FOR THE TOPICS IN ANATOMY; PAY ATTENTION TO THE FOLLOWING DETAILS

1. Given a clinical scenario, identify the structure involved 2. Identify anatomic landmarks used in physical examination 3. Given a laboratory/radiographic examination finding, identify the structure involved 4. Given a patient problem. Identify the errors in development

NERVOUS SYSTEM A. Gross Anatomy - Structure and Parts 1. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) a. Spinal nerves 31 pairs b. Cranial nerves 12 pairs c. Functional components of peripheral nerves 2. Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) a. Parasympathetic (craniosacral) division b. Sympathetic (thoracolumbar) division 3. Central Nervous System (CNS) a. Development of the brain & spinal cord b. Gross anatomy of the brain c. Meninges, ventricles & cerebrospinal fluid and their Clinical correlation d. Blood supply of CNS and clinical correlation: e. The spinal cord: external & internal anatomy and their Clinical correlation: site of lumbar puncture f. General somatic afferents (general sensation) and clinical correlation g. The motor system h. The visual system i. Vestibular System j. Taste & olfaction k. Hypothalamus l. Limbic system Relationship to adjacent structures Blood supply Venous drainage Nerve supply

B. Histology neurons, axons, dentrites, synapse glial cells

nerve fibers ganglia

C. Clinical applications and diagnostics Radiologic: skull x-rays, CT scan, MRI, Angiography Lumbar puncture Hydrocephalus Epidural hemorrhage Subdural hemorrhage Subarachnoid hemorrhage Rombergs sign Spinal cord lesions loss of pain and thermal sense, opposite side of lesion, loss of conscious proprioception same side of lesion Differences between upper motor and lower neuron lesions Bells palsy Movement disorders Manifestations of cerebellar lesions Visual field test Horners syndrome Ocular movement Dolls eye maneuver

II. THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM A. Gross Anatomy - Structure and parts 1. Hypophysis(Pituitary gland) 2. Thyroid and Clinical correlation 3. Parathyroids 4. Adrenals 5. Pineal glands - Relationship to adjacent structures - Blood supply - Venous drainage - Nerve supply B. Histology - Thyroid - follicles - parafollicular cells

- Parathyroid - chief cells - oxyphil cells - Pineal gland - pinealocytes - astrocytes - Adrenals - spongyocytes - glomerulosa - fasciculata - reticularis - Pituitary - pars nervosa - pars intermedia - pars distalis acidophils, basophils, chromophobes - Golgi complex C. Clinical applications and diagnostics 1. Abdominal xrays 2. Nuclear scan 3. Ultrasound 4. CT scan / MRI 5. Complications of operation III. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM A. Gross Anatomy - Structure and parts 1. The Heart 2. The Great vessels 3. Blood supply to head and neck 4. Blood supply to limbs (upper & lower) 5. Blood supply to thoracic, abdominal & pelvic organs Relationships to adjacent structures Blood supply Venous drainage Nerve supply

B. Histology - endothelial cells - tunica media - tunica intima - vasa vasorum - endocardium - myocardium - epicardium - Purkinje cells C. Clinical applications and diagnostics 1. Radiologic: Chest x-ray 2. EKG 3. Echocardiography 4. Angiography 5. Nuclear scan 6. .Exercise test IV. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM A. Gross Anatomy - Structure and parts 1. Functional division: conducting & respiratory portions 2. Lobes of right & left lungs 3. The pleura: lines of pleural reflection 4. Trachea & bronchial branchings 5. Bronchopulmonary segments (Note: lingula) - Relationship to adjacent structures - Blood supply - Venous drainage - Lymphatic drainage - Nerve supply B. Histology - respiratory epithelium ciliated colujmnar cells, goblet cells, brush cells, basal cells granule cells

- olfactory epithelium basal cells, olfactory cells, supporting cells - clara cells, neuroepithelial bodies - alveolar cells C. Clinical application and diagnostics 1. Radiologic: chest x-ray, CT scan, MRI 2. Bronchoscopy 3. Ultrasound 4. Thoracentesis 5. Pericardiocentesis V. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM A. Gross Anatomy - Structure and parts 1. Mouth & pharynx 2. Esophagus 3. Stomach 4. Small intestine 5. Large intestine 6. Accessory organs 1. Salivary glands: parotid, submaxilary, sublingual 2. Liver 3. Gallbladder 4. Pancreas - Relstionship to adjacent structures - Blood supply - Venous drainage - Lymphatic drainage - Nerve supply B. Histology - Mucosa - Submucosa - Muscularis: circular, longitudinal - Adventitia / serosa C. Clinical application and diagnostics

