THEME ONE: EXPLDBITDRY ANALYSTS

Gra hical Displays

--
• D(>tp!tJr~ •• C'eJ.l[l' lUldSPH,l-ad
•. R;lr (~lta:f{S " Chtstt::r:s and G:tps
• 1Il's'rClgr::un~ " ()iJtlL\'~hi.
• Clm1ul~Hjvl7 f:requency PINS » 1\1,or.R:s
•• 1i!L" ...
• St(wTplqcs , .,)lh<pe

here art: :1 va{l('t'!' of w':.q). to Drgmize fUjdc2:rl'Ml~zdata. Much intfwrnatlon can

b!,~put 1nto Glh!es hI( these <11'fl.1)'& nfb'tr-t: tigpres renJ tn b,: !'pii:i~iesS)lTJ(.1some-
i

I j me'; e\'fn lorbi·dding, Some' j~Jrm {lfgr~l.phi~l display .is.ofren best tor sc£in~ par-

rcr nx :wd shnpesand hJr presenting an immediate impression oFcve:ryrd1illg abour thc
data. Alil(:>ng rhe rncsc common visual repj;~~~1pafi9n~ of da{;~ !'rc. dGtplots, bar
ch;ln". hhimg~;'J.J1-H. lJmj srcrnplors. his impOrta'llttCU'emcrf1ber that all gmphjj,'!ll dis-
pLty;;. shouldbe dqrly b.bded, leaving l'ttidc1/J,bt ,>,,that the ~)iC:ttw: wp[es~m,i;-AP
St(!r1s(jICS scndi1g guidt's harshly penal};r.,e the-lack ofridJ.::'s :\11<.:1 labels!

DOTPLOTS
DocpMlfi <l.n-d bar IZh';H[~ J.tcp-llIrimlurly 'tlsef:~itw:h:h I'eg;~,d ro i7i1t~g.f);J'1'£lll (or

(jifa/fmtit!{') Ilfl.;ri(l6/es, that is, \'<Jft<lb1t~ that rt(}teEhce ca:ceg:ory to \vhkh L-:tH,d, tl1d.iyid-
ual 1:)dtl11g£, '1 'his 1:Y IJI corrrrasr tf,.'qii4irtt14t1P:e Itari{{bt(.~(, whi~h rake' on
n \Ili1t'lflr~1 ~"l.lU;t$,

Suppose:thilt in wGiass of :35 .studems. 1O>choostiba$kiMtiall 'BS H1eir favorff~:wm'l whne 7

pick baseballS pi1;kf00tbaH, 5 -pib-l< termls. 5pt~,~QcCerqi.,~2pl.~ htJckey; Th~~~~i;il<ii can
be displayed in Ifle itJlIoW'ing (tom/ot '.' . .

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+
;,.

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8
.,
~-

:f.
.,. ,.
·f ••
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Bcseboll B(}$k~1bo 1t Footbnll Soccer Tennis

1
TlHc dDtplotGul also b~ drawn wirh.a \-'erti~1~4X:fs ;md bbflZonr;JJ t'l;:}WS of dots. In
bG, in almost all displays, verve-ill and horizontal tan be 5¥iircJu:d depending. upon
which picture seems easier to reader simply which b,ect!;:ifirs rhe Pttf;iL

BAR CHARTS
f\ common visu..~ displayrocornparc rhe ;,17.£;$of cat~gt:ir,ie.~
OJgroups is rhe l1(lt ebart.
S~i:,esam be measured as frequepdes or as percents, ''

in. BSut\lE)yt.ak~f1d~rij:tfllil:e tlrst Wft~kof ~3nuai)l'1~~~. SpoJ6 pflt)p§e:sl!r',;~ye,(j~anleDthe

c!rf1tonlmpoofhfh~,ht \1i~1tl:J)90q frhtn~cJia1fjly, ~5% \llrdfll)l:q ~ t9~~n'~i~ with \¥itri~s~9s"
25% \V<;.rit~,'tn-e trfal tQ:c'onilliu~",1moutci.dljr\g Wltr1iF~s:>\mi~ 5%~xp(e~s~q tlOQjJlnrQn.
Thes(itja~c,an,,q~'a,s~!a;y~,~ ill ihe IQllo'A~ng,bar than (or,qaig(.sPn)C - '

+
"

