uirements .or local codes" the client or the client<s insurer or due to particular .eatures o. the pro=ect" e/isting .ire protection .acilities" manpo9er a!aila8ility" and pro=ect location and en!irons. :t is recogni>ed that the .ield o. Fire Protection is e!ol!ing and it is intended that this document 8e updated periodically and as ne9 de!elopments are identi.ied and e!aluated during engineering pro=ects. 1.2 Parsons E&C General Fire Protection Philosophy The Parsons E&C Fire Protection $esign Philosophy is to a!oid a .ire rather than .ight it" and to .ight a small .ire rather than a large .ire" and to pro!ide ade5uate .ire .ighting capa8ility .or the largest single .ire li+ely to occur at the .acility ?the go!erning case@. Fire .ighting e5uipment should 8e readily a!aila8le" easy to use" and located 9here it is most needed. There should 8e consideration that" at least in the early stages o. a .ire" manpo9er 9ill 8e limited" and yet that is the period 9hen e..ecti!e .ire.ighting can produce the most desira8le result. 7se engineering controls to minimi>e the opportunity .or .ires ?appropriate seals and materials o. construction and electrical enclosures@. (imit the conse5uences o. a .ire or e/plosion ?e5uipment spacing" location" containment" grading and drainage" .ireproo.ing" isolation" detection and alarm systems" automatic sprin+lers;9ater mist and deluge systems@. Pro!ide .or .ire .ighting ?.ire 9ater system" .oam systems" other .ire suppression systems" .ire e/tinguishers" .ire department@.
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Ao amount o. .ire9ater or other suppressant and no degree o. spacing or .ireproo.ing is a replacement .or designing the .acility to a!oid releases. -n the other hand no .acility design can sur!i!e inad!ertent changes in process characteristics" incorrect operation or maintenance ?people ma+e mista+es@. Parsons E&C Fire Protection Philosophy and $esign Guide is 8ased on AFP# and #P: standards as 9ell as recent Fire Protection System design e/perience 9ith !arious clients.
2.0
ABOUT FIRES AND FIRE PROTECTION Generally" .ires occur 9hen a .uel !apor" an o/idi>er" and energy are com8ined. Flamma8le gases are easiest to igniteB .lamma8le li5uids ?and solids@ re5uire the de!elopment o. !apors ?thus the lo9er the !apor pressure o. a .lamma8le li5uid" the easier it is to start 8urning@. Fires are ignited 9hen the concentration o. .uel !apor in air is 9ithin the .lamma8ility limits 9hen in the presence o. an ignition source or 9hen a8o!e their auto0ignition temperature. Flamma8le !apors e/plode into .ireB the more !apors present" the 8igger the e/plosion. Gas .ires occur 9hen gas lea+s or escapes .rom a pressuri>ed !essel" compressor" or line. The gas may ignite immediately. :. so" the gas .ires should not 8e e/tinguished. :. they are e/tinguished" all that happens is the gas cloud gets 8igger until it .inds a ne9 ignition source. Gas .ires should 8e isolated and allo9ed to 8urn out ?9hich occurs 5uic+ly once the supply o. .uel is stopped@. :. the gas does not ignite immediately" it should still 8e isolated and allo9ed to dissipate. Gases that ha!e the potential to 8e hea!ier than air re5uire drainage a9ay .rom ignition sources and to9ards remote locations. (i5uid .ires occur 9hen !apors are released in the presence o. o/ygen and reach an ignition source or are heated to auto0ignition. *urning li5uid may 8e .alling" .lo9ing or pooled. Spilled .lamma8le li5uids should 8e pre!ented .rom spreading 8y passi!e .ire protections" 9hich are 8uilt into the .acility" i.e. drainage a9ay .rom the center o. the pipe rac+ and a9ay .rom .ire ha>ardous e5uipment ?especially high !alue e5uipment@" spacing and containment" and .ireproo.ing o. structural mem8ers and #S3E0coded !essels 9ithin the .ire ha>ard en!elope. The .uel source should 8e isolated.
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The .ire should 8e e/tinguished and then the .uel and any hot de8ris should 8e cooled to a!oid re0ignition. #pplication o. copious amounts o. 9ater to a li5uid .ire may e/tinguish the .ireC *y cooling the .uel *y production o. steam 9hich separates the .lame .rom atmospheric air. *y dilution o. the li5uid .uel ?i. misci8le 9ith 9ater@. *y de!elopment o. an emulsi.ication layer o!er the 8urning sur.ace ?i. not misci8le 9ith 9ater@. ?AoteC ater can also spread the .ire 9hen the .uel .loatsB there.ore good grading and ade5uate drainage is re5uired.@ *y mi/ing 9ith .oam concentrates" 9hich is .ar more e..icient at producing a layer o!er the top o. the 8urning sur.ace. #pplication o. copious amounts o. 9ater to the sur.aces o. #S3E 2 coded pressure !essels or to structural mem8ers is sometimes an alternati!e to .ire proo.ing and is also used to cool hot sur.aces to pre!ent re0ignition.
E/plosions ha!e the same ingredients as .ireC .uel ?including many dusts@" an o/idant" and an ignition source. E/plosions occur as de.lagrations" 9here the pressure 9a!e e/panding out .rom a point o. ignition mo!e at less than the speed o. sound" and as detonations" 9here the pressure 9a!es mo!e in e/cess o. the speed o. sound. 7nless speci.ically designed to contain e/plosi!e .orces" con.inement results in destruction o. the container and the addition o. shrapnel to the pressure 9a!e. E/plosions occur rapidly and any system designed to handle them must respond almost instantaneously. Passi!e means o. limiting damage due to e/plosions include 8last resistant construction and e/plosion !enting. Denting is most o.ten achie!ed using a ?large@ rupture dis+ and a !ent line to sa.e location. ?Frangi8le seams on storage tan+ roo.s are an e/ample o. an e/plosion !enting system.@ #n acti!e isolation system is sometimes used along 9ith !enting systems. Either physical or chemical isolation systems react rapidly to pre!ent the .lame .ront .rom propagating do9n process piping to additional !essels. #cti!e means o. limiting e/plosion damage are e/plosion suppression systems. These systems must .irst detect the e/plosion ?typically" a rapid pressure increase@ ?9ithin 2, milliseconds o. ignition@ .ollo9ed 8y acti!ation o. the suppression system ?9ithin 25 seconds o. ignition@ and suppression 9ithin %, milliseconds o. ignition.
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Suppressants 9or+ chemically 8y inter.ering 9ith the chemical reaction o. the e/plosion and thermally 8y remo!ing the heat .rom the .lame .ront and lo9ering the temperature to halt .urther com8ustion.
1e.er to AFP# %' and %) .or E/plosion Suppression Systems
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3.0 DESIGN GUIDE 3.1 Getting Started 1e!ie9 pro=ect en!ironsC location" local 8uilding codes" 9ater sources" e/isting .ire protection systems and emergency response plans" sta..ing plan" mutual aid. $etermine pro=ect scope ?i.e. 9hat is to 8e protected@. 1e!ie9 client ?or client<s insurer@ .ire protection guidelines. $e!elop a pro=ect speci.ic Fire Protection Philosophy. $e!elop a pro=ect speci.ic Fire Protection System $esign. $e!elop pro=ect speci.ications 9hich are consistent 9ith the pro=ect speci.ic Fire Protection Philosophy. 7pdate Emergency 1esponse Plans to 8e consistent 9ith the pro=ect speci.ic Fire Protection Philosophy.
3.2 Estimating The Fire
ater Go!erning Case
For a process plant e/amine each .ire ha>ard en!elope ?See #ppendi/ 2@. Select the three ad=acent .ire ha>ard en!elopes 9ith the largest .ire9ater need. This isC
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the num8er o. .ire monitors ?re.er to section &.2.&.1@ multiplied 8y the rated capacity o. the monitor multiplied 8y ,.%4 plus all 9ater;.oam spray systems 9hich release into those three en!elopes. #dd the capacity o. the largest hose .or one hydrant ?1,,, to 15,, gpm@.
