A.

Das Gupta Way to Study Indigenous Knowledge Cultural Anthropology 373 - 393

Way to Study Indigenous Knowledge and Indigenous Knowledge System

Ashok Das Gupta*
Abstract
This paper is based on how to study Indigenous Knowledge and Indigenous Knowledge System (IK and IKS). Some questions have been raised and probable answers given. The main problem is regarding methodology. Definition and ategori!ation of IK"IKS are also situational. IK and IKS are to be separated. IKS as a global #nowledge system has to be understood. $idden and open ended IK"IKS should have different methodologies. Symbols% ognition% post&stru turalism% post&modernism% humanitarianism are different perspe tives. There are as many resear h approa hes. 'apid 'ural (ppraisal has got spe ial attention. IKS itself is a methodology. We have to reali!e the ground situation also on entrating on the area as well as approa h to the area. Study an be eti and"or emi . )robable rationale of approa h is to be formulated. We have to reali!e situations li#e IK"IKS versus ivili!ation% global servi es from IKS% and traditional #nowledge system and IKS. We also have to better understand olonial realm of the term *indigenous+ and #eep in mind the aspe ts li#e Indigenous 'ights a ording to I,-.

Key Words: IK; IKS; metho ology

Introduction Kno!le ge "s a ph"losoph"#al term an #an $e #on#eptual"%e as a set o& 'ar"ous &a#ts an "n&ormat"on tra"ts. It "s o& t!o types( s#"ent"&"# an "n "genous. )oth !ork as systems an hen#e !e use the terms l"ke S#"ent"&"# Kno!le ge System an In "genous Kno!le ge System *IKS+. ,hese t!o together #onst"tute Glo$al Kno!le ge System. S#"ent"&"#ally pro'e kno!le ge "s the s#"ent"&"# kno!le ge- !hereas kno!le ge o& the In "genous .eoples #an $e treate as In "genous Kno!le ge *IK+. ,here "s a#tually no un"'ersally a##epte ma/or o$sta#le "n o"ng resear#h !"th IK. IK "s the a#tual kno!le ge o& a g"'en populat"on that re&le#ts the e0per"en#es $ase on tra "t"ons an "n#lu es more re#ent e0per"en#es !"th mo ern te#hnolog"es *1a'erkort- 2992+. In "genous kno!le ge *IK+ "s the lo#al kno!le ge- kno!le ge that "s un"3ue to a g"'en #ulture or so#"ety. IK #ontrasts !"th the "nternat"onal kno!le ge
* 4esear#h S#holar- Department o& Anthropology- 5n"'ers"ty o& 6orth )engal- 7est )engal. 8ma"l ID( n$u9ashokanthro:re "&&ma"l.#om Antro#om ;nl"ne <ournal o& Anthropology =>2=- 'ol. ?. n. = ISS6 2973 =??> 373

e&"n"t"on o& IK. ,h"s "s the

A. Das Gupta Way to Study Indigenous Knowledge

system generate $y un"'ers"t"es- resear#h "nst"tut"ons an pr"'ate &arms. It "s the $as"s &or lo#al le'el e#"s"on mak"ng "n agr"#ulture- health #are- &oo preparat"on- e u#at"on- natural-resour#e management an a host o& other a#t"'"t"es "n rural #ommun"t"es *7arren- 2992+. In "genous kno!le ge "s the systemat"# $o y o& kno!le ge a#3u"re $y lo#al people through the a##umulat"on o& e0per"en#es- "n&ormal e0per"ments- an "nt"mate un erstan "ng o& the en'"ronment "n a g"'en #ulture *4a/asekaran- 2993+. In "genous Kno!le ge tra"ts are oralun o#umente - s"mple; epen ent o'er the 'alues- norms an #ustoms o& the &olk l"&e- pro u#t"on o& "n&ormal e0per"ments through tr"al an error- a##umulat"on o& generat"on !"se "ntelle#tual reason"ng o& ay to ay l"&e e0per"en#es- loose an re "s#o'ere - pra#t"#al rather than theoret"#al as !ell as asymmetr"#ally "str"$ute . IK "s also regar e $y se'eral names- su#h as- &olk kno!le ge- tra "t"onal kno!le ge- lo#al kno!le ge- "n "genous te#hn"#al kno!le ge *I,K+- tra "t"onal en'"ronmental@ e#olog"#al kno!le ge *,8K+- .eopleAs S#"en#e or ethnology that o&ten look 'ery mu#h #on&us"ng an o'erlapp"ng *Das Gupta- =>22+. IK has the &ollo!"ng #hara#ter"st"#s( *2+ lo#al or spe#"&"# to a part"#ular geography or m"#ro-en'"ronment or e#osystem an &olk people l"'"ng there #lose to nature- *=+ orally transm"tte - *3+ out#omes o& "n&ormal e0per"ments- "nt"mate un erstan "ng o& nature- an a##umulat"on o& generat"on-!"se "ntelle#tual reason"ng o& ay-to- ay l"&e e0per"en#es- generat"on-!"se "ntelle#tual reason"ng teste on Brel"g"ous la$oratory o& sur'"'alC- *D+ or"g"nate through "ntera#t"ons an not at "n "'" ual le'el- *E+ emp"r"#al rather than theoret"#al or any a$stra#t s#"ent"&"# kno!le ge- *F+ &un#t"onal or ynam"# an hen#e #onstantly #hang"ng- "s#o'ere - lost an re "s#o'ere "n a ne! &orm *open-en e IK+- *7+ #ulturally em$e e *#lose-en e + !here separat"ng the te#hn"#al &rom nonte#hn"#al- rat"onal to non-rat"onal "s pro$lemat"#- *?+ repeat"ng !"th t"me *as $e#ause IK "s $oth #ultural an ynam"#+- *9+ segmente "nto so#"al #lusters or asymmetr"#ally "str"$ute !"th"n a populat"on- $y gen er an age*2>+ share $y many an e'en $y the glo$al s#"en#e *8llen an 1arr"s- 299F+. Golk people ha'e preser'e these &un#t"onal IK tra"ts !"th"n non-&un#t"onal sym$ols o& the"r 'alue loa e &olk l"&e. In or er to gather IK tra"ts- oma"ns that ha'e to $e e#o e !"th"n the &olk l"&e are &olk song- &olk pro'er$&olk etymology an #hants- &olk mus"#- &olk tales- &olk l"terature- &olk an#e- &olk pa"nt"ng- &olk s#ulpture- &olk re#reat"on- &olk play- &olk art an #ra&t- &olk #ookery- &olk settlement an patterns- &olk ar#h"te#ture- the not"on o& t"me "n &olk so#"ety- !eather &ore#ast"ng- "ale#tology o& &olk spee#h- superst"t"ons- myths- legen s- r" les- &olk rel"g"on &olk lore- l"ke sense o& r"ght an !rong *&olk !ays+- norms regar "ng k"nsh"p relat"ons an r"tes o& passage *r"tes- e-passage+- &olk #ustoms regar "ng househol a&&a"rs an agr"#ultural operat"ons an $eha'"or o& the &olk people- &olk "ale#t to &olk te#hnology- 'ar"ous type o& organ"%at"on *pol"t"#al- e#onom"#- rel"g"ous- an so#"al+ an ethno-me "#"nal pra#t"#es *Das Gupta- =>22+. In "genous Kno!le ge System *IKS+ "s the #ognate o& IK. Golk people are !ell a!are o& ho! to apply IK tra"ts "n 3u"te a systemat"# !ay an so to ga"n #erta"n nature-&r"en ly .u$l"# Ser'"#es &orm the so &orme In "genous Kno!le ge Systems *IKS+. So- .u$l"# Ser'"#es &rom IKS are 'ery mu#h help&ul "n &"ll"ng up gaps !"th"n S#"ent"&"# Kno!le ge System an a#h"e'"ng susta"na$"l"ty "n e'elopment programs. IKS "s a mult" "s#"pl"nary su$/e#t an "n#orporates the &ollo!"ng "mens"ons( phys"#al s#"en#es an relate te#hnolog"es- so#"al s#"en#es an human"t"es *Das Gupta- =>22+. IKS #an aga"n $e #ons" ere as summat"on o& all tra "t"onal kno!le ge systems *,KS+

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A. Das Gupta Way to Study Indigenous Knowledge

s#attere all o'er the !orl . Su#h summat"on "n a systemat"# !ay through proper o#umentat"on #an really #ontr"$ute parallel to glo$al"%at"on. In "genous .eoples su&&er"ng &rom glo$al market e#onomy #an then a##ess to In "genous 4"ghts *Internat"onal Ha$our ;rgan"%at"on+. In that #ase- they !"ll not take the !ay o& lo#al"%at"onrather &ollo! the !ay o& glo$al"%at"on !"th #erta"n sa&eguar an e'en #ontr"$ute to o'er#ome negat"'e "mpa#ts o& un" "re#t"onal mo ern"%at"on pro#ess *Das Gupta- =>2>a+. IK@IKS "s 'ery mu#h $ase on the relat"onsh"p among *2+ mo e o& pro u#t"on an repro u#t"on- *=+ so#"al stru#ture an *3+ mag"#o-rel"g"ous@#ultural "ssues. S"mply say"ng- th"s "s a relat"on among nature- human an super-nature. Commun"t"es !ho treat #ulture as result o& the"r psy#ho-$"olog"#al nee an not mere psy#h"# un"ty o& mank"n are not so mu#h ak"n to #"'"l"%at"on $ut are mu#h #loser to th"s relat"on among nature- human an super- nature *6IS+ *Das Gupta- =>2=$+. IKS "s a mult" "s#"pl"nary su$/e#t an #oul $e "'" e "nto 'ar"ous oma"ns l"ke agr"#ulture an post-agr"#ultural pra#t"#es; an"mal hus$an ry an poultry; ethno-&"shery; hunt"ng an gather"ng; art"san; "sease treatment- ethnome "#"ne an &olk reme y; tra "t"onal e#onom"# an pol"t"#al system. IKS #oul $e "'" e "nto 'ar"ous oma"ns l"ke agr"#ulture- an"mal hus$an ry *"n#lu "ng poultry an &"shery+- han "#ra&ts- tools an te#hn"3ues- nutr"t"onhealth #are pra#t"#es an $"o-me "#"nes- psy#ho-so#"al #are- natural an $"olog"#al resour#e- management o& en'"ronmental an $"o- "'ers"ty resour#es- "saster m"t"gat"on- human resour#e management- sa'"ng an len "ngpo'erty alle'"at"on an #ommun"ty e'elopment as !ell as e u#at"on an #ommun"#at"on. 8a#h o& these oma"ns "s pro'" e !"th o!n respe#t"'e area an man"&estat"on *Ion al- =>>9+. I& !e only #ons" er agr"#ulture relate IKS- !e ha'e to &o#us on e&"n"te "nterrelat"onsh"p among pro u#t"on an te#hn"#al pra#t"#es "n a spe#"&"# &arm"ng system- #onser'at"on o& #rop 'ar"et"es- alternat"'e agr"#ultural pro u#t"on- pro u#t"on o& 'ar"ous #ash #rop@'egeta$les@sp"#e@&ru"t an &lo!er- ma"ntenan#e o& the nutr"t"on le'el an tra "t"onal #on#epts o& health&oo preser'at"on- la$or-or"ente han -loom "n ustry- tra "t"onal type o& "'"s"on o& la$or- ethno-&"shery- an"mal hus$an ry an poultry- agro-&orestry an use o& &orest pro u#ts *t"m$er an non-t"m$er+- sa#re groo'e- agroe#ology an &oo !e$- $"o- "'ers"ty !"th &ee -$a#k- !ater an so"l management- house #onstru#t"on an k"t#hen gar en- &olk ta0onomy- mag"#o-rel"g"ous per&orman#es- $el"e& "n super-nature- #ultural lag- emerg"ng so#"oe#onom"# #hallenges- so#"al trans&ormat"on- susta"na$le rural an human resour#e e'elopment *Das Gupta=>2>a+. In "genous Kno!le ge *IK+ "s $as"#ally lo#al. It "s a#tually oral an mostly un o#umente *8llen an 1arr"s299F+. It "s more pra#t"#al rather than theoret"#al an repeat"ng !"th t"me *1o$s$a!n an 4anger- 29?3+. It "s h"ghly &un#t"onal an there&ore- loose an re "s#o'ere !"th t"me. IK generates through "n&ormal e0per"ments through tr"al an error- "nt"mate un erstan "ng o& the en'"ronment "n a g"'en #ulture an a##umulat"on o& generat"on !"se "ntelle#tual reason"ng o& ay to ay l"&e e0per"en#es *4a/sekharan- 2993+. IK "s also regar e $y se'eral names- su#h as- &olk kno!le ge- tra "t"onal kno!le ge- lo#al kno!le ge- "n "genous te#hn"#al kno!le ge *I,K+- tra "t"onal en'"ronmental@ e#olog"#al kno!le ge *,8K+- .eopleAs s#"en#e or ethnology that o&ten look 'ery mu#h #on&us"ng an o'erlapp"ng. ,hese kno!le ge tra"ts there&ore &orm a system #alle on as the In "genous kno!le ge System *IKS+.