:5,0,

f'ei'cer;t 4u1
of those
1
n
30
svrveyo.cl
20 1 ~
lO
r-
Continue
I
(ofinllue
I
NQ
I

with b'l1IY~r1h OpInion

wilness-es nQ'witrie'S$~s
ThECfr.eJatlV€
trequeneies.ol (jllferentfBsults are 1n€licated by th& tlei,gr;13 or tne bars r€iprB-
}1entif1g!h~~a fa~lbt

HISTOGRAM$'
Hi:(1;(}grattJ,J, US:<f.ful rGr6:rge-'~d.atasets iU\10hoing'quaIith::ative''''' ••
.:riabltf6t,swYVI counts or
petCtints ~allip:g,~itber~tcertaiilvaluesbrbC?t\\~Ce;rtaiti'v3J!J~.\Xlhi1e the AP
Suttisclcs EXHm dOCSTI.ot stress soasrruction ofhii>togt':3.:rrls.there<\w.':'ofi:enqltt'stions
on i:l'tieqrr~inggi~'enh!Stt?grat:'))S,

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"

Suppose ttlBH3 flrEF2£lOO iamilles in Cl srnan town and the djsttibutien of childrefl among tharrr
is 8& touows: 300 r<'IfT,illes areehildless, 4(.\(}have oM thild; 700 have Iwochiidren.300 hav-€i
thre~. '100 have Iour, .
100 r~-v8 five, and 100 have six. Tl'\eSe'<o<'.ta
~. can be dfs-p!aye-d
, ;
i(l
.
!.he
jollo'#lf"1!l hisiQgrafn:

500

__ .__ 1

•
o '2

SOr'i11iitimes, insteaci ~j JaI.l€iirVSlfh~ VMiC",j axi$'wllh'ftf1fll;len~j!:!s, !! is more conv~n[S:lit (fr

more n1€Bflingful to O$€ roJative treql}em-;tes, thrl! is, 1~{I3n.CWs'dMde{j by tt'ie iotal flumb~f
m l~e populafior1, . .

400/2DOO. = .£'00
2 nXlf2000-,,; 350
':'Kj()i;~O(JQ=, 15'C)
1~, 10or2000 = .050
~t~r\.9 100l2tXJO ss > OSD
iuit'o 100/2000 = .050

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Note Ihalthe sh.ap~ 01 the tirstoqraffi is IM .-~,e·Wnethef the vertical axis Is
laoeled wlthfreqpgncies Of with ~e!a:Hv'<3
freQUe1lGles;;Sometimes we show both
f requencies an;d relativefrequem:::ies on the<same;:gr"lph.
4 AP Sttttistlcs

Consider' the tofID\'."jrlg~istogfa m dispiey[ng40 salari~s pEtid to the tow1evel ex€()ulJ\fB.S ola
company,

··t
large

',3,0
. ,25

- ,20
I . ·ReltttiY~
.: fr~nq

±~05.
Whatca:n we,l~.¥r\ f[(J.111 m~s,histagram'{For exafhpl~J nQriEl'.of\heBxooutivi.3s eam..if~ rnqre
Hi13n$fjQ.QQ9'dr li?ss thit1:$-<~0,OGO. Twelv8.earr:e4 ti~jw,eBn' $50,{)00 ~mO:$qCl,QOO.,Tw;;lnty~
five P{j!fGel1t ~~'rci'lSdbJ:}lWe€n$40:000 and $SO:o®, N9!e How tlii,Shi$1ogr<iirtJ $hO'.,,~.tl)·er.urtJ-;
b~f 1)\ lteina ,(~'?'i.?fl~' f~1JjflgbefiNeen eenainveJae$., wh~reaslhe pi~edrl1ghistogr~.fl)
showj3·d ihenurtiber,d lten)s{familles) fa~ingate~oh valtle, For.exarnpte, in Example 1AY'le
--see 1ilaH~frse;ta'f1~fellsom13whE'..r~ betv.'i3erl S40,:000.~'~If·Hj$51J))OO. whit~ in Example 1:,;3
~ve~~ th$17'{J(Lti!(rrtfli;$$ had '€xactfy two chlldr&n,

Ci,J~idefth.B.f~~~Vlt19 :~t#Q9ramWh€'Ie 1M v:eJ;ti~t'~i~h~notbeen,lab~~'t i,flih~~J'l'~f?'

