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Automatic Room Light Control

Abstract: Automatic Room Light Control System is a simple yet powerful concept, which uses transistor as a switch. By using this system manual works are 100% remo e!. "t automatically switches #$ lights when the sunlight goes %elow the isi%le region of our eyes. &his is !one %y a sensor calle! Light 'epen!ant Resistor (L'R) which senses the light actually like our eyes. "t automatically switches #** lights whene er the sunlight comes, isi%le to our eyes.

By using this system energy consumption is also re!uce! %ecause nowa!ays the manually operate! room lights are not switche! off e en the sunlight comes an! also switche! on earlier %efore sunset. "n this pro+ect, no nee! of manual operation like #$ time an! #** time setting.

&his pro+ect clearly !emonstrates the working of transistor in saturation region an! cut,off region. &he working of relay is also known.

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BL#C- '"A.RA/0
(6..
!23

1$

1*
Common

1elay
!2C

Po&er

4"1 5!"

LDR: L'Rs or Light 'epen!ent Resistors are ery useful especially in light1!ark sensor circuits. $ormally the resistance of an L'R is ery high, sometimes as high as 1000 000 ohms, %ut when they are illuminate! with light resistance !rops !ramatically.

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2hen the light le el is low the resistance of the L'R is high. &his pre ents current from flowing to the %ase of the transistors. Conse3uently the L4' !oes not light. 5owe er, when light shines onto the L'R its resistance falls an! current flows into the %ase of the first transistor an! then the secon! transistor. &he L4' lights.

5ere in our pro+ect to a oi! the light from le! to fall on to L'R we place a %o6 in which we will keep our +ewelry. "f any one remo es the %o6 the light from le! falls !irectly on to the L'R an! then the transistor will %e on which is monitore! %y the microcontroller.

Light-emitting diode (LED) Light,emitting !io!es are elements for light signali7ation in electronics. &hey are manufacture! in !ifferent shapes, colors an! si7es. *or their low price, low consumption an! simple use, they ha e almost completely pushe! asi!e other light sources, %ul%s at first place. &hey perform similar to common !io!es with the !ifference that they emit light when current flows through them.

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"t is important to know that each !io!e will %e imme!iately !estroye! unless its current is limite!. &his means that a con!uctor must %e connecte! in parallel to a !io!e. "n or!er to correctly !etermine alue of this con!uctor, it is necessary to know !io!e8s oltage !rop in forwar! !irection, which !epen!s on what material a !io!e is ma!e of an! what colour it is. 9alues typical for the most fre3uently use! !io!es are shown in ta%le %elow0 As seen, there are three main types of L4's. Standard ones current while Super Bright !io!es pro!uce more intensi e light than Stan!ar! ones. Since the ;0<1 microcontrollers can pro i!e only low input current an! since their pins are configure! as outputs when oltage le el on them is e3ual to 0, !irect connectining to L4's is carrie! out as it is shown on figure (Low current L4', catho!e is connecte! to output pin). RELAYS: A relay is an electrically controllable switch widely used in industrial controls, automobiles and appliances. &he relay allows the isolation of two separate sections of a system with two !ifferent oltage sources i.e., a small amount of oltage1current on one si!e can han!le a large amount of oltage1current on the other si!e %ut there is no chance that these two oltages mi6 up. get ful %rightness at current of :0mA. Low Current !io!es get ful %rightness at ten times lower

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"n!uctor

Fig: Circuit symbol o a relay

!"eration: 2hen current flows through the coil, a magnetic fiel! is create! aroun! the coil i.e., the coil is energi7e!. &his causes the armature to %e attracte! to the coil. &he armature8s contact acts like a switch an! closes or opens the circuit. 2hen the coil is not energi7e!, a spring pulls the armature to its normal state of open or close!. &here are all types of relays for all kin!s of applications.

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Fig: Relay !"eration and use o "rotection diodes

&ransistors an! "Cs must %e protecte! from the %rief high oltage =spike= pro!uce! when the relay coil is switche! off. &he a%o e !iagram shows how a signal !io!e (eg 1$>1>;) is connecte! across the relay coil to pro i!e this protection. &he !io!e is connecte! =%ackwar!s= so that it will normally not con!uct. Con!uction occurs only when the relay coil is switche! off, at this moment the current tries to flow continuously through the coil an! it is safely !i erte! through the !io!e. 2ithout the !io!e no current coul! flow an! the coil woul! pro!uce a !amaging high oltage =spike= in its attempt to keep the current flowing. "n choosing a relay, the following characteristics nee! to %e consi!ere!0 1. &he contacts can %e normally open ($#) or normally close! ($C). "n the $C type, the contacts are close! when the coil is not energi7e!. "n the $# type, the contacts are close! when the coil is energi7e!. :. &here can %e one or more contacts. i.e., !ifferent types like S?S& (single pole single throw), S?'& (single pole !ou%le throw) an! '?'& (!ou%le pole !ou%le throw) relays. @. &he oltage an! current re3uire! to energi7e the coil. &he oltage can ary from a few olts to <0 olts, while the current can %e from a few milliamps to :0milliamps. &he relay has a minimum oltage, %elow which the coil will not %e energi7e!. &his minimum oltage is calle! the Apull,inB oltage.