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A. Das Gupta Way to Study Indigenous Knowledge

1ol"st"#ally- IKS "s 3u"te &ragmentar"ly "str"$ute throughout the glo$e- ".e.- so#"ally #lustere . ,here "t &orms a systemat"# $o y o& kno!le ge a#3u"re $y the lo#al people. ,he kno!le ge $ulk seems to $e "n "genous "n respe#t to a part"#ular geograph"# area *Gren"er- 299?+. ,he "n "genous #ommun"t"es are all &allen un er the great um$rella o& In "genous .eoples an share the $as"# attr"$utes o& In "genous 4"ghts *IH;- 2992+. All o& these &armers- lan less la$orers- !omen- rural art"sans an #attle rarer are !ell "n&orme a$out the"r o!n s"tuat"ons an the"r resour#es; !hat !orks an an 7au - 299>+. )es" es 'ar"ous go'ernment agen#"es- $"o "'ers"ty $oar s- resear#h "nst"tut"ons an legal pro'"s"ons- there are so many 'oluntary organ"%at"ons "n &orms o& 6G;s that #an !ork on esta$l"sh"ng relat"on $et!een Go'ernment an Koluntary ;rgan"%at"ons *G;-K;+. 1ere- the pr"or"ty mo'es &rom the &ormal to "n&ormal &armer-to-&armer #ommun"#at"on system an the agr"#ultural e0tens"on system. ,h"s #ommun"#at"on has $een es#r"$e $y the 7orl )ank as a strong an regular l"nk $et!een resear#h an e0tens"on- an also $et!een the e0tens"on"sts an the &armers. Methodology )anar/ee et.al. *=>>9+ on a #on#eptual "s#uss"on regar "ng "ntera#t"on $et!een GarmersA@ ,ra "t"onal@In "genous Kno!le ge *GK@,K@IK+ an the Io ern S#"ent"&"# Kno!le ge ha'e state that proper " ent"&"#at"on- en#o "ng- o#umentat"on an #lass"&"#at"on o& the &ormer #oul re'eal "ts systemat"# &un#t"onary "n the &orm o& ,KS@IKS. ,here&ore- IK "s more than /ust te#hnolog"es an pra#t"#es an #an $e #lass"&"e IK "nto 'ar"ous &orms( In&ormat"on- .ra#t"#es an te#hnolog"es- )el"e&s- ,ools- Iater"als- 80per"mentat"on)"olog"#al resour#es- 1uman resour#es- 8 u#at"on an Commun"#at"on. ,he pro#ess o& IK stu y !oul $e more s#"ent"&"# $ut "t relates to the human sent"ment &ollo!e $y 'ar"ous uns#"ent"&"# &a#ts that #oul not $e rule out #ompletely. So- th"s k"n o& stu y #an $e one on human"tar"an groun &or proper o#umentat"on !"thout pr"mary le'el analys"s ur"ng ata #olle#t"on &rom the &"el . ,here shoul $e m"n"mum s#ope o& resear#her-"n&ormant $"asness an o$/e#t"'"ty !oul e0#ee the su$/e#t"'"ty. 6e! 8thnography has to $e &ollo!e properly. Ha#k o& o$/e#t"'"ty that o&ten $r"ngs the resear#h o& IK@IKS hurr"e ly to!ar s the rel"g"ous realms o& #ultures must $e re#ons" ere . ,h"s #an not $e totally rule out "n the name o& superst"t"on- unpro'e - uns#"ent"&"#- mean"ngless- $ut rather $e treate on human"tar"an groun an perhaps #alle on un er the oma"n o& ethno-s#"en#e. An here ar"se #erta"n 3uest"ons( 2. Coul "t $e poss"$le to en#o e the h" en part o& IK o& a #ommun"ty &rom "ts non-&un#t"onal #ultural sym$olsL =. Is tra "t"onal m"n set o& a &olk #ommun"ty or any peasant so#"ety #apa$le o& preser'"ng ,ra "t"onal Kno!le ge *,K+@ In "genous Kno!le ge *IK+ &rom the r"sk o& egra at"onL 3. 7hat "s the ne#ess"ty to postulate glo$al phenomenon l"ke In "genous kno!le ge System *IKS+ "nstea o& $e"ng sat"s&"e !"th only #ommun"ty-spe#"&"# In "genous kno!le ge System *,KS+L D. 7hether #oul the IKS pro'" e us goo type o& pu$l"# ser'"#es "n &a'or o& $"o "'ers"ty #onser'at"on
Antro#om ;nl"ne <ournal o& Anthropology =>2=- 'ol. ?. n. = ISS6 2973 =??> 37F

oesnJt !ork an ho! one #hange "mpa#ts other parts o& the"r system *)utler

A. Das Gupta Way to Study Indigenous Knowledge

an ensure susta"na$le e'elopmentL Result Q.1: So- ,K@IK #an $e e#o e &rom #ultural sym$ols an per&orman#es o& a tra "t"onal so#"ety. It "s generally teste "n the rel"g"ous la$oratory o& sur'"'al *1unn- 2993a an 2993$+. Iu#hena an 7"ll"ams "n 2992 #"te the argument o& )ennett *29?>+ an ment"one that human #omponents are a#tually analyt"#al e3u"'alents to en'"ronmental #omponents an relate "n&ormat"on@kno!le ge "n a g"'en so#"onatural system. Iu#hena an 7"ll"ams also #"te )rokensha et. al.- 29?>- an .osey- 29?3- as they ha "n "#ate to the "&&"#ult"es "n &ront o& en#o "ng "n rel"g"ous $el"e&s- r"tuals- #eremon"es an myths h"ghly relate !"th the IKS. 4at"onal an non-rat"onal parts are "nsepara$le here. )ut e'en then "n or er to gather the IKS o& a g"'en #ommun"ty- the resear#her has no $etter opt"on to e#o e these sym$ols. Das Gupta *=>2>$+ emphas"%e three types o& #ommun"#at"on *&ormal an "n&ormal+ - &"rstly- !"th people *'"a e0#hange o& goo s@message@!omen@po!er o& !or +; se#on ly- !"th nature *'"a ,ra "t"onal Kno!le ge System@,KS+; an th"r ly- !"th Super 6ature *'"a per&orman#es that #oul $e #ultural@ so#"al@ mag"#al@ rel"g"ous@ agr"#ultural-seasonal+. ,he net!ork so &orme ma"nta"ns #onne#t"'"ty among agro&a#ts- art"&a#ts-

so#"o&a#ts an ment"&a#ts@ psy#ho&a#ts. IKS *a apt"'e+ "s generally teste "n the rel"g"ous la$oratory o& sur'"'al *rel"g"ous "nst"tut"on out o& 'ar"ous non-a apt"'e "nst"tut"ons o& so#"al system+. Gest"'als- relate sym$ols an the"r "nner mean"ngs are help&ul "n proper "agnos"s o& the &olk m"n set o& the 4a/$ansh" agrar"an rural stru#ture !"th $oth syn#hron"# an $e stu "e "a#hron"# perspe#t"'es. ;'erlapp"ng o& et"# an em"# perspe#t"'es *&rom eep m"#ro-le'el stu y- o$/e#t"'"ty sym$ols to the 7orl K"e! an aga"n &rom #omple0 m"n stru#ture to ethno-s#"en#e an &olk ta0onomy+ ha'e to on post-mo ern human"tar"an groun - "n a 3ual"tat"'e !ayo'errul"ng su$/e#t"'"ty an least amount o& $"asness ur"ng resear#her-"n&ormant "ntera#t"on. Das Gupta *=>2=$+ aga"n state that the pol"ty #oul $e strat"&"e "nto D types( "nternat"onal pol"ty- nat"onal pol"tyreg"onal or state pol"ty an tra "t"onal pol"t"#al systems. In th"s glo$al era- !hat shoul $e the mo e o& e'elopmentL ;pt"ons are there( a+ Gett"ng "re#tly "nto the glo$al system through proper !ay or $y hooks an #rooks; $+ *"& &a"le +- return"ng $a#k to tra "t"onal or other earl"er e#onom"# systems *on #ho"#e+ an "n"t"at"on &rom the $eg"nn"ng; #+ e'elopment "n a susta"na$le !ay( people !oul $e negot"ate rather than rema"n"ng "solate or "ntegrate . In In "an perspe#t"'e- most people l"'e "n rural so#"ety segregate "nto 'ar"ous agrar"an rural stru#tures. 1ere- the e#onomy #oul $e $roa ly #lass"&"e "nto pro u#t"on or"ente an tra e relate types; an s"multaneously #ategor"%e "nto ,ra "t"onal- 6at"onal"%e - I"0e - Ia#ro an Glo$al $es" es I"#ro e#onomy an I"#ro-&"nan#"ng. In In "an Su$#ont"nent- peoples #oul $e groupe "nto #erta"n #ategor"es on #erta"n groun s an these are as &ollo!s- 2+ Agr"#ultural #ommun"t"es- #aste groups an hegemony o& pr"estly #ategory; =+ Iega Stru#ture $u"l ers; 3+ Iega Stru#ture estroyers; D+ Ho#al"%e &em"n"n"ty *"n general+; an E+ 80pan "ng maleness. ,hese opt"ons are to $e kept "n m"n susta"na$"l"ty. Das Gupta *=>2=a+ has #"te <orgensen *29?9+ !ho #lass"&"e key "n&ormants as &ollo!s( *a+ lo#al e0tens"on agent*$+ lo#al s#hool hea master- *#+ #re "t #o-operat"'e so#"ety o&&"#"als- * + '"llage m"lk #o-operat"'e so#"ety mem$ersAntro#om ;nl"ne <ournal o& Anthropology =>2=- 'ol. ?. n. = ISS6 2973 =??> 377

$e&ore enter"ng "nto any

"s#uss"on regar "ng IKS an

A. Das Gupta Way to Study Indigenous Knowledge

*e+ &armers- an *&+ men an !omen la$orers. Cr"ter"a &or sele#t"on o& key "n&ormants are *2+ goo kno!le ge on h"stor"#al $a#kgroun o& &oo pro u#t"on an resour#e #onser'at"on o& the stu y '"llages; *=+ a m"n"mum o& ten-year e0per"en#e on the pro u#t"on system; an *3+ not $e"ng "n'ol'e "n other stages o& the stu y. Das Gupta emphas"%e on #ommun"#at"on among so#"al resear#hers- agronom"sts- e0tent"on"sts as &ollo!"ng the 7orl )ank *299>+ step to!ar s e0tent"on"st to agronom"st to la$orator"es. ,he author has #"te emphas"%e on e0#hange on IK through " ent"&"#at"on- 'al" at"on- re#or "ng an retr"e'a$le repos"tor"es- trans&er an )anar/ee et.al. !ho o#umentat"on- storage o& e&"n"te

"ssem"nat"on. It "s a#tually a huge task an nee s go'ernment an 6G;

#olla$orat"on *G;-K;+. 4a/asekaran an !arren *2992+ emphas"%e on proper ,ra"n"ng Ianual an rapport esta$l"shment an

