4.

10

BEARING-TYPE CONNECTIONS

In bearing-type connections, it is assumed that the load to be transferred is larger than the frictional resistance caused by tightening the bolts, consequently members slip a little over each other, placing the bolts in shear and bearing. The number of bolts required for making the connection is given by load divided by strength of the bolt. Generally, a minimum of two or three bolts are provided even if one is required. It is so because a single bolt may fail to live up to its specified strength because of improper installation, material weakness, etc., but if several bolts are used the effects of one bad bolt in the group will be overcome. The strength of a bolt is the minimum of strengths of bolt in shear, bearing and tension (if present . The strength of a bolt multiplied with the number of bolts in the !oint gives the strength of !oint on the basis of bolts. "owever, the failure of a !oint can be in bolt or in plate. Thus the strength of a !oint will be the minimum of the strength of !oint on the basis of strength of bolts in the !oint and net tensile strength of plate. The rest of the failure modes mentioned in #ection $.% can be controlled by following the specifications for pitch and edge distance and need no formulation. In the bearing-type connections, threads of bolts may be included in or e&cluded from the shear plane' the former being the usual case. #ince the location of threads is not restricted, bolts can be inserted from either side of the connection. (n the other hand the bearing-type connection with threads e&cluded from shear planes is the most economical bolted connection, because fewer bolts will generally be needed for a given capacity.

150

Limit State Design of Steel Structures

4.10.1 Shearing Strength of Bolt The bolt shank shears along the plane of the slip, i.e. the interface. The number of planes along which the bolts can be sheared indicates the number of shears, i.e. single or double shear. The resistance of a bolt to shear is called the nominal capacity of a bolt in shear and is denoted by Vnsb . It depends upon the ultimate tensile strength of bolt fub, the number of shear planes n, the nominal shank area Asb and the net tensile stress area Anb of the bolt in each shear plane. The nominal shear capacity of the bolt is given by Vnsb = )fu)b)
*
))

+ (nn Anb , ns Asb (The nominal shear capacity of a bolt for long !oints will be lesser and is modified and e&pressed as Vnsb = fub )))
*
))

+ (nn Anb , ns Asb blj blg bpkg (. where fub / ultimate tensile stress of the bolt nn / number of shear planes with threads intercepting the shear plane ns / number of shear planes without threads intercepting the shear plane blj / a reduction factor to allow for the overloading of the end bolts that occur in long connections blg / a reduction factor to allow for the effect of large grip length bpkg / a reduction factor to account for packing plates in e&cess of 0 mm. Note The net tensile stress area Anb of bolts is given in Table $.+.

Ta!le 4." Tensile Stress Area of Ordinary Bolt !rade ".#$

1olt si2e, d (mm (-. -0 .3 (.. .$ (.4 +3 +0 Tensile stress area (mm. %$.+ -54 .$5 +3+ +5+ $56 50- %-4

7or the safety of !oint in shear, the strength of bolt Vsb, i.e., the ma&imum factored shear force that the bolt can carry,

Vsb 8 Vnsb )g))) mb (+ where gmb / partial safety factor for the material of bolt / -..5 #ubstituting 9q. (. in 9q. (+ , the strength of the bolt in shear can be written as Vsb / Vnsb )g))) mb / fub )))) )
*
))

+ g mb (nn Anb , ns Asb blj blg bpkg ($ 7or $.0 grade bolts, fub / $33 :pa (Table $.9quation ($ can be rewritten as Vsb / )))$)3))3) ))
*
))

+ ; -..5 ; (nn Anb , ns Asb blj blg bpkg

Simple %onnections&'i(eted) Bolted and *inned %onnections

151

or Vsb / -%$.45 (nn Anb , ns Asb blj blg bpkg (5 / -%$.45 Ae blj blg bpkg (for bolts in single shear and / . ; -%$.45 ; Ae blj blg bpkg (for bolts in double shear where Ae / effective area

Note
-. #ince threads of the bolts can occur in the shear plane, the effective area Ae for resisting shear should normally be taken as the net tensile stress area Anb of the bolts. 7or bolts where net tensile stress area is not defined, Anb should be taken as the area at the root of the threads. "owever, if the threads do not occur in shear plane Ae may be taken as the cross-sectional area of the shank Asb. .. If normal bolts and member si2es are used, the threads will always be e&cluded from the shear planes. <ssuming threads to be in the shear plane will be e&tremely conservative. +. The shearing strength of a bolt can be ma&imum in double shear. The reduction factors blj and blg and bpkg are described as follows and are to be considered for long !oints only. 4.10.# Re$%&tion 'a&tor for (ong )oint *blj+ =hen the length of the !oint e&ceeds -5d (d is the diameter of bolt in the direction of load the shear capacity of the !oint is reduced. The reduction factor is given by blj / -.345 > lj )))) ) .33 d for 3.45 8 blj 8 -.3 (0 where lj is the length of the !oint and is taken as the distance between the first and last row of bolts in a !oint measured in the direction of the load transfer. Note The reduction factor is taken as -.3 for !oints having uniform shear over entire length, for e&ample connection of web and flange of a plate girder. 4.10." Re$%&tion 'a&tor for (arge Gri, (ength *blg+ =hen the grip length of a bolt increases, the bolt is sub!ected to a greater bending moment due to shear forces acting on its shank. Therefore, if the total thickness of connected plates e&ceeds five times the nominal diameter of the bolt, the shear capacity of the bolt is reduced. blg / ))%))d) ) + d , lg

