Chemistry Final Exam Study Guide

CHAPTER 11 CHAPTER 12 Anders Chapter 13 and 14 Study Guide CHAPTER 13 CHAPTER 14 Chapter 15 (other than the percent water formula below, this chapter is only definitions!) Vocabulary Chapter 16 Vocabulary Equations Chapter 19 Section 19.1 and 19.2 Note card

CHAPTER 11
ionic- metal and nonmetal covalent- nonmetal and nonmetal REVIEW CHART ON 323 Halogen Rule- Reactivity decrease as it goes down Group 7 Reactants- left side of chemical equation Products- right side of chemical equation Catalyst- the reaction-starter Coefficients- number in front of an element or a compound Balanced Equation- the same number of each element on each side Brief steps of how to balance and equation1. list elements on each side 2. count how many you have of each 3. put coefficients in front to change numbers and recount 4. continue until all numbers match on both sides - write charges above and crisscross - (SO4)2 = 2 Ss and 8 Os Types of reactions - summarize with letters Combination- A+BAB / two things combined into one Single replacement - A + BC AC + B / it is a type of reaction when an anion replaces
another anions spot

Double replacement- AB+CDAD+CB / cation switch Decomposition- ABA+B Combustion- has to have CO2 and H2O/makes a water and a carbon dioxide

*What is the difference between a regular equation and a complete ionic equation? You write all the of the pieces of the equation separately- H2O is H2 O The ones that form the aqueous solution are known as the spectator ions Regular- no charges Complete Ionic Equation- splits apart all compounds and writes them with charge *Precipitate - is the solid that settles out of a solution Use solubility chart Net Ionic- figure out which is the solid and write the equation with only the parts that make the solid Insoluble/precipitate: carbonates, phosphates, chromates, sulfides, hydroxides, , compounds with Ag, Pb, and Hg, Ba, Sr, and Ca

CHAPTER 12
Law of Conservation of Mass The law of Conservation of mass states that mass cannot be created or destroyed. The mass of a system is always closed and no mass is lost. Mole ratio, and what do you use it for? the middle part of ALL stoichiometry problems - this ratio compares your two compounds. ALL stoichiometry problems must go through mole ratio. Stoichiometry: your options here are to convert between mass, number of moles, number of molecules, atoms or particles, and liters. ALL EQUATIONS GO THROUGH MOLES!!! Mass measured in grams - use periodic table to determine molar mass Volume is measured in liters and the conversion # is 22.4 liters/mole The conversion # for number of atoms/molecules/particles is 6.02x1023 in a mole Limiting reagent - the amount that will stop you from being able to make more product Excess reagent - the amount that you have plenty of If you are given an equation and the masses of two reactants, how do you tell which one is limiting and which one is in excess? - do the stoichiometry conversion problem twice, once for each reactant - the one that makes less product is the limiting reagent - the one that makes more product is the excess reagent Formula for percent yield: actual yield/theoretical yield x 100% Actual yield - what you got in your experiment Theoretical yield - what you should have gotten based on stoichiometry equation

What does percent yield tell you/why do you calculate it? It tells you how accurate your experiment was - if your actual yield is too far off from your theoretical yield you may have made a mistake in your experiment

Anders Chapter 13 and 14 Study Guide

Chapter 13 and 14 Study Guide

The Nature of Gases
Kinetic refers to motion The Kinetic Theory states that the tiny particles in all forms of matter are in constant motion The energy an object has because of its motion is called Kinetic Energy Gas is composed of particles Usually molecules or atoms Kinetic energy in a gas is greater than in a liquid on average. Spheres Far apart from each other Particles in a gas move rapidly in a constant random motion Move in straight paths Average speed 1700 km/h Collisions between particles are perfectly elastic No energy is lost; remains constant Gas Pressure-The force exerted by a gas per unit surface area of an object Atmospheric Pressure- Results from the collision of air molecules with objects Barometer- Measures atoms Celsius+273=Kelvins