Imaging studies: esophagram, chest studies Manometry Endoscopy pH measurement

x-ray, UGIS, Barium enema, ultrasound

VI. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM A. Gross Anatomy - Structure and parts 1. Female reproductive system: functions and organs a. Internal Ovaries Uterus Uterine or fallopian tubes Vagina b. External: Mons pubis Labia majora Labia minora Clitoris Greater vestibular glands c. The Mammary Gland
2. Male reproductive system

a. Testis b. Accessory glands: prostate gland seminal vesicle, bulbourethral glands of Cowper c. Penis Relationship to adjacent structure Blood supply Venous drainage Nerve supply

B. Histology 1. Female Reproductive System - ovarian follicle follicular cells, stromal cells, zona pellucida, granulosa cells, theca internal, theca externa, oocyte,

- endometrium, myometrium, adventitia - breast lobes, ducts 2. Male Reproductive System - seminiferous tubules - rete testis - tunica propia - myoid cells - sertoli cells - spermatocytes C. Clinical applications and diagnostics 1. Ultrasound pelvic and transvaginal 2. Digital rectal examination 3. Pelvic examination 4. Cytologic examination VII. MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM A. Gross Anatomy 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Structure and parts

The Skeleton: axial and appendicular Joints and their application Limbs Head Vertebral column: primary & secondary curvatures 6. Thorax 7. The Muscles 8 Pleural reflection 9. Breast examination

- Relationship to structures - Blood supply - Venous drainage - Nerve supply B. Histology Bone osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, periosteum, endosteum Muscles epimysium, perimysium, endomysium, A band, I bands, Z-line Cartilage perichondrium, chondrocytes

C. Clinical application / diagnostics 1. Bone x-rays

2. CT scan / MRI 3. Arthroscopy 4. Site of clavicular fracture injury to cervical plexus 5. Shoulder joint dislocation nerve involved 6. Structures involved in knee injury 7. Wrist drop 8. Claw hand 9. Avascular necrosis of the femur 11. Carpal tunnel syndrome 12Winging of the scapula 13. Foot drop 14 Erb-Duchenne paralysis VIII. THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM A. Gross Anatomy - Structure and Parts 1. Kidneys 2. Ureters 3. Urinary bladder 4. Urethra B. Histology 1. Kidneys a. connective tissue capsule b. outer cortex & inner medulla (renal pyramids) c. parts of uriniferous tubule: nephron & collecting tubules d. parts of nephron - renal corpuscle (glomerulus & Bowmans capsule) Note: JG cells & macula densa form JG apparatus - proximal convoluted tubule: simple cuboidal epithelium with brush border - loop of Henle: simple squamous epithelium - distal convoluted epithelium: simple cuboidal epithelium - Glomerular Filtration Membrane: fenestrated endothelium, basal

lamina & slit pores between foot processes of podocytes(visceral layer of Bowmans capsule) 2. Ureters: layers of wall a. mucosa:transitional epithelium & lamina propria b. muscular coat c. adventitia 3. Urinary Bladder: layers of wall a. mucosa:transitional epithelium & lamina propria b. muscular coat c. adventitia 4. Urethra a. transitional epithelium in proximal portion & stratified squamous nonkeratinizing epithelium in distal portion - Relationship to adjacent structures - Blood supply - Venous drainage - Nerve supply C. Clinical Applications 1. KUB xrays 2. Ultrasound 3. CT scan 4. Renal biopsy VIII. INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM: THE SKIN & ITS APPENDAGES A. Gross Anatomy - Structure and parts 1. The Skin 2. Appendages of the skin a. hair b. sebaceous glands c. nails d. sweat glangs Relationship to other structures Blood supply Venous drainage Nerve supply

B. Histology a. principal layers: epidermis & dermis b. layers of the epidermis - stratum germinativum - stratum spinosum - stratum granulosum - stratum lucidum - stratum corneum c. cellular composition of epidermis - keratinocytes - melanocytes - Langerhans cells - Merkels cells d. dermis - papillary layer - reticular layer - basal lamina, lamina leticularis C. Clinical application and diagnostics 1. Langers lines 2. Stretch marks striae gravidarum