The sum is the go!erning case .or the process plant. :n a tan+ .arm" e/amine each storage tan+. Select the potential .ire incident 9ith the largest capacity to use .ire9ater. The .ire9ater re5uirement .or any incident is the sum o.C #ll .ire monitors 9hich can reach the tan+ multiplied 8y the monitor design capacity@ Plus the .ire 9ater .or any .i/ed .oam system on that tan+ Plus ,.33 multiplied 8y all .ire monitors 9hich can reach any o. the ad=acent tan+s in one 5uadrant and 9ithin the greater o. one tan+ diameter or 1,, .eet Plus the capacity o. the largest hose .or one hydrant ?1,,,015,, gpm@ Plus the capacity or any monitors and 9ater spray systems co!ering ad=acent pump ro9s.
The incident 9ith the largest capacity is the go!erning case .or the tan+ .arm. :n an (PG storage area" e/amine each sphere. Select the potential incident 9ith the largest capacity to use .ire9ater. The .ire9ater re5uirement .or any incident is the sum o.C #ll .ire monitors 9hich can reach the sphere multiplied 8y the monitor design capacity Plus the total deluge system capacity .or the sphere Plus the capacity o. one .ire monitor .or each o. up to t9o ad=acent spheres 9ithin 1,, .t and 9ithin one 5uadrant Plus the capacity o. the deluge or 9ater spray systems .or each o. up to t9o ad=acent spheres 9ithin 1,, .t and one 5uadrant ?5,E o. the deluge capacity i. the deluge system is >oned .or .our or more sections@ Plus the capacity o. the largest hose .or one hydrant ?1,,, to 15,, gpm@
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Plus any allo9ance .or sphere .looding Plus the capacity o. any monitors and 9ater spray systems co!ering ad=acent pump ro9s
The incident 9ith the largest capacity is the go!erning case .or the (PG storage area. For any residential" o..ice" non0chemical 9arehouse" la8oratory" etc. 8uilding the go!erning case .or the incident is the sum o. the capacity o. the largest 9ater sprin+ler system plus t9o 25,0gpm hoses. For chemical 9arehouses" the go!erning case is the sum o. the capacity o. the largest 9ater sprin+ler system plus 2,,, gpm .or hydrants.
3.3 Fire
ater Pump" Storage" and Piping $esign ater Pumps
3.3.1 Fire
The Fire ater System capacity should 8e set at the largest o. the go!erning cases plus an allo9ance o. 1, to 2,E .or 9astage. This !alue sets the minimum Fire ater pumping design capacity. 3.3.2 Fire ater Storage
The selected Fire ater pumping capacity is multiplied 8y the ma/imum e/pected duration o. a .ire incident. This is usually .our hours" 8ut can 8e as much as si/ hours .or process plants 9ith large .uel 5uantities at pressures a8o!e 1,,, psig or .or 9arehouses 9ith large 5uantities o. .lamma8le solid hydrocar8ons such as polyethylene .ilm or pellets. #dd 5,E i. the storage replenishment system cannot supply at least hal. the .ire9ater pumping capacity and i. there are no 8ac+up .ire9ater systems ?utility 9ater storage" *F storage" cooling 9ater storage" clean 9aste 9ater storage" etc.@. This !alue sets the usa8le .ire9ater storage !olume. 3.3.3 Fire ater Piping
#8o!e0grade piping is generally car8on steel 9ith an appropriate corrosion .actor and minimum design conditions o. 15, psig F 1&, F. Such piping is usually used around the Fire ater Pumps.
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:t is rarely used inside .ire ha>ardous >ones e/cept as risers to sprin+ler and deluge systems or ele!ated .ire monitors" or .oam distri8ution systems. hen used inside or a8o!e .ire ha>ardous areas" it should 8e secured to resist 8lasts. 3ost o. the .ire9ater distri8ution system is 8elo90grade. :t is re.erred to as the 1ing 3ain 8ecause it is arranged ?and isolation !al!es pro!ided@ to assure that .ire9ater can reach any .ire ha>ardous area e!en i. one section o. the distri8ution pipe is out o. ser!ice. 3inimum design conditions are usually 15, psig F 1,, F. The Fire criteriaC ater 1ing 3ain piping is si>ed 8ased on the .ollo9ing
Gi!en the loss o. any single segment o. the .ire9ater ring mains" the system shall deli!er at least 1,,E o. the re5uired deli!ery .lo9 rate to any Fire Fighting Gone at a minimum pressure o. 1,, psig. #t least one Fire Fighting Gone 9ill ha!e a re5uired .lo9 rate e5ual to the calculated go!erning caseB other >ones may ha!e lo9er re5uired .lo9 rates. Pressure drop is determined using the 6a>en0 illiams .ormula. # Hc< .actor o. 1,, is used .or most materials. For 6$PE" a Hc< .actor o. 1&, to 15, is used. Pipe lengths are estimated per 1e.erence 25 0 PT$0$GS013, ?Guidelines For 6ydraulic Circuits@ plus a sa.ety .actor o. 2,E. 6ydraulics are calculated .or the highest .lo9 rates and the greatest pipe distances and the 9orst conse5uences o. single line segment .ailure. This may result in the addition o. isolation !al!es or addition o. a .ire 9ater line connection. Gi!en the loss o. any single segment o. the .ire9ater ring mains" the ma/imum !elocity in any remaining segment shall not e/ceed 1, to 11.5 .t.;sec .or %,E o. the re5uired .lo9 rate. *ranches are si>ed such that the ma/imum !elocity through the 8ranch is less than 1, .t;sec .or the larger o. the sum o. the .ire monitors; sprin+ler systems;hose stations or the ma/imum .lo9 to one .ire hydrant. $esign #llo9ances are not applied unless re5uested 8y the client in order to allo9 .or .uture additions.
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1.2.1
1.2.2 FIRE PREVENTION AND LOSS CONTROL 1.2.3 1.
1.2.4 1.2.5 1.2.6
1.2.7
4.0 &.1 Pre!ention &.1.1 3aterials o. Construction :nso.ar as practical" materials .or .ire ha>ardous e5uipment and e5uipment located in .ire ha>ardous areas 9ill 8e speci.ied on the 8asis o. a8ility to resist .ailure .rom .ire e/posure as 9ell as .rom en!ironmental and ser!ice conditions. Systems" 9hich are constructed o. materials that do not inherently possess a
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resistance to .ire e..ects" and 9hich are re5uired to contain .lamma8le li5uids and gases and;or to control the disruption resulting .rom a .ire" 9ill 8e IFireproo.edI. &.1.2 6igh :ntegrity Seals This Section to 8e de!eloped. &.1.3 :gnition Sources :gnition sources 9ill 8e restricted to sa.e distances .rom potential .uel sources so as to reduce the pro8a8ility o. ignition o. released .lamma8le materials. #ll areas 9here .lamma8le gases or !apors are" or may 8e" present in the air in 5uantities su..icient to produce ignita8le mi/tures are electrically classi.ied as ha>ardous areas per the Aational Electrical Code" :EEE" and local code re5uirements. # plot plan o. the .acilities 9ill 8e de!eloped that indicates the degree and e/tent o. the electrical area classi.ications .or each area. here it is not practical to locate ignition sources outside o. classi.ied areas" only e/plosion0proo. electrical e5uipment" purged electrical enclosures" or intrinsically sa.e e5uipment 9ill 8e used ?to pre!ent ignition@.
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&.2
(oss Control &.2.1 Passi!e Fire Protection Grading and $rainage Consideration 9ill 8e gi!en in the design o. se9er systems and grading to pre!enting the ignition o. .ires should a release occur and to controlling .ire e..ects 8y limiting its spread. (i5uid .uel sources 9ill slope a9ay .rom potential ignition sources and a sump and;or a sealed se9er system 9ill 8e used to pre!ent .lamma8le !apors .rom reaching ignition sources. here sumps and pumps are used in the drainage system to remo!e spilled materials .rom process areas" the pumps shall 8e pro!ided 9ith an emergency po9er supply to ensure they 9ill 8e opera8le under po9er .ailure conditions. Catch 8asins 9ill not 8e located directly 8eneath e5uipment in order to limit .lame impingement on !essels or air .in coolers and to minimi>e .ire spread among ad=oining e5uipment items. The high point o. pa!ing 9ill 8e the centerline o. main pipe rac+s in process areas to drain spilled li5uids out .rom under the pipe rac+s and minimi>e .ire e/posure to such e5uipment. E5uipment Spacing See 1e.erence 24 JGeneral 1ecommendations .or SpacingK. #lso AFP# 3, pro!ides minimum standards .or spacing. Containment Containment may 8e achie!ed 8y the use o. cur8ing or di+es or 8y grading to drain spillage at an ade5uate rate to remote containment ?a sump or pond@. Containment around storage tan+s should 8e designed to hold a minimum o. 11,E o. the capacity o. the largest tan+ 9ithin the 8erm ?or in remote containment@ in order to contain spills to protect the en!ironment. The use o. remote containment is pre.erred since it reduces the ris+ o. ha!ing to contain multiple tan+ spills ?9hile 8urning" plus .ire 9ater@. Grading around an indi!idual tan+ should carry spills a9ay .rom the tan+. Se!eral tan+s may 8e located 9ithin the same 8erm as long as their contents are not incompati8leB 9here this is done" intermediate di+es are recommended along 9ith grading to minimi>e the e..ect on the ad=acent tan+s. :n the e!ent o. Jun>ipK ?.ailure o. the !ertical seams o. the tan+ shell@ o. a tan+ or J8oil o!erK" released materials may JsurgeK o!er the 8erm. Fireproo.ing Structural support materials 9ill ha!e a minimum .ire resistance rating o. three hours ?per hydrocar8on high0rise time temperature