The Nature of Liquids

The conversion of a liquid to a gas or vapor is called vaporization When this occurs at the surface of a liquid that is not boiling, the process is called evaporation Some of the particles break away and enter the gas or vapor state; but only those with the minimum kinetic energy The boiling point is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid is just equal to the external pressure on the liquid Normal boiling point of water=100 C Atmospheric pressure effects boiling points 1.Using the concept of KE, explain what happens when H2O boils. 2.How is boiling point defined? 1. When H2O boils, the molecules rise when the high amounts of pressure are created. 2. The temperature where atmospheric and vapor pressure are equal

Changes of State

The relationship among the solid, liquid, and vapor states of a substance in a sealed container are best represented in a single graph called a phase diagram Boyles Law P1 times V1=P2 times V2 Temperature has to be constant If it changes, you can not use it Charless Law V1/T1=V2/T2 Pressure is constant Gay-Lussac P1/T1=P2/T2 add 273 to temperature to get to Kelvins all gas laws Combined Gas Law P1V1/T1=P2V2/T2 Daltons Law P total=P1+P2+P3+P Applies to mixtures of gases at constant volume and temperature Grahams Law The rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of the gass molar mass Rate A/Rate B=Square Root (Molar mass B/Molar mass A) Rate A is always the gas with the smaller molar mass Rate B is always the gas with the larger molar mass

Vocabulary
Triple point is where all 3 curves meet, the conditions where all 3 phases exist in equilibrium Sublimation-Going from a solid to a gas (dry ice) Compressibility- (p. 413)- is a measure of how much the volume of matter decreases under pressure Daltons Law of Partial pressures (p. 432)- states that, at constant volume and temperature, the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the component gases Diffusion-The tendency of molecules to move toward areas of lower concentration until the concentration is uniform throughout Effusion-(p. 435)-A gas that escapes through a tiny hole in its container Ideal Gas Constant-(p. 426)- has the value of 8.31 (L x kPa) / (K x mol) Partial pressure-(p. 432)-The contribution each gas in a mixture makes to the total pressure Phase diagram-gives the temperature and pressure at which a substance exists as solid, liquid, or gas Fig. 13,15 on page 403 shows the phase diagram for water Each region represents a pure phase Line between regions is where the two phases exist in equilibrium

Compressibility- (p. 413)- is a measure of how much the volume of matter decreases under pressure Gas Pressure-The force exerted by a gas per unit surface area of an object Atmospheric Pressure-Results from the collision of air molecules with objects Barometer-Measures atoms Vaporization-The conversion of a liquid to a gas or vapor When this occurs at the surface of a liquid that is not boiling, the process is called evaporation Unit Conversion- 1 atm=101.3kPa=760 mmHg Ideal Gas Law- must be in kPa

CHAPTER 14
Gas pressure is affected by amount, volume, and temperature. Boyles Law states that for a given mass of gas at constant temperature, the volume of the gas varies inversely with pressure P1 times V1 = P2 times V2 Charles Law states that the volume of a fixed mass of gas is directly proportional to its Kelvin temperature if the pressure is kept constant V1/T1 = V2/T2 Gay-Lussacs Law states that the pressure of a gas is directly proportional to the Kelvin temperature if the volume remains constant P1/T1 = P2/T2 Combined Gas Law allows you to do calculations for situations in which only the amount of gas is constant P1 times V1/ T1 = P2 times V2/T2 Ideal Gas Law P1 x V1/ T1 times n1 = P2 x V2/ T2 times n2 or PxV = nRT where n= number of moles, R= 8.31, T = temperature, P= pressure, V= volume Daltons Law states that at a constant volume and temperature the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the component gases Partial Pressure P total = P1 + P2 + P3 + ... Grahams Law of Effusion states that the rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of the gass molar mass Rate A/Rate B= Diffusion is the tendency of molecules to move toward areas of lower conversation until the concentration is uniform throughout Effusion a gas escapes through a tiny hole in its container

