What is evaluation?

Assessment eGgfn] ljBfyL{sf]

l;sfO;DaGwL ;"rgfs] ;\sng, ljZn]if0f tyf glthf;DaGwL lg0f{o lng] sfo{nfO{ a'emfp5 . ljBfyL{n] s] hfg]sf] 5, s] a'em]sf] 5 / s]s:tf] Jojxf/ k|bz{g ug{ ;S5 eg]/ n]vfhf]vf ug]{ sfd d"Nof\sgn] ug]{ ub{5 . d"Nof\sg ljleGg k|sf/af6 ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf ;fwgx klg km/skm/s x'G5g\ . ;fwf/0ftof d"Nof\sg leq lgDg zAbfnlnsf] k|of]u ug]{ ul/G5 . Assessment M ljBfyL{;u ;DalGwt ;"rgf ;\sng ug]{ tl/sf / k|fKt ;"rgfsf cfwf/df lg0f{o lng] sfo{ / JolStsf] cj:yf olsg x'G5 . Continous assessment M lgoldt kdf ljBfyL{n] s] hfg]s] 5 < s] a'em]sf] 5 < s]s:tf sfo{ tyf Jojxf/ ug{ ;S5 eg]/ n]vfhf]vf ug]{ sfo{ . s]slt l;Sof], slt l;Sg afsL 5 < s]s:tf ;d:of ljBdfg 5g\ eg]/ olsg ug]{ sfo{ . Evaluation M ljBfyL[sf] ;du| l;sfOsf] Judgement ug]{ sfo{ jif{sf] cGTodf ljleGg d"Nof\sg ljlw tyf ;fwg k|of]u u/L clGtd 6'\uf]df k'Ug] sfo{ . lg0f{o ug]{ sfo{ x'G5 . Testing M ljBfyL{n] s]lst hfg]sf] 5, l;sfO slt eof] eg]/ x/]s kf7, PsfOsf] cGTodf lnOg] k/LIff . Eaxam M jiuf{sf] cGTodf ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOsf] cj:yf k/LIf0f ug]{ sfo{ . ;/;lt x]bf{ Assessment, Continous Assessment, Evaluation, Text, Exam p:t}p:t} h:tf] nfUg ;S5 . o;f] x'g' :jfefljs g} xf] . ;a}s] sfo{ ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOsf] cj:yfsf] n]vfhf]vf ug]{ g} xf] . t/ ljlzli6s[t kdf eg] oL sfo{ k|lj|mof, p2]Zosf lx;fan] leGg xG5g\ . lzIfsn] d"Nof\sgsf af/]df :ki6 x'g'k5{ . o;f] x'g ;s]df ;xL cy{df d"Nof\sgsf ;fwgsf] k|of]u tyf pkof]u x'g] cj:yf l;h{gf x'g k'U5 . d"Nof\sgsf k|sf/ (Assessment Types) d"Nof\sgnfO{ j[xb cy{df b'O{ k|sf/af6 a'g] ul/G5 . klxnf] Formative lgdf{0ffTds_ / bf];|f] Summative -lg0f{ofTds_ oL b'O{ k|sf/sf af/]df Psk6s ljrf/ u/f} . != Formative Assessment : lg0f{ofTds d"Nof\sg ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOdf ;'wf/ ug]{ sfo{;u ;DalGwt x'G5 . o;n] ljBfyL{sf] M k|ultsf] cj:yfsf] k/LIf0f u5{ . ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOsf] ;jn tyf b'j{n kIfaf/] ;"rgf lbG5 .
31

;d:of ;'wf/sf nflu ljBfyL{ tyf cleefjsnfO{ ;"rgf lbG5 . lzIf0fl;fO k|lj|mofdf lg/Gt/ kdf n]vfhf]vf ug]{ ub{5 .

 ;du| ljsf;sf] cj:yfnfO{ n]vfhf]vf u5{ . l;sfO nIfsf] cj:yfaf/] ljBfyL{aLr 5nkmn tyf cGt/lj|mof u5{ . l;sfO cj:yf nf]vfhf]vfdf lzIfs ljBfyL{aLr ;xsfo{ u/fp5 . :j d"Nof\sg ug]{ afgLsf] ljsf; ug{ d2t u5{ .

To;}n] Formative assessment ;d:of klxrfg;u ;DalGwt x'G5 . ljBfyL{sf] ;du| ljsf;df s]lGb|t x'G5 . ;jn tyf b'j{n kIf klxrfgdf hf]8 lbG5 . k[i7kf]if0f lbG5 @= Summative assessment : of] d"ntM PsfOkf7ljifosf] cGTodf ;~rfng ul/G5 . to ul/Psf] dfgs k"/f uof] u/]g eg]/ x]g]{ sfo{df ;Lldt x'G5 . pQL0f{ cg'QL0f{ eg]/ lg0f{o lng ;~rfng ul/G5 . d"Nof\sgsf] p2]Zo (Purpose of assessment) h]hlt k|sf/af6 ljBfyL{ d"Nof\sg ul/P tfklg d"Nof\sgsf] ;du| p2]Zo lgDg /xG5g\ M ljBfyL{nfO{ pgLxsf] k|ultsf]cj:yfsf af/]df k[i7kf]if0f lbg] . ljBfyL{sf] jf:tljs ;d:ofsf] k[i7kf]if0f lbg] . ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO ;Ifdtf olsg ug]{ . ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOk|lt, lzIf0fl;sfO lj|mofsnfkk|ltsf] cg'ej, rfxg olsg ug]{ . efjL lzIf0fl;sfO of]hgfsf nflu cfjZos ;"rgf k|fKt ug]{ . lglb{i6 dfgs;Dd k'Ug ;Sg], g;Sg], cj:yfaf/] ljBfyL{nfO{ hfgsf/L lbg] . lglb{i6 l;sfOpknlAw k|flKt eP gePsf] ;"rgf k|fKt ug]{ . cleefjsnfO{ ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO cj:yfaf/] ;"rgf k|bfg ug]{ .
ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOsf] jf:tljstf olsg ug{, l;sfOk|lt cfslif{t ug{, l;sfO ;d:of olsg gu{, l;sfOsf nflu k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug{, cleefjsnfO{ ;"lrt ug{, lglb{i6 l;sfOpknlAwsf] k|flKtsf] cj:yfsf] n]vfhf]vf ug{, ;'wf/fTds lzIf0fsf] of]hgf ug{, lglb{i6 dfgs k|flKt ug{ / ;du|df
What is CAS?

lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nof\sg s] xf] <

ljBfyL{sf] lgdf{0ffTds d"Nof\sgnfO{ lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nof\sg eGg] ul/Psf] 5 . lgdf{0ffTds d"Nof\sgnfO{ lsg lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nof\sg elgof] eGg] ;Gbe{df ljBfyL{ d"Nof\sg / lg0f{ofTds tyf lgdf{0ffTds d"Nof\sgnfO{ Ps} 7fpdf /fv]/ atfpg pko'St x'G5 . ;fwf/0f cy{df ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOsf af/]df hfgsf/L lng] sfd ljBfyL{ d"Nof\sg xf] . d"VotM b'O{ p2]Zo M ljBfyL{sf af/]df lg0f{o lng / ljBfyL{df kf7\oj|mdn] ck]Iff u/]sf p2]Zo k"/f u/fpg ljBfyL{sf] d"Nof\sg ul/G5 . ljBfyL{sf af/]df lg0f{o lng ul/g] d"Nof\sgnfO{ lg0f{ofTds / kf7\oj|mdn] ck]Iff u/]sf l;sfo p2]Zo k"/f u/fpg ul/g] d"Nof\sgnfO{ lgdf{0ffTds d"Nof\sg elgG5 . lg0f{ofTds d"Nof\sg ljBfyL{nfO{ kf; km]n 5'6\ofpg] / pgLxsf] >]0fL tyf j|md tf]Sg] p2]Zosf nflu ul/G5 . o:tf] d"Nof\sg z}lIfs ;qsf] cGtdf jf tf]lsPcg';f/ aLraLrdf Jojl:yt k|Zgkq / lnlvt k/LIffsf dfWodn] ul/G5 . tf]lsPsf] ;dodf k/LIff x'g], vf; k|lj|mofaf6 5flgPsf k|Zgdf ljBfyL{n] lnlvt hfr lbg], tf]lsPsf ljifodf dfq df}lvs tyf k|of]ufTds hfr x'g], ljBfyL{ kf; km]nsf] 3f]if0ff ul/g] h:tf s'/fn] lg0f{ofTds d"Nof\sg cf}krfl/s k|s[ltsf] x'G5 . ljBfno lzIffsf] ljsf; j|mddf ljBfyL{sf] lg0f{ofTds d"Nof\sgnfO{ g} ljBfyL{ d"Nof\sg elgGYof] . o;h he:g8sf] ljBfyL{ d"Nof\sgsf] kl/eiff;d]t o:t} lyof] . lxhf]cfh lgdf{0ffTds p2]Zon] ul/g] ljBfyL{ d"Nof\sgn] :yfg kfPsf] 5 . lzIf0fl;sfO k|efjsf/L agfpg] / kf7\oj|mdn] nIo u/]sf l;sfO p2]Zox ljBfyL{df k"/f u/fpg ul/g d"Nof\sg lgdf{0ffTds d"Nof\sg xf] . lzIf0fl;sfOnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] p2]Zocg';f/ lgdf{0ffTds d"Nof\sgsf lzIf0fl;sfO lj|mofsnfk;u} lg/Gt/ rln/xG5 . To;}n] lgdf{0ffTds d"Nof\sgnfO{ ;/n efiffdf lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nof\sg elgPsf] xf] . lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nof\sgsf nflu l;If0fl;sfO lj|mofsnfkcGtu{t ul/g] sIff sfo{, u[x sfo{ / lkmN8 afx]s cltl/St ;do 5'6\ofOb}g . sIff sfo{, u[x sfo{ / lkmN8df tf]lsPsf] sfd ljBfyL{n] s;/L u/]sf 5g\ To;af6 / ljBfyL{df cfPsf] Jofjxfl/s kl/jt{g cjnf]sgaf6 ljBfyL{sf] lg/Gt/ d"Nof\sg x'G5 . ljBfyL{sf] lg/Gt/ d"Nof\sg k|d'v t sIff sfo{af6} x'G5 . sIff sfo{af6 u/fP/ lj|mofsnfkdf pgLxsf] pxeflutf Vofn ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . 41 ;du|df eGbf lzIf0fl;sfOsf] j|mddf s'g} j]nf s'g} klg ;/n k|lj|mofaf6 ul/g] cgf}krfl/s k|s[ltsf] ljBfyL{ d"Nof\sg lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nof\sg xf] . o;df ljBfyL{nfO{ tTsfn} cfjZos ;Nnfx, yk ;xof]u lbOG5 jf pkrf/fTds lzIf0fl;sfO u/fOG5 .

lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nof\sg lsg < lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nof\sgsf] p2]Zo eg]sf] k|efjsf/L lzIf0fl;sfO u/ffP/ ljBfyL[df kf7\oj|mdn] nIf u/]sf l;sfO p2]Zo k|flKt u/fpg' xf] . a'bfut kdfeGbf lgDg s'/fsf nflu lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nof\sg cfjZos 5 M ;xhtfk"j{s / l;3| ljBfyL{sf] oyfy{ d"Nof\sg ug]{ . ljBfyL{xdf kf7\oj|mdn] tf]s]sf 1fg, cjwf/0ff / ;Lk Ps} bIftf k|flKt u/fpg] . ljBfyL{ d"Nof\sgsf gfddf vr{ x'g] cltl/St ;do / ;|f]t arfpg] . afnaflnsfx /dfP/ l;Sg] (Learning is fun) jftfj/0f agfpg] . ljBfyL{xdf k/LIff / kf; km]nsf] ;Gqf; x6fpg] . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nof\sggsf] dxOEj cem} 7"nf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/n] k|fylds txdf -xfn cfwf/e"t tx_ u/]sf] nufgLsf] sxfnL nfUbf] Iflt ePsf] 5 . k|fylds txdf sIff bf]xf]ofpg], l;sfO c;xh ePsf] sf/0f / km]n ePsf] sf/0f aLr}df k9fO 5f]8\g] ljBfyL{ w]/} 5g\ . o;n] ubf{ tf]lsPsf] ;doeGbf l9nf] / yf]/} ljBfyL{n] dfq tx k"/f ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . ljBfyL{sf] lg/Gt/ d"Nof\sg u/]/ pkrf/fTds lzIf0fl;sfO k|lj|mofaf6 dfq of] Iflt lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5 . o;} b[li6sf]0faf6 g]kfn ;/sf/ lzIff dGqfnon] k|fylds txdf lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nof\sg nfu" u/]sf] 5 .
Purposes of CAS

lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nof\sgsf] p2]Zo d"Nof\sgsf p2]Zox dfly k|:t't ul/P tL p2]Zox d"Nof\sg In general ;u ;DalGwt 5g\ . lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nof\sgsf kIfaf6 klg p2]Zoxsf] n]vfhf]vf ul/g'kg]{ x'G5 . o;sf Spedific p2]Zosf] hfgsf/Laf6 lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nof\sg sfo{nfO{ a9L k|efjsf/L agfpg ;lsG5 . lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nof\sgsf p2]ZonfO{ lgDgfg';f/ k|:t't ug]{ u/]sf] cj:yf e]l6G5 M ljBfyL{n] s] hfg]sf] 5 / s] ug{ ;S5 eg]/ kQf nufpg] (Do findout what student know and cna do) o;af6 ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOsf] af/]df lzIfsnfO{ jf:tljs ;"rgf k|fKt x'g . k|efjsf/L l;sfOsf nflu o;n] d2t u5{ . lg/Gt/ kdf x'g] d"Nof\sgn] lglb{i6 l;sfOpknlAw k|flKtdf ;3fp5 . ljBfyL{n] eGg] / ug]{ ;Ifdtfk|lt ljZjf; k|fKt ug]{ (Do gain donfidence in what we say out student know and can do) cfgf ljBfyL{sf] lg/Gt/ d"Nof\sgaf6 pgLxn] af]Ng ;Sg], atfpg ;Sg], ;Lk k|jw{g ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfs af/]df

lzIfsdf Confidencea9\g hfG5 . pgLxsf] cfgf afnaflnsfsf] cj:yfaf/] ljZj:t eP/ yk l;sfO lj|mofsnfk lgdf{0f tyf k|of]u ug{ ;S5g\ . ;a} afnaflnsfnfO{ cfk"mn] hfg]sf] 1fg tyf ;Lk k|bz{g ug]{ cj;/ k|bfg ug'{ (Do provide all children with opportunities to show waht they know) x/]s afnaflnsfdf cfcfgf] l;sfP rfxgf tyf Ifdtf x'G5 . lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nof\sgaf6 o:tf Ifdtf b]vfpg] ;dfg cj;/ ;a} afnaflnsfnfO{ k|fKt x'g hfG5 . ;'emfjsf] l;sfO ug]{ cj;/ k|bfg ug'{ (Do Promote learning for understanding) lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nof\sgaf6 ljBfyL{nfO{ uNtLaf6 l;Sg], l;sfO ;d:of lgbfg x'g] u/L l;Sg] cj;/ k|fKt x'G5 . o;af6 pgLxsf] l;sfOsf] level understanding txaf6Comprehension x'b} analysis / application tkm{ lglb{i6 x'g hfG5 . l;sfO -lzIf0f_ df ;'wf/ ug]{ (Do improve teaching) lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nof\sg lzIf0fl;sfO sfo{df ;'wf/;u ;DalGwt 5 . l;sf?sf] l;sfO ;d:of xn ug{ yk lzIf0f ug{, afnd}qL l;sfO lj|mofsnfk cjDag ug{ of] s]lGb|t /xg] x'b}g o;sf] p2]Zo lzIf0fl;sfO lj|mofsnfkdf ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ xf] .
Issues f CAS

lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nof\sg;DaGwL s]xL d'2fx jf:tjdf lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nof\sg lzIf0fl;sfO lj|mofsnfkdf ;'wf/ ug{ cjnDag ul/G5 . o;sf k|z:t kmfObfx x'G5g\ . s]xL dxOEjk"0f{ kmfObfsfaf/df] dfly rrf{ ul/;lsPsf] 5 . of];u ;DalGwt s]xL d'2fx klg 5g\ . oxf ltgLxsfaf/]df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M s] lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nof\sg b}lgs kf7 of]hgfsf] cleGg c\usf kdf :yflkt ul/g'k5{ < eGg] d'2f k|foM lzIff If]qdf p7\g] ub{5 . b}lg kf7of]hgfdf hfg] sL b}lsg lzIf0fl;sfO k|lj|moff/f ;Daf]wg ug]{ < cf}krfl/s k/LIff leq ;dfj]z ug]{ sL cgf}krfl/s k4ltaf6 klg lg/Gt/ d"Nof\sg ug]{ < lsgsLs o;nfO{
35

lzIf0fl;sfOsf] cleGg c\usf kdf ljsl;t gubf{;Dd ck]lIft pknlAw xfl;n ug{ sl7gfO pTkGg x'G5 . ljBfyL{ d"Nof\sg k4ltdf lsg cIf/f\s k4ltcg';f/ d"Nof\sg u/L k|ult ;dLIff ul/g'k5{ . s;/L o;nfO{ Jojl:yt ug'{, o;nfO{ sIff lzIf0f of]hgfdf s;/L ;dflji6 ug]{ < s;/L b}lgs kf7of]hgfcGtu{t o;nfO{ k|efjsf/L kdf sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] < csf]{ d'2fsf kdf /xg k'u]sf] 5 .

 JolStut sfo{ ;~rlosfsf] Joj:yfkg s] s;/L ug]{ < ljBfyL{ ;\Vof w]/} x'bf

s] ug]{ < s]s:tf lj|mofsnfk ;dfj]z ug]{ < cfly{s Joj:yfkg s]s;/L ug]{ h:tf ;d:ofx pTkGg x'g hfG5g\ . Fairness in assessing the students M lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nof\sgdf lgikIftfsf] Hofb} 7"nf] dxOEj /xG5 . s;/L ;a} ljBfyL{nfO{ lgikIf kaf6 d"Nof\sg ug]{ < s;/L x/]s ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO rfxgf olsg ug]{ < ;a} ljBfyL{nfO{ ;dfg Pjd\ lgikIf kaf6 s;/L ;xof]u Pjd\ ;Nnfx k|bfg ug]{ cflb kIfx r'gf}ltsf kdf /xg] ub{5g . s] ;a}n] ;dfg l;sfO cj;/ kfP t < s;/L ;'lglZrt ug]{ < (Uwakwd,
2005, Griffith, 2005)

lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nof\sgnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ kIf w]/} r'gf}ltk"0f{ 5 .

;do s;/L Joj:yfkg ug]{, z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] hf]uf8 s]s;/L ug]{ < lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nof\sg;u} lglb{i6 kf7\oj|md s;/L k"/f lzIf0f ug]{, ;'wf/fTds lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nof\sg s;/L < lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nof\sg lzIf0fl;sfO k|lj|of;u} rNg] k|lj|mof xf] . k|efjsf/L lzIf0fl;sfOdf lzIf0fl;sfO k|lj|mof / d"Nof\sg k|lj|mofnfO{ cnu ug{ ;lsb}g . lzIf0fl;sfO k|lj|mof / d"Nof\sg k|lj|mof ;fy} cufl8 a9fpg ljBfyL{ s]lGb|t lzIf0fl;sfO lj|mofsnfk pkof]uL x'G5g\ . k|Zgf]Q/, 5nkmn, clego, gf6sLs/0f, ;+jfb, k|bz{g, cjnf]sg e|d0f, jf:tljs sfdsf] cEof; cflb ljBfyL{ s]lGb|t lzIf0fl;sfO lj|mofsnfk x'g\ . o:tf lj|mofsnfkaf6 ljBfyL{n] l;Sg] s'/f l;Sb} hfG5g\ / lzIfsn] klg ljBfyL{n] lj|mofsnfkdf b]vfPsf] ;xeflutf / bIftf cjnf]sg u/]/ pgLxsf] d"Nof\sg ub}{ hfG5g\ . ljBfyL{ s]lGb|t lzIf0fl;sfO lj|mofsnfkaf6 lzIfsn] ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO kQf nufP/ tTsfn} ;xof]u ug{ ;Sb5g\ . o;af6 lzIf0fl;sfO k|efjsf/L x'G5 . ljBfyL{sf] lg/Gt/ d"Nof\sgsf nflu lgDg d"Nof\sg k|lj|mof pkof]uL x'G5. s_ cjnf]sg cjnf]sg ljBfyL{ d"Nof\sgsf] ;lhnf] k|lj|mof xf] . cjnf]sgaf6 ljBfyL{sf] 1fg, ;Lk, wf/0ff h:tf ;a} kIfsf] d"Nof\sg ug{ ;lsG5 . cfr/0f, Jojxf/, ljleGg ;Lk / ;/;kmfOh:tf s'/f cjnf]sgaf6 dq ;Dej 5 . ljBfyL{sf] cjnf]sg s'g} klg ;dodf ug{ ;lsG5 . sIffdf ul/g] lzIf0fl;sfO lj|mofsnfkdf ljBfyL{sf] e"ldsf cjnf]sg u/]/ p;sf] l;sfO d"Nof\sg ug{ ;lsG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu sIffdf x'g] lj|mofsnfkdf ljBfyL{n] b]vfpg] ?lr, cfTdljZjf;, ;lj|motf, lglij|motf cflb s'/f cjnf]sgaf6 ljBfyL{n] klxn] l;s]sf