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>. &he minimum 'C1AC oltage an! current that can %e han!le! %y the contacts. &his is in the range of a few olts to hun!re!s of olts, while the current can %e from a few amps to >0A or more, !epen!ing on the relay.

DR#$#%& A RELAY: An S?'& relay consists of fi e pins, two for the magnetic coil, one as the common terminal an! the last pins as normally connecte! pin an! normally close! pin. 2hen the current flows through this coil, the coil gets energi7e!. "nitially when the coil is not energi7e!, there will %e a connection %etween the common terminal an! normally close! pin. But when the coil is energi7e!, this connection %reaks an! a new connection %etween the common terminal an! normally open pin will %e esta%lishe!. &hus when there is an input from the microcontroller to the relay, the relay will %e switche! on. &hus when the relay is on, it can !ri e the loa!s connecte! %etween the common terminal an! normally open pin. &herefore, the relay takes <9 from the microcontroller an! !ri es the loa!s which consume high currents. &hus the relay acts as an isolation !e ice. 'igital systems an! microcontroller pins lack sufficient current to !ri e the relay. 2hile the relay8s coil nee!s aroun! 10milli amps to %e energi7e!, the microcontroller8s pin can pro i!e a ma6imum of 1,:milli amps current. *or this reason, a !ri er such as CL$:00@ or a power transistor is place! in %etween the microcontroller an! the relay. "n or!er to operate more than one relay, CL$:00@ can %e connecte! %etween relay an! microcontroller.

Block 'iagram of ?ower Supply0

8tep do&n '2F

9rid0e 1e.ti:ier

Filter Cir.7it

1e07lato r Po&er $7pply to all $e.tion$

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'!(ER S)''LY: &he input to the circuit is applie! from the regulate! power supply. &he a.c. input i.e., :@09 from the mains supply is step !own %y the transformer to 1:9 an! is fe! to a rectifier. &he output o%taine! from the rectifier is a pulsating !.c oltage. So in or!er to get a pure !.c oltage, the output oltage from the rectifier is fe! to a filter to remo e any a.c components present e en after rectification. $ow, this oltage is gi en to a oltage regulator to o%tain a pure constant !c oltage.

230V AC 50Hz

D-C !ut"ut

Ste" do*n trans ormer

,ridge Recti ier Filter Regulator

Fig: 'o*er su""ly +rans ormer: Csually, 'C oltages are re3uire! to operate arious electronic e3uipment an! these oltages are <9, D9 or 1:9. But these oltages cannot %e o%taine! !irectly. &hus the a.c input a aila%le at the mains supply i.e., :@09 is to %e %rought !own to the re3uire! oltage le el. &his is !one %y a transformer. &hus, a step !own transformer is employe! to !ecrease the oltage to a re3uire! le el. Recti ier:

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&he output from the transformer is fe! to the rectifier. "t con erts A.C. into pulsating '.C. &he rectifier may %e a half wa e or a full wa e rectifier. "n this pro+ect, a %ri!ge rectifier is use! %ecause of its merits like goo! sta%ility an! full wa e rectification. Filter: Capaciti e filter is use! in this pro+ect. "t remo es the ripples from the output of rectifier an! smoothens the '.C. #utput recei e! from this filter is constant until the mains oltage an! loa! is maintaine! constant. 5owe er, if either of the two is arie!, '.C. oltage recei e! at this point changes. &herefore a regulator is applie! at the output stage. $oltage regulator: As the name itself implies, it regulates the input applie! to it. A oltage regulator is an electrical regulator !esigne! to automatically maintain a constant oltage le el. "n this pro+ect, power supply of <9 an! 1:9 are re3uire!. "n or!er to o%tain these oltage le els, E;0< an! E;1: oltage regulators are to %e use!. &he first num%er E; represents positi e supply an! the num%ers 0<, 1: represent the re3uire! output oltage le els.

(!R.#%& 'R!CED)RE:

L'R offers 9ery high Resistance in !arkness. "n this case the oltage !rop across the L'R is more than 0.E9. &his oltage is more sufficient to !ri e the transistor into saturation region. "n saturation region, "c (Collector current) is ery high. Because of this "c, &he relay gets energi7e!, an! switches on the lamp. L'R offers 9ery low Resistance in %rightness. "n this case the oltage !rop across the L'R is less than 0.E9. &his oltage is not sufficient to !ri e the transistor into saturation region. 5ence, the

transistor will %e in cut,off region.

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"n cut,off region, "c (Collector current) is 7ero. Because of this "c, &he relay will not %e energi7e!, an! the lamp will %e in #$ state only. 'io!e is connecte! across the relay to neutrali7e the re erse 4/* generate!.

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