Iea.f[lfr'Q'rn1.tiI~:~q'gf~mt'

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25 26 27
• &

AffSVl'er: 11is impossible 10 Qete~if'le the actuallreqaencies; Il'.)Wf;lver. we can determine

ttw: re!:;:ttl'v"e frc;quencfes by nutir::tgth~ traction of the totat ~n?a that 1s overany rnte''l,ai:

I
1
~ - ,

, . -, I

2-1 28 19

V'le can divide the area jnto~:terfequ.~I,p'onion:s. 'and then not~,'that It qr la% bnh~ ersa Js,
aC'l)\o'e2;:,-2$, .20%jsab~'JI1€t·.~ii-2j .:41)% fs·a..h.ov~27-28. :affe SO%!·js .aPQ:W 213-2~,
AltoDugh it is usuaJly riG} posstbie.;{o,diItID.z hlstogtah1SSQ nl~$'lylnl6-ten equaf are,all, thlij
prilittipJe 01f€.Jativefr0qU'.encr~s COf'ieSpof)qing 10 T~la{iV,:: aH,:aS still B;P1JfI~. ' '
. ; -,' - -,'.. ,'-.,

Rd;uive fre,! ucncie -;rrt:iht: 'Us;lill choice when <;:mlJ,;dring disrrihurions of dif:
ferv':M size pcipuhn inns. '

CUMULATIVE .FREQUi;NCY PLOTS

SQmerimc$ "-'vC: sum Freqo<m..zieS,and ~hdw the result visl~allyin(l: tJ{.mtila~.iuc{l-(;q[te!lo/
,/,>ioj {tlho krKfwn as an 0t/ut).

! I "l

.5 TO l-~ 20 25 eo 35 40

W!"',at can wa !e<J.fn'from thi$ ~lJmll!ati\teJre.qvenQY plot? FCH examp!.E:;,: going up to tfm graph'
ftorri ~ge 5, 'Ire see that. 15 -Or 15";<~of school emoltrnem is belOW age 5, GG1ng oyer to the
gri:!~h from .5 on \he vertlcalaxfs-, \Nt'l see th13l 50% of ttre acM()j atTrolimenll$ b~fQWand~
50Q,~is abr)VG a middle ag~ of 1'f. Going u,;rfrDrTl age';30, W~$:B~ tt!}aJ~95()r $5% of H'!i~entaU-
menl is below ').ge 30.snd thus '5%!sabOVe' age 30. GbJ.ngever trq,rn ,?S ani:! .75 on ihe v(it~
(conli(1l.1t?d)
 \
iiGai aXIS, WC:isee that the middle 50%, pl.school enroilrnent Is betwaan ~ges 13.an{l? a1 Ih",
fQwer 81'1d n.ndage is at the upper end,

STEM PLOTS
!\hhough ,1 hiiifqgr;:iIll may ~hvwb(HV many scores l-:1il IntlH'ach groupint; ur inter-
lh~' cxacr values of individualscoresarc ofren kx.;t, An alternarivc pkt{wbl {ll5~
V;11,
pL1Y. rCllkd i1 :'>[cmpiur;, ret;{·'nHhJs.l111,.hvidu::),f inform;:nion.

COfls!denhe:sElt{17,1£. tB. 13·;a8~~~, ~1,7Y. es. 5Q,'43, 37, 2.4}of pcircent8g~,oflhf~-.

matJe by j,••liohael Jgfdandurjrig'~his t3iY~aTs.\<vith thG tJu.lI$.LeJ 1 ,2,314,
pOJOi shots and;5
f...'tJ pfB.tehoklers fm lC~2D,3D, 4O•.B.lid'50~Lts1ihelSEt OLglt6T~ad~ value from trJeQrig.ifl.ljjl
set <1P,sl 1he appropriate 'p1a'cehofdJiL . ." .
Il;," rtfsu\l r,5~.stef!V:dC;(,{uJiQ ~aneo a sJ?mabd-ieaf cfiSP!~c.!j cif thes~ data:

St'l:!m-s L~ave$
I I 7 7 8 J
2 8 7 4
:3 3 5 7
4, ,3
5 {}

Note lh!:lt the st~mpfot ;giltes:!hB SrJ3pe (lftbs t~!l;to&!rnfrrarl!:i, llnllke .tJ¥lI'\i:;;t\ilgr~m, rr1l;llcat~s
the valuer, at th'e OljEinB! ciata.