Gu" el"ne &or 80tens"on 7orkers. Anthropolog"sts #an $e e0tens"on"st or apply e0tent"on"sts only through "mpress"on management. )ut- $e"ng an anthropolog"st- the resear#her #oul #ontr"$ute hol"st"#ally that "s not poss"$le &or the e0tent"on"sts- la$orator"es an agronom"sts. Gun "ng "s h"ghly re3u"re "n su#h agr"#ulture relate stu "es. 4ap" 4ural Appra"sal "s the $est opt"on here only a&ter proper plann"ng through tra"n"ng an '"s"t metho *,MK+. Anthropolog"st-#um-e0tens"on"st shoul #hoose the '"llage market ays- temple ays- '"llage-le'el !omen so#"et"es- an #ooperat"'es. 1e@she has to $e a!are o& pos"t"on $et!een &arm"ng un"ts an agronom"sts &a#"l"tate !"th la$oratory. Anthropolog"sts #an $eg"n as tra"nee or sel&tra"nee an !"th t"me gro! up as mon"tor"ng an e'aluat"on rank !here he@she #an apply many more more approa#hes $es" es tra "t"onal mag"#oe0tent"on"sts. IK "s nee s h"gh egree o& a##ura#y. So- !e #an a

rel"g"ous aspe#ts. Approa#hes may there&ore $e mag"#o-rel"g"ous aspe#ts- role o& #ash an k"n - $arter an re#"pro#"ty- "'"s"on o& la$or !"th"n the same l"neage or among the ne"gh$orhoo - gen er- e0#hange o& ser'"#eslarge s#ale patronage- #on#ept o& property an "ts e#a en#e- role o& myth@#ustom@'alue@norms "n nonsu$s"stent e#onom"es- tra "t"onal po!er stru#tures- tra "t"onal e u#at"on system- an health. IK hol ers ha'e to $e a$or"g"nal or 'ery mu#h #lose to nature or $"o "'ers"ty. In "genous 4"ghts postulate $y Internat"onal Ha$our ;rgan"%at"on *IH;+ #an $e another approa#h. It #an $e &urther e0ten e gather pr"mary an area-spe#"&"# "n&ormat"on rele'ant to th"s stu y; to "ssues l"ke $"o-p"ra#y- "llegal $e use "on kno!le ge trans&er an "ntelle#tual property r"ghts. )ut th"s approa#h "s not go"ng to ut"l"%e there. In or er to "&&erent tools #oul #om$"nat"on( a+ key "n&ormants "nter'"e!- + #ase stu y- #+ s"lent o$ser'at"on- + non-part"#"pant o$ser'at"on- e+ part"#"pant o$ser'at"on- &+ rap" rural appra"sal- g+ part"#"patory rural appra"sal- k+ &o#use group "s#uss"on- l+ story narrat"on- an m+ "n&ormants. In&ormant has to $e a personal"ty !"th m"n"mum 2>-year e0per"en#e. In 44A- unstru#ture "nter'"e!s "n group- key "n&ormants "nter'"e!- "re#t o$ser'at"on- mapp"ng an "agramm"ng#ase stu "es- $"ograph"es- lo#al h"stor"es- t"me l"nes- rank"ng an s#or"ng- short s"mple 3uest"onna"res- an rap" report !r"t"ng are nee e . It #an "n#lu e some more ra "#al a#t"'"sm through empo!erment- respe#tlo#al"%at"on- en/oyment an "n#lus"'eness *Das Gupta- =>2=a+. IKS #an $e seen &rom su en happen"ngs- m"#roen'"ronment *e#ology an geography+- h"stor"#"ty- &olk l"&eo$'"ously rel"g"ous. 4esear#her has to o$ser'eo##ument *also pol"ty- health- e u#at"on- e#onomy- an

o#ument+ an analy%e *.atna"k an .rasa - =>>D; Das Gupta- =>2=a+. 6o ou$t- th"s !ork has to $e one "n more systemat"# !ay an a##or "ng to appropr"ate metho ology. ,he $est

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!ays are to o 4ap" 4ural Appra"sal *&rom s"lent o$ser'at"on to mapp"ng to rap" report !r"t"ng+- o#ument properly an analy%"ng the &a#ts later "n- epth- sele#t key "n&ormants an #ase stu y them "n an unstru#ture !ay "n su#h a manner that they !"ll&ully #ooperate !"th you- e#o e the sym$ols- &eel the &olk l"&e- make o!n m"n set l"ke the target #ommun"ty- th"nk l"ke them- $e#ome et"# to em"#- a$solutely $e "n#lus"'e- $e#ome post-stru#turale'en post-mo ern- a!are a$out resear#h-"n&ormant $"asness- #hose proper e0tent"on"sts "n or er to #o'er a !" er area- "mplement e0tent"on"sts only you ha'e the &eel"ng that you are no! at a stage o& e'aluator an mo eratoret#. * "s#usse "n the metho ology part+. Go#us Group D"s#uss"on #an also $e use . ,hat "s goo &or #ross#ultural stu y "n em"# approa#h. ,here you #an $e a mo erator. Gor e0ample- men an !omen- stu ent an &armer- m"lkman an ay la$orer- hunter an &uel !oo gatherer- h"ghlan er an 'alley people- r"#h an poor1"n u an Iusl"m- sem"-ur$an an a$solutely rural- 4a/$ansh" an non-4a/$ansh"- et#. 4egular '"s"t "s a must here. ,hat #an $e throughout the season. Nou ha'e to sure that the target group "& kno! you "n any !ay &rom earl"er ate !"ll &eel that you are e3ually oppresse an a part o& the In "genous .eoples group. In#lus"'eness "s 'ery mu#h ne#essary. Nou ha'e to "mpress the "n&ormant on your o!n an !"thout any "nter'ent"on o& a th"r person. ,hat type o& rapport "s really a tough /o$. An remem$er al!ays one th"ng that you nee &"nan#"al ass"stan#e as the !ork "s not '"llage spe#"&"#- $ut m"#ro-en'"ronment spe#"&"# &rom !here you ha'e to o#ument "n&ormat"on as mu#h as poss"$le "n post-stru#tural an post-mo ern !ays. Nou ha'e to go $eyon 3uest"onna"re an s#he ule sur'ey. ,ry to $e "nno'at"'e an go $eyon a &rame. )e #ompletely o$/e#t"'e- 3ual"tat"'e- e0tras#"ent"&"# an human"tar"an. Nou ha'e to un erstan "n "genous #lass"&"#at"ons a$out so#"al system- e#onomypol"ty- an rel"g"on. Nou ha'e to real"%e the story $es" e the story. As you progress- they output !"ll $e 3u"te "mpress"'e an 3u"#k. Go to pu$l"# gather"ng. Sele#t "n&ormant not on e u#at"onal groun or #onne#t"on to the outs" e- $ut on the $as"s o& h"s@her un erstan "ng o& nature- "nno'at"'eness an o!n per#ept"on *IKS+. An not "s#lose the se#rets on ho! you $e #ogn"t"'e an then post-stru#tural. An o o not "s#lose the "n&ormants.

,hat "s also eth"#al "ssue. Nou shoul kno! that an "ll"terate "n "genous person "s more sens"t"'e than a l"terate one. )ut o$'"ously the resear#her has to #onstru#t some resear#h 3uest"ons to some e0tent. 7hat are thoseL )as"#ally 7h-3uest"ons are to $e aske . An "n the ne0t step( 1o!L A#tually- you !"ll &a#e the 3uest"on &rom the people o& the "n&ormant group &"rst. I& they o not ask your nameyour pla#e- your a"m- your rel"g"on- your ethn"#"ty; you ought to $el"e'e that the pla#e "s not r"ght to #on u#t the &"el !ork. 8"ther they ha'e m"s"n&ormat"on regar "ng you &rom earl"er or they shoul ha'e $a "mpress"ons a$out the earl"er '"s"tors@strangers@resear#hers. An "& they ask you the 3uest"ons- then you shoul ans!er them "n proper !ay *"& you #an #ommun"#ate through language+. It !oul epen on s"tuat"on that "& you name a person o& ne"gh$or"ng sa#re pla#e or market. Nou may meet a shepher - a peasant- a ay la$orer- a &"sherman- a gatherer- a house!"&e !ork"ng "n her k"t#hen gar en- a !oo #utter- an age person tak"ng rest un er the tree#h"l ren play"ng "n a temple s"te- gather"ng "n !eekly market. Do not m"ss the opportun"ty to talk !"th !omen o"ng omest"# !ork espe#"ally &uel #olle#t"on or a person !alk"ng "n the path on &oot "n a hurry. Nou may &a#e em$arrass"ng 3uest"ons( Are you to here to $uy our agr"#ultural lan L Are you a th"e& L et#. I& you #an #on'"n#e them- they #an "n'"te you to the"r homestea . An e'en o&&er &oo an r"nk. Some s"mple 3uest"ons you #an

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also ask- 7here "s the rel"g"ous pla#eL Coul you $r"ng me a glass o& !aterL 1o! long are you "n th"s o##upat"onL Is your /o$ st"ll pro&"ta$leL Can I #all &rom your mo$"le phoneL 7hat types o& #rops you usually #ult"'ateL 7hy you o not #ult"'ate th"s type o& #ropL 7hat are you o"ngL Can I take rest here &or a !h"leL 7hat are you eat"ngL Can I /o"n youL Can I help youL Share your e0per"en#es. 7hat type o& plant "s th"sL 7hat types o& spe#"es o you ha'e hereL 7hy you pray to th"s e"tyL NesO .ol"t"#al s"tuat"on "s l"ke thatP!hat o you th"nkL 1o! you manage all th"sL Is there any 'alua$le o$/e#tL 7hy are you a&ra" so mu#h o& th"sL An "n th"s !ay you ha'e to enter "nto ha'e to $e goo en'"ronments an "s#uss"on. As goo !oul $e the "s#uss"on- people !"ll gather there an automat"#ally a k"n o& group "s#uss"on !"ll emerge out. Nou #an also ask &or #astles- poultry an &"sh"ng. Nou "n &olk #ommun"#at"on. Nou #an ask a$out natural resour#es- the"r ut"l"%at"ons- m"#ro"stan#e relate 3uest"ons. )ut 3uest"on only !hen you ha'e to ask or you ha'e a 'ery short

t"me span "n your han . )e a!are that your #olle#te "n&ormat"on tra"ts !"ll not $e m"shan le or !rongly "nterprete . Some typ"#ally agr"#ulture relate 3uest"ons are as &ollo!s- 7hat are the #rops gro!n "n 'ar"ous agro-e#olog"#al en'"ronments o& the stu y '"llagesL Is "t a mono#roppe or "nter#roppe areaL 7hat are the sour#es o& "rr"gat"onL 7hat manure "s appl"e L 1o! you #ontrol the pestL 7hat "s the s"%e o& the &arm hol "ngL 7hat are the pr"mary so"l types o& the &arm hol "ngL 1o! are the &armers #lass"&"e L 7hat k"n o& "'"s"on o& la$or e0"stsL 7hat are the roles o& men an !omen la$orersL 7hat are the tools an "mplements use $y themL 7hat o you &ee your l"'esto#kL 1o! you per&orm treatment o& the l"'esto#kL 1o! o you kno! the"r 3ual"tyL 1o! o you &orm #omple0 pro u#t"on systemL 1o! o you make more pro&"tL 7hat o you th"nk o& your present an o& pastL 7hat o e0pe#t o& your &utureL 7hy o not you "n'ol'e "n alternat"'e agr"#ultureL 7hy are you us"ng mo ern &a#"l"tyL 7hy are you not sat"s&"e !"th the pro u#t"on systemL 1o! o not you sen your #h"l ren go to s#hoolL 7hy you pre&er male #h"l L 7hy are you not l"'"ng "n tra "t"onal /o"nt-e0ten e &am"ly stru#turesL An "n th"s manner- many more 3uest"ons #oul $e aske . )ut rank"ng an s#or"ng *t"mely approa#h+ are h"ghly ma"nta"ne . An also some other rele'ant "n&ormat"on tra"ts are to $e "n#orporate !here Case Stu y or long "nter'"e!s are must- *2+ $el"e&s- 'alues- an #ustoms o& the pro u#er- *=+ the pro#ess o& e#"s"on-mak"ng an #ommun"#at"on an *3+ relat"on among so#"o&a#ts- art"&a#ts an ment"&a#ts #ompos"ng together agro&a#ts- *D+ pro u#t"on system- so#"al system- e#onomy- pol"ty an rel"g"ous "ssues as !ell as *E+ ne0us among nature- people an super-nature. ,he resear#h #an also #ontr"$ute to &oo pro u#t"on an resour#e #onser'at"on. Important steps are to $e keep"ng "n m"n *2+ #ropp"ng systems- *=+ see s an so!"ng- *3+ see pro#ess"ng- *D+ so"l health #are management- *E+ plant"ng te#hn"3ues- *F+ #rop nutr"ent management systems- *7+ !ee 1o!e'er- may not all the steps $e #o'ere O ;r !e #an get some e0tra "n&ormat"on. Q.2: IK "s not only present !"th"n the &olk l"&e o& tra "t"onal #ommun"t"es- $ut a#tually &olk attr"$utes an "n "genousness are there "n e'ery segment o& the so#"ety up to any e0tent. Net there has no un"'ersally a##epte s#ale &or measur"ng "n "genousness. 1ol ers o& th"s "n "genous kno!le ge may not nee to $e al!ays a$or"g"nal".e. "n "genous; $ut they ha'e to $e long "nhalants o& a part"#ular pla#e ha'"ng "nt"mate un erstan "ng o& the nature@e#osystem@$"o "'ers"ty. ,hey m"ght $e the peasants or other relate o##upat"onal groups. ,hey m"ght management te#hn"3ues- *?+ plant prote#t"on strateg"es- an *9+ post-har'est"ng pro#e ures "n#lu "ng &oo preser'at"on.