Chapter 15 (other than the percent water formula below, this chapter is only definitions!)
Vocabulary
aqueous solution(450)

solution in water Brownian motion(461) The erratic random movement of microscopic particles in a fluid, as a result of continuous bombardment from molecules of the surrounding colloid(460) is heterogenous mixture containing particles that range in size from 1nm to 1000nm electrolyte(452) Is a compound that conducts an electric current when it is in an aqueous solution or in molten state emulsion(462) is a colloidal dispersion of a liquid in a liquid hydrate(454) A compound that contains water of hydration nonelectrolyte(452) A compound that does not conduct electric current in either aqueous solution or the molten state solute(450) A solvent dissolves the solute, the solute is the object that is put in the solvent solvation (451) The process by which the positive and negative ions of an ionic solid become surrounded by solvent molecules solvent(450) The dissolving medium strong electrolyte(453) a substance that conducts electricity very well surfactant(447) is any substance that interferes with the hydrogen bonding between water molecules and thereby reduces surface tension suspension(459) is a mixture from which particles settle out upon standing surface tension(447) The inward force, or pull, that tends to minimize the surface area of a liquid tyndall effect(461) The scattering of visible light by colloidal particles weak electrolyte(453) conducts electricity poorly becuase only a fraction of the solute in the solution exist as ions Percent water=(mass of water)/(mass of hydrate)x100%

Chapter 16
Vocabulary
boiling-point elevation-(p.490)

- The difference in temperature between the boiling point of a solution and the boiling point of the pure solvent concentrated solution (p.480) - contains a large amount of solute concentration (p.480) -- a measure of the amount of the solute that is dissolved and a given quantity of solvent colligative property (p.487) -A property that depends only upon the number of solute particles, and not upon the identity of the particles dilute solution(p.480) - is one that contains a small amount of solute freezing-point depression(p.488) -The difference in temperature between the freezing point of a solution and the freezing point of a pure solvent Henrys law (p.476) - which states that at a given temperature, the solubility (S) of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the pressure (P) of the gas above the liquid. They are directly proportional immiscible (p.473) -liquids that cannot dissolve in each other miscible (p.473) - liquids that can dissolved in each other molal freezing-point depression constant(p. 494) - which is equal to the change in freezing point for a 1 molal solution of a non volatile molecular solute molal boiling-point elevation constant (p.494) -which is equal to change in boiling point for a 1-molal solution of a nonvolatile molecular solute molality (m) (p.491) - is the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 kilogram (1000 g) of solvent -(moles of solute)/(kilograms of solvent) molarity (M) (p. 480) - is the number of moles of solute dissolved in one liter of solution - (Moles of Solute)/(liters of solution) saturated solution (p. 473) -contains the maximum amount of solute for a given quantity\ of solvent at a constant temperature and pressure. solubility (p.473) -of a substance is the amount of solute that dissolves in a given quantity of a solvent at a specified temperature and pressure to produce a saturated solution supersaturated solution (p.474) -contains more solute that it can theoretically hold at a given temperature unsaturated solution (p.473) - A solution that contains less solute than a saturated solution at a given temperature and pressure

Equations
Henrys Law (s1/p1)=(s2/p2) Molarity(M)-(moles of solute)/(liters of solution) Percent by volume=(volume of solute)/(volume of solution) x 100% Percent by mass=(mass of solute)/(mass of solution) x 100% Molality(m)= (moles of solute)/(kilogram of solvent) mole fraction: X = freezing point depression: boiling point elevation:

Factors affecting solubility (2):

Chapter 19 Section 19.1 and 19.2

Acid and Base Laws Arrhenius Acid: Produces Hydrogen ion in aqueous solution Base: Produces OH ions in aqueous solution Bronsted-Lowry Acid: H ion donor Base H ion acceptor Lewis Acid: Accepts a pair of electrons Base: Donates a pair of electrons pH Scale 0----------7----------14 7- neutral 0-7 Acid 7-14 Base A logarithmic scale based on the powers of 10 Each interval increase by a power of ten From 6 to 2 it is 10x10x10x10= 10,000 pH: -log (H) pOH:-log (OH) Kw=(H) x (OH)

Kw= 1x10^-14M pOH=-log(OH) pH- hydrogen ion concentration If you are given the pH subtract it from 14 pH + pOH= 14 H=the concentration of hydrogen normally given in molarity- M If given pH=4 Than the hydrogen concentration = 10^-4

Note card
Activity Series p 333 Polyatomic Ions- 257