(4 where lg is the grip length

Note
-. blg should not be more than blj .. blg ?@ %d

15#

Limit State Design of Steel Structures

4.10.4 Re$%&tion 'a&tor for Pa&-ing Plate *bpkg+ =hen the packing plates are more than 0 mm in thickness, the shank of the bolt is sub!ected to bending which affects the nominal shear capacity of the bolt. The nominal shear capacity of such bolts is reduced using a reduction factor given by bpkg / (- > 3.3-.5tpkg (% where tpkg is the thickness of the thicker packing plate in mm. 4.10.5 Bearing Strength of Bolt 1earing strength of a fastener is independent of the type of fastener because stress under consideration is on the part being connected and on the arrangement of the fastener rather than on the fastener. < possible failure mode resulting from e&cessive bearing is shear tearout at the end of a connected element as shown in 7ig. $.-3. This tear-out can take place at the edge of a connected part or between two holes in the direction of the bearing load. To prevent e&cessive elongation of hole an upper limit is placed on the nominal bearing strength of the bolt. This upper limit is proportional to the pro!ected bearing area times the ultimate tensile stress. The nominal bearing strength of the bolt is given by Vnpb / ..5kbdtfu (6 where kb / smaller of ) )e ) +d3 , p ))) +d3 > 3..5, fub ))) fu , and -.3 d3 / diameter of the hole e) p / end and pitch distances of the fastener along bearing direction fub / ultimate tensile stress of the bolt fu / ultimate tensile stress of the plate in :pa d / nominal diameter of the bolt in mm, and t / aggregate thickness of the connected plates e&periencing bearing stress in the same direction. In case the bolts are countersunk, then it should be taken as the thickness of the plate minus half of the depth of countersunking. 7or the safety of the !oint in bearing, the bearing strength of the bolt Vpb 8 Vnpb )g))) mb (-3 where gmb / the partial safety factor for material of bolt / -..5 Vpb / ..5kb dt fu )g)) mb (-Failure surface Failure surface 'ig. 4.10 +ailure in e,cessi(e bearing&end s-ear

tear.out Simple %onnections&'i(eted) Bolted and *inned %onnections

15"

Note
-. Test on bolted !oints have shown that neither the bolts nor the metal in contact with the bolts actually fails in bearing. "owever, the efficiency of the connected parts is affected. .. The block shear of the edge distance due to bearing force should also be checked as discussed in Ahapter 0. 4.10.. Ten ile Strength of Bolt 1racket connection-Type II, =ind-bracing systems in tall buildings, hanger connection for bridges, flange connection for piping systems, etc., are but a few e&amples of bolts sub!ected to tension. The nominal tensile capacity of bolt in tension is given by Tnb / 3.6fub Anb B fyb Asb )g)m)b g m3 (-. where fub / ultimate tensile stress of bolt fyb / yield stress of bolt Anb / net tensile stress area of bolt (Table $.+ Asb / shank area of bolt The bolt is safe in tension if the factored tension force, Tdb 8 Tnb )g)) mb (-+ gmb / the partial safety factor for material of bolt / -..5 Tdb / 3.6 fub )g)) mb Anb (-$

4.11

TENSI(E STRENGT/ O' P(ATE

If the tensile load on the plate is more than the tensile strength of the plate, the plate fails in tension through rupture. The pattern of bolts may be chain or staggered (2ig-2ag as shown in 7ig. $.-5' staggered pattern being most suitable as it results in more net area. Cet area An / (B > nd- t for chain bolting (7ig. $.-- (a (-5 An /
i/m

B > nd- ,

p. si ))) $gi

t for staggered bolting (7ig. $.-- (b

(-0

Note
-. The details of staggered pitch and gauge are shown in 7ig. $.-- (b, c .. 7or more details reference may be made to #ection 0.+.

154

Limit State Design of Steel Structures

The tensile strength of the plate is given by Tnd / 3.6 An )f)u) g m(-4 where fu / the ultimate stress of material in :Fa An / the net effective area in mm.

gm- / partial safety factor / -..5

B C PP A D A CE B D PgP (a) Chain bolting (b) Staggered bolting p A B C PP D g1 g2 (c) Pitch and gauge p1 p2 'ig. 4.11 /et.section of bolted plate

4.1#

STRENGT/ AN0 E''ICIENCY O' T/E )OINT

#trength of a bolted !oint is the minimum strength based on strength of bolts, in shear and bearing, in the !oint and the strength of the main member at the net section. 9fficiency of a bolted !oint (- also called the percentage strengt- of the !oint is ratio of the strength of the !oint to the strength of the main member e&pressed as a percentage. The effectiveness of a particular bolted !oint is measured by its efficiency. -/ strength of bolted !ointGpitch length )))))))))) ) ))))))))) ))))))))) strength of solid plateGpitch length ; -33

4.1"

CO1BINE0 S/EAR AN0 TENSION

In most of the situation in which bolt is sub!ected to both shear and tension, the connection is loaded eccentrically and is discussed in details
Simple %onnections&'i(eted) Bolted and *inned %onnections

155

in Ahapter -+. "owever, 7ig. $.-. shows a situation where a tee-section is connected to the flange of column for the purpose of attaching bracing member. 7or the connection shown, the member force in the bracing passes through the centre of gravity of the connection. "ere, the vertical component V of the member force will put the bolts in shear, whereas the hori2ontal component Te will cause tension. The combined effect of the forces may conveniently be assessed by using the interaction formula approach. The following equation may be used to check the safety of the connection.

(
)V)s)b Vdb
.

Tf ))) Tdb

8 -.3 (-% where Vsb / factored shear force on bolt Vdb / design shear capacity Tb / factored tensile force on bolt Tdb / design tension capacity
T I-Section column v Te Tee-section for connection bracing T = Force in bracing 'ig. 4.1# %onnection subjected to s-ear and tension