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cur!e@ and critical electrical circuits" instrument circuits and motor operated !al!es ?and related po9er;acti!ation systems 9ill 8e protected .or a minimum o. 2, minutes to allo9 .or sa.e unit shutdo9n. Fireproo.ing pro!ided in areas su8=ect to mechanical or physical damage shall 8e concrete type .ireproo.ing. here process !essels are located in .ire ha>ardous areas o. the .acility and heat conser!ation insulation is re5uired" these systems must 8e upgraded to .ire rated type systems to pro!ide the re5uired .ireproo.ing rating. ?1e.erence &B #P:0221'@ here .ireproo.ing o. electrical and instrument control ca8les is re5uired" inherently .ire resisti!e ca8le systems shall 8e used. 3otor operated !al!es and other enclosures shall utili>e shop applied intumescent .ireproo.ing. here intumescent .ireproo.ing is utili>ed" local en!ironmental .actors and pro/imity to local heat producing e5uipment shall 8e ta+en into consideration to ensure that the coating does not prematurely intumesce resulting in a reduction o. the .ireproo. rating pro!ided. Fire alls here t9o or more trans.ormers ?containing 5,, gpm or more o. oil@ are located together" a 22hour rated .ire9all in accordance 9ith AFP# '5, ?1e.erence 21@ shall 8e pro!ided 8et9een each trans.ormer. :n accordance 9ith AFP# '5," a 22hour rated .ire9all is also re5uired 8et9een the trans.ormer and 8uildings less than 25 .t .rom the trans.ormer. The trans.ormer pad 9ill also 8e sloped a9ay .rom the e5uipment 9ith drainage to the appropriate se9er or a cur8ed area to retain spilled trans.ormer oils. Fire alls are used to separate areas" 9hich re5uire sprin+ler systems ?such as a la8 or +itchen@ .rom areas 9here 9ater spray is to 8e a!oided ?such as control or computer room@. &.2.2 #utomatic Fire Protection (arge" complicated automatic .ire protection systems o.ten ha!e a dedicated Fire and Gas Control Panel. Such a system monitors the Fire ater System ?pressure" pump status" control !al!e status" 9ater tan+ le!el" etc.@. #dditionally" the Fire and Gas Control System 9ould monitor any heat" smo+e" gas detection systems" 9ater .lo9 to any sprin+ler spray or deluge systems" and release o. any .ire suppression systems ?C- 2" clean agent" or po9der@. The system 9ould sound the audi8le alarm" identi.y the pro8lem location" and call the .ire department. From this system" shutdo9n and isolation systems and 9ater and .oam spray or deluge systems could 8e manually actuated.
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Fire $etectors loo+ .or heat or com8ustion products. 6eat detectors include .usi8le lin+s ?the simplest type@" 8imetallic .i/ed0temperature systems" rate o. rise detectors" and rate0 compensated heat detectors. Com8ustion product detectors include the !arious types o. smo+e detectors" and :1 or 7D .lame detectors. Flamma8le Gas $etectors detect process system lea+s. Their purpose is to pre!ent .ire. hen designed to 8e highly relia8le" they may 8e used to shutdo9n and isolate e5uipment" or start 9ater spray systems. #larms ?Section to 8e de!eloped@ #utomatic 1esponse ?3anual !s. #utomatic #cti!ation@ Facilities 9here signi.icant amounts o. li5uid .lamma8le chemicals are stored and 9hich are not manned around the cloc+ 8y personnel trained as .irst responders and occupied 8uildings ?e/cept 9here there are signi.icant electronic systems 9hich could 8e damaged 8y 9ater@ are the most appropriate locations .or .ire .ighting systems 9hich are acti!ated and alarmed automatically. $etection systems .or automatic .ire suppression systems must 8e selected and installed to ha!e a high degree o. relia8ility ?9or+ 9hen it should 2 not 9hen it shouldn<t@. -ther9ise" unnecessary acti!ation o. these systems can lead to 9ater damage" or" 9orse" 9aste the .ire 9ater supply 9here it is not needed. #utomatically acti!ated systems 9ill 8e capa8le o. manual acti!ation locally .rom a sa.e location or remotely. #utomatic 1esponse ?Shutdo9n" :solation@ $ue to the conse5uences o. nuisance trips" automatic shutdo9n and isolation systems should 8e designed to 8e !ery relia8le and 9ith a .ull consideration .or .ollo90up response. &.2.3 Fire ater System
Fire9ater is used in almost all ma=or .ire0.ighting applications. There.ore" Fire ater Systems are re5uired .or almost all chemical process .acilities. Fire9ater is used to e/tinguish .ires" to cool sur.aces so that they do not catch .ire" or re0ignite .ires" or 8egin to loose strength due to heat" to cool .ire .ighting personnel as they approach .ires" to 9ash a9ay spilled materials.
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Fire9ater is also used to mi/ 9ith .oams" 9hich are used to co!er the sur.aces o. .lamma8le li5uids. This reduces the production o. !apors 9hich .eed the .ire and separate o/ygen .rom the .uel. -n the other hand" improper application o. .ire9ater can 9aste this potentially limited resource" spread .lamma8le and .laming li5uids to 9ider areas" or sin+ or coc+ .loating roo.s" increasing the li5uid sur.ace area 9hich can 8ecome .ire in!ol!ed. &.2.3.1 Supply and Storage :n most cases" .ire 9ater systems are 9etted" i.e." the .ire9ater distri8ution system is .ull o. 9ater and is maintained under pressure ready to deli!er 9ater instantly. #lso" .ire9ater deli!ery e5uipment normally incorporates spray no>>les" 9hich can 8ecome plugged and ine..ecti!e i. the 9ater is not clean. There.ore" the 9ater must 8e clean. ater may 8e pumped .rom ri!ers or la+es. Suction must 8e 8elo9 the lo9est 9ater le!el. Suction screens ; s+immers and spares 9ill 8e re5uired and must 8e inspected and cleaned regularly to assure they aren<t too .ouled .or ma/imum .lo9 rates. Filtration must 8e pro!ided 9hich is ade5uate to pre!ent plugging o. the spray no>>les. ater treatment is re5uired to pre!ent the gro9th o. organisms in the system. Sea9ater may 8e used. :n addition to the suction straining and .iltering and treatment to pre!ent the gro9th o. organisms" salt9ater 9ould a..ect the metallurgical choice .or the .ire 9ater system materials o. construction and re5uire additional inspection re5uirements .or any process !essels or structural steel sprayed during .ire .ighting e..orts. Pota8le or non0pota8le 9ater may 8e o8tained .rom municipal or industrial community 9ater supplies or .rom on0site 9ells. :t is usually desira8le to ha!e more than one 9ater source .or relia8ility. 7nless the 9ater supply is capa8le o. a deli!ery rate and pressure su..icient .or .ire .ighting and has a high degree o. relia8ility" a Fire ater Storage Tan+ 9ill normally 8e re5uired. Filtered" treated 9ater 9ill 8e made up into it as needed to +eep it .ull.
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The minimum usa8le storage capacity o. the Fire ater Tan+ is .or .our hours o. 9ater deli!er at 1,, to 12,E o. the go!erning case. This 9ould 8e increased i. the replenishment rate is relati!ely slo9 or i. the ma+eup 9ater supply is less than completely relia8le. ?Sometimes alternate 9ater supplies such as 7tility ater storage tan+s" Cooling ater storage tan+s" Storm ater holding ponds" etc. are made a!aila8le@.