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e'en pers"st "n a mult"#ultural s"tuat"on !"th poss"$"l"t"es o& #ultural "&&us"on- #ulture #onta#t an a##ulturat"on as !ell as m"grat"on an #ultural a apta$"l"ty a##or "ng to the e#ology an a'a"la$le resour#es. ,here "s al!ays a r"sk o& egra at"on "n IK ue to "&&erent "nputs an e0ternal &a#tors. ,here&ore- these so#"et"es are generally &oun "ntro'ert an sho! h"gh-le'el sol" ar"ty. IK tra"ts #an $e preser'e !hen they are systemat"#ally organ"%e to g"'e r"se to IKS. ,h"s system o& IKS $eha'es l"ke one k"n o& po!er "n a manner o& Q#ont"nuously repro u#e out#omesA o& human agen#y *4oy )haskar- 2979+. IKS "s the !ay o& sel&-empo!erment through negot"at"on an #on'ergen#e o& nature-$oun ep"stem"# #ommun"t"es "n the"r o!n !ay *Hong an K"llareal- 299D+. Gurther- IKS has possesse the #apa#"ty to turn o!n the po!er "m$alan#e o& #ore an per"phery *outs" er-"ns" er- ha'e-ha'e not- an su#h other analogous "#hotom"es+. So- IKS "s also "mportant to un erstan the &olk perspe#t"'e o& l"&e- th"nk"ng an the 7orl K"e! o& &olk people. ,h"s &olk perspe#t"'e has to $e un erstoo #are&ully $y the .ol"#y Iakers &or su##ess&ul "mplementat"on o& any e'elopment "nputs. ,h"s "s go"ng to $e help&ul "n $alan#"ng "nput an output( pro#ee "ng &rom un" "re#t"onal approa#h to susta"na$le approa#h. ;ther!"se- a &or#e&ul e'elopmental "nput &rom outs" e #an generate $et!een t!o oppos"te poles *#ountry-to!n- #aste-#lass- ma/or"ty-m"nor"ty- lo#al-glo$altra "t"onal-mo ern- ethn"#-pleural- se#ular-#ommunal- tra e-agr"#ulture- h"ghlan er-lo!lan er an ,KS@IKS "s part o& &olk #ulture an &olk l"&e an has "ts sel&-res"stan#e po!er. ,he ent"re &olk l"&e "s #onstru#te on assem$lage o& the &ollo!"ng &a#tors( non-re&le#t"'e "ntang"$le part o& #ulture *#ultural 'alues- so#"al norms- &olk!ays- ta$oo an tra "t"onal $el"e&+; re&le#t"'e an tang"$le part o& #ulture *set o& mater"al apparatus+; re&le#t"'e $ut non-tang"$le part *"n&ormat"on- kno!le ge an tra "t"onal te#hnolog"es #onst"tut"ng IK+; mo e o& #ommun"#at"on *&ormal an "n&ormal among human- nature- super nature+; the net!ork so &orme among agro&a#ts- art"&a#ts- so#"o&a#ts an psy#ho&a#ts@ment"&a#ts; an the tra "t"onal so#"al system *non-a apt"'e an #ompose o& 'ar"ous "nst"tut"ons+. 7"th"n a &"0e e#osystem- nature "s re&le#te on human m"n an g"'es r"se to #ulture o& all types( re&le#t"'e tang"$le part- non-re&le#t"'e "ntang"$le part- an re&le#t"'e "ntang"$le part *su#h as IK+. ,hus- the latter "s h"ghly &un#t"onal an there&ore so mu#h epen ent on all the non-a apt"'e so#"o-#ultural aspe#ts &or prolonge sustenan#e. ,h"s !hole pro#ess takes pla#e to a##or "ng to the psy#ho-$"olog"#al &un#t"on"ng o& mank"n as !ell as &un#t"on"ng o& the so#"al stru#ture organ"%e $y 'ar"ous "nst"tut"ons- "&&erent so#"al &ragments an strata *o##upat"on-!"se- gen er-!"se- status-!"seet#.+ RDasgupta- =>2>aS. ,here&ore- th"s "s the m"n set o& the &olk that un erstan s the relat"on among humannature an supernature so !ell; organ"%es "ts so#"ety an "s 3u"te #apa$le "n preser'"ng ,K@IK !"th"n "ts nona apt"'e oma"ns o& #ulture. ,ruth &ormulate $y a person &rom a"ly e0per"en#e "n pra#t"#al l"&e at a g"'en t"me *"n &orms o& ,K@ IK+ "s al!ays su$/e#t to #orre#t"on; $ut the sum o& these "n#omplete- part"#ular- pro'"n#"al an appro0"mate truths through the pro#ess o& tr"al an error "n ue #ourse o& many generat"ons "s al!ays approa#h"ng nearer to $ut ne'er rea#h"ng the #omplete #omprehens"'e- &"nal an a$solute truth *,KS@IKS+ RCorn&orth- 29E=S. ,h"s nearly a$solute truth "s the #ore o& &olk l"&e. ,h"s "s the key &a#tor that keeps l"&e go"ng on "n "ts !ay e'en at a s"tuat"on !here there "s no su#h mo ern"ty or huge #"'"l"%at"on or mammoth e'elopment. It may rather ha'e an "nner so &orth+.

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per#ept"on on nature #onser'at"on an #ontrolle e0plo"tat"on o& nature !"th proper &ee $a#k. )ut th"s oes not mean that IKS "s aga"nst the #"'"l"%at"on- $ut th"s #an $e hypothes"%e that IK "s "mportant to r"'e #"'"l"%at"on "n r"ght "re#t"on- mak"ng "t a##epta$le &or all rather un" "re#t"onal. In "genous #ommun"t"es may $e less-#"'"l"%e or res" ents o& a pla#e that "s geograph"#ally an @or " eolog"#ally &ar a!ay &rom #"'"l"%at"on. )ut they may #onta"n r"#h #ultural her"tage an !"th t"me that #ulture #an gro! up to a le'el o& agrar"an #"'"l"%at"on as happene "n In "a. ,h"s may e0per"en#e !"th some!hat state &ormat"onrel"g"ous@se#ular mega-stru#tures- agr"#ulture on a mass"'e s#ale- #omple0 mo e o& "'"s"on o& la$or- tra "ng o& agr"#ultural pro u#ts an su$s" "ar"es- &ormat"on o& Great ,ra "t"on an #ulture-#omple0"ty. So- #ommun"t"es on#e $e"ng !"th h"gh le'el o& "n "genousness ha'e the"r o!n s"gn"&"#an#e "n the #onte0t o& $oth #ulture an #"'"l"%at"on. ,he personal"ty stru#ture as !ell as so#"al stru#ture o& these "n "genous #ommun"t"es tells a lot a$out these people an the"r so#"o-#ultural l"&e. ,h"s "n&ormat"on $ulk #onta"ns "n "genous kno!le ge tra"ts- the"r systemat"# appl"#at"ons an many aspe#ts $eyon . ,h"s kno!le ge set "s thought to $e 3u"te help&ul &or e'elopment "nstea o& ongo"ng s"ngle- oor e'elopmental pro#ess "s &ar postulat"on o& a $oth-!ay "ntera#t"on $et!een mo ern an tra "t"onal systems that ult"mately lea s to susta"na$le e'elopment. ,h"s susta"na$le opportun"st"# &or #reat"on o& an atmosphere "n &a'or o& a goo all-a##epte #"'"l"%at"on@ e'elopment. So#ulture an kno!le ge o& "n "genous #ommun"t"es are aga"nst $ut h"ghly 'al" &or the sake o& #"'"l"%at"on an e'elopment. Kno!le ge tra"ts an mater"al #ulture are no ou$t &un#t"onal- $ut kno!le ge systems eeply roote "nto moral ethos o& the #ommun"ty are non-su$s"stent. ,here&ore- e0ternal "nput #an not alter th"s non&un#t"onal part o& #ulture an #reate #ultural lag. ,h"s #ultural lag "s the "n "#ator o& #ultural #hange- so#"al mo$"l"ty an gra ual e'elopment. It "s a#tually goo &or human"ty as "t "s al!ays a#t"'e aga"nst #omplete so#"al trans&ormat"on as !ell as total amage to the #ultural 'alues- so#"al norms- non-su$s"stent "nst"tut"ons an IKS. In #ase o& In "a- !e ha'e to $e #on#ern on rural #on "t"ons as most o& the South As"ans are st"ll res" "ng "n '"llages. .ol"#y on ho! to "mplement IKS #oul $e postulate through a m"#ro-le'el stu y *4ao- 29?2+. Su#h stu y !oul $e more su"ta$le rather than "n #ompar"son to a stu y on pure e#onom"# l"ne *)reman- 2979+. ;n In "an #onte0t; the other opt"ons are to #on u#t a stu y !"th pol"t"#al perspe#t"'e as state $y 4u olph an 4u olph "n =>>?; &rom a typ"#al #ap"tal"st"# or sem"-&eu al"st"# '"e! as ment"one $y .atna"k- 29?F; an lastlythrough a Iar0"an mo el as postulate $y )ete"lle "n 29?>. 1ere- the aspe#t o& Country-,o!n 6e0us as el"'ere $y H"pton "n 2977 "s a t"mely approa#h &or pol"#y "mplementat"on o& IKS. In In "an #onte0t- '"llages ha'e no longer rema"ne "solate H"ttle 4epu$l"#s as on#e regar e $y Iet#al& "n 2?33. ,hey ha'e long #rosse the !ay o& alternat"'e e#onom"es l"ke $arter or #aste-or"ente .a/mani system *Cal !ell- 2992+. In the monographs an ethnograph"es o& post29E>; there ha'e $een #lear-#ut "n "#at"ons o& net!ork"ng- #ooperat"on an #on&l"#t "n an aroun the #osmopol"tan '"llage l"&e *Cohn an Iarr"ott- 29E?; Ian el$aum- 297=+. 6G;G;-K; mo el an e0tens"on"sts #an perhaps o a lot "n &a'or o& #hang"ng In "an #onte0ts !here 6e! 8#onom"# .ol"#"es- H"$eral"%at"on an Glo$al"%at"on o& the marker e#onomy !"th 'ar"ous negat"'e an pos"t"'e "mpa#ts on human"ty as !ell as nature@ $"o "'ers"ty@ e#osystem ha'e $e#ome the &a#t *S"ngha- =>>9+. Q. : ,o some s#holars- IK@ IKS are e3u"'o#al !"th ,K@ ,KS. )ut a#tually the latter ha'e no su#h pol"t"#o-

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A. Das Gupta Way to Study Indigenous Knowledge

e#onom"# attr"$ute on so#"ety that the &ormer a#tually ha'e. ,KS has no glo$al phenomenon unl"ke IKS an "t oes not ha'e any glo$al ser'"#e. Kelkar et.al."n =>>D ha'e ment"one Inge Kaul- Isa$elle Grun$erg an Iar# Stern *2999+ !ho '"e!e the rap" e'elopmental a#t"'"t"es o& the 7estern-Io ern So#"ety "n sear#h o& a !" er glo$al market e#onomy as the root #ause o& s"0 ma/or pro$lems as po"nte out "n 56D. report( Challenges o& glo$al !arm"ng- 4ap" loss o& $"o- "'ers"ty- Cr"s"s-prone &"nan#"al market- Gro!"ng "nternat"onal "ne3ual"ty8mergen#e o& ne!- rug res"stant "sease stra"ns M Genet"# eng"neer"ng. Solut"on o& these pro$lems l"es !"th"n the IKS !h"#h "s the summat"on o& all the ,KS an not a s"ngle ,KS o& #erta"n lo#al"ty. ,here&ore- there "s a nee &or IKS rather than #ommun"ty-spe#"&"# ,KS. In $roa er spe#trum; the Glo$al Kno!le ge System "s #onst"tute $y $oth Io ern@S#"ent"&"# Kno!le ge System * "re#tly regulat"ng the #"'"l"%e an other a 'an#e l"'el"hoo s+ an In "genous Kno!le ge System *4ahman- =>>>+. B6o!- the supporters o& Glo$al Iarker 8#onomy are o& op"n"on to #reate a un"'ersally appl"#a$le QIn "genous Kno!le ge SystemA *IKS+. ,o them- th"s system !oul $eha'e as a part o& the Glo$al Kno!le ge System an s"multaneously !ork parallel to the Glo$al Iarket 8#onomy. It !oul el"'er some sorts o& Glo$al .u$l"# Ser'"#e *G.S+ through summat"on o& all the ,KS an there&ore help "n re u#"ng the negat"'e "mpa#ts o& Glo$al Iarket 8#onomyP.In &a'our o& #onstru#t"on o& IKS- all the &olk #ommun"t"es *ea#h es"gnate as "n "genous #ommun"ty+ ha'e no! to $e gathere un er the glo$al #ategory o& In "genous .eoples an the"r respe#t"'e #ultures as In "genous Culture. ,h"s "s another k"n o& Glo$al"%at"on to sa'e th"s present Glo$al"%at"on o& the 7est !ho $el"e'es "n regulat"on o& nature on te#hnology-an -s#"en#e an no Super-6ature. )a#k!ar #ommun"t"es- the pre#"ous suppl"ers o& the Glo$al .u$l"# Ser'"#e- are tra "t"onally h"ghly aga"nst the 7estern !ay o& Glo$al"%at"on an there&ore they ha'e to $e $rought un er #on&" en#e '"a the el"te an a 'an#e se#t"ons among them. ,hey ha'e to $e pro'" e !"th un"'ersally appl"#a$le prote#t"'e measuresPIn "genous 4"ghts &or all the In "genous .eoplesP,here are aga"n t!o "st"n#t pro$lems( 2. 6e! !ay o& #olon"al"sm an =. S#ope o& ethn"# #on&l"#t among 'ar"ous &olk #ommun"t"es regar "ng the"r egree o& "n "genousnessC *Dasgupta=>2>a+. ,K@,KS m"ght $e a .lo#al matter $ut IK@IKS has a glo$al "mpetus an also ma"nta"ns a pol"t"#o-e#onom"# aspe#t !"th "t. ,he latter shoul ha'e an o$/e#t"'e o& Glo$al .u$l"# Ser'"#es to the 7orl 1uman"ty. IKS "s ne#essary to resol'e the pro$lems #reate $y un" "re#t"onal e'elopment pro#ess runn"ng un er Io ern 7estern market e#onomy. ,he pro$a$le solut"on "s $ut to make the e'elopment mult" "re#t"onal- sens"t"'e- propeople an susta"na$le. An to a#h"e'e th"s- a negot"at"on $et!een s#"en#e an ethno-s#"en#e- or !e #an say $et!een IKS an Io ern Kno!le ge System- has to $e postulate . ,he stakehol ers o& "n "genous kno!le ge tra"ts *not only the tr"$es $ut also the &olk- peasant an "nha$"tants o& the rural areas+ ha'e $e#ome the #onst"tuent elements o& In "genous .eoples "n terms o& $oth so#"o-e#onom"# an so#"o-#ultural #on "t"ons. ,hese people !"ll $e &oun mu#h asso#"ate !"th H"ttle ,ra "t"on "& put on the &amous Golk 5r$an Cont"nuum o& C"'"l"%at"on o& mank"n . ,hey ha'e $een pro'" e !"th In "genous 4"ghts $y IH;. Q.!: ,K@IK tra"ts are gro!n up &rom a"ly "nter#ourse !"th nature an l"'el"hoo o& the #ommon people- o& h" en an open types an epen ent on the rel"g"o-#ultural l"&e &or prolonge sustenan#e. So- "n a systemat"#