s'/f / ca l;Sg] s'/fsf] cg'df gug{ ;lsG5 s'g} vf; cjlwsf] lzIf0fl;sfO kl5 ljBfyL{sf] afgL Jojxf/ cjnf]sg u/]/ pgLxsf] cfr/0fut kIfsf] d"Nof\sg ug{ ;lsG5 . ljBfyL{n] sIff sfo{ / u[x sfo{df tof/ u/]sf lrq, u|fkm, rf6{, gS;f tyf lnlvt sfdsf] cjnf]sg u/]/ klg pgLxsf] l;sfOsf] d"Nof\sg ug[ ;lsG5 . ljBfyL{sf] cjnf]sg sIffsf]7fdf dfq gu/]/ ljBfno xftfleq / ljBfno afl/x cWoog e|d0fdf uPsf j]nf, ;fdflhs ultljlwdf ;xefuL ePsf] j]nf_ klg ug{ ;lsG5 . cjnf]sg dfWodn] ljBfyL{ d"Nof\sg ug{ lzIfsn] ljBfyL{ lrGg] pgLxsf] gfd Vofn ug]{ / pgLxsf] cfgLjfgL lgu/fgL ug]{ ug'{k5{ . ljBfyL{;u hlt 3'nldn ug{ ;Sof] Tolt g} lzIfsnfO{ ljBfyL{sf af/]df hfgsf/L x'b} hfG5 . / ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOsf] d"Nof\sg ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 . cjnf]sgaf6 ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOsf af/]df hfgsf/L ePsf s'/f 5f]6f] ;dosf nflu ofb u/]/ /fVg] / k'm;{b kfpgf;fy To;nfO{ gf]6 u/]/ jf ?h';"rLdf lrx\g nufP/ jf k|ult ljj/0f kmf/fd e/]/ clen] /fVg'kg]{ x'G5 . clen] gubf{ ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOsf af/]df hfgsf/L ePsf s'/f la;{g] / pgLxsf] k|ult k|ltj]bg agfpg] sfddf klg ;d:of x'g] x'G5 . -v_ k|Zgf]Q/ / 5nkmn k|Zgf]Q/ klg ljBfyL{ d"Nof\sgsf] ;lhnf] k|lj|mof xf] . o;af6 ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO klg x'G5 / d"Nof\sg klg . k|Zgf]Q/ / 5nkmn sIff sfo{d} ug{ u/fpg] ;lsG5 . k|Zgf]Q/ 5nkmndf ljBfyL{n] JoSt u/]sf s'/f / pgLxsf] xfpefpaf6 pgLxsf] d"Nof\sg x'g ;Sb5 . o;af6 ljz]iftM 1fg kIfsf] d"Nof\sg x'g ;Sb5 . tNnf sIffdf lzIfs ljBfyL{aLrdf / dflyNnf sIffdf ljBfyL{ljBfyL{aLrd} k|Zgf]Q/, 5nkmn x'g ;Sb5 . ljBfyL{ljBfyL{aLrdf k|Zgf]Q/ 5nkmn u/fpbf lzIfsn] ;xhstf{sf] e"ldsf lgefpg'kb{5 . k|Zgf]Q/ 5nkmn u/fpg'k"j{ s] ljifodf k|Zgf]Q/ 5nkmn ug]{ To;sf af/]df a'bfx atfOlbg'kb{5 . 43 -u_ lnlvt hfr lnlvt hfraf6 ljBfyL{sf] n]vfO, 1fg kIf / wf/0ffut s'/fsf] d"Nof\sg ug{ ;lsG5 . lnlvt hfr ;do tf]s]/ sIffd} jf u[xsfo{s} kdf klg u/fpg ;lsG5 . lnlvt hfr ;a} ljifodf pkof]uL x'G5 . -3_ sfo{ ;~rlosf (Protfolio) cWoog sfo{;~rlosf ljBfyL{sf lnlvt sfo{ tyf /rgf hDdf ug]{ kmfOn xf] . sfo{ ;~rlosf x/]s ljBfyL{sf] 5'6\6f5'6\6} x'G5 . sfo{;~rlosf kmfOndf

ljBfyL{sf lnlvt sfd tyf /rgf /fVg ;lsG5 . oL s'/f ljBfyL{sf l;sfO tyf k|ltefsf k|df0f (Artifact)x'g\ . o;df /x]sf ljBfyL{sf gd'gf sfo{ -x:tlnlvt ;fdu|L, cEof;, u|fkm, rf6{, gS;f, lgaGw, syf, sljtf cflb_ lzIfsn] n]v]sf l6Kk0fL / k|ult ljj/0f kmf/fdaf6 ljBfyL{sf ljleGg kIfsf] d"Nof\sg x'g ;Sb5 . tNnf sIffsf ljBfyL{sf] sfo{;~rlosf lzIfsn] / dflyNnf sIffsf ljBfyL{sf] sfo{;~rlosf ljBfyL{ :jod\n] Jojl:yt ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . sfo{;~rlosfdf /fVg ;lsg] k|ult ljj/0f kmf/fdsf] gd'gf of] ;fdu|Ldf ;+nUg ul/Psf] 5 . -_ cfTd d"Nof\sg (Self Evaluation) cfTd d"Nof\sg eg]sf] ljBfyL{ :jod\n] cfk"mn] l;s]sf / l;Sg g;s]sf s'/fsf af/]df cfkm}af6 ul/g] n]vfhf]vf xf] . ljBfyL{n] o; af/]df lzIfsnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fPdf lzIfsn] ljBfyL{ d"Nof\sgdf w]/} ;do vr{ ug'{kb}{g . To;}n] ljBfyL{nfO{ pgLxsf cfgf af/]df u/]sf] d"Nof\sg lzIfs;dIf k|:t't ug{ k|f]T;fxg ug'{kb{5 . cfTd d"Nof\sg h'g;'s} ljifodf hlxn] klg k|of]udf Nofpg ;lsG5 . -r_ ;fyL ;\ultaf6 x'g] d"Nof\sg (Peer Evaluation) hglssf] ;fyLsf af/]df csf]{ ;fyLnfO{ w]/} s'/fsf] hfgsf/L x'G5 . ;fyL;usf] x]nd]n / ;xof]u af/]df ;fyLxaf6} d"Nof\sg x'g'kb{5 . ;fyLaLrdf k9fOsf af/]df x'g] s'/fsfgL 5nkmnaf6 Ps cfk;df l;s]sf / gl;s]sf s'/fsf af/]df hfgsf/L x'G5 . To;}n] lzIfsn] slxn]sfxL s'g} ljBfyL{sf] d"Nof\sg ug{ p;};u cGt/lj|mof ug'{eGbf csf]{ ljBfyL{;u cGt/lj|mof ubf{ klg x'G5 . -5_ cleefjs ;Dks{ ljBfyL{n] ljBfnodf l;s]sf s'/fsf] k|ltkmn 3/kl/jf/df b]lvg ;Sb5 . ljBfyL{ nfdf] ;do cfg} 3/ kl/jf/;u latfpg] ePsfn] ljBfyL{df cfPsf] Jofjxfl/s kl/jt{g kl/jf/sf ;b:on] dx;'; u/]sf x'G5g\ . To;}n] cleefjs;u ;Dks{ u/]/ pgLxaf6 k|fKt k|ltlj|mofaf6 klg ljBfyL{sf] d"Nof\sg x'g ;Sb5 . ljBfyL{n] cleefjsnfO{ ug]{ ;xof]u, p;sf] p7\ @= lg/Gt/ d"Nof\sgsf cfwf/e"t l;4fGtx lg/Gt/ d"Nof\sg s]jn d"Nof\sg dfq xf]Og . of] Pp6f ljBfyL{ s]lGb|t lzIf0fljlwdf cfwfl/t d"Nof\sg klg xf] . ljBfyL{ s]lGb|t lzIf0fljlw ckgfOPdf dfq lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nof\sgsf] ;xfotfn] ljBfyL{ jf l;sf?sf] l;sfOsf] :t/ kQf nufO{ ;'wf/fTds lzIf0f ug{ ;lsG5 . o;df kf7\oj|mddf tf]lsPsf l;sfOpknlAwx g} lIf0f Pjd\ d"Nof\sgsf cfwf/ x'G5g\ . lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nof\sg kf7\oj|mddf cfwfl/t d"Nof\sg (Curriculum Based Assessment) k4lt xf] . kf7\oj|mdsf l;sfOpknlAwsf cfwf/df ljBfyL{sf] k|ultsf]

n]vfhf]vf / z}lIfs pknlAwsf] JofVof ul/g] ePsfn] o;nfO{ cfwf/ k|f;l\us k/LIf0f (Criterion Referenced Test) eGg] ul/G5 . o;df sIff lzIfsn] lzif0fsf ;fy;fy} ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOsf] :t/sf] n]vfhf]vf ub{5g\ . o;df nfdf] cjlwdf lnOg] k/LIffnfO{ Tolt dxOEj lbOb}g . sIff lzIfsn] l;sfOpknlAwnfO{ ;"rs dfgL o;sf cfwf/df k|To]s ljBfyL{sf] clen]v tof/ ub{5g\ . lg/Gt/ d"Nof\sg kf7\oj|md / lzIf0fl;sfO lj|mofsnfkaf6 5'6\ofpg} g;lsg] lg/Gt/ k|lj