&.2.3.2 Fire ater Pumping Loc+ey Pumps are used to maintain a constant pressure on 9etted .ire9ater distri8ution systems. There is usually one 1,,E pump and a spare. Each pump is rated su..iciently to co!er a small amount o. system lea+age plus some allo9ance .or 9ash do9n at .ire monitors or system .lushing. 1,, 2 15, gpm is common 9ith a discharge pressure o. appro/imately 125 to 1&, psig. The primary Loc+ey pump runs continuously circulating around the Fire ater Tan+ on discharge pressure control. The spare pump starts automatically i. the primary Loc+ey pump .ails. Fire ater Pumps are used to deli!er large 5uantities o. 9ater to the .ire9ater distri8ution piping. -ne or more o. these pumps are pro!ided 9ith a com8ined design .lo9 capacity o. at least the re5uired deli!ery rate ?12,E o. the largest calculated go!erning case@ and 9ith a discharge pressure su..icient to deli!er the re5uired .lo9s to any .ire .ighting e5uipment around the .ire 9ater ring main ?at a minimum o. 1,, psig@ and su8=ect to system hydraulics 9ith any single section o. the ring main isolated and out o. ser!ice. Consideration 9ill 8e gi!en to assuring the relia8ility o. the Fire ater Pumps ?separate po9er supplies" emergency generator" diesel dri!en" etc.@
#t least one spare Fire ater Pump is pro!ided si>ed to match one o. the primary Fire ater Pumps ?i.e. there 9ill 8e t9o 1,,E pumps or three 5,E pumps or .our 33E pumps etc.@. These pumps" including the spare" start automatically and se5uentially at a set pressure a little 8elo9 the Loc+ey Pump operating and startup pressures. See #ppendi/ & .or an e/ample o. a Fire ater pumping system.
&.2.3.3 Fire ater 1ing 3ain The Fire ater 1ing 3ain should 8e 8uried. :t 9ill re5uire su..icient isolation !al!es such that" i. one section is remo!ed .rom ser!ice" no .ire ha>ardous e5uipment 9ill 8e completely
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depri!ed o. .ire 9ater supply. The ring main is usually laid out around the edges o. the chemical plant and along roadsidesB 8ranches are used to deli!er 9ater to .ire .ighting e5uipment located 9ithin unit 8oundaries. #lmost any +ind o. pressure0rated pipe can 8e used to carry the .ire9ater. 6$PE pipe has many ad!antages ?corrosion resistance" .le/i8ility" resistant to surge pressure" smooth sur.aces 9hich do not lose .lo9 capacity o!er time@" ho9e!er care should 8e e/ercised in si>ing since the pipe si>e is 8ased on -.$. and the 9alls are thic+. #lso the pressure rating is 8ased on a design temperature o. 43 F and is reduced signi.icantly as the temperature rises. ?See #ppendi/ %@ 3etallic lines are su8=ect to corrosion internally as 9ell as e/ternally and their .lo9 capacities 9ill gradually deteriorate as the pipe ages. here used" an e/ternal coating is usually re5uired. Concrete lines are more suscepti8le to .racture and seal .ailure and they gradually lose their .lo9 capacity 9ith the gro9th o. organisms" 9hich adhere to the 9alls. Post :ndicator Dal!es ?7( or F3 appro!ed@ are used to sectionali>e the ring main such that i. one section has to 8e isolated and remo!ed .rom ser!ice" no area 9ill 8e le.t completely unsupplied 9ith .ire9ater. Generally" no more than one hydrant 9ill 8e connected to a single sectionB no more than .our .ire monitors 9ill 8e connected to a single section. Especially critical .ire .ighting e5uipment 9ill ha!e connections to t9o sections o. ring main. ?See #ppendi/ 3 .or a typical 1ing 3ain (ayout@
&.2.& Fire Fighting E5uipment See #ppendi/ 5 .or re.erences to many o. these types o. e5uipment. &.2.&.1 Fi/ed Fire 3onitors Fire monitors are considered to 8e the primary .ire0.ighting tool. # single person may 5uic+ly start .ire monitor .lo9" aim the stream" ad=ust the stream" loc+ the monitor in place and then proceed to use additional monitors" .oam hose reels" or .ire e/tinguishers" to communicate" or to temporarily e!acuate the area.
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For the purposes o. layout o. monitors" monitors shall ha!e a ma/imum e..ecti!e stream range o. 12, .eet 9ith a ma/imum !ertical height o. 1&' .eet at a 450degree ele!ation. Fire 3onitors are manu.actured in .or !arious .lo9 rates ?typically 25,05,, gpm" and 9ater supply conditions ?typically 1,, psig@. They are also a!aila8le 9ith siphon connections .or small .oam containers. (onger0range monitors are a!aila8le. 3onitors are located to protect e5uipmentB normally there 9ould 8e at least t9o monitors 9ith co!erage areas .or any .ire ha>ardous e5uipment or e5uipment in a .ire ha>ard en!elope. 3onitors may 8e located 9ithin a .ire ha>ard en!elopes" ho9e!er" the monitors assigned to any particular e5uipment should 8e no closer than &, .eet .rom that e5uipmentB one o. the t9o monitors should 8e 9ithin '5 .eet o. the e5uipment and the other should 8e 9ithin 12, .eet o. the e5uipment. The t9o monitors should 8e located ?to the e/tent possi8le@ such that i. one is inaccessi8le ?due to 9ind" smo+e" .umes" etc.@ the other 9ill 8e accessi8le. :deally" the t9o monitors 9ould 8e supplied separately such that i. one section o. ring main 9ere out o. ser!ice" at least one o. the monitors 9ould still 8e supplied. This may not al9ays 8e .easi8le and some other 8ac+up plan 9ould 8e in place. 3onitors are a!aila8le" 9hich can 8e operated remotely ?.or locations inside a storage tan+ di+e" .or e/ample@ or 9hich can 8e started manually and le.t oscillating ?this .eature could 8e particularly use.ul .or cooling storage tan+ 9alls 9ith more concentrated streams and at greater distances@. ater Spray Systems;$eluge Systems; Sprin+lers; Fi/ed Foam Spray Systems These systems are used .or the protection o. e5uipment" structure" 8uildings" stored materials" etc. hether actuated automatically or not there should al9ays 8e pro!ision .or manual startup and shuto.. .rom sa.e location. These systems are sometimes used 9hen a .ire monitor is inappropriate ?i.e. there is too much inter.erence 9ith the .lo9 path or the monitor cannot 8e located close enough@. # .i/ed .oam spray system 9ould include an appropriate amount o. .oam in a container ready to 8e educted 9ith manual or automatic start o. 9ater .lo9.
&.2.&.2
here!er sprin+ler or spray no>>les are used" the system must include strainers in the 9ater supply.
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&.2.&.3 Fire ater #nd Foam 6ose 1eels These systems are usually rated .or a8out %, gpm and are used 8y an indi!idual in a precise 9ay to e/tinguish incipient .ires similar to a .ire e/tinguisher ?in .act" gi!en that the hoses are a8out %, .eet long" they are some9hat porta8le@. These are located .or use at pumps 9here .lamma8le materials may lea+ and ignite. &.2.&.& Fire 6ydrants Fire hydrants are .or use 9ith mo8ile e5uipment. Typically 9et 8arrel hydrants are pro!ided 9ith three small ?202.5K@ !al!ed connections and one large ?&05K@ !al!e connection. 6oses are used to connect the 9ater supply .rom the hydrant to the mo8ile e5uipment or ?9hen manned 8y se!eral .ire .ighters@ may 8e used to .ight the .ire directly. 6ydrants are usually located along roadsides ?close to the ring main@ spaced no greater than a8out 15, .t ?the length o. one .ire hose@ apart. The &05K hose connections can handle on the order o. 1,,, gpm.
&.2.&.5 Semi0Fi/ed Systems Semi0.i/ed systems are those 9here a distri8ution system .or the .ire suppressant ?.oam .or e/ample@ is a!aila8le upon arri!al o. mo8ile supplies. Fire .ighting .oams can 8e e/pensi!e" so it may 8e decided to install a limited amount or none" 9ith the e/pectation that a porta8le supply 9ould arri!e 5uic+ly" 8e connected" and the system acti!ated manually. &.2.&.% Porta8le E5uipment Porta8le .ire e/tinguishers should 8e located throughout all areas and 9ithin all 8uildings. The e/tinguisher agent selected in each case 9ill 8e 8ased upon the class o. .ire to 8e e/pected as .ollo9sC Class # ? ood" paper and similar@ 0 9ater Class *C ?6ydrocar8on and;or energi>ed e5uipment@ 0 dry chemical or car8on dio/ide gas electrical