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!ay- IKS #an take pos"t"'e steps re u#"ng pro$lems l"ke $"o "'ers"ty loss an e'elopment.

support"ng susta"na$le

Hoss o& $"o "'ers"ty *&orest@me "#"nal plant@agr"#ultural+ "s one o& the &our h"ghest r"sks to natural e#ology an human !el&are *5S8.A 299>+. )"o "'ers"ty "s a pu$l"# pol"#y as !ell as a s#"ent"&"# "ssue. It "s strat"&"e "nto a &our-le'el h"erar#hy *".e.- genet"#- spe#"es- e#osystem an lan s#ape+. It ma"nta"ns e#osystem sta$"l"ty. It !oul ult"mately help "n the "ssues o& genet"# #onser'at"on- agr"#ulture an &"sher"es- &orests- !"l l"&e an !etlan management *Ca"rns an Ha#key- 299=+. It pro'" es ma/or #ost-&ree Glo$al .u$l"# Ser'"#es "n terms o& &oo &"$er- "n ustr"al #ompoun s- &uel an rugs. It has some e&"n"te anthropo#entr"# reason so as to preser'e "&&erent IKS an relate #ultural "'ers"t"es. ,he h"ghest e0t"n#t"on rate o& 2->>>-2>->>> spe#"es per annum s"n#e the mass e0t"n#t"on o& FE m"ll"on years ago has $e#ome a ser"ous pro$lem *4aup- 299D+. ,h"s pro$lem o& $"o "'ers"ty loss #an $e met !"th help &rom IKS o& the &olk people l"'"ng "n nature &or thousan s o& years. In #ase o& agr"#ultural $"o "'ers"ty; &armers rema"n no longer pass"'e #onsumers- $ut a#t"'e sol'ers o& agr"#ultural pro u#t"'"ty along !"th so many geo-#l"mat"#- so#"o-#ultural an pol"t"#o-e#onom"# pro$lems. It "n'ol'es lo#alle'el "nno'at"on an the"r transm"ss"on to a !" er per"phery. 4e#ourse poor &armers ha'e no other e3u"pments rather than the"r tra "t"onal te#hnolog"es an "n "genous kno!le ge regar "ng $"o "'ers"ty management *7arren2992+. IKS "s goo &or preser'"ng th"s $"o- "'ers"ty an "ts mean"ng&ul use alternat"'e to the h"gh-r"sk egra at"on o& nature ue to m"suse o& mo ern ma#h"nery an "nst"tut"ons !"th"n the #ap"tal"st"# &rame!ork. .roper net!ork"ng among ethno-$otan"#al kno!le ge o& lo#al people- "ntegrate &arm"ng un"ts- e#osystemsusta"na$le rural an human re#ourse e'elopment- e0"st"ng #ultural "'ers"ty an mo ern "nputs "s o$'"ously help&ul "n genet"# #onser'at"on o& the #rop plants an the"r !"l 'ar"et"es !"th me "#"nal 'alues; $roa en"ng the genet"# $ase o& many "mportant agr"#ultural #rops an enhan#"ng res"stan#e #apa#"ty aga"nst "nse#ts an pathogens as !ell as e'elopment o& more '"a$le #rops !"thout any genet"# eng"neer"ng- $ut "n natural !ay in situ *Hamola- 299=+. Gurther- the #onser'at"on o& 7"l 4elat"'es *C74+ has $een ser"ously negle#te $oth e0 situ an in situ. ,hese are not all su$/e#te harm&ul &or the &arm"ng systems. Genet"#ally mo "&"e #rops are no! repla#"ng these !"l - lo#al an m"0e &oo omest"#ate 'ar"et"es; th"s may $e a t"mely approa#h to meet the "n#reas"ng eman &or an "n#rease populat"on s"%e. 6e! 'er"t"es $ut are a#tually e#reas"ng the genet"# 'ar"a$"l"ty-

$"o "'ers"ty an gene pool o& the #rop spe#"es that !"ll e&"n"tely put a negat"'e "mpa#t on the !hole e#osystem&oo !e$s an nature. ,h"s gene pool may ha'e many goo genes that are not present !"th"n omest"#ate 'er"t"es an "n&ormat"on a$out these genes !"ll help "n pro u#"ng m"0e e'elope 'er"t"es e0 situ "n a #omplete natural !ay. C74 "s a rather #omple0 $ut #ru#"al aspe#t o& l"&e sur'"'al on earth an human #annot eny &rom respons"$"l"t"es. C74 "s #omple0 "nter "s#"pl"nary pro#ess. Gor $u"l "ng up o& "n&ormat"on $ulk on !"l 'ar"et"es an the"r a#t"'e an pass"'e use&ulness at reg"onal@nat"onal@glo$al le'el through net!ork"ng in situ a!are the lo#al people a$out e0per"mentat"on !"th on-&arm &re3uent e0per"mentat"ons; s#"ent"sts shoul

e&&e#t"'eness o& C74 "n sur'"'al o& nature as !ell as shoul learn &rom IKS o& those laymen "& they kno! any alternat"'e role o& C74 $e&ore #onstru#t"on o& the susta"na$le agr"#ultural pol"#y *1oyt- 29??; 1ey!oo et.al.=>>7+. Das Gupta an Saha "n =>>9 ha'e "s#usse the #onne#t"on $et!een In "genous Kno!le ge an

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)"o "'ers"ty. ,hey ha'e tr"e to #hara#ter"%e ,ra "t"onal 8#olog"#al Kno!le ge *,8K+ as a part o& IKS an #lar"&y ho! th"s ,8K #oul help "n pro'" "ng glo$al pu$l"# ser'"#e "n &a'or o& nature an $"o "'ers"ty "n one han an on the other- "n ser'"#e o& human systems &rom rural to ur$an an agr"#ulture- an"mal hus$an ry an vi e versa. Ianagements o& gather"ng- &orest "sasters are all poultry- &"shery- &olk #ookery- han "#ra&t- hunt"ng an

resour#es- so"l an !ater- "rr"gat"on- pest #ontrol an &ert"l"%at"on- post har'est"ng pra#t"#es an !oul

ensure "n a rural l"&e $y ,8K tra"ts "nterl"nke $y !ell esta$l"she net!ork. So- proper systemat"%at"on o& ,8K e'elop themsel'es "nto IKS !"th part"#ular glo$al pu$l"# ser'"#e "n &orm o& 6atural 4e#ourse Ianagement *64I+. 5lt"mately- the resultant out#ome &rom 64I !oul &a#"l"tate Susta"na$le H"'el"hoo De'elopment *SHD+ "n &a'or o& $oth nature an !orl human"ty. 1ere- I !oul l"ke to "nterprete agr"#ulture or"ente IKS o& 4a/$ansh"@4a/$ans" people o& northern 7est )engal *In "a+. Table 12 3ategori!ation of agro&oriented IKS of the 'a/banshi )eople of northern West 4engal
2 .rote#t"on o& healthy 'ar"ety o& #rops gro!"ng "n nature- omest"#at"on o& !"l 'ar"et"es- natural 'ar"ety o& h"gh y"el "ng #rops- "n "genous !ay o& pro u#"ng hy$r" s !"th h"gh nutr"t"on le'el- retent"on o& so"l &ert"l"ty an so"l #lass"&"#at"on- #on#ept o& uplan - lo!lan an marshy lan ; = appl"#at"on o& egra a$le ethno-to0"#ants- #utt"ng- prun"ng- t"ssue #ulture an #lon"ng- see treatment "n the nursery to pro'" e healthy see l"ngs an sapl"ngs; 3 &"el preparat"on- appl"#at"on o& organ"# manure- appl"#at"on o& e#o-&r"en ly m"#ro$es an 'e#tors- natural !ay o& paste an her$ #ontrol( use o& lar'ae- "nse#ts- $"r s- &"sh- ants- !h"te ants an earth !arm; D sym$"os"s an n"tr"&"#at"on- &"sh"ng-#um-pa y #ult"'at"on- te#hn"3ues "n'ol'e "n sh"&t"ng #ult"'at"on an step #ult"'at"on- &ee -$a#k manner- &uel #olle#t"on- use o& #o! ung- #lass"&"#at"on o& so"l types- #lass"&"#at"on o& #ult"'at"on groun - #ult"'at"on on the &ert"le allu'"al so"l on the r"'er "slan s- $ush &allo! #ult"'at"on- seasonal #ult"'at"on- yearly #ult"'at"on- annual an $"enn"al #ult"'at"on- &lo!er"ng "n the &"rst year o& a $"enn"al #rop 'ar"ety- m"0e #ult"'at"on; E " ent"&"#at"on o& #erta"n plant spe#"es on trees or "n so"l #aus"ng se'ere harm to the #rop pro u#t"on- !ee s use "n remo'al o& pests an other harm&ul organ"sms- earth-!arm "n ma"ntenan#e o& so"l &ert"l"ty; F see an sapl"ng sele#t"on- roles o& !omen- #rop sele#t"on- see germ"nat"on- #rop so!"ng- prote#t"on o& r"pen #rops &rom rat- "nse#t- $"r an $at; 7 #rop har'est"ng- #rop thrash"ng- gra"n stor"ng- preser'at"on o& the #rop- &"sh- &oo - &ru"t- &ru"t pulp an so on- presse an pu&&er r"#e- al#ohol"sm- &ermentat"on o& r"#e or &ru"t /u"#e- palm /u"#e- e$t /u"#e an pro u#t"on o& unsaturate s!eet #akes- types o& p"#kle- pr"#kles "n mustar o"l or as store "n r"e #on "t"on- use o& ry neem lea'es as preser'at"'es- use o& sun $eam "n preser'at"on- use o& ry so"l as preser'at"'e- use o& pon so"l "n &a#"al an sk"n treatment- use o& the stra! stalks &or &ert"l"%"ng the so"l- use o& stra!s "n mushroom #ult"'at"on- $urn"ng o& the le&ta!ay stra!s "n the post-har'est per"o on the #ult"'at"on groun - l"ght trap- !ee management- use o& ry so"l *o& rat house+ as preser'at"'e; ? mushroom #ult"'at"on- mushroom 'ar"et"es; 9 use o& algae an l"#hen "n #ookery- #lass"&"#at"on o& $am$oo; 2> use o& $am$oo "n e'ery aspe#t o& l"&e &rom r"nk"ng !ater "n a glass ma e o& $am$oo to house #onstru#t"onte#hn"3ues "n'ol'e "n $am$oo #ult"'at"on- $am$oo parts as &oo - &o er an p"#kle- $am$oo an myth- &lo!er"ng "n $am$oo; 22 use o& algae- &ung"- pter" ophytes an &ern "n #ookery- ye pro u#t"on- !a0 &ormat"on an me "#"nal purposes; 2= &lor"#ulture- use o& pots- en'"ronmental "n&luen#e- lo!-#ost greenhouse manu&a#ture- nursery an !ater sha e- use o& organ"# manure- #utt"ng an prun"ng "n hort"#ulture- gar en e#o-system- sha e trees- &"sh manure an $one ust- so"l types an stones- so"l ster"l"%at"on- &en#"ng- use o& roots- rh"%omes- shoot- $ark- latt"#e- lea&- $u - "n&lores#en#e- &lo!eranther- ne#tar- &ru"t- see s "n 'ar"ous purposes- p"t#her plants- e0tra#t"on o& essen#e &rom the &lo!er- lemon grass pro u#t"on; 23 honey #olle#t"on- ne#tar y"el "ng &lo!er spe#"es prote#t"on o& the trees &a'ore $y the honey $ees- role o& honey $ees "n e#osystem an ma"ntenan#e o& &oo !e$- use o& honey "n &oo - as me "#"ne an health prote#t"on- use o& !a0- use o& $"r s "n sear#h"ng out the honey nest; Antro#om ;nl"ne <ournal o& Anthropology =>2=- 'ol. ?. n. = ISS6 2973 =??> 3?E

