Outline

1. Introduction to communication systems g Block diagram 2. Overview of wireless communication

Generations of wireless communication Current wireless networks

Chapter 0
Introduction to Wireless Communications
Ha Hoang Kha, Ph.D Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology Email: hhkha@hcmut.edu.vn

3 Design challenges 3. 4. Fundamental concepts

Introduction H. H. Kha, Ph.D.

Introduction

1. Introduction to communication system

The purpose of a communication system is to transport an information bearing signal from a source to a user destination.
Analog communication systems: the information bearing signal is continuously varying in both amplitude and time. The performance metric: SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio) Digital communication system: the information bearing signal is represented p by y a sequence q of discrete messages. g The performance metric: BER (Bit Error Rate) .

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Block diagram of digital communication systems

Basic signal processing blocks

Transmitter:
Source coding: eliminate or reduce redundancy so as to provide an efficient representation of the source output. Channel Ch l coding: di i introduce t d redundancy d d to t provide id reliable li bl communication over a noisy channel. Modulation: to provide the efficient transmission of the signal over the channel.

Channel: wired (telephone channels, coaxial cables, optical fibers) or wireless (microwave radio, satellite channels). Receiver: demodulation, channel decoder, and source decoder. Our ultimate goal is to communicate with any time of information with anyone at any time from anywhere. This is possible with aid of wireless technology.
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2. Radio Communication
Radio or radio communication means any transmission, emission, or reception of signs, signals, writing, images, sounds by means of electromagnetic waves of the radio frequency range, from about 3 kHz to 300 GHz propagated in space without artificial guide. Examples of radio communication systems:
Radio broadcasting. TV broadcasting. g Satellite communication. Mobile cellular telephony. Wireless LAN.

Classification of radio spectrum

a up 60 GHz Frequency assaignments Broadcastin ng TV, satelites, Personal telephone systems, s radar systems, fixed and mobile m satelite services Long distan nce communication (fixed and marite) ), Broadcasting, Naviagation n, Radio beacons ing, TV, FM, Mobile Broadcasti services fo or maritime, aeronautical and land, Wireless W microphones, Meteor bur rst communicaiton Fixed point t to point communication, Mobile mar ritime aeronautical, land services, military m communication, amateur radio and broadcasting Fixed serv vices, Fixed statelite services, Mobile M serivces, Remote sensing Time and Frequency F Normals, Navigation n, Underwater Communic cation, Remote sensing under grou und, Maritme telegraphy AM broadc casting, naviation, radio beacons, distress d frequencies.

Application

Frequency

300-3000 Hz 1000 -100 km ELF

3-30 kHz 100 -10 km VLF

30-300 kHz 10 -1 km LF

300-3000 KHz 1000 -100 m MF

3-30 MHz 100 -10 m HF

30-300 MHz 10 -1 m VHF

300-3000 MHz 100 -10 cm UHF

3-30 GHz 10 -1 cm SHF

30-300 GHz 10 -1 mm EHF

Wavelength

Term

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The Radio Spectrum

The frequency spectrum is a shared resource. Radio propagation does not recognize geopolitical boundaries. International cooperation and regulations are required for an efficient use of the radio spectrum. The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is an agency, within the UN, that takes care of this resource.
Frequency assignment. Standardization. Coordination and planning of the international telecommunication services.
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History
1864: Maxwell describes radio wave mathematically generates radio waves 1888: Hertz g 1890: Detection of radio waves 1896: Marconi makes the first radio transmission 1915: Radio tubes are invented 1948: Shannons law 1948: Transistor 1960: 1960 Communication C i i Satellites S lli 1981: Cellular technology

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Evolution of Wireless Systems

Current Wireless Networks

Cellular Systems Wireless Wide Area Network (WWAN) Satellite Systems Wireless broadband access (WiMax-compatible) Metropolitan Area Paging Systems (one way, two way) Networks MAN Radio broadcast (analog/digital audio/video) Cordless phone, personal handyphone system Wireless LANs Bluetooth Ultra-wideband radios Local Area Network LAN Zigbee Zi b radios r di Personal Area Networks PAN Infrared wireless optical (IrDa) Remote control (toy, garage door) Special purpose: radar, sonar, missile guidance,,etc

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3. Mobile wireless technology

1G First generation wireless

Developed in 1980s Analog transmission technology Focus F on voice i Data service almost non-existence Incompatible standards:
Different frequencies and signalling International roaming impossible

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2G second generation wireless

2 G wireless
Its was invented and developed in 1990-91. Digital transmission technology Increased quality of service Possible for wireless data services 2.5 G wireless General packet radio service (GPRS) / to 115 kb/s / Data rates: 56 kb/s Services: WAP, MMS and SMS, Search and directory

3G third generation wireless

3 G wireless
Introduced in 2004-05 Applications: mobile TV, video on demand, video conferencing, location based serviced services. 3.5 G wireless Known as HSDPA (high-speed downlink packet access) Data transmission up to 8-10 Mbps (and 20 Mbps for some systems)

3 75 G wireless 3.75 i l
Refereed to HSUPA (high-speed uplink packet access) Speed: 1.4 Mbps-5 Mbps Real-time person to person gaming
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2.75 G wireless Maximum data rate: 384 kbps.