Class #*C ?#ll the a8o!e@ 0 multipurpose dry chemical or car8on dio/ide gas heeled porta8le dry chemical and 9heeled pre0mi/ed .oam .ire e/tinguishers may 8e pro!ided .or each process area and other high ha>ard e5uipment
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Foam Containers ?small one to .i!e gallon containers 9hich can 8e hand carried or carted to a .ire monitors e5uipped .or .oam eduction@.
&.2.&.4 3o8ile E5uipment 3ost mo8ile .ire .ighting e5uipment is designed .or use 8y or .or dedicated .ire .ighters. :t is +ept in a Fire 6ouse and used under the instructions o. a Fire Chie. or :ncident Commander. :t may not 8e a!aila8le .or a short period a.ter a .ire alarm is sounded due to necessity .or the .ire department mem8ers to gather" don emergency PPE" and tra!el to the site o. the .ire. Aot e!ery .acility 9ill ha!e a .ull compliment ?or any@ o. this type o. e5uipment and may rely on a municipal .ire department or industrial community aid program. Some types o. 3o8ile Emergency E5uipment to considerC 3onitor 2 # mo8ile .ire monitorB usually e5uipped 9ith enough hose to connect to a .ire hydrant supply. #erials 2 This apparatus can e/tend a remote controlled .ire9ater no>>le %, to 1,, .eet at angles o. 25 to 45 to .ight ele!ated .ires or 9here a .ire cannot 8e sa.ely approached. The truc+ generally includes a 8ooster pump to supply the no>>le" a 9ater tan+ .or pump suction" and enough hose to connect to a .ire hydrant supply. ?These truc+s may include a plat.orm .or manual operation o. the no>>le.@ 6ose Truc+. This apparatus carries many types o. .ire .ighting e5uipment" primarily hose .or connection to hydrants. The truc+ may to9 traileri>ed .ire monitors" .oam guns" .oam tan+s" etc. Support Truc+s 2 This apparatus may include an air conditioned space .or cool0do9n o. .ire .ighters ?in hot climates@" drin+ing 9ater" storage .or SC*# and spare 8ottles" escape pac+s" 8un+er gear" .irst aid supplies" and PPE" a side mounted 8an+ o. lights .or use at night" etc. They may to9 a 8reathing air 8ottle rac+" etc. :n many cases" se!eral o. these capa8ilities are com8ined into a single !ehicle. #dditionally" a JFast #ttac+K Truc+ may 8e pro!ided .or use 8y trained operations personnel. This !ehicle is essentially a large pic+up truc+ 9ith communications gear" PPE" SC*#" a small drum or t9o o. .oam .or use 9ith a .i/ed .ire monitor" .ire e/tinguishers" possi8ly a small .oam gun 9ith a 5, gallon supply o. .oam and some hose .or connection at hydrants or .i/ed monitors" eye9ash 8ottles.
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&.2.5 -ther Fire Suppressants The .ollo9ing are typically used 9hen solids or !ery small li5uid spills are on .ire" 8urning insulation and 8uilding materials" grease" lu8ricants" etc. F302,, ?hepta.luoropropane@ ?Midde@ is reported to 8e a replacement .or 6alon. Ao ->one (ayer depleting CFC<s" sa.e at .ire .ighting concentrations. The .ire is e/tinguished 9ithout getting sensiti!e electrical and control e5uipment 9et or co!ered 9ith dry po9ders. 6igh Pressure ater 3ist Systems ?3ario..@ produce a .og" 9hich acts 8y inerting the atmosphere" 8y cooling" and 8y 8loc+ing radiant heat. These systems ha!e 8een used instead o. halon replacements or C-2. ater use ?and thus 9ater damage@ is minimal ?in some cases 2E o. con!entional sprin+ler system usage@. Snu..ing Steam is used as an aimed spray at .langes inside isolation limits o. e5uipment containing easily ignited materials under high pressure. $ry Po9der 2 $ry po9der is sprayed .rom a porta8le e/tinguisher et Chemical 2 (i5uid .ire suppressant is acti!ated automatically or manually to spray directly on a .ireB primarily used on +itchen e5uipment. C-20 C-2 gas is sprayed .rom a porta8le e/tinguisher or .i/ed spray system to smother a .ire. C-2 is not used in con.ined space 9hen people are present.
5.0 SPECIAL SITUATIONS 5.1 *uildings Sprin+ler and ater Spray Systems are re5uired .or residential and many o..ice and la8oratory 8uildings as 9ell as in 9arehouses. See 1e.erence 12"2, ?AFP# 13" 45,@. Some 8uildings" 9hich house electrical and electronic gear" 9ould A-T 8ene.it .rom copious 5uantities o. 9ater. Fre5uently the only .ire ha>ard is the insulation on the electrical 9iring or some greases or lu8ricants in!ol!ed 9ith s9itchgear.
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Fire and smo+e alarms detect the .ire and alert personnel to use along .ire e/tinguishers. :. normally unoccupied" some type o. automatic non0 a5ueous e/tinguishment system might 8e considered. DES$# ?Dery Early Smo+e $etection and #larm@ systems ha!e 8een used to detect !ery lo9 le!els o. smo+e and allo9 personnel to con.irm the pro8lem and use .ire e/tinguishers or s9itch po9er through au/iliary 9iring systems. 5.2 Storage Tan+ Farms Storage tan+s ?.or .lamma8le li5uids@ and their containment areas e/perience pool .ires and these are most e..ecti!ely .ought 9ith .oam. For .lamma8le li5uids" 9hich are hea!ier than 9ater" copious amounts o. 9ater can su..ocate the .ire. For .lamma8le li5uids" 9hich are !ery solu8le in 9ater" copious amounts o. 9ater dilute and cool the 8urning li5uid su..iciently to stop the .ire. For .lamma8le li5uids" 9hich are lighter than 9ater" 9ater 9ill =ust spread the .ire and is most appropriately used to ma+e .oam and to cool hot sur.aces ?9hich +eep re0igniting .ires or +eep producing .lamma8le !apors or 9hich 9ould e!entually lead to structural .ailure@ and to cool ad=acent tan+s. :n relati!ely compact tan+ .arm installations the use o. .i/ed .oam systems is considered appropriate. Se!eral tan+s can share such a system. They are acti!ated manually ?remotely or .rom a sa.e location@ and the .oam solution directed to the appropriate tan+. # single source o. .oam is pro!ided. Fire9ater .lo9 is started 9hich automatically 8egins educting .oam. This .oam solution tra!els to the target tan+ through a .oam distri8ution net9or+. Fi/ed systems are used in order to cut do9n on response time" 9hich is o. the essence in close 5uarters 9here neigh8oring tan+s can 8e rapidly a..ected. Fi/ed .oam systems are also appropriate .or closed tan+s 9ith no .loating roo.. :n such tan+s" any .ire is a .ull sur.ace .ire. #ny delay in application o. .oam or cooling 9ater spray increases the li+elihood that a .oam layer 9ill 8e impossi8le to .orm and a .ully in!ol!ed tan+ .ire 9ill ensue. Fully in!ol!ed tan+ .ires are !ery di..icult to .ight and are usually le.t to 8urn out. Focus is on protecting ad=acent tan+s and e5uipment" de0in!entory o. the 8urning tan+" and prediction o. 9hen H8oil0o!er<" H.roth0o!er<" or tan+ Hun>ip< may occur. For relati!ely spread out tan+ .arms" and tan+s 9ith Hunsin+a8le< internal .loating roo.s" semi0.i/ed .oam systems may 8e appropriate.
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For e/ternal Hunsin+a8le< .loating roo. tan+s" mo8ile .oam systems may 8e used. here the !apor space inside a storage tan+ is relia8ly padded" it is unli+ely that .lamma8ility le!els 9ill 8e achie!ed and there.ore .oam application systems may 8e 9ai!ed. Passi!e protectionsC Frangi8le roo.s are pro!ided on storage tan+s to minimi>e 8last damage to a tan+ i. ignition occurs. Flame arrestors are used to pre!ent 8ac+ .lash .rom a !ent .ire .rom entering the tan+. Electrical shunts are used to ground .loating roo.s to side9alls pre!enting ignition due to lightning ?.or e/ternal .loating roo.s@ or due to static 8uildup on internal .loating roo.s. #ir !ents are used to maintain a high concentration o. air inside a tan+ to stay out o. .lamma8ility limits. Containment" grading" drainage" remote impoundment" intermediate 8erms are used to carry spilled hydrocar8ons a9ay .rom tan+s" e5uipment" .oam and process li5uid lines.