%= lg/Gt/ d"Nof\sgsf nflu clen]v Joj:yfkg ljBfyL{sf] Jojxf/df cfPsf kl/jt{g cWoog ug{ d"Nof\sg ug]{ ul/G5 . ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOdf ;'wf/ ug{ lg/Gt/ d"Nof\sgn] cfwf/ k|bfg ub{5 . xfd|f] b]zsf] lzIff k4ltdf k/LIff s]lGb|t d"Nof\sg k4lt g} a9L k|rlnt 5 . t/ k/LIff s]lGb|t d"Nof\sg k4ltn] ljBfyL{sf] Jojxf/df cfPsf] kl/jt{gsf] ;du| kIfnfO{ ;d]6\g ;Sb}g . o;sf nflu cf}krfl/s d"Nof\sgsf ;fy} cgf}krfl/s lsl;dsf ljlw tyf ;fwgxsf];d]t k|of]u ul/g'kb{5 . o;sf nflu ljBfyL{sf lj|mofsnfk tyf Jojxf/xsf] cjnf]sg ug'{kb{5 . ljBfyL{sf Jojxf/ tyf lj|mofsnfkxsf] ;\sng Pjd\ clen] ug{ ?h' ;"rL, >]0fLdfkg h:tf ;fwgxsf] k|of]u ul/G5 . JolStut cGtjf{tf{ jf df}lvs k/LIffsf cfwf/df ljBfyL{sf] d"Nof\sg ug{ ;lsG5 . ljBfyL{sf ;fdflhs Jojxf/, ;d"x sfo{, uf]i7L, e"ldsf lgjf{x h:tf lj|mofsnfkdf ;xeflutf, l;h{gzLn sfo{x, b}lgsL, cfTd hLjgL, JolStut dfdnf cWoog (Case studies), 36gfj[Q clen]v, ;l~rt clen]v cflb clen]vxsf] cWoog / ljZn]if0f u/]/ ljBfyL{sf] Jojxf/df cfPsf] kl/jt{gsf] n]vfhf]v fug{ ;lsG5 . lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nof\sgsf nflu ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOdf ePsf] k|ult / Jojxf/df cfPsf] kl/jt{gsf] clen]v /fVg' clt cfjZos 5 . -s_ sfo{ ;~rlosf (Portfolio) gf] d"Nof\sg, s'g} l;h{gf jf /rgfsf] gd'gf cflb ;\sng u/]/ /flvG5 . sfo{ ;~rlosfn] ljBfyL{sf] k|ult / pknlAw k|dfl0ft ug{ d2t ub{5 . ljBfyL{sf] z}lIfs k|ultsf af/]df cleefjs, lzIfs / ljBfyL :jod\nfO{ ;';"lrt ug{ ;lsG5 . o;af6 pgLxn] lglZrt ;dosf] cGt/fndf ljBfyL{n] u/]sf] z}lIfssf] b/ jf j|md yfxf kfpg ;Sb5g\ . sfo{ ;~rlosfsf] cfwf/df ljBfyL{sf]o;df k|To]s ljBfyL{sf nflu a]Unfa]Un} kmf]N8/ tof/ u/L ljBfyL{n] u/]sf] z}lIfs k|ultsf] d"Nof\sg ug{ pkof]uL x'g] / ljBfyL{n] xfl;n u/]sf pknlAw, Jojxf/ / l;h{gfTds sfo{x emNsfpg] ;fdu|L jf ljBfyL{n] u/]sf sfo{xsf] gd'gf ;\sng u/]/ /fVg] ul/G5 . o;sf nflu sf7 jf l6gsf] ofs, Knfli6ssf] emf]nf, kmf]N8 ul/Psf] sfuh, kmfOn cflb k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . out

kmfOn jf kmf]N8/df k|To]s ljBfyL{n] u/]sf sfo{sf gd'gf, u[x sfo{, sIff k/LIff, PsfO jf cGo k/LIffdf k|fKt u/]sf] c\s tflnsf, pQ/ k'l:tsfsf gd'gfx, lzIfsn] lbPsf] lnlvt k[i7kf]if0f, ljBfyL{ cfkm}n] u/]sf] cf 68 k|ultsf] af/]df lzIfs, cleefjs / ;fyL ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L yk cWoog / ;lj|motfsf nflu clek|]l/t ug{ ;lsG5 . -v_ 36gfj[Q clen]v (Anecdotal record) gf] hLjgdf 36]sf ljlzi6 36gfxsf] clen]v /fVg], ljZn]if0f Pjd\ d"Nof\sg u/L Jojxf/df ;'wf/ ub}{ hfg] ;Lksf] ljsf; u/fpg ;lsG5 .36gfj[Q clen]v cgf}krfl/s cjnf]sgsf] dfWodaf6 s'g} 36gf ljz]ifdf ljBfyL{n] b]vfPsf ljlzi6 z}lIfs jf ;fdflhs Jojxf/sf] l6kf]6sf] clen]v xf] . out l6kf]6xsf] clen]v sfuhsf] kfgf, 8fo/L jf sf8{df /fv]/ ;\sng ug{ ;lsG5 . s'g} 36gf ljz]ifdf ljBfyL{n] b]vfPsf] ljlzi6 Jojxf/sf cfwf/df p;sf] :jefj, ?lr jf Jojxf/df cfPsf] kl/jt{gsf] ljZn]if0f ug{ ;lsG5 . 36gfj[Q clen]v lzIfsn] jf ljBfyL{ :jod\n] klg /fVg ;St5g\ . 36gfj[Q clen]vaf6 k|fKt ;"rgfxnfO{ ;fdfGo cjnf]sgsf] k"/ssf kdf k|of]u ug'{kb{5 . nfdf] ;dosf] cGt/fndf ljleGg ljlzi6 cj:yfdf ljBfyL{n] b]vfPsf ljlzi6 Jojxf/sf] l6kf]6sf] cfwf/df ljZn]if0f Pjd\ d"Nof\sg ul/g] x'gfn] ljBfyL{sf] JolStTjsf] hfh ug]{, kyk|bz{g / k/fdz{ k|bfg ug]{, ljBfyL{sf ;fdflhs Jojxf/ / l;h{gfTds sfo{sf] d"Nof\sg ug]{, cGo ;fwgf/f ul/Psf d"Nof\sgsf] k'li6 ug]{ / ljBfyL{nfO{ cfTd d"Nof\sg ug]{ cj;/ k|bfg ug]{ h:tf sfo{sf nflu 36gfj[Q clen]v pkof]uL x'G5 . lzIfsn] ljBfyL{nfO{ ljlzi6 36gfxsf] 5gf}6 ug]{, clen]v /fVg] / ljZn]if0f Pjd\ k|of]u ug]{ tl/sfsf] hfgsf/L lbO pgLxnfO{ g} cf lgisif{ g} ljlzi6 l;sfO Ifdt, ult, ?lr / e'msfjcg';f/ l;Sg] cj:yf l;h{g fug{ d"Nof\sg k4ltnfO{ l;sfOsf] cleGg / ;xof]uL lj|mofsnfksf kdf ljsf; ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf eP cg'k lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nof\sg k4lt nf]slk|o x'b} uPsf] 5 . o; k4ltn] d"Nof\sgnfO{ kf7\oj|mddf Joj:yf ul/Psf l;sfOpknlAwx / lzIf0fl;sfO lj|mofsnfkaf6 5'6\ofpg} g;lsg] k|lj|mofsf kdf ckgfpg'kg]{ dfGotf /fVb5 . lzIfsn] s'g} kf7 jf ljifoj:t' lzIf0f ug'{sf] p2]Zo lgwf{/0f ub{5 . ljBfyL{sf] k"j{ 1fg, ;Lk, cjwf/0ff jf ;"rgfsf] klxrfg ug{ k"j{ d"Nof\sgk/Dk/fut d"Nof\sg k4ltdf nfdf] ;dosf] cGt/fndf lnOg] pknlAw k/LIffx g} d"Nof\sg ;fwg lyP . out k/LIffxn] ljBfyL{sf] z}lIfs ljsf;sf] j|md, l;sfOsf] ljlzi6 Ifdtf / l;Sg] tl/sf, ?lr, k"j{1fgdf cfwfl/t /x]/ k|fKt u/]sf z}lIfs pknlAwxsf] k"0f{ kdf n]vfhf]vf ug{ / l;sfOdf ;xof]u ug{ ;Sb}gg\ eGg] dx;'; x'b} uof] . k|To]s ljBfyL{n] cf (Pre-