A. Das Gupta Way to Study Indigenous Knowledge 2D an"mal hus$an ry an poultry- #onstru#t"on o& the sha e- &o er- &ert"l"ty #ontrol an $ree "ng- gra%"ng- m"lk pro u#ts an #ur - "n "genous te#hn"3ues &or "n#reas"ng m"lk pro u#t"on- prote#t"on o& the #attle &rom lea#hes- prote#t"on o& poultry &rom $"r eat"ng an"mals- 'eter"nary an #ontrol o& "sease "n the omest"# plant spe#"es- an"mals an $"r s- use o& an"mal pro u#e- sk"ns- !ool- $ones; 2E sp"#e #ult"'at"on; 2F 'egeta$le #ult"'at"on; 27 ethno-&"shery- pon sele#t"on- prote#t"on o& pon e#osystem- l"m"ng the so"l &or #ontroll"ng the !ater p1 le'el- #are&ul o$ser'at"on o& &"shes "n the #ol &oggy !"nter- espe#"ally regulat"ng the !ater temperature "n the pon - proper phys"#al a#t"'"ty an regular &ee "ng- "sease treatment- &ert"l"ty #ontrol- 'ar"ous te#hn"3ues o& &"sh"ng- &"sh"ng "n the streams&"sh"ng "n the r"'ers- &"sh"ng un er the !ater&alls- &"sh"ng "n the marshy lan - &"sh"ng "n the pa y &"el - &"shes as goo sour#e o& manure- &"sh"ng o& &"shes !"th e0tra-resp"ratory organ- group &"sh"ng- 3u"#k &"sh"ng "n emergen#y- use o& ethno-to0"# elements "n &"sh"ng- preser'e &"sh pro u#ts- &"shes "n ma"ntenan#e o& the health #on "t"on an nutr"t"on le'el- super&lu"ty an &"sh &ee - #ult"'at"on o& pra!ns- #ra$s- #olore &"shes- "nse#t an mos3u"to eat"ng &"shes as !ell as hy$r" s- use o& &"shes "n #ontroll"ng mos3u"to lar'ae; #ontrol o'er snake- rat an &rog; #on#ept a$out !ater pollut"on an the role o& pon !ater as the #arr"er o& "seases "n &"shes- #attle an human an relate "sease #y#le; 2? ser"#ulture- sele#t"on o& trees &or ser"#ulture- &oo #ha"ns "n the natural pro#ess o& ser"#ulture- #o#oons an pro u#t"on an storage o& s"lk &"$ers; 29 l"me pro u#t"on- relat"on $et!een l"me pro u#t"on an sna"l #onsumpt"on system; &rog eat"ng an relate $el"e&; => #ult"'at"on o& /ute- tea- to$a##o- shorea- teak- legume- $etel- $etel nut- arum an palm; =2 house #onstru#t"on- use o& r"#e see -#oat "n so"l &or !all #onstru#t"on- use o& $am$oo- grass- /ute st"#k- stra! an lea'es "n roo&"ng- use o& !oo an $am$oo "n #onstru#t"on o& the &rame!ork- house types "n hea'y ra"n"ng areas; #onstru#t"on o& storage- manu&a#ture o& $asket- use o& $asket &or stor"ng; == pro u#t"on o& !oo en plough an other art"&a#ts; &oo preparat"on an #ook"ng utens"ls; =3 !oo an lea& #olle#t"on- husk"ng ma#h"ne an the role o& !omen; han looms an !omen; !omen an sel&-help groups; !omen an tra e; !omen "n the '"llage-le'el po!er se#tor; =D use o& &"re- #ontrol on &"re- earthen sto'es- earthen k"ln; =E use o& stagnant !ater "n mu -pon s un er $r"ght sun $eams to remo'e the ry /ute &"$ers &rom the hollo! stra!- use o& /ute an stra!- stra!s "n #onstru#t"on- &en#"ng an &uel sour#e- #olle#t"on an storage o& /ute an other &"$ers- the"r use "n han looms an !ea'"ng #loths- mats an seats- y"ng the #loth !"th natural #olor pro u#e &rom so"l- plant e0tra#t- emuls"on o& r"#e ust an #har#oal; =F pulse #ult"'at"on- pro u#t"on o& sun- r"e preser'e pulse #akes; =7 me "#"nal !ee s; #onsumpt"on o& nutr"t"ous &oo an "sease #ur"ng "shes; #on#ept o& "sease- health an nutr"t"on; health #ons#"ousness an "llness- $el"e'e "n super-nature R"n or er to #ontrol the nature an ma"ntenan#e o& the mental healthS; =??alternat"'e #rop pro u#t"on; =9 #on#ept a$out season an !eather- relate myths- "saster management system "n #ase o& &loo - rought- hea'y ra"nlan sl" e- so"l eros"on- e&orestat"on- #rop &a"lure- storm- &"re- atta#k o& "nse#ts or $"r s or rats or elephant or other her$"'ores- !eather &ore#ast"ng &rom !at#h"ng the nature an a#t"'"t"es "n the !"l l"&e; 3> prote#t"on o& &orestry $y &ee $a#k- prote#t"on o& sa#re groo'e- #onser'"ng an ma"nta"n"ng &orest resour#es"n "genous tree #lass"&"#at"on systems- terra#e plant"ng te#hn"3ues *"& appl"#a$le+- trees su"te &or "&&erent geograph"#al lo#at"ons- tree spe#"es &or pro'" "ng sha e &or plantat"on #rops- &orest pro u#t market"ng strateg"es- "nter#ropp"ng "n &orest gar ens- t"m$er y"el "ng plants- nut y"el "ng plants- gum an res"n y"el "ng plants- plants !"th other e#onom"# "mportan#e- rel"g"ous system an #onser'at"on o& plant spe#"es- &lo!er"ng plants- me "#"nal an her$al 'alues o& !"l trees- supply o& glo$al pu$l"# goo s an glo$al en'"ronmental ser'"#es- !ater management- "rr"gat"on an &"sh"ng"n "genous "rr"gat"on te#hn"3ues- preser'at"on o& groun !ater le'el; re#y#l"ng o& sol" !aste- ut"l"%at"on o& the super&lu"ty "n 'ar"ous manner; 32 &olk #lass"&"#at"on an &olk ta0onomy.

"iscussion ,K@IK has no longer $een '"e!e as part o& a romant"# past- as the ma/or o$sta#le to e'elopment- as a ne#essary start"ng po"nt- an as a #r"t"#al #omponent o& a #ultural alternat"'e to mo ern"%at"on. Su##ess o& IKS epen s on three &a#tors( &ee $a#k- mo e o& e0plo"tat"on o& natural resour#es an &ul&"llment o& m"n"mum energy re3u"rement o& a g"'en s"%e o& the populat"on. So- !hether "n &a'or o& Glo$al"%at"on or not- "n a #ountry l"ke South As"a there "s a nee to un erstan the #omple0 agrar"an rural stru#ture- heterogeneous an e0tra-#aste
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A. Das Gupta Way to Study Indigenous Knowledge

e0tra-#lass e0tra-po!er. ,he sample populat"on !oul $e sele#te &rom the same agrar"an stru#ture. 8'en people "n other o##upat"on are generally l"nke !"th th"s huge agrar"an stru#ture * esp"te some "solate @ sel&-"solate po#kets+. 7hat "s nee e e'elopment "nputs an &or an output o& susta"na$le ,KS@IKS. ,he ent"re "ssue !oul e'elopment "s appropr"ate negot"at"on $et!een $e relate to e&"n"te "nterrelat"onsh"p among

pro u#t"on an te#hn"#al pra#t"#es "n a spe#"&"# &arm"ng system- #onser'at"on o& #rop 'ar"et"es- alternat"'e agr"#ultural pro u#t"on- pro u#t"on o& 'ar"ous #ash #rop@'egeta$les@sp"#e@&ru"t an &lo!er- ma"ntenan#e o& the nutr"t"on le'el an tra "t"onal #on#epts o& health- &oo preser'at"on- la$or-or"ente han loom "n ustrytra "t"onal type o& "'"s"on o& la$or- ethno-&"shery- an"mal hus$an ry an poultry- agro-&orestry an use o& &orest pro u#ts *t"m$er an non-t"m$er+- sa#re groo'e- agro-e#ology an &oo !e$- $"o- "'ers"ty !"th &ee -$a#k- !ater an so"l management- house #onstru#t"on an k"t#hen gar en- &olk ta0onomy- mag"#o-rel"g"ous per&orman#es$el"e& "n super-nature- #ultural lag- emerg"ng so#"o-e#onom"# #hallenges- so#"al trans&ormat"on- susta"na$le rural an human resour#e e'elopment *Dasgupta- =>2>a+. Internat"onal Ha$or ;rgan"%at"on *IH;+ "s "n &a'or o& prote#t"ng the r"ghts o& "n "genous #ommun"t"es- the"r &olk #ultures an &olk l"&e o& these stakehol ers o& IK tra"ts. ,here may $e #onst"tut"onal an legal pro'"s"ons "n e'ery State an #ounty- $ut IH; has postulate In "genous 4"ghts &or these "n "genous #ommun"t"es !ho are $as"#ally treate #lose !"th the nature *an supernature+- $a#k!ar an thus suppresse $y the !ell #"'"l"%e se#t"ons. In or er to make these #ommun"t"es ma"nstreame an ut"l"%e the"r IK@ IKS &ru"t&ully- In "genous 4"ghts are to $e appl"e !orl !" e an all ,KS are to $e summe up "nto IKS as the "ntegral part o& Glo$al Kno!le ge System. I& these steps are taken properlythen th"s IKS #oul play goo role "n $alan#"ng un" "re#t"onal e'elopment "nput an tra "t"onal so#"ety rely"ng on ,KS- ask &or susta"na$le e'elopment pro#esses- resol'e all the "sputes "n pol"t"#o-e#onom"# as !ell as so#"o#ultural para "gm an lastly- ensure the e'elopment !"th allAs "n'ol'ement an share "n a true susta"na$le an nature &r"en ly manner. ,o ha'e th"s mammoth task !ell persua e- "t "s a so#"olog"sts- $"olog"sts- agronom"sts an uty &or the anthropolog"stseeppol"#y makers to $r"ng "n all su#h #ommun"t"es !ho &eel

roote ness "n the"r surroun "ngs- enterta"n a #usto "al sense a$out the terr"tory an resour#es- $oun together pr"mar"ly through moral $"n "ngs an enterta"n a sense o& re#"pro#"ty an mutually re"n&or#e the e3ual"tar"an *egal"tar"an+ ethos un er the huge um$rella o& In "genous .eoples *Ion al- =>>9+. ,he #on#ept o& susta"na$"l"ty "s more "n the #onte0t o& the "mpa#t o& the e'elopment pro#ess on en'"ronment an vi e versa. Susta"na$le e'elopment shoul $e #ons" ere "n "ts !" er &rame!ork &or e'aluat"ng the e'elopment pro#ess an also &or e'ol'"ng su"ta$le e'elopment &or the &uture. Con#ept o& susta"na$"l"ty "n a !" er #onte0t rather than $e"ng only an e#onom"# term #oul $e #lass"&"e "nto &our #ategor"es( 8n'"ronmental- 8#onom"#- So#"o-.ol"t"#al an "&&erent gra at"ons( 7eak Susta"na$"l"tyCultural Susta"na$"l"ty. 6o!- 8n'"ronmental susta"na$"l"ty has #on#e"'e e0per"en#e- eep 3uest"on"ng an