5.3 (PG Storage Tan+s The storage o. (PG<s shall 8e pro!ided 9ith remote impounding in accordance 9ith the philosophy contained in #P: Standard 251," $esign and Construction o. (PG :nstallations. The amount o. and arrangement o. the remote impounding shall 8e determined 8ased upon the physical properties o. the (PG" the climate conditions" and selected release scenarios. 3any installations ha!e used .ireproo.ing to protect the tan+ supports and ha!e pro!ided deluge systems to protect the tan+ itsel.. $eluge systems may include a 9ater spray or a simple dump o. 9ater on top o. the sphere ?allo9ing the 9ater to .lo9 do9n o!er the sur.ace in a .ilm@. To some degree this .ilm also co!ers the 8ottom hal. o. the !essel. #dditional 9ater spray is o.ten also applied to the lo9er hemisphere o. the !essel. 7sually" there are also t9o .ire monitors located to 8e a8le to co!er the 8ottom hal. o. each tan+. :n some recent cases" .ireproo.ing o. the entire !essel has replaced the use o. 9ater spray and deluge systems.
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(PG storage !essel lea+s can produce !apor clouds" 9hich e/plode i. they reach an ignition source. $etection is the +ey to pre!enting this. ater spray to disperse" a8sor8" or +noc+do9n the !apor is a typical method o. pre!enting .ire until the lea+ can 8e isolated. Pro!ision .or !essel .looding 9ith 9ater should 8e considered. :. the (PG ignites 8e.ore a !apor cloud is .ormed" then a !apor cloud cannot .orm. $o not put out the .ireB isolate the lea+ and allo9 it to 8urn out. (PG .ires are hot and radiant heat can start the production o. !apors .rom the lea+ing (PG !essel or ad=acent tan+s. The !ent system should 8e designed to carry a9ay this !aporB i. not" relie. !al!es start to open to the atmosphere releasing additional (PG !apors. (PG lea+s are o.ten =ets and 9hen ignited may directly impinge on the 8urning !essel or ad=acent !essels. :. this impingement occurs a8o!e the li5uid le!el o. the !essel ?9hich is pro8a8ly .alling due to !enting" lea+age" or de0in!entory e..orts@" the shell 9ill 5uic+ly .ail" resulting in a *(EDE. This is the 9orst case (PG incident. 5.& -..shore -..shore .acilities ha!e the .ollo9ing characteristicsC (imited opportunity .or e!acuation so protection o. li!ing ;control spaces is !ital. E!acuation must 8e allo9ed .or. The .acilities are relati!ely e/pensi!e to 8uild and are at the .ront end o. pro.it centers. Sta..ing is at a minimum. The .acilities are usually congested" so a .ire 9ill spread rapidly i. ad=acent e5uipment isn<t designed to resist .ire conditions. E/cepting pipelines" the reser!oirs o. .lamma8le li5uids and gases are relati!ely small. Passi!e systems and automatic shutdo9n and isolation systems are pre!alent. ater spray systems are o.ten used. There is an a8undant supply o. .ire9ater. #ll that is re5uired is to pump it relia8ly and to ha!e distri8ution piping to deli!er it 9here re5uired. Fire ater Pumps and Fire Protection System controls must 8e protected. Corrosion is an issue.
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1e.er to the #P: 1P01& series.
5.5 Cold Climate Cold climate .acilities ha!e the .ollo9ing characteristicsC The opportunities .or e!acuation are limited so protection o. li!ing ;control spaces is !ital. E!acuation must 8e allo9ed .or. The .acilities are relati!ely e/pensi!e and are at the .ront end o. pro.it centers. Sta..ing is at a minimum. The atmosphere is .re5uently !ery dry" contri8uting to static electrical discharges. :t is di..icult to maintain a large reser!oir o. li5uid .ire9ater. Passi!e systems and automatic shutdo9n and isolation systems are pre!alent.
Fire ater systems are o.ten heated" heat traced" and in constant circulation. 6igh0pressure lo90!olume .ine mist 9ater spray systems are o.ten used 9here .ire9ater is re5uired.
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APPENDIX 1 REFERENCES I I !"#$%& C'!(# #merican Petroleum :nstitute ?#P:@ 1. #P: %2,C $esign and Construction o. (arge elded (o9 Pressure Storage Tan+s 2. #P: %5,C elded Steel tan+s .or -il Storage 3. #P: 452C 3anagement o. 6a>ards #ssociated 9ith (ocation o. Process Plant *uildings C3# 3anagerNs Guide &. #P: 221'C Fireproo.ing Practices in Petroleum and Petrochemical Processing Plants 5. #P: 251,C $esign and Construction o. (PG :nstallations %. #P: 251,#C Fire Protection Considerations .or the $esign and -peration o. (PG Storage Facilities 4. :nstitute o. Electrical and Electronics Engineers ?:EEE@ '. :nternational *uilding Code ?:*C@ 2 :*C 2,,3 Aational Fire Protection #ssociation ?AFP#@ ). AFP# 1,C 1))& Porta8le Fire E/tinguishers 1,. AFP# 11C Standard .or (o9 E/pansion Foam 11. AFP# 13C :nstallation o. Sprin+ler Systems 12. AFP# 15C1))% ater Spray Fi/ed Systems 13. AFP# 2,C Standard .or the :nstallation o. Stationary pumps .or Fire Protection 1&. AFP# 22C Standard .or ater Tan+s .or Pri!ate Fire Protection 15. AFP# 2&C 1))5 :nstallation o. Pri!ate Fire Ser!ice 3ains and their #ppurtenances 1%. AFP# 25C ater *ased Fire Protection Systems 14. AFP# 3,C Flamma8le and Com8usti8le (i5uids code 1'. AFP# &5C Standard on Fire Protection .or (a8oratories 7sing Chemicals 1). AFP# )1C Standard .or E/haust systems .or #ir Con!eying o. Dapors" Gases" 3ists" and Aoncom8usti8le Particulate Solids 2,. AFP# 45,C Standard -n ater 3ist .or Fire Protection Systems 21. AFP# 4',C Standard .or the :nstallation o. (ightning Protection Systems" 1))4 Edition 22. AFP# '5,C 1ecommended Practice .or Fire Protection .or Electrical Generating Plants and 6igh Doltage $irect Current Con!erter Stations 23. 2)CF1 1)1,.11) Su8part 6 Process Sa.ety 3anagement o. 6ighly 6a>ardous Chemicals
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II P)%#' # D(#*+ G"*!(# 2&. PT$0$GS0115 Codes 2 General $esign Guide 25. PT$0$GS013, Guidelines .or 6ydraulic Circuits 2%. PT$0$GS0121 Gra!ity Fluid Flo9 $esign Guide 24. EP$0$GS01,& General 1ecommendations .or Spacing 2'. E370$GS04,, Fire Protection ?*uildings@ III S$) !)%! D%),* +# 2). EP$0$GS05,1 Fire 3,. EP$0$GS05,2 Fire ater Spray System 3ani.old ater Spray System .or Pumps and Compressors
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APPENDIX 2 GLOSSARY OF TER-S BLEVE . *oiling (i5uid E/panding Dapor E/plosion B'*/0'1(% 2To 8e de!eloped later. C'23"#$*3/( L*4"*! . # li5uid 9hich produces .lamma8le !apors and 9hich has a .lashpoint at or a8o!e 1,,F. F*%#$ R(#5' !(% 0The .irst responder is the person 9ho" in per.ormance o. their normal duties" is most li+ely to 8e the .irst to recogni>e a de!eloping .ire ha>ard. For our purposes" this person is the chemical plant operatorB they need training to handle the de!eloping .ire ha>ard. F*%#$ R(#5' #( 0 :. there is a .ire" the a8solutely 1st response is to sound the alarm. 2nd 2 the operator reports the situation and location to control room to get assistance or instructions. ?From the control room" it may 8e possi8le to shut do9n a lea+ing pump and start up the spare" manually acti!ate sprin+ler or deluge systems" or 8egin a shutdo9n and isolation procedure. # Fast #ttac+ Truc+ may 8e a!aila8le to dispatch. Sur!eillance cameras may 8e re0directed. $ispatch an operator to meet Fire $epartment personnel as they arri!e and direct them to the site.@ 3rd 2 the operator 9ould" to the degree that it can 8e done sa.ely" .ight an incipient or small .ire directly as .ollo9sC manually acti!ate sprin+ler systems" initiate .ire monitor co!erage" shut do9n e5uipment isolate the .uel source" use a .ire e/tinguisher" .oam hose reel" etc" F*%( F*+6$(%# . Fire Fighters are the personnel 9ho are trained to .ight ma=or .ires. They usually respond 9ith Fire Truc+s. :t may ta+e some time .or them to gather" get their .ire e5uipment started up and arri!e at the scene. #n :ncident Commander 9ill 8e li+ely to respond 9ith them and ta+e o!er control .rom the -perations Super!isor. F*%( F*+6$* + 7' ( . # Fire Fighting Gone is the area that can 8e a..ected .ire a single .ire incident. *ased on the si>e o. the area" and the characteristics o. the ha>ard and the type o. .ire .ighting e5uipment e/pected to 8e used" the .ire9ater re5uirement .or >one is determined.