assessment) lj|mofsnfk

;~rfng ub{5 . p;n] ljifoj:t' / lzIf0f p2]Zodf s]lGb|t /xL ljBfyL{nfO{ ;lj|mo kdf l;Sg ;xof]u k'ofpb5 . x/]s ljBfyL{n] cg'ej u/]sf l;sfOsf ;d:ofxsf] klxrfg u/L l;Sg ;xof]u k'ofpb5 . lzIf0f of]hgf ug]{, k"j{1fg, Ifdtf / ;d:ofsf] klxrfg ug]{, lzIf0fl;sfO lj|mofsnfk jf lzIfs / ljBfyL{aLr ljBfyL{ s]lGb|t cGt/lj|moff/f l;sfpg] k|oTg ug]{, x/]s ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOsf] :t/ yfxf kfpg d"Nof\sg ug]{, cfjZostfcg';f/ 69 k'gM lzIfs0f ug]{, k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug]{ h:tf >[\vnfa4 lj|mofsnfk ;~rfng ug]{ k|lj|mofdf lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nof\sgn] ljBfyL{n] u/]sf] z}lIfs k|ult dfkg ug]{ cfwf/ (Bench marks) k|bfg ub{5 . lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nof\sg;DaGwL clen]v k|lj|mof
lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nof\sg k|lj|mofsf] d'Vo p2]Zo k7gkf7g;u} ljBfyL{xsf] l;sfOsf] :t/ kQf nufO{ sd l;s]sf ljBfyL{xsf nflu ;'wf/fTds lzIf0f jf JolStut kdf ljz]if Wofg lbO{ l;Sg k|f]T;fxg ug'{ xf] . o; d"Nof\sg k|lj|mofdf lgDgfg';f/ ljBfyL{xsf] k|ult clen]v /fVg'kg]{5 M != kf7ut cfwf/df ljBfyL{n] sIffdf l;s]sf s'/fnfO{ cg';"rL ! cg';f/sf] kmf/fddf tf]lsPsf dfkb08sf cfw/df Psb]lv tLgcf]6f;Dd /]hf -_ lrg nufpg] . @= clt pQd l;s]sfnfO{ tLgcf]6f /]hf - _, pQd l;s]sfnfO{ b'O{cf]6f /]hf - _ / ;fdfGo l;s]sfnfO{ Pp6f /]hf -_ lbg] . dfkb08 clt pQd pQd ;fdfGo #= k|To]s kf7df /]hf lbgsf nflu lgDglnlvt dfkb08nfO{ cfwf/ dfGg] M qm=;+=
!= @= #= $= %= sIff sfo{ -sIff ;xeflutf_ kl/of]hgf sfo{ Jojxf/ kl/jt{g l;h{gfTds sfo{ xflh/L

$= kf7ut cfwf/df /]hf lbO;s]kl5 x]/s q}dfl;sdf /]hfsf cfwf/df ljBfyL{xnfO{ lgDglnlvt tl/sfn] s, v, u >]0fLdf 5'6\ofpg] M &) k|ltztb]lv !)) k|ltzt;Dd s >]0fL $) k|ltztb]lv ^( k|ltzt;Dd v >]0fL $) k|ltzteGbf tn u >]0fL %= kf7ut /]hfxsf] k|ltzt lgsfNg] tl/sf M ljBfyL{n] kfPsf hDdf /]hf !)) hDdf k9fO ePsf kf7 ;\Vof !))

pbfx/0f M -s_ s'g} Ps ljifodf k|yd q}dfl;s;Dd k9fO eO;s]sf kf7 ;\Vof = ^ s'g} Pp6f ljBfyL{n] pSt ljifodf k|fKt u/]sf] /]hf ;\Vof = !% ;"qcg';f/ lx;fa ubf{ /]hf k|ltzt !% ^# pSt ljBfyL{sf] /]hf k|ltzt *#=# To;sf/0f pSt ljBfyL{sf] >]0fL s eof] . b|i6Jo dflysf] k|lj|mofaf6 v / u >]0fL klg lgsfNg ;lsg] . ^= kf7utkdf l;s]sf s'/f d"Nof\sg ubf{ kf7\oj|mdn] lglb{i6 u/]sf l;sfOpknlAwx k"/f ePgePsf] x]g'{kg]{5 . &= lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nof\sg kmf/fd g+= @ -cg';"rL @_ df kf7ut lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nof\sgsf] /]hfnfO{ a'bf g+= $ cg';f/ s, v, u >]0fLdf / lnlvt tyf df}lvs pknlAw dfkgsf] c\s;fy /fVg] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{5 . *= cg';"rL ! b]lv # cg';f/sf] l;sfO clen]v kmf/fd ljBfno cfkm}n] tof/ ug'{kg]{5