Strong Susta"na$"l"ty an Deep 8#ology. Deep 8#ology e'elops an e#olog"#al !"s om $y &o#us"ng on eep eep #omm"tment. ,h"s #on#ept o& Deep 8#ology e'en goes to metaphys"#al "s#uss"on !"th a #onstant pro#ess o& "ntegrat"on o& 8#olog"#al an Sp"r"tual Cons#"ousness *.an#hamukh"=>2>+. ,h"s "s relate to Ian-6ature-Supernature #ommun"#at"on pro#ess. It goes $eyon the s#"en#e that only "s#usses a$out the A$"ot"# an )"ot"# Commun"ty !"th"n the e#osystem #ons"st"ng o& human- non-human an

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A. Das Gupta Way to Study Indigenous Knowledge

nature. It tr"es to "n#orporate sp"r"tual"ty or supernatural !here the 'alues an norms o& a #ommun"ty are e0presse $y the #ommon people through the"r &olk l"&e- 7orl K"e!- mag"#o-rel"g"ous per&orman#es- mater"al #ulture- "ntang"$le non-&un#t"onal part o& l"&e- pattern o& th"nk"ng. 1ere- human "s not /ust the $"ot"# element "n e#osystem- $ut e'en someth"ng more- "ts m"n has to $e #ons" ere that !orks $eyon the s#"ent"&"# e0planat"ons. So- human gra ually mo'es &rom str"#t emar#at"on o& s#"ent"&"# "s#uss"on to the oma"n o& human"t"es that tells a$out &olk per#ept"on on ,K@,KS regar "ng nature an natural resour#es. 7hen the pol"#y &or a #erta"n e'elopment programme #ons" ers th"s e0tra-s#"ent"&"# &olk per#ept"on on a glo$al per#ept"on l"ke IK@IKS; "t lea s to en'"ronmental susta"na$"l"ty an gra ually pro#ee s to!ar s e#onom"#- so#"o-pol"t"#al an #ultural susta"na$"l"ty. #onclusion 4esear#hers generally l"ke to go eep "ns" e "nto m"#ro-le'el "n or er to !ork out 'ar"ous kno!le ge gaps $et!een tra "t"onal@"n "genous kno!le ge system o& &olk #ommun"ty *-"es+. Stu y on IKS "s a #ontemporary aspe#t an has re#ently pa#e on &rom last t!o e#a es. ,he a"ms o& su#h resear#h on IKS has &oun generally #on&"ne to $"o "'ers"ty an tra "t"onal agr"#ulture relate !"th $"o- "'ers"ty #onser'at"on; $ut a#tually "t has a lot o& s#opes "n#lu "ng so#"al- #ultural- pol"t"#o-e#onom"# an metho olog"#alCultural Sym$ols( 80press"on o& &olk perspe#t"'es( De#o "ng o& *h" en IKS+( A /ourney &rom sym$ol"# e0press"on to real"ty; Golk ta0onomy an &olk l"ngu"st"#s *not "s#usse "n the paper+( A /ourney &rom m"n to real"ty( o'erlap $et!een et"# an em"#; Tual"tat"'e- o$/e#t"'e an eep m"#ro-le'el stu y( .roper o#umentat"on !"thout pr"mary le'el analys"s; glo$al "mens"ons. Stu y"ng IK@IKS "s h"ghly

8mphas"s on Ho#al-le'el "nno'at"on; 4epeal"ng the h" en IKS; Commun"#at"on System *&ormal an "n&ormal- !"th"n an outs" e+( ,ransm"ss"on o& IK@IKS &rom person to person an #ommun"ty to #ommun"ty; Issue o& susta"na$"l"ty; Cultural Hag( Cultural lag $et!een non-su$/e#t"'e part o& #ulture that keeps ,KS@IKS "nta#t an the #hangea$le part #ons"st"ng o& kno!le ge tra"ts- mater"al apparatus- rat"onal e0ternal system an #"'"l"%e !orl . An a&ter all these "s#uss"ons- there has st"ll rema"ne one 3uest"on unans!ere . 5p to !hat e0tent oes a &olk #ommun"ty allo! the resear#her &or proper " ent"&"#at"on- en#o "ng- o#umentat"on an #ategor"%at"on o& "ts ,K@ IK tra"ts an systemat"%at"on to e'elop a ,ra "t"onal Kno!le ge System *,KS+L 7"th so many a 'antages an "sa 'antages; un" "re#t"onal e'elopment may lea to prosper"ty o& some parts o& the ent"re human"ty $ut at the #ost o& the rest. ,hat rest part "s re&erre as the epr"'e an oppresse se#t"on o& the so#"ety that t"me to t"me #an organ"%e protest aga"nst th"s "s#r"m"nat"on or the"r protest #an $e su$/e#te $y others &or some other pol"t"#o-e#onom"# ga"n. ,h"s malpra#t"#e o& us"ng peoplesA sent"ment &or some other
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A. Das Gupta Way to Study Indigenous Knowledge

purpose "s e&"n"tely a ser"ous #r"me $ut sens"t"'"ty "n th"s ent"re "ssue pro'" es a har sh"el to th"s k"n o& pra#t"t"oners. ,here "s al!ays s#ope &or $"o-p"ra#y- harsh egra at"on o& #ulture-kno!le ge-nature-" ent"ty-so#"al 'alue- "llegal trans&er o& IK@IKS- '"olat"on o& lan an other r"ghts o& the stakehol ers an not #ons" er"ng the"r Glo$al .u$l"# Ser'"#e as Intelle#tual .roperty. So- so#"al resear#hers #on u#t"ng the"r m"ss"on on "n "genous kno!le ge stu y or some other relate aspe#ts ha'e to $e ser"ous a$out pol"t"#al an e#onom"# man"&estat"ons o& the"r !ork. ,hey ha'e to keep three th"ngs 'ery #lear !h"le #on u#t"ng the"r resear#h( 1$ In "genous Commun"t"es as the stake-hol ers o& In "genous Kno!le ge an In "genous Kno!le ge System ha'e $e#ome s"gn"&"#ant $e#ause o& the"r sol" ar"ty@#ommun"ty sent"ment. ,hey ha'e &ull author"ty to allo! any resear#her@e0tent"on"st@pol"#y maker@e0ternal ent"ty "ns" e the"r so#"o-natural #on "t"on. ,hese people are !ellkno!n &or '"gorous as !ell as repeat"ng use o& mag"#al pra#t"#es an tra "t"onal rel"g"ous per&orman#es "n e'ery aspe#t o& l"&e; they o th"s "n or er to &"ll the la#k o& mo ern te#hnolog"#al ass"stan#e to them. ,hese pra#t"#es an per&orman#es are noth"ng $ut H"ttle ,ra "t"on o& theses #ommun"t"es. ,he ent"re matter "s 'ery part o& the"r 'alue system an norms. As these people "n the"r tra "t"onal l"&e o not ha'e s#r"pts- !r"tten o#uments an Great ,ra "t"on; these are the"r o!n &olklore- art- #ra&t an per&orman#es that sym$ol"#ally speak out o& them. ;&ten these sym$ols are too e0press"'e to the"r &olk m"n set. ,h"s m"n set or pattern o& th"nk"ng #onst"tutes the"r personal"ty stru#ture@7orl K"e!@Cogn"t"on. 2$ A##or "ng to the a'a"la$"l"ty o& the"r natural resour#es"n "genous #ommun"t"es ha'e #onstru#te mo e o& e0plo"tat"on o& these resour#es !"th some sense o& resour#e preser'"ng@ resour#e #y#l"ng@resour#e &ee $a#k "n the"r o!n !ay. ,hey may "n'ent ne! te#hn"3ues an te#hnolog"es mostly un"ntent"onally $y the pro#ess o& tr"al an error. .sy#ho-$"olog"#al an @or Stru#tural Gun#t"onal"sm #an $e hel respons"$le &or th"s. ,h"s nature-so#"ety "ntera#t"on "s a#tually 'ery mu#h #on&"gurat"'e to the"r e#onom"# an pol"t"#al l"&e- so#"al system- an '"llage@ #ommun"ty l"&e an so#"al stru#ture. $ 6o! the tren "s "n &a'or o& .ost-Io ern"sm approa#h &or the sake o& re u#"ng the errors that !e ha'e met ur"ng the ethnograph"# stu y ue to resear#her-"n&ormant $"asness- o$/e#t"'eness-su$/e#t"'"ty $"as an #lash $et!een s#"ent"&"# e0planat"ons an uns#"ent"&"#@superst"t"ous@supernatural phenomena. Stu y o& IK an IKS nee s help &rom proper e#o "ng o& sym$ols as !ell as o$ser'at"on- o#umentat"onanalys"s an t"tl"ng &rom post-stru#tural- post-mo ern- an human"tar"an !ays. 8#osystem- h"stor"#"ty- so#"al system- e#onomy- pol"ty- health- rel"g"on- gen er- mo es o& pro u#t"on an "'"s"on o& la$or are 'ar"ous !ays to learn a$out art"&a#ts- so#"o&a#ts an psy#ho&a#ts relate to IKS stu y. IKS "s "tsel& a metho ology. 7e ha'e to $e #are&ul a$out the &our 3uest"ons an the"r ans!ers !h"le o"ng resear#h on IKS. ,he ans!ers may 'ary &rom s#holar to s#holar- an &rom s"tuat"on to s"tuat"on. 7e also nee &un - G;-K; an e0tent"on"sts.

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A. Das Gupta Way to Study Indigenous Knowledge

Re%erences )anar/ee- S.- D. )asu- D. )"s!as an 4. Gos!am" =>>7. In "genous Kno!le ge D"ssem"nat"on through GarmersA 6et!ork( 80plor"ng Garmer-to-Garmer Commun"#at"on. In( ). Chou hur" an S. Chou hur" *e s.+- Indigenous )eople2 Traditional Wisdom and Sustainable Development I5(6S Inter 3ongress (7ol&8). II.( 6e! Delh"- In "a. )anar/ee- D.- D. )asu- an <o hpur- In "a. )ete"lle- A. 29FE. 3aste 3lass and )ower. ;0&or 5n"'ers"ty .ress( Ium$a"- In "a. )rokensha- D.- H. <. Sl"kker'eer an D.I. 7arren *e s.+ 299E. The 3ultural Dimension of Development2 Indigenous Knowledge Systems. Interme "ate ,e#hnology .u$l"#at"ons( Hon on- In "a. )rush- S.). 29?9. 4eth"nk"ng Crop Genet"# 4esour#e Conser'at"on. 3onservation 4iology% 3@2(29-=9. )rush- S.). an D. Sta$"nsky *e s.+ 299F. 7aluing ,o al Knowledge2 Indigenous )eople and Intelle tual )roperty 'ights. Islan .ress( Co'elo- Cal"&orn"a- 5SA. )utler- H. an <. 7au 299>. Strengthen"ng e0tens"on through the #on#epts o& Garm"ng Systems 4esear#h an 80tens"on *GS4@8+ an susta"na$"l"ty. .ournal of :arming Systems 'esear h&60tension% 2*2+( 77-9?. Ca"rns- I.A. an 8n'"ronmental 4.,. Ha#key 299=. 4iodiversity and ;anagement of <atural 'esour es2 The Issues. 5S8.A 4esear#h Ha$oratory( Cor'all"s5SA. Grom( http@@oregonstate.e u@ ept@&!@la#key@ 4. Gos!am" =>>9 . GarmersA Kno!le ge an S#"ent"stsA Kno!le ge( IythsIutual"t"es an Synerg"es. In( D. Das Gupta *e .+- Indigenous Knowledge Systems and 3ommon )eople9s 'ights. Agro$"os(

4e#ent.u$l"#at"ons.html
Cal !ell- ). 2992. The .a/mani System. 1"n ustan .u$l"sh"ng Corporat"on( Delh"- In "a. Cham$ers- 4.- A. .a#ey an H.A. ,hrupp- *e s.+ 29?9. :armers :irst2 :armer Innovation and (gri ultural 'esear h. Interme "ate ,e#hnology .u$l"#at"ons( Hon on- In "a. Cohn- ).S. an I. Iarr"ott 29E?. 6et!ork an Center "n the Integrat"on o& In "an C"'"l"%at"on. .ournal for So ial 'esear h. Kol-I ( Septem$er. Dasgupta- A. =>2>a. ,he 4ele'an#e o& QIn "genous .eoplesA( A Case Stu y o& the 4a/$ans" Commun"ty o& 6orth )engal. In( A. Iukher/ee- .. K. .al an 4.K. Sen *e s.+- 6nvironment and Sustainable Development in India. Deep an Deep .u$l"#at"ons( 6e! Delh"- In "a. Das Gupta- A. =>2>$. 4a/$ans" Gest"'als De#o "ng In "genous Kno!le ge System. (ntro om -nline .ournal of (nthropology- 'ol. F. n. = pp( =D9-=F2 Das Gupta- A. =>22. Does In "genous Kno!le ge ha'e anyth"ng to (ntro om -nline .ournal of (nthropology- 'ol. 7. n. 2 pp( E7-FD Das Gupta- A. =>2=a.7ay o& Commun"#at"on "n In "genous Kno!le ge 4elate Stu "es- I.;SS- 'ol. 2*=+ pp( =79-=?F Das Gupta- A. =>2=$. Is Caste System a K"n o& In "genous Kno!le ge SystemL (ntro om -nline .ournal of (nthropology- 'ol. ?. n. 2 pp( F3-72 Das Gupta- D. *e .+. =>>9. Indigenous Knowledge Systems and 3ommon )eople9s 'ights. Agro$"os( <o hpur- In "a. Das Gupta- D. an A. Saha =>>9. In "genous Kno!le ge K"s-U-K"s )"o "'ers"ty Conser'at"on. In( D. Das Gupta
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eal !"th Susta"na$le De'elopmentL