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F*%( H)8)%!'"# E4"*52( $ . E5uipment containing .lamma8le materials. See 1e.erence ?&@ #P:0221' F*%( H)8)%! E 1(/'5( . JThe three dimensional space into 9hich .ire ha>ardous ?.ire potential@ e5uipment can release .lamma8le or com8usti8le .luids capa8le o. 8urning long enough and 9ith enough intensity to cause su8stantial property damageK. This space e/tends 2, to &, .t radially and 3, .eet !ertically .rom the .ire ha>ardous e5uipment and .rom its drainage path. F*%( 9)$(% G'1(% * + C)#( 2 The Fire ater Go!erning Case is the .ire9ater re5uirement .or the Fire Fighting Gone re5uiring the largest Fire ater capacity. F*%( 9)$(% P"25# . The main .ire 9ater deli!ery pumps si>ed to deli!er .ire 9ater at least the .ire 9ater go!erning rate and 9ith su..icient pressure .or e..ecti!e .ire .ighting. F*%( 9)$(% R* + -)* . The main .ire9ater header. # JringK is used so that 9ater can 8e deli!ered .rom more than one direction ?in the e!ent that one section o. the header is isolated and out o. ser!ice@. F/)22)3/( L*4"*! . # li5uid 9hich produces .lamma8le !apors and 9hich has a .lashpoint 8elo9 1,,F and a !apor pressure not e/ceeding &, psia at 1,, F. :';<(& P"25# . 1elati!ely small pumps used to maintain a constant 9ater pressure on the .ire9ater piping system. P)##*1( F*%( P%'$(;$*' . Passi!e systems are the aspects o. an installation" 9hich" 9hen designed" installed" and maintained correctly" ha!e an inherent resistance to ignition" or spread o. a .ire 9ithout any acti!ely .unctioning components. E/amples areC .ire proo.ing" .ire 9alls" spacing" containment" and drainage. S)=( D*#$) ;( >=%'2 *+ *$*' #'"%;(? . 1e.er to AFP# 3,. -utside the .ire ha>ardous en!elopeB -utside the area 9here lea+ing gas or !apor can .orm a .lamma8le mi/ture as determined 8y engineering re!ie9 ?o.ten including modeling studies@.
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APPENDIX 3 TYPICAL RING -AIN LAYOUT 'See Atta()e$* FW RING +AIN ,A-OUT3.PDF
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APPENDIX 4 EXA-PLES OF FIRE 9ATER PU-P SYSTE-S '%ee atta()e$* FIRE WATER PU+PS S.ETC/2.PDF
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APPENDIX 5 REFERENCES FOR FIRE FIGHTING E@UIP-ENT
1. ". 3. 8. 5. 9.
WWW.WI,,IA+SFIRE.CO+ 0/TTP122WWW.WI,,IA+SFIRE.CO+3 WWW..ENNED-4A,4E.CO+ 0/TTP122WWW..ENNED-4A,4E.CO+3 WWW.,E4ITT5SAFET-.CO+ 0/TTP122WWW.,E4ITT5SAFET-.CO+3 WWW.USFOA+.CO+ 0/TTP122WWW.USFOA+.CO+3 WWW.NEWAGE5INDIA.CO+ 0/TTP122WWW.NEWAGE5INDIA.CO+3 WWW./I5FPG.CO+ 0/TTP122WWW./I5FPG.CO+3
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APPENDIX 6 HDPE PIPE Polyethylene materials .or pressure piping are identi.ied 8y an #ST3 3aterial Code. 6$PE ?high density polyethylene@ is coded PE 3&,'. 6$PE pipe has a ma/imum allo9a8le pressure rating as gi!en 8y the .ormula C P O 2 6$* .E / .T ;?$101@ P O :nternal pressure" psi 6$* O 6ydrostatic $esign *asis F 43 F ?1%,, .or PE3&,'@ .E O En!ironmental $esign Factor ?,.5 .or 9ater@ .T O Ser!ice Temperature $esign Factor ?1., .or 43 FB ,.4' .or 1,, F@ $1 O -$ ; thic+ness ?t@ $1 11 has a nominal ser!ice pressure rating o. 1%, psi" 8ut .or a design temperature o. 1,, F" the ma/imum coincidental design pressure rating is 125 psig. Thus it 9ould not satis.y the minimum design temperature and pressure conditions .or most .ire9ater systems. $1 ) has a nominal ser!ice pressure rating o. 2,, psi" 8ut .or a design temperature o. 1,, F" the ma/imum coincidental design pressure rating is 15% psig. $1 4 ?4.3@ has a nominal ser!ice pressure rating o. 255 psi" 8ut .or a design temperature o. 1,, F" the ma/imum design pressure rating is 1)' psig. 6$PE pipe is generally si>ed 8ased on the -$B For $1 ) a 12K line has an :$ o. ).4&% in. and .or $1 4" a 12K line has an :$ o. ).,&% in. *e sure to input the :$ 9hen doing hydraulic calculations or determining linear !elocity. #S3E *31.3 2 2,,2 Section #3,2.2.& #llo9ances .or Pressure and Temperature Dariations indicates that .or J?a@ Aonmetallic Piping. #llo9ances .or !ariations o. pressure" or temperature" or 8oth" a8o!e design conditions are not permitted. The most se!ere conditions o. coincident pressure and temperature shall 8e used to determine the design conditions .or a piping system. The .ollo9ing ta8le pro!ides pressure ratings .or $14 and $1 ) 6$PE at se!eral temperatures" some o. 9hich 9ould 8e inapplica8le to .ire9ater systems e/cept in special situations.
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S$14 .E T ?deg C@ .T $1 P ?PS:@ P ?MG;C32@ S$1) .E T ?deg C@ .T S$1) P ?PS:@ P ?MG;C32@
,.5 %, ,.5
,.5 && ,.%)'
,.5 &1 ,.43)
,.5 &, ,.453
,.5 3' ,.4'
,.5 33 ,.'53
,.5 3, ,.')4
,.5 2%.2 ,.)53
,.5 23 1
4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 12%.)' 144.24 1'4.%' 1)1.2& 1)'.1, 21%.%3 224.'1 2&2.,3 253.)4 '.)3 12.&% 13.2, 13.&5 13.)3 15.23 1%.,2 14.,2 14.'%
,.5 %, ,.5
,.5 && ,.%)'
,.5 &1 ,.43)
,.5 &, ,.453
,.5 3' ,.4'
,.5 33 ,.'53
,.5 3, ,.')4
,.5 2%.2 ,.)53
,.5 23 1
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 1,,.,, 13).%, 1&4.', 15,.%, 15%.,, 14,.%, 14).&, 1),.%, 2,,.,, 4.,3 ).'2 1,.3) 1,.5) 1,.)4 11.)) 12.%1 13.&, 1&.,%
The ad!antages o. 6$PE are its resistance to internal or e/ternal corrosion" 9hich is important since it is used underground. :t 9ill not 8ecome 8rittle in cold en!ironments. :t is .le/i8le and not li+ely to crac+ 9ith gradual settlement o. the site. :t is smooth and does not support the gro9th o. organismsB it has high Hc< and 9ould 8e e/pected to retain it .or the li.e o. the pipe. :t has 5,0year li.e e/pectancy.
3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.A 3.1, 3.11 3.12 3.13
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3.14 3.15 3.16 3.14 3.18 3.1) 3.20 3.21 3.22
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3.23 3.2& 3.25 3.26 3.27 3.28 3.2A 3.30 3.31 3.32 3.33 3.34 3.35 3.36 3.34 3.38 3.3A 3.&, 3.41 3.42 3.43 3.44 3.45 3.46 3.47 3.48 3.4A 3.50 3.51 3.52 3.53 3.54
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3.55 3.66 3.57 3.58
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3.5A 3.60 3.61 3.62 3.63 3.64 3.%5 3.66 3.%4 3.68 3.%) 3.70 3.41 3.72 3.43 3.74 3.45 3.76
CADDCAD Prepares Incorporates CAD Incorporates Dra Dra ing ing Co((ents Dra ing Co((ents Process Process Engineer Engineer Process Revie Revie s DraEngineer s ings Dra ings Revie s Dra ings Control Instr!(entation S%ste(s and Instr!(entation and Adds Instr!(entation Control .ro!p Control .ro!p Mark!p Excl!ding )ag *inal $!(bers Co((ents Incl!ding )ag $!(bers Piping Service Index Process Process Engineer Engineer Process Engineer Prepares Incorporates Sketch Co((ents Incorporates Co((ents CADD provides LineSheets $!(bers Legend Client Co((ents Client Co((ents A*E ith Scope of +ork and P*Ds Project Manager P-ID Revie In"#o!se Revie Co((ents Co((ents
Project Process Engineer Engineer Process Engineer Collects Co((ents Collects Co((ents
,ther Discipline ,ther Discipline Co((ents Co((ents
3.77 3.78 3.7A 3.80 3.81 3.'2 3.83 3.'& 3.85 3.'% 3.87
Piping Service Index if Available $o
Dra ings Draare ings are CAD Checks and Ret!rned Ret!rned to Process toRet!rns Process Dra ings to Process
Process Process 'ack 'ack Process 'ack Checks Checks Dra ings Dra ings Checks Dra ings $o $o &es &es &es Iss!e for Iss!e for Iss!e for In"#o!se Revie Design Approval
Line $!(bers if Available
Is Dra Is ing Dra Read% ing Read% Isto Dra ing Read% Iss!e to Iss!e to Iss!e
In" Detailed #o!se Engineering P-ID Revie Revie
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3.88 3.8A 3.), 3.A1 3.A2 3.A3 3.A4 3.)5 3.A6 3.)4 3.A8
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3.AA 3.1,, 3.101 3.102 3.103 3.104 3.105 3.1,% 3.107 3.1,' 3.10A
3.110
3.111
3.112 3.113 3.114 3.1153.116
3.114 3.11' 3.11) 3.12, 3.1213.122 3.123 3.124 3.125 3.126 3.1273.128
3.12A 3.130 3.131 3.132 3.1333.134 3.135 3.136 3.137 3.138 3.13A3.140 3.141 3.142 3.143 3.144 3.1453.146 3.147 3.148 3.14A 3.150 3.1513.152 3.153 3.154 3.155 3.156 3.1573.158 3.15A 3.160 3.161 3.162 3.1633.164
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3.165 3.166 3.167 3.168 3.16A3.170