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4G Fourth generation wireless

A collection of technology creating fully packetswitched networks optimized for data. Provide speed of 100 Mbps to 1 Gbps. Gbps Provide wireless alternative for broadband access to residential and business customers.

Comparison between 1G-4G

5 G Wireless (coming?) Data rate: ~10 Gbps

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3G and 4G capabilities and features

Mobile broadband landscape

Cellular wireless law of speed vs decade

time
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Satellite Systems
Cover very large areas Different orbit heights
GEOs GEO (39000 Km) K ) versus LEOs LEO (2000 Km) K )

Wireless LAN Standards Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs)

01011011 0101 1011 Internet Access Point

Optimized for one-way transmission

Radio (XM, Sirius) and movie (SatTV, DVB/S) broadcasts Most two-way systems struggling or bankrupt

Global Positioning System (GPS) use growing

Satellite signals used to pinpoint location Popular in cell phones, PDAs, and navigation devices

WLANs connect local computers (100m range) Breaks data into packets Channel access is shared (random access) Backbone Internet provides best-effort service

Poor performance in some apps (e.g. video)

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Introduction

Wireless LAN Standards

802.11b (Old 1990s)
Standard for 2.4GHz ISM band (80 MHz) Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) Speeds S d of f 11 Mbps, Mb approx. 500 ft range
Many WLAN cards have all 3 (a/b/g)

WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) (802.16)

802.11a/g (Middle Age mid-late 1990s)

Standard for 5GHz NII band (300 MHz) OFDM in 20 MHz with adaptive rate/codes Speeds of 54 Mbps, approx. 100-200 ft range

802.11n (Hot stuff, standard close to finalization)

Standard in 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz band Adaptive OFDM /MIMO in 20/40 MHz (2-4 antennas) Speeds up to 600Mbps, approx. 200 ft range Other advances in packetization, antenna use, etc.
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Wide area wireless network standard System architecture similar to cellular Hopes to compete with cellular OFDM/MIMO is core link technology A physical layer operating in the 2 to 66 GHz range Different for different countries. Bandwidth is 3.5-10 MHz Fixed (802.16d) vs. Mobile (802.16e) WiMAX Fixed: 75 Mbps max, up to 50 mile cell radius Mobile: 15 Mbps max, up to 1-2 mile cell radius
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Introduction

Bluetooth
Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances (using short-wavelength radio transmissions ) from fixed and mobile in the ISM band from 24002480 MHz) devices, creating personal area networks (PANs) with high levels of security Short range (10m, extendable to 100m) 1 Data (700 Kbps) and 3 voice channels, up to 3 Mbps Widely y supported pp by y telecommunications, PC, and consumer electronics companies

Ultrawideband Radio (UWB)

UWB is an impulse radio: sends pulses of tens of picoseconds(10-12) to nanoseconds (10-9) y cycle y of only y a fraction of a percent p Duty A carrier is not necessarily needed Uses a lot of bandwidth (GHz) High data rates, up to 500 Mbps 7.5 GHz of free spectrum in the U.S. (underlay) New UWB proposals (802.15.3): OFDM-based or CDMA-based Limited commercial success to date

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IEEE 802.15.4 / ZigBee Radios

Wireless personal area networks built from small, low-power digital radios. g operates p in the industrial, scientific and medical ( (ISM) ) radio ZigBee bands; 868 MHz in Europe, 915 MHz in the USA and Australia and 2.4 GHz in most jurisdictions worldwide. Data rates of 20, 40, 250 Kbps The low cost allows the technology to be widely deployed in wireless control and monitoring applications Very low power consumption
Rate

Tradeoffs
802.11n 3G 802.11g/a Power 802.11b UWB Bluetooth

Focus is primarily on low power sensor networks

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ZigBee

Range

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Backbone infrastructures: PSTN, Internet, and HFC

3. Requirements and Design Challenges

Voice Delay Packet Loss BER Data Rate Traffic <100ms <1% 10-3 8-32 Kbps Continuous Data 0 10-6 1-100 Mbps Bursty Video <100ms <1% 10-6 1-20 Mbps Continuous

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Quality-of-Service (QoS)
QoS refers to the requirements associated with a given application, typically rate and delay requirements. i It is hard to make a one-size-fits all network that supports requirements of different applications. Wired networks have much higher data rates and better reliability than wireless. QoS for all applications requires a cross-layer design approach.
Rate

Future Generations
Other Tradeoffs: Rate vs. Coverage Rate vs. Delay Rate vs. Cost Rate vs. Energy