A. Das Gupta Way to Study Indigenous Knowledge

*e .+- Indigenous Knowledge Systems and 3ommon )eople9s 'ights. Agro$"os( <o hpur- In "a. Da'"s- S.1. an K. 8$$e *e s.+ 2993. Traditional Knowledge and Sustainable Development. 8n'"ronmentally Susta"na$le De'elopment .ro#ee "ngs Ser"es 6o. D. 7orl )ank( 7ash"ngton- 5SA. 8llen- 4. an 1. 1arr"s 299F. Con#epts o& In "genous ,e#hn"#al Kno!le ge "n s#"ent"&"# an De'elopmental Stu "es H"terature( A Cr"t"#al Assessment. Grom !!!.!orl $ank.org@a&r@"k@$as"#.htm9F?k Gren"er- H. 299?. Wor#ing with Indigenous Knowledge a =uide for 'esear hers. Internat"onal De'elopment 4esear#h Centre( ;tta!a- Cana a. Grom http(@@!!!." r#.#a@opene$ooks@?D7-3@ Grun$erg- I.- I. Kaul an I. Stern 2999. =lobal )ubli =oods. ;0&or 5n"'ers"ty .ress( 6e! Nork- 5SA. 1o$art- I. *e .+ 2993. (n (nthropologi al 3ritique of Development2 The =rowth of Ignoran e. 4outle ge .ress( Hon on- 5K. 1o$s$a!n- 8. <. an ,.;. 4anger *e s.+ 29?3. The Invention of Tradition. Cam$r" ge 5n"'ers"ty .ress( Hon on5K. 1ey!oo - K.- A. Casas- ) Gor -Hloy - S. Kell an 6. Ia0te =>>7. 3onservation and Sustainable 5se of 3rop Wild 'elatives. Agr"#ulture8#osystems an 8n'"ronment 2=2 *=>>7+ =DE=EE. Grom

http(@@!!!.$otan"s#hergarten.#h@)"ote#h-)"o "'@1ey!oo -Conser'at"on-Susta"na$le-use-=>>7.p &

1oyt- 8. 29??. 3onserving the Wild 'elative of 3rops. I).G4@ I5C6@ 77G( 4ome an Glan . 1unn- 8. 2993a. 7hat "s ,ra "t"onal 8#olog"#al Kno!le ge. In( 6. 7"ll"ams an G. )a"nes *e s.+- Traditional 6 ologi al Knowledge2 Wisdom for Sustainable Development. Centre &or 4esour#e an 8n'"ronmental Stu "es- A65( Can$erra- Austral"a. 1unn- 8. 2993$. ,he 8thno$"olog"#al Goun at"on &or ,8K. In( 6. 7"ll"ams an G. )a"nes *e s.+- Traditional 6 ologi al Knowledge2 Wisdom for Sustainable Development. Centre &or 4esour#e an 8n'"ronmental Stu "es- A65( Can$erra- Austral"a. IH;2992. 4eport on C2F9 In "genous an ,r"$al .eoples Con'ent"on 29?9. Grom

http(@@!!!."lo.org@"lole0@#g"-le0@#on' e.plLC2F9
<ha- I. an D. .attana"k =>>7. Kno!le ge o& I ent"ty among the In "genous .eople. The -riental (nthropologistKol. 7*=+. <ohnson- A. 7. 297=. In "'" ual"ty an 80per"mentat"on "n ,ra "t"onal Agr"#ulture. $uman 6 ology% 2*=+(2D9-2E9. Kelkar- G.- D. 6athan an .. 7alter *e s.+ =>>D. =lobali!ation and Indigenous )eoples in (sia& 3hanging the ,o al&=lobal Interferen e. Sage .u$l"#at"on( 6e! Delh"V,housan ;aksVHon on. Hamola- H.I. 299=. ,in#ing the :ormal and Informal Se tors in )lant =eneti 'esour es 3onservation and 5tili!ation . 7h"te .aper- 9=-2. Drake 5n"'ers"ty Ha! S#hool- Agr"#ultural Ha! Center( Des Io"nes- Io!a- 5SA. Grom http(@@!!!.#"es"n.org@ o#s@>>D-292@>>D-292.html H"pton- I. 2977. Why )oor )eople Stay )oor2 5rban 4ias in World Development. ,emple Sm"th( Hon on- 5K. Hong- 6. an A. Hong *e s.+ 299=. 4attlefields of Knowledge2 The Interlo #ing of Theory and )ra ti e in So ial 'esear h and Development. 4outle ge .ress( Hon on- 5K. Ian el$aum- G.D. 297=. So iety in India (7ol&I > II). .opular .u$l"#at"ons( Ium$a" *)om$ay+- In "a.
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Ion al- S.4. =>>F. So#"al an Cultural Dynam"#s o& In "genous .eople. The 6astern (nthropologist- 'ol.E9@=. Ion al- S.4. =>>7. 8thn"# So#"al an Cultural Iatr"0 "n the 1"lls an .la"ns o& 6orth )engal. .eoples "n .rosper"ty "n D"'ers"ty. In( ). Chou hur" an S. Chou hur" *e s.+- Indigenous )eople2 Traditional Wisdom and Sustainable Development. I5(6S Inter 3ongress (7ol&8). II.( 6e! Delh"- In "a. Ion al- S.4. =>>9. )"o "'ers"ty Ianagement an Susta"na$le De'elopment- ,he Issues o& In "genous Kno!le ge System an the 4"ghts o& In "genous .eople !"th .art"#ular 4e&eren#e to 6orth 8astern 1"malayas o& In "a. In( D. Das Gupta *e .+- Indigenous Knowledge Systems and 3ommon )eople9s 'ights. Agro$"os( <o hpur- In "a. Iu#hena- ;.6. an D.H. 7"ll"ams 2992. 5t"l"%"ng In "genous Kno!le ge Systems "n Agr"#ultural 8 u#at"on to .romote Susta"na$le Agr"#ulture. .ournal of (gri ultural 6du ation% ED( 7"nter. Grom

http(@@pu$s.age .tamu.e u@/ae@p &@Kol3=@3=->D-E=.p &

6akash"ma- D. an I. 4ouW =>>=. In "genous Kno!le ge .eoples an

Susta"na$le .ra#t"#e. In(

,"mmerman- .. *e .+- So#"al an 8#onom"# D"mens"ons "n Glo$al 8n'"ronmental Change *Kol.E+. In( Iunn- ,. *e "tor-"n-#h"e&+- 6n y lopedia of =lobal 6nvironmental 3hange. <ohn 7"ley M Sons Ht ( Ch"#hester- 7est Susse0-

5K. Grom( http(@@portal.unes#o.org@s#"en#e@en@&"les@3E29@2>?D97327D2IK9.eople@IK9.eople

.an#hamukh"- K.4. =>2>. Glo$al"%at"on an Susta"na$"l"t"es( Issues an Challenges. In( A. Iukher/ee- .. K. .al an 4. K. Sen *e s.+- 6nvironment and Sustainable Development in India. Deep an Deep .u$l"#at"ons( 6e! Delh"In "a. .atna"k- 4. an ).K.4. .rasa . =>>9. 8thn"# " ent"ty o& In "genous ,r"$es "n Great 6"ko$ar Islan . Studies of Tribes and Tribals- 7*=+( 229-2=3 .atna"k- 5. 29?F. ,he Agrar"an Tuest"on an De'elopment o& Cap"tal"sm "n In "a. 6 onomi and )oliti al Wee#ly% Kol.XXI@6o.2?. 4ahman- A. =>>>. Development of an Integrated Traditional and S ientifi Knowledge 4ase2 ( ;e hanism for ( essing% 4enefit& Sharing and Do umenting Traditional Knowledge for Sustainable So io&6 onomi Development and )overty (lleviation. 56C,AD 80pert Ieet"ng on Systems an 6at"onal 80per"en#es &or .rote#t"ng ,ra "t"onal Kno!le geInno'at"ons an .ra#t"#es( Gene'a- S!"t%erlan . Grom http(@@r>.un#ta .org@tra e9en'@ o#s@rahman.p & 4a/asekaran- ). 2993. ( :ramewor# for In orporating Indigenous Knowledge Systems into (gri ultural 'esear h% 60tension% and <=-s for Sustainable (gri ultural Development. Stu "es "n ,e#hnology an So#"al Change 6o. =2. ,e#hnology an So#"al Change .rogram- Center &or In "genous Kno!le ge &or Agr"#ulture an 4ural De'elopment- Io!a State 5n"'ers"ty( Ames- Io!a- 5SA. Grom http(@@!!!.#"es"n.org@ o#s@>>D-=>2@>>D-=>2.html 4ao- K.I. 29?2. 6ature o& 4ural 5n er-De'elopment a G"el K"e!. 6 onomi and )oliti al Wee#ly- Kol. XKI@ 6o.D2. 4aupD.I. 299D. ,he 4ole o& 80t"n#t"on "n 8'olut"on. Grom( http@@!!!.pnas.org@#ontent@

92@2E@F7E?.&ull.p &
4ouse- <. 2999. =lobal Dissemination of Indigenous Knowledge. 3ontradi tion% or the Way forward? Grom

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http(@@!!!.!orl $ank.org@a&r@"k@glo$al9"k99>F2E.htm 4u olph- H. I. an S. 1. 4u olph =>>?. 60plaining Indian Demo ra y2 7ollume II& The realm of institutions2 state
formation and institutional hange. ;0&or 5n"'ers"ty .ress( In "a. Sharma- K.H. 299D. So ial Stratifi ation and ;obility. 4a!at .u$l"#at"ons( <a"pur an 6e! Delh"- In "a. S"ngha- D. =>>9. Koluntar"sm- 1uman 4"ghts an Glo$al"%at"on- A Synergy an Impl"#at"ons &or So#"al 7ork .ra#t"#e. In( Das Gupta D *e .+- Indigenous Knowledge Systems and 3ommon )eople9s 'ights. Agro$"os( <o hpur- In "a. S"ngh- ..K. =>>=. 4e#ent ,ren s "n Anthropolog"#al ,heor"es. The -riental (nthropologist% Kol. = *2+( 2-27. S"nha- 4.K. 299D. 6 o&:arming for Sustainable (gri ulture& Development without Destru tion2 The 3hallenge to Survival. 8n'"ronmental"st .u$l"shers( <a"pur- In "a. Sl"kker'eer- H.<.- G.7. 'on H"e$enste"n- an D.I. 7arren 2993. 6et!ork"ng &or In "genous Kno!le ge. Indigenous Knowledge and Development ;onitor% 2*2+- =-D. Grom http(@@!!!.#"es"n.org@ o#s@>>D-=>E@>>D-

=>E.html
7arren- D.I. 2992. 5sing Indigenous Knowledge in (gri ultural Development (World 4an# Dis ussion )aper <o. 1@A). 7orl )ank( 7ash"ngton D.C.- 5SA. Grom( http(@@!!!.!orl $ank.org@a&r@"k@$as"#.htm 7arren- D.I. 299=. Indigenous Knowledge% 4iodiversity 3onservation and Development (Key <ote (ddress at International 3onferen e on 4iodiversity in (fri a2 ,o al Initiatives and International 'oles% <airobi% Kenya). Center &or In "genous Kno!le ge &or Agr"#ulture an 4ural De'elopment- Io!a State 5n"'ers"ty( Io!a- 5SA. Grom

http(@@!!!.#"es"n.org@ o#s@>>D-273@>>D-273.html
7"ll"ams- <. ,. 2992. ,he t"me has #ome to #lar"&y an "mplement strateg"es &or plant #onser'at"on. Diversity% 7*D+( 37-39. 7orl )ank. 2997. 7hat "s In "genous Kno!le geL Grom( http(@@!!!.!orl $ank.org@a&r@"k@$as"#.htm

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