3.171 3.172 3.173 3.174 3.1753.176 3.177 3.178 3.17A 3.180 3.1813.182 3.183 3.184 3.185 3.186 3.1873.188
3.18A 3.1A0 3.1A1 3.1A2 3.1A33.1A4

3.1A5 3.1A6 3.1A7 3.1A8 3.1AA3.200 3.201 3.202 3.203 3.204 3.2053.206 3.207 3.208 3.20A 3.210 3.2113.212
3.213 3.214 3.215 3.216 3.2173.218 3.21A 3.220 3.221 3.222 3.2233.224 3.225 3.22% 3.224 3.22' 3.22)3.23, 3.231 3.232 3.233 3.234 3.2353.236 3.237 3.238 3.23A 3.240 3.2413.242 3.243 3.244 3.245 3.246 3.2473.248 3.24A 3.250 3.251 3.252 3.2533.254 3.255 3.256 3.257 3.258 3.25A3.260 3.261 3.262 3.263 3.264 3.2653.266 3.267 3.268 3.26A 3.270 3.2713.272 3.273 3.274 3.275 3.276 3.2773.278 3.27A 3.280 3.281 3.282 3.2833.284 3.285 3.286 3.287 3.288 3.28A3.2A0 3.2A1 3.2A2 3.2A3 3.2A4 3.2A53.2A6 3.2)4 3.2)' 3.2)) 3.3,, 3.3,13.3,2 3.303 3.304 3.305 3.306 3.3073.308
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3.30A 3.310 3.311 3.312 3.3133.314 3.315 3.316 3.317 3.318 3.31A3.320 3.321 3.322 3.323 3.324 3.3253.326 3.327 3.328 3.32A 3.330 3.3313.332 3.333 3.334 3.335 3.336 3.3373.338 3.33A 3.340 3.341 3.342 3.3433.344 3.345 3.346 3.347 3.348 3.34A3.350 3.351 3.352 3.353 3.354 3.3553.356 3.357 3.358 3.35A 3.360 3.3613.362 3.363 3.364 3.365 3.366 3.3673.368 3.36A 3.370 3.371 3.372 3.3733.374 3.375 3.376 3.377 3.378 3.37A3.380 3.381 3.382 3.383 3.384 3.3853.386 3.387 3.388 3.38A 3.3A0 3.3A13.3A2 3.3A3 3.3A4 3.3A5 3.3A6 3.3A73.3A8 3.3AA 3.400 3.401 3.402 3.4033.404 3.405 3.406 3.407 3.408 3.40A3.410 3.411 3.412 3.413 3.414 3.4153.416 3.&14 3.&1' 3.&1) 3.&2, 3.&213.&22 3.423 3.424 3.425 3.426 3.4273.428 3.42A 3.430 3.431 3.432 3.4333.434 3.435 3.436 3.437 3.438 3.43A3.440 3.441 3.442 3.443 3.444 3.4453.446 3.447 3.448 3.44A 3.450 3.4513.452
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3.453 3.454 3.455 3.456 3.4573.458 3.45A 3.460 3.461 3.462 3.4633.464 3.465 3.466 3.467 3.468 3.46A3.470 3.471 3.472 3.473 3.474 3.4753.476 3.477 3.478 3.47A 3.480 3.4813.482 3.483 3.484 3.485 3.486 3.4873.488 3.48A 3.4A0 3.4A1 3.4A2 3.4A33.4A4 3.4A5 3.4A6 3.4A7 3.4A8 3.4AA3.500 3.501 3.502 3.503 3.504 3.5053.506 3.507 3.508 3.50A 3.510 3.5113.512 3.513 3.514 3.515 3.516 3.5173.518 3.51A 3.520 3.521 3.522 3.5233.524 3.525 3.526 3.527 3.528 3.52A3.530 3.531 3.532 3.533 3.534 3.5353.536 3.537 3.538 3.53A 3.540 3.5413.542 3.543 3.544 3.545 3.546 3.5473.548 3.54A 3.550 3.551 3.552 3.5533.554 3.555 3.55% 3.554 3.55' 3.55)3.5%, 3.561 3.562 3.563 3.564 3.5653.566 3.567 3.568 3.56A 3.570 3.5713.572 3.573 3.574 3.575 3.576 3.5773.578 3.57A 3.580 3.581 3.582 3.5833.584 3.585 3.586 3.587 3.588 3.58A3.5A0 3.5A1 3.5A2 3.5A3 3.5A4 3.5A53.5A6
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3.5A7 3.5A8 3.5AA 3.600 3.6013.602 3.603 3.604 3.605 3.606 3.6073.608 3.60A 3.610 3.611 3.612 3.6133.614 3.615 3.616 3.617 3.618 3.61A3.620 3.621 3.622 3.623 3.624 3.6253.626 3.627 3.628 3.62A 3.630 3.6313.632 3.633 3.634 3.635 3.636 3.6373.638 3.63A 3.640 3.641 3.642 3.6433.644 3.645 3.646 3.647 3.648 3.64A3.650 3.651 3.652 3.653 3.654 3.6553.656 3.657 3.658 3.65A 3.660 3.6613.662 3.663 3.664 3.665 3.666 3.6673.668 3.66A 3.670 3.671 3.672 3.6733.674 3.675 3.676 3.677 3.678 3.67A3.680 3.681 3.682 3.683 3.684 3.6853.686 3.687 3.688 3.68A 3.6A0 3.6A13.6A2 3.6A3 3.6A4 3.6A5 3.6A6 3.6A73.6A8 3.6AA 3.700 3.701 3.702 3.7033.704 3.4,5 3.4,% 3.4,4 3.4,' 3.4,)3.41, 3.711 3.712 3.713 3.714 3.7153.716 3.717 3.718 3.71A 3.720 3.7213.722 3.723 3.724 3.725 3.726 3.7273.728 3.72A 3.730 3.731 3.732 3.7333.734 3.735 3.736 3.737 3.738 3.73A3.740
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3.741 3.742 3.743 3.744 3.7453.746 3.747 3.748 3.74A 3.750 3.7513.752 3.753 3.754 3.755 3.756 3.7573.758 3.75A 3.760 3.761 3.762 3.7633.764 3.765 3.766 3.767 3.768 3.76A3.770 3.771 3.772 3.773 3.774 3.7753.776 3.777 3.778 3.77A 3.780 3.7813.782 3.783 3.784 3.785 3.786 3.7873.788 3.78A 3.7A0 3.7A1 3.7A2 3.7A33.7A4 3.7A5 3.7A6 3.7A7 3.7A8 3.7AA3.800 3.801 3.802 3.803 3.804 3.8053.806 3.807 3.808 3.80A 3.810 3.8113.812 3.813 3.814 3.815 3.816 3.8173.818 3.81A 3.820 3.821 3.822 3.8233.824 3.825 3.826 3.827 3.828 3.82A3.830 3.831 3.832 3.833 3.834 3.8353.836 3.837 3.838 3.83A 3.840 3.8413.842 3.843 3.844 3.845 3.846 3.8473.848 3.84A 3.850 3.851 3.852 3.8533.854 3.855 3.856 3.857 3.858 3.85A3.860 3.861 3.862 3.863 3.864 3.8653.866 3.867 3.868 3.86A 3.870 3.8713.872 3.873 3.874 3.875 3.876 3.8773.878 3.87A 3.880 3.881 3.882 3.8833.884
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3.885 3.886 3.887 3.888 3.88A3.8A0 3.8A1 3.8A2 3.8A3 3.8A4 3.8A53.8A6 3.8A7 3.8A8 3.8AA 3.A00 3.A013.A02 3.A03 3.A04 3.A05 3.A06 3.A073.A08 3.A0A 3.A10 3.A11 3.A12 3.A133.A14 3.A15 3.A16 3.A17 3.A18 3.A1A3.A20 3.A21 3.A22 3.A23 3.A24 3.A253.A26 3.A27 3.A28 3.A2A 3.A30 3.A313.A32 3.)33 3.)3& 3.)35 3.)3% 3.)343.)3' 3.A3A 3.A40 3.A41 3.A42 3.A433.A44 3.A45 3.A46 3.A47 3.A48 3.A4A3.A50 3.A51 3.A52 3.A53 3.A54 3.A553.A56 3.A57 3.A58 3.A5A 3.A60 3.A613.A62 3.A63 3.A64 3.A65 3.A66 3.A673.A68 3.A6A 3.A70 3.A71 3.A72 3.A733.A74 3.A75 3.A76 3.A77 3.A78 3.A7A3.A80 3.A81 3.A82 3.A83 3.A84 3.A853.A86 3.A87 3.A88 3.A8A 3.AA0 3.AA13.AA2 3.AA3 3.AA4 3.AA5 3.AA6 3.AA73.AA8 3.AAA 3.1000 3.1001 3.1002 3.1003 3.1004 3.1005 3.1006 3.1007 3.1008 3.100A 3.1010 3.1011 3.1012 3.1013 3.1014 3.1015 3.1016 3.1017 3.1018 3.101A 3.1020 3.1021 3.1022 3.1023 3.1024 3.1025 3.1026 3.1027 3.1028
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3.102A 3.1030 3.1031 3.1032 3.1033 3.1034 3.1035 3.1036 3.1037 3.1038 3.103A 3.1040 3.1041 3.1042 3.1043 3.1044 3.1045 3.1046 3.1,&4 3.1,&' 3.1,&) 3.1,5, 3.1,51 3.1,52 3.1053 3.1054 3.1055 3.1056 3.1057 3.1058 3.105A 3.1060 3.1061 3.1062 3.1063 3.1064 3.1065 3.1066 3.1067 3.1068 3.106A 3.1070 3.1071 3.1072 3.1073 3.1074 3.1075 3.1076 3.1077 3.1078 3.107A 3.1080 3.1081 3.1082 3.1083 3.1084 3.1085 3.1086 3.1087 3.1088 3.108A 3.10A0 3.10A1 3.10A2 3.10A3 3.10A4 3.10A5 3.10A6 3.10A7 3.10A8 3.10AA 3.1100 3.1101 3.1102 3.1103 3.1104 3.1105 3.1106 3.1107 3.1108 3.110A 3.1110 3.1111 3.1112 3.1113 3.111& 3.1115 3.111% 3.1114 3.111' 3.111A 3.1120 3.1121 3.1122 3.1123 3.1124 3.1125 3.1126 3.1127 3.1128 3.112A 3.1130 3.1131 3.1132 3.1133 3.1134 3.1135 3.1136 3.1137 3.1138 3.113A 3.1140 3.1141 3.1142 3.1143 3.1144 3.1145 3.1146 3.1147 3.1148 3.11&) 3.115, 3.1151 3.1152 3.1153 3.115& 3.1155 3.1156 3.1157 3.1158 3.115A 3.1160 3.1161 3.1162 3.1163 3.1164 3.1165 3.1166 3.1167 3.1168 3.116A 3.1170 3.1171 3.1172
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Fire Protection Philosophy and Design Guide

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PROCEDURE NO.

PROCESS TECHNOLOGY PROCEDURES

Novem er 11! "003

PROCESS ENG%NEER%NG F%RE PROTECT%ON P)%*OSOP)Y AND DES%GN GU%DE

'. '. Po(ers

PROCESS TECHNOLOGY PROCEDURES

D. S. RegisterE+ite+ ,rom e-isti.g +o/ 0 '. *. Smit1

Novem er 11! "003'230. 4! "003

'. '. Po(ers''P

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INTRODUCTION P71P-SE1.1 Purpose

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1e.er to AFP# %' and %) .or E/plosion Suppression Systems

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3.2 Estimating The Fire

ater Go!erning Case

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ater Pump" Storage" and Piping $esign ater Pumps

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1.2.2 FIRE PREVENTION AND LOSS CONTROL 1.2.3 1.

1.2.4 1.2.5 1.2.6

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