Somcdrm:.\ turther by rearntti.glng '[be runubersin each n:)'\l;· in

~~'l:tiUiP": is-shown
:.:xmding.orde:r; Tki.s' (~rd(i'ed.d.i~ph~J'sho\.vs(l sktoridlt.;;'/~l(}f inf{nma,ti~)tl 'from d1t~
ilrigrnal Mnnplm. .
nh- rt''''l:;cd display Df the :data.in Example 1.7 is'~s follq-,\is:

1 :} "7
( 7
I
g
2 4 7 B
s
4-
I ') '7
" 8
3
S- O
 IT EL PI

$tJ~POS€ lnedistribuMn 01 25 advertised home prices (in thousands OfdQIW~) in a certaln

community ISgiven by the.set {56, 69. 1135,73.,'83, ;45, HD, 188. 127,77, 1IQ,11·::>,132. 120,
94, 130, 8'~. 65,.99, 154, B6, 12H, 12'2, 10§. 130}, Onf;1;possible sternplot of Th'6S-e d"t(lis

50-74 56 6<; 73
75-99 17 t33 '1;}4 36 -89 90 9.4 99
1-00-124 Q3 Hl 1? 20 ~ "r,
"!!4.'.

12&-r4~ 21 :ia 3{) ~2 .41'5

1;)t)-17A M 9&,
175-20Q 89
Noi~that the S!o,imSWerB chosen io btdnl!3ivalsofIenQth251'ind
, . ~'
ftiatth~ . 1 iir 1G'{lis lell ()~1
of the l~alies,s'O lhallMy aJik}f'\\iJ:!:J1i!':aIly,

CENTERAND SPREAD
Lnoking ara graph It:cj display, we see dUi !\-VU imponnnt ll~pecf5. of rh« overall p:n-
rrrn .lft:

L rhe csnrer: which separates che value:" (o,r"fr~;4 under The (LID'" in lilt:' C;l,SC of
:l hi$t~gnnll) [uughlyi nhalf; ;,tIW
2, the J1Htat:/~ rh.:u is, the scop.e'~}Fdw \ralues.from:smaile.'H.to i<J,tgeSl.

or
Jn tht"h);~l:0gr<lm KX:;\nlplc l.;,:}} the s:.rnter'i$2chllclri~n 'while ;.he spread 1:S (rom
{) w 6 t:niklren.
In dw his:togr;UTJ nfL,<:.unpJe 1,4 rhe t:~,::nteri.£belw{~i;ri $SO,OOO (lad ${)O,OOO, and
[he spreadisfrom $20JlOO If} $~){),OOD;inxhehlstogt'aJ'ft ofExampJe 1,5. [he cc-me
is henvi:',el'i i7;md ZS. and the $pr:e~d is from 25; H) 29.
In lhc:c,untulfl.ths(:: freqm~11'(:Y plot of E~:unpl{J1.6\ [he; cenrer is bet ween. J 0 and 11 ,
and the spH;'3:d h l~'om.? to 40,
In the ~(:~!'llIJlti~
!.ff-r.:.iai:llpk 1.7:rh;e., ,:,~n}et Js2Sf~'&>~,;u1dthe-spread 1~ii-orn 13!Hl It)
'SO%i' in rh~5tefnrh1-1 of Example] ;i{, 'tnt' censer is $11 Q,QOO,:¥ld the-spread .is [rom
$')6,0011 ~o$H}9~000.

CLUSTERS AND GAPS

OlhcriInpnrtlnt aspcessof the 0vt,;rilJ RjlITerrt~t6
Ldy :~~,,\~Ihich~h(;\:.;'narurs] s-~hgmups:'lM~)which the-values faU f!{-jf exam-
p]e, [he sabr~£s of reachersin ImaGa,NY, ful! inio du-et (lyer~'lpping clusters,
onc for puhlic ::;6h0t}1 teaehers, a :higher DI1~ ((,u IdUIGI C( liege professors,
and <111. even higher one fo,r Cornell University prfJft:;i;$'ms), ~fld
2. ,el~ti!; which show IH>ks where Im vsj~esfil1 UtSr example, 1 he Office of dw
tJ~'ill5,en,d!i letrers m ~al(kms being l}ut on the honor roll and to those
being pm on <l.Gl.Jemtc warnJl1g f9f 10'1'1-'grll.dc;s; thus the CPl\ distribution
f.fs-pldetlt:> receiving leuers frqm rheD.k.:m has-a huge middle g:.lp}_
8 AP Sla!/siICs

I
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11 !

