Laboratory oI Signal Processing & Communication Amplitude modulation

1
Exercise 7

AMPLITUDE MODULATION

1. Problems
(Students should think over and solve the Iollowing problems beIore the exercise)
a) ProoI that a spectrum oI any signal could be shiIted by I
s
in the Irequency domain when we multiply
that signal by any other periodic signal with the Irequency oI I
s
;
b) Give the deIinition oI the amplitude modulation Iactor;
c) Sketch a spectrum oI the signal x(t) cos(2000t) modulated by the signal y(t) sin(200t)/t Ior the
modulation oI type AM and AM/SC;
d) Assuming that x
1
(t) 2cos(200t) and x
2
(t) 5cos(1000t), compute the spectrum oI the signals:
x
1
(t)x
2
(t); x
1
2
(t); x
2
2
(t)
e) Give a deIinition oI the eIIiciency Iactor oI amplitude modulation (AM). What is the maximum
possible value oI this Iactor?

2. Program

PART 1: Examinations of the half-wave rectifier
a) Check the connections oI the measuring system: (see Fig.4)
- connect the voltage generator to the input oI the transIormer (pins 1,2),
- connect (with the switch) the output oI the transIormer (pins 4, 5) to halI wave diode rectiIier
b) Set a sinusoidal signal with a Irequency oI 100 Hz and the maximal amplitude on the output oI the
Iunction generator.
c) Observe (with the oscilloscope) and draw the waveIorms oI the voltage Irom the output oI the rectiIier
Ior various values oI the resistance R. (Hint: input amplifier of the oscilloscope has to be set in the
DC mode).
d) Set R 4.7 k and repeat the measurements Ior the Iollowing cases:
- Ior the Irequency oI the input signal I 10 kHz,
- Ior various capacitors C connected to the output (Iig. 1b) and signal Irequency I 100 Hz.

PART 2: Amplitude modulation (see Fig. 4 - layout of the panel)
a) Connect modulating signal oI the Irequency I 100 Hz Irom the outside generator to the modulation
circuit (according to the scheme Irom Iig. 3). The Irequency oI the baseband modulating signal is
about 10 kHz.
b) Observe (with the oscilloscope) and draw the waveIorms oI the signals x(t), y(t) and y
I
(t) Ior diIIerent
values oI amplitudes oI signals x
A
and x
B
(Ior various amplitude modulation Iactors). Pay attention to
the signal distortion when the amplitude modulation Iactor is too big. What is the signal y
I
(t) like when
we replace diode D2 with the resistance R?
c) Set the amplitude oI the baseband modulating signal to about 5 V (according to the indicator oI the
generator). The modulation Iactor should be respectively small. Draw the waveIorms Irom the output
oI the detector (diode D3, R 1k and C) Ior various capacitors C.

Laboratory oI Signal Processing & Communication Amplitude modulation
2

3. Report

a) Sketch all the waveIorms that you observed in the exercise. Give the circuit parameters Ior each case.
II you examined the same circuit Ior diIIerent parameters you should draw some conclusions.
b) Draw the spectrum oI signals x(t), y(t) and y
I
(t) Irom part 2 and 3. Assume that the diode has a square
characteristic i.e. y a
1
x a
2
x
2
.
c) Explain the eIIect observed in the part 3.



Fig. 1. Half-wave rectifiers



Fig. 2. Full-wave rectifiers

Fig. 3. Circuit that shifts the frequency spectrum of the signals
Laboratory oI Signal Processing & Communication Amplitude modulation
3



Fig. 4. Layout of the panel


4k7

Ku
In10kHz
FPP

WE
Tr
sygnal
modulujacy
nosna
lokalna
sygnal
modulujacy
10
10.5 9.5
9 11 0
2
4
6
8
I |kHz| U |V|
Iala nosna
D1
D2
D3
1k R
R
AM-SC
AM
10k 47k
470n 1 2
1k
demodulator modulator
I
carrier
modulating signal
local carrier