lg/Gt/ d"Nof\sg k4ltdf k|of]u x'g] ;fwgx g} k/fdf s]s] n]Vb} x'lGyg\ . of] s'/f ;ljtf ldn] klg yfxf kfpg' eof] . u'0fg l;Sg ;lngfnfO{ ufx|f] ePsf] yfxfkfP/ ;ljtf ld;n] c\ssf] u'0fg tflnsf s07 kf/] gkf/]sf] ;f]Wg' eof] . ;lngfn] !!@ ;Ddsf] u'0fg tflnsf df}lvs kdf eGg ;Sg] atfOg\ . ;ljtf ld;n] ;lngfsf] sIff # sf] k|fKtf\s tflnsf x]g'{eof] . ul0ft / lj1fg ljifodf pgsf] k|fKtf\s;lngf ( jif{sL sIff $ df k9\g] ljBfyL{ x'g\ . pgn] sIff # ;Dd csf] ljBfnodf k9]/ cfPsL x'g\ . pgL gof ljBfnodf lzIfslzlIfsf / cGo ;fyLx;u l56\6} 3'nldn eOg\ . ;ljtf ld;n] pgsf] sIffdf ul0ft k9fpg' x'G5 . Ps b'O{ lbg eof] sIffdf ul0ftsf] kf7 k9fO x'b} ubf{ / cGo ljBfyL{xn] u'0fg ug]{ cEof; ub}{ ubf{ ;lngf cf 64 ()% eGbf dfly lyof] . ;ljtf ld;n] pgsf] ul0ft ljifosf] cEof; k'l:tsf kN6fP/ cjnf]sg ug'{eof] . pgn] Ps c\s / b'O{ c\ssf ;a}h;f] u'0fg cEof;x l7s tl/sfn] u/]sL lyOg\ . pgn] & / ( c\ssf u'0fgdf eg] #$ cf]6f uNtL e]l6of . ;ljtf ld;n] pgnfO{ & / ( sf] u'0ft tflnsf df}lvs kdf eGg nufpg'eof] . pgn] oL b'O{ c\ssf] u'0fg tflnsf k"0f{ kdf eGg g;s]/ aLraLrdf cf}nf uGb} hf]8\g yflng\ . pgsf] ;d:of olx /x]5 . ld;n] ;lngfnfO{ & / ( c\ssf] u'0fg tflnsf #$ k6s bf]xf]ofpg nufpg'eof] . pgn] u/]sf] uNtL ;RofOlbg'eof] . cj eg] ;lngfn] ul0ftsf] sIffdf klxn] h:t} ;lj|mo kdf efu lng yflng\ . dflysf] 36gfdf ;ljtf ldn] ;lngfsf] ul0ft;DaGwL ;d:ofsf] lg/fs/0f ug{ lgDg tl/sf ckgfPsf] kfOG5 M

-s_ ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOsf] lj|mofsnfksf] cjnf]sg M lzIf0f ub}{ ubf{ ;ljtf ld;sf] cfvf ;a} ljBfyL{sf] lj|mofsnfkdf k'u]sf] x'gfn] ;lngfn] u'0fgsf] cEof; gu/]sf] t'?Gt} yfxf kfOxflng\ . -v_ l;sfOsf p2]Zoxsf] ls6fg M ;ljtfn] kf7sf] p2]Zo :ki6 ls6fg u/]sL lyOg\ . b'O{ c\ssf] u'0fg l;sfpg] pgsf] kf7sf] p2]Zo lyof] . -u_ ljBfyL{ s]lGb|t lzIf0fljlwsf] k|of]u M b'O{ c\ssf] u'0fg l;sfpg] j|mddf pgn] u'0fg ug]{ k|lj|mof atfP/ Ps b'O{cf]6f cEof; sfnf]kf6Ldf u/]/ b]vfP/ kl5 ljBfyL{nfO{ g} cEof; ug{ nufOg\ / ljBfyL{n] cEof; ub}{ ubf{ x/]s ljBfyL{ glhs k'Ug] j|mddf pgn] ;lngfsf] ;d:of cWoog ul/g\ . -3_ ljBfyL{sf ;d:ofsf] klxrfg / sf/0fxsf] lgbfg M ;lngfsf] ;d:of kQf nufpg pgn] ljleGg pkfox ckgfOg\ . pgn] ;lngf;u 5nkmn ul/g\ . pgsf] k"j{ l;sfO d"Nof\sg clen]vsf] cWoog ul/g\ . ul0ft;DaGwL sfo{sf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L u'6Lsf] klxrfg Pjd\ ljZn]if0f ul/g\ . o:tf pkfox ckgfPkl5 dfq pgn] l;Sg sl7gfO dx;'; u/]sf] kIf / o;sf] sf/0f kQf nfUof] . h;n] ubf{ ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOdf ;'wf/ ug{ ;lhnf] eof] . -r_ pkrf/fTds lzIf0f / k[i7kf]if0f M ;d:ofsf] klxrfg eO;s]kl5 ;ljtf ld;n] ;lngfnfO{ pgsf] ;d:of k/]sf] 7fpdf ;xof]u ul/g\ . cEof; u/fOg\ . u'0fg tflnsf cEof; u/]/ cfpg] ;Nnfx lbOg\ . dfly lbOPsf] 36gf cWoogaf6 lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nof\sgsf nflu cgf}krfl/s d"Nof\sgsf ljlwx a9L pkof]uL x'g] :ki6 5 . oL ;fwgxsf] 5f]6f] kl/rot n lbOG5 M != cjnf]sg cjnf]sg ljBfyL{sf] Jojxf/ / l;sfO lj|mofsnfksf] cg'udg ug]{ / pgLxsf] z}lIfs k|ultsf] clen]v /fVg] k|lj|mof xf] . o;af6 lzIfsnfO{ ljBfyL{sf ljz]if u'0f, ?lr, 65 pgLxsf] l;sfOdf ePsf] k|ultsf] hfgsf/L k|fKt x'G5 . ljBfyL{sf] cjnf]sg ubf{ lgDg s'/fxdf Wofg k'ofpg'kb{5 M sIffdf l;sfOPsf ljifoj:t'x ;a} ljBfyL{n] /fd|/L l;ls/x]sf 5g\ 5}gg\ < s] ljBfyL{xdf ;DalGwt ljifoj:t'sf] k"j{ 1fg 5 < s] pgLx ck]Iff u/]cg';f/ cEof; ul/x]sf 5g\ < s] pgLx cfk"mn] l;s]sf tYo, cjwf/0ff / ;Lkx Jojxf/df k|of]u ul//x]sf 5g\ < s] ljBfyL{x kf7k|lt ?lr dfg]/ l;ls/x]sf 5g\ < s] pgLx ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/]/ Ps csf{af6 ;d]t l;Sg] k|of; ul//x]sf 5g\ <

 k|of]u ul/Psf] lzIf0fljlw, ;fdu|L, l;sfOsf] ljifoj:t'sf] sl7gfO :t/ / ult,

l;sfO jftfj/0fk|lt pgLxsf] s:tf] k|ltlj|mof 5 < o;/L ljBfyL{sf l;sfO lj|mofsnfk, ?lr / k|fyldstfxsf] cjnf]sg ubf{ o;sf] p2]Zo / s]s'/fdf s]lGb|t /xL cjnf]sg ug]{ / cjnf]sgaf6 k|fKt hfgsf/Lsf] pkof]u s;/L ug]{ eGg] s'f/df lzIfs :ki6 x'g'kb{5 . o;sf nflu lgDg tl/sf ckgfpg'kb{5 M cjnf]sg ug'{kg]{ Jojxf/, ;Lk jf lj|mofsnfkxnfO{ :ki6 kdf kl/eflift ug]{ . cjnf]sg ul/Psf Jojxf/sf] clen]v /fVg] . cjnf]sgaf6 k|fKt ;"rgfxsf] ljZn]if0f ug]{ / ljZn]if0faf6 k|fKt glthfsf] k|of]u u/L l;sfOdf ;'wf/ ug]{, k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug]{ . o;/L cjnf]sg ug]{ j|mddf ljBfyL{ Jojxf/xsf] ;"rL tof/ u/L ?h' ;"rL (Check list) jf >]0fLdfkg (Rating scale) h:tf ;fwgxsf] k|of]u ug'{kb{5 . d'Vod'Vo jf dxOEjk"0f{ Jojxf/xsf] 36gf clen]v (Anecdotal records) ;d]t /fVg ;lsG5 . @= k|j]zsf] cj:yfdf ul/g] d"Nof\sg (Entry level assessment) s'g} ljBfyL{ gof ljBfnodf egf{ x'g cfpbf, s'g} sIff jf txdf k|j]z ubf{ jf s'g} gof kf7 ;'? ug{' cl3 ul/g] d"Nof\sg o;cGtu{t kb{5 . o;nfO{ k"j{ d"Nof\sg (Pre- assessment) jf k|j]z k/LIff (Entrance assessment) klg eGg] ul/G5 . o;k|sf/sf] d"Nof\sgaf6 ljBfyL{n] s'g} sIff jf txdf cWoog ug{ cfjZos kg]{ k"j{ 1fg / ;Lk xfl;n u/]sf] 5, 5}g eGg] hfgsf/L k|fKt x'G5 . s'g} gof kf7 ;'? ug'{ cl3 pgLxdf ;f] kf7 l;Sg cfjZos kg]{ cfwf/e"t 1fg jf ;Lk 5, 5}g eGg] hfgsf/L lzIfsnfO{ x'g'kb{5 . ul0ft, lj1fg jf eflifs ;Lk l;sfOdf cfwf/e"t 1f / ;Lksf] ljleGg tx k"/f ug'{kg]{ x'gfn] lzIfsn] ;DalGwt kf7sf] ljifoj:t'sf nflu cfjZos k"j{1fg ljBfyL{df /x] g/x]sf] hfgsf/L lng'kb{5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu ljBfyL{n] cIf/sf] :ki6 pRrf/0f ug{ ;s]g eGg] zag jf jfSosf] pRrf/0f l;sfpg sl7g kb{5 . hf]8, 36fp, u'0fg, efuh:tf cfwf/e"t ul0ftLo ;Lkxsf] ljsf; geO{ ;/nLs/0f ;Lk l;sfpg ;lsb}g . s'g} kf7 ;'? ug'{ 66 cufl8 ljBfyL{sf] k"j{1fg jf ;Lksf] n]vfhf]vf ul/Pdf s'g ljBfyL{nfO{ s'g ljifoj:t' jf ;Lk l;sfpg], sxfaf6 kf7 ;'? ug]{ jf s'g ljlwf/f l;sfpg] eGg] ;Gbe{df lzIfsn] pko'St lg0f{o lng ;St5g\ . #= q'l6 ljZn]if0f (Error analysis) q'l6 ljZn]if0f ljBfyL{n] u/]sf q'l6xsf] klxrfg ug]{, q'l6sf] juL{s/0f ug]{, ljZn]if0f u/L q'l6sf sf/0fx kQf nufpg] / To:tf q'l6x x6fpg] tl/sfxsf]

klxrfg u/L sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] Jojl:yt k|lj|mof xf] . ljBfyL{xn] q'l6 ug'{sf ljleGg sf/0fx x'g ;St5g\ . pgLxn] c;fjwfgL, cEof;sf] sdL, lgod, cjwf/0ff jf l;4fGt;DaGwL hfgsf/L geP/, dgf]j}1flgs jf dfgl;s cj:yf cflbsf sf/0fn] q'l6 ug]{ ub{5g\ . ljBfyL{n] u/]sf q'l6xsf] ljZn]if0f u/L ljBfyL{;u} a;]/ out q'l6x ;'wf/ ug{ ;xof]u ug]{ ug'{kb{5 . o;n] ubf{ ljBfyL{xnfO{ cfk"mn] u/]sf q'l6x j|mdzM ;'wf/ ug{ d2t ldNb5 . ljBfyL{n] u/]sf q'l6xsf] klxrfg / ljZn]if0f u/]/ sf/0fxsf] klxrfg ePkl5 q'l6x ;Rofpg yk cEof; u/fpg], k'gM lzIf0f ug]{ jf j}slNks ljlwf/f lzIf0f u/L ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOdf ;'wf/ Nofpg ;lsG5 . $= cfTd d"Nof\sg (Self-assessment) gf] Ifdtf / c;Ifdtfsf If]q kQf nufpg / ;'wf/sf nflu of]hgf agfpg ;St5g\ .gf] ;fdYo{ / ;Lksf] cg'dfg ug{, cfgf] l;sfOdf cfkm}n] ;'wf/ Nofpg] of]hgf ug{ ;Sb5g\ . o;sfnflu ljBfyL{xnfO{ pgLxn] k|fKt ug'{kg]{ l;sfOpknlAw ;lhn} l;Sg ;s]sf] / l;Sg sl7gfO k/]sf kf7\of+z cflbsf af/df] cfkm}n] n]vfhf]vf u/L pko'St lg0f{o lng] tl/sf l;sfpg'kb{5 . o;f] ul/Pdf ljBfyL{xn] cfgf pknlAw / sdhf]/Lsf] hfgsf/L k|fKt u/L eljiodf cfljBfyL{x cfkm}n] cf gf] Jojxf/, z}lIfs pknlAw, ;Ifdtf jf u'0fxsf] ;"rL tof/ u/L ?h" ;"rLcfTd d"Nof\sgsf nflu ljBfyL{n] cf (Check list) jf >]0fLdfkg (Ratin scale) gf] z}lIfs k|ultsf] d"Nof\sg ug{ ;lsG5 .gf] ?lr, e'msfj, ljz]if Ifdtf, k"j{ 1fg flbaf6 ;"rsxsf] 5gf}6 u/L cfTdd"Nof\sgsf ;fwgxsf] ljsf; ug'{kb{5 . cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s cGo ;fwgx h:t} M sIff k/LIff, PsfO k/LIff, sIff sfo{, u[x sfo{, k|of]ufTds / kl/of]hgf sfo{ cflb ;fwgf/f ul/Psf] d"Nof\sgsf] glthfsf] ljZn]if0f u/]/ klg cfgf] d"Nof\sg ug'{kb{5 . o;df ljleGg ljifodf cfk"mn] xfl;n u/]sf] 1fg, ;Lk, cfh:tf ;fwg tof/ ug'{kb{5 / To:tf ;fwgxsf] k|of]u u/]/ cf ljBfyL{xnfO{ pgLxsf] z}lIfs k|ultsf] cfkm}n] d"Nof\sg ug{ / yk l;fOsf] of]hgf agfpg] ;Lksf] ljsf; u/L Jojxf/df nfu" ug{ ;Sg] agfpg lzIfsn] ljleGg tl/sfn] ;xof]u ug{ ;St5g\ . lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nof\sg ljBfyL{ s]lGb|t lzIf0fljlwdf cfwfl/t x'g] x'gfn] lzIfsn] lzIf0fl;sfO lj|mofsnfkaf6 l;s]sf / l;Sg sl7gfO ePsf ljifo If]qsf af/]df 5nkmn ug{ nufpg], s'g} PsfO jf kf7 k9fO;s]kl5 jf k|To]s lbgsf] clGtd ;dodf jf s]xL lbgsf] cGt/df cfk"mn] l;s]sf] ljifoj:t' / Jojxfl/s hLjgdf To;sf] 67

gf] l;sfO cfjZostf cg'k eP gePsf], l;sfO ?lrk"0f{ eP gePsf] eGg] ljifodf n]vfhf]vf u/L pko'St lg0f{o lng ;St5g\ .gf] z}lIfs k|ultsf af/]df kl5;Dd klg ;dLIff ug{ ;St5g\ . out lj|mofsnfkxaf6 sIffdf l;sfOPsf] ljifoj:t' l;s] gl;s]sf] d"Nof\sg ug'{sf ;fy} l;s]sf] s'/f cfgf l;sfO cg'ejsf af/]df b}lgsLsf kdf s]xL cg'R5]b n]Vg] / To;sf] clen]v /fVg] afgLsf] ljsf; ug{ ;s]df cfpkof]lutf / pkof]u ug]{ tl/sfsf af/]df :jtGq kn] n]v]/ jf df}lvs kdf JoSt ug{ nufpg], k|To]s lbg jf s]xL lbgsf] cGt/fndf cf