11111
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35
Simplyooi'lnginalth~'Geroef pf llie:rlJsl1ibu.!iem,fS ~itrun~r42~dthesprli;ad'l$ IiornJ i
?2CJearlyriil$$~$ ~oTn~jhinQ'T~~ vatU€Sf*II,~t();t\~(idi~tf~~q~U~luffi'With~gap~fN~E:;(L

OUTUERS

Extreme v<tIU~Stqine,d fJutNers., ate fOun.d (nnJ~11t'1;ii$.~{ih.LItIom, SOB)t'rime;,':sd\yY;k((

thqre;;uh: ofenoIStn fneas1.Jn:ment.sanddesen";B~sel'lldrtJ~~ how('v(:t. (Judiefs.t~nnh(
be
:--.-
the --result,'- of.fiatl1ralcham:e
- - ,;"",'
',:' -'- -.-
ynrladon.0titB~rs:mtt\·qt~ut
-', --' -
nn : -.;
h6d
- '-.-'~'- .-.,' - .' '/~,

sldc~nt<l chsrnbuTwn .•

MODES
Somc·d15tribWtlnnsh:axe ·6n~'fJl'rn()re.m<ij6rp~~J:t:~~,diJJ.a4t'S,\virh (:1;:..(;r1y
rwo such peaks; the.:dislrlbut'on lssaldtobeR/rtim(jikfJot .lli.1!f'lf.rdal, rc.spcctIvdy~

CGfisider 1heM~~fam:~f !he ysar£y a\iBl'~B ~#i~s~~er

'game Ilgute$f~r Jetf Hcir'r1ac~k
(PhoenTx and H~~~n):

I
5.5
 I'
9

NotB thar thls,'is' a b:modal drstlibu!iorL The tour.assis! s,vB;ages bet,veen 4 ?nrl4-'5 3clu1lJly
correspond to the: tour S8a~O!lS{tom 1994'-95 ~hrough 1997-98, while the fP'Uf be~"(3~i1~
&iid 5:5 Gt)HIi)$pond to rnicH:fla car~rsii~s6trs, ' " , .,

Consiser the. I1js{O£Fw.1 of the ye-arlY,fiI1era.{jB POInt:? per if~meflg\JfBS for KarJ Maloge; {Utah)
trom Ht85-8U 1hmugh Hl9t:'-98,' ,.. ,.. ' ,"

NO,~tl~halthis i$;:i unimoj.ald]$tfibuti(.in withiW'q Dl!n~-er5,The 91)tliers.as. migll t?,0 g•.lP,,$ScBd,

Qar/esp,hn'd to Matone:'s 1ir?i NO SB:a~o~s es .., pro during which he B;VeG3.gw,ooly 14.9 am:!
~i ,( points per game. Di$r~Qafdin!J these;tw6 D(JlI lers, iNBsay Ihill thB- distnbut1(!Jnisfl!mO~t
sym.me.mc,

N()re ~h:;n, \1$ illustrated ;lntWc;il ; . IJ~tl;tltr ins: RKtivl;:' [.6 Inp~f(ir reasons behind
t)utlktKand modes.

SHAPE
DisuihUl.1(JnS come in :U1 tndj1;is~ Y4f1clJ of $t}~lPl'S.; hQ\vever.certain common
fH1tIJ;;,rHSarcwonhspecial memiore

l.. A t'ymrncttk dl~tribud(}nhn:nt in which the rwe h$h;t,'S arc injITorir),~<lg{;.i5 Df

~~cl;.!)rher. For-example, -the \~etghr5:otaJl pttiple in .romcuJ!;;~r~iT~:cio~ faH
ir!'fo$J·nrnie(dcdhrrihucip:n.~ c\ylth' h-\lgminirr-lInageb\impcs;:;o'l)e' fpr m;;:n~
w,dtht:s '-1ndcme Ftl! W6Intinj~, ~veights~
2~ Ad:lstdburhm I~ :flN'{IJ.'!(/ {.fiJjif' iiiht ifirScpf;t":a!nE\)-'LiJi~ t11inl)' ),f>\v::rrdxhe
!'ltht":r>v<uues. F()rexarnpk,';~g~;of non;!gt:narians{people in theh 9.t:Js)is.a
:iJIstrihml-G,n \vith s:harplyr ,d;ec.r~~ng-li!lmh-e!'s aii .i:)-fr~:movE frC)j:jl,'90'.)'c:af~
qld.":(l} .99:':ye:u-olds,
5; AdisrributioH is s/;:e1J/t:dw tht~If'{tlfh spreads fat arici thinl.):' t9W.aidr:he I9Wt'r
values. For exaruple, st."I.}~cson'~J;1:,e~l'ex~msilo"';" a {l1stfibuti{in -BuHched <if
thehigheI end with kw: 10\'" vnlues,
4~ A· ~it:1j"'Fjl/.tPtf:i Jisrrihmjl)tJ B;:5ynip1:erric )vlth n center iUl111l1d (lnJ two ~16p:-
iligt~it,,;,For example, the ~1i:5(rihU(ion 'JflQ scores acsoss thf.'gener-alpop-
ulation isIOUgh.ly symmctri;~\~·ith <l cenrer mf)und;lJ:mO~nd t\,vu sloIfing
tails.
5. A dhtnbutlon is un{t?n-m if itS hisrogramis ahOl"liiJutaJ line. For example,
t{~$sing>::lf!liJ die.: ~nd noting. many s:pors (p:ip~c) ~pp~ar on rop yields a
11Qw
nnihmn distriburion withl" thruugh 6 flll equally likdy_
 \
10 AP sienetice

I~ Symmetric SkC'wed to the righl

'/~\
~
/
'Skewtod 10 lhlO left
\\

,/ 0\<.
<;
Boll~1hap..'-i!l)iiif?tm

Even~vhenab~gi~ sltilp,eis J10Ied".it is ;n1pbrrill.1[!,l1:kH~;riQt.elfseme.ofthe'd,trn devl-

~r~ from r:his shape.

L-- . ----.----.-----
 Dit;ofavs '\"'\
Questions on > '.

10PlC 1: Grapnlc,<J.
.;,. "''''')

',>

.~ . .:

QuestIons on Topic '"\: Graphica\ Displays

Mu\t\?\e-ChQ\ceQueSl\OnS,

Directions: The qnesrions or llKoX:1plete SUltl.-Wpn,ts rh"'-l f6nQwateea~J61-

lowed by fiyeSl:!gge~ed:lll.S\f(erS orC:O.mp~e!i(}ns;Ghoo~~' the' responsethar be.~r
an vers the question .or completes the"S:tate.mtlH';

1_ Fnl1vwing "ir~ dl~ SAT math si=Ol:~sfi.)t ~ldl,'\JJ':St4ti8tk~class :of 20 students:

D6.'L ()5H. 6HJ,. (i7L), £i40f 643. 675; 450, 676~'5'70}6601 (?6T~ 510, 667d)?~:~
(l,l), '67 l. (it;)} 645, ~,nd6)O, The di1'trib{Jt~ont)f$CfH~S.L'i
(A) symmetric,
(B) <,;kei,v~drorhe JeJL
(C} skev ed L{) the righr,
'-'
{D) illld1Jrffi.
0:'1
',L, bell-shooed
' ,,' j'W_

L - templors ~H>{:u.scflJJ borh for quantitative and c;llcgoricai dam sets.

1I, SrempfQt$ are equally !J$du.l fors.B1~LUand Y4ry large dat::t sers.
lJ L Stem pl(iL~can shOWsY.ll1.meu)',g,.-qps. clusters, ;lnd ourlicrs.
(.1\) I onlv
<
(B) 11only
(e} lll.only
(D) 1 ;md 11
(£)1 8.nd lIT
3: Consider the Folli)\>".ingpi:cnue;
C'. - _.

-falof --
.~

~c.le-L

l 19N 1;995. 1S'~6

~rh(ch uf the foJJmvingsraremems u'r~.~tiH;r:
J. Total.sales .in. 1995 were two Limes. toralsales ~n 1994. while total sales In
191)6 wercrhre« times the 199,1-r{]lf'.'tL .
I]. The choke of l~bdil1g for the ~eniC4J ;'>:i5 results 1n J i''lJislc::3_ding sales
picnlre,
m. A.hl:f(0gr~rn sho\ving rhesJrut:1r1h)fmab\j/1. but [hi:; time with (l

verticalaxis star:ting ,11 $7H ,000. \~'011ldlH: less m.i:Jeading>

.~ 10011,
c(mjlI'o);ly
(C) III on~y
(D) JI and III
CL) None or
the above gives rhe complete s!?[ of rrue response:'>,
 Nt!:nb~r of
POf'S"DfU
ir-i!ir:1C1{r
~D! h,hhc-
~tt'rl'pIJ~n
(!.;>cc"",;
~c.t..!hf

\'\/lI!\ b of d~\; fD.]Ii",,,,jars, sraicmeors <l,r<:tme(

L Each vc;~r frDm 1?77 to J986

l' -."
dJ('. number of indic;tment5 h.l$ ;<;'t:~ldiJv !

,A
11 \);~!htlc the l1ull1b~~rofindluTnems has dc:di,~~~edr;:a.dh
Ye'.:Jf,th~;;lllH