802.11n

4G

802.11b WLAN

3G

2G

Wimax/3G

2G Cellular Mobility

Fundamental Design Breakthroughs Needed

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Radio Communication
Three main problems: The path loss Noise N i Sharing the radio spectrum

4. Fundamental concepts
Simplex Half-duplex Full-duplex The 2 channels can be separated in frequency Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) The 2 channels can be separated in time to share a single physical channel Time Division Duplex (TDD)

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FDD vs TDD

Multiple Access

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Multiple Access
Multiple access FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) TDMA (Ti (Time Division Di i i Multiple M li l A Access) ) SDMA (Space Division Multiple Access) SSMA (Spread Spectrum Multiple Access)
FHMA (Frequency Hopped Multiple Access) CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)

Multiple Access

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Multiple Access

The Cellular Concept

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Before Cellular Systems

One call per channel

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The Cellular Concept

Why cellular? Radio spectrum is a finite resource. How H to accommodate d al large number b of f users over a large geographic area within a limited radio spectrum? The solution is the use of cellular structure which allows frequency reuse.

The Cellular Concept

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The Cellular Concept

The large geographic area is divided into smaller areas cells. Each cell has its own base station providing coverage only for that cell. Each base station is allocated a portion of the total number of channels available to the entire system. Neighboring base stations are assigned different groups of channels to minimize interference. The same group of channels can be reused by another base station located sufficiently far away to keep co-channel interference levels within tolerable limits.

The Cellular Concept

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The Cellular Concept

Cellular Systems: Reuse channels to maximize capacity

Geographic region divided into cells Frequency/timeslots/codes/ reused at spatially-separated locations. Co-channel interference between same color cells. Base stations/MTSOs / (Mobile Telephone p Switching g Office ff ) coordinate handoff and control functions Shrinking cell size increases capacity, as well as networking burden

BASE STATION

MTSO

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Cellular Phone Networks

San Francisco

3G: ITU-developed, UMTS/IMT-2000

Global Satellite

BS

BS

Suburban

Urban

In-Building

Internet MTSO PSTN MTSO

New York

Macrocell

Microcell

Picocell

BS

Basic Terminal PDA Terminal Audio/Visual Terminal

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Spectrum Regulation
Spectral Allocation in Vietnam controlled by the ARFM (Authority of Radio Frequency Management) ARMF auctions spectral blocks for set applications. Some spectrum set aside for universal use Worldwide spectrum controlled by ITU-R Regulation is a necessary evil. Innovations in regulation being considered worldwide, including underlays, overlays, and cognitive radios
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US Spectrum allocation today

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Many devices use the same radio band

Coexistence Challenge:

Standards
Interacting systems require standardization Companies want their systems adopted as standard Alternatively try for de-facto standards Standards determined by TIA/CTIA in US IEEE standards often adopted Process fraught with inefficiencies and conflicts

Technical Solutions: Interference Cancellation Smart/Cognitive Radios

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Worldwide standards determined by ITU-T In Europe, ETSI is equivalent of IEEE

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Emerging Systems
4th generation cellular (4G) OFDMA will be PHY layer y (like ( Wimax) ) Other new features and bandwidth still in flux Ad hoc/mesh wireless networks Cognitive radios Sensor networks Distributed control networks

Cognitive Radio Paradigms

Cognitive g radio of a spectrum hole and opportunistic spectrum sharing

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Cognitive Radio Networks

Key Techniques
Adaptive Techniques
Link, MAC, network, and application adaptation Resource management g and allocation (power (p control) )

Diversity techniques
Link diversity (space, time, frequency) Access diversity Route diversity

Multiplexing
Spatial multiplexing (MIMO, beamforming) Frequency multiplexing (OFDM, multi-carrier)

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Subject contents
Chapter 1: Channel models Chapter 2: Channel Capacity Chapter 3: Diversity Chapter 4: Equalizer Chapter 5: OFDM Chapter 6: MIMO Chapter 7: Cooperative wireless networks: Cognitive y networks radio/relay

Grading

Mid-term Mid term exam: 30% Group projects: 20% (2 persons/group) Final exam: 50%

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Projects
1) Channel simulation: Flat/frequency selective fading, time-varying channels, small/large fading 2) OFDM: spectrum, BER, ICI cancellation 3) MIMO: space-time code, multiplexing, beamforming. 4) ) Cognitive g Radio: underlay, y overlay y 5) Wireless Relay Networks: AF, DF relay, single/multiple hops
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References
Textbook:
[1] A. A Goldsmith, Wireless Communications, Cambridge University Press Press, 2005

References:
[2] T.S. Rappaport ,Wireless Communications, Prentice Hall PTR, 1996 [3] J. G. Proakis , M. Salehi , G. Bauch Contemporary Communication Systems Using MATLAB, Cengage Learning, 2012. [4] DSPlog Signal Processing for Communication http://www.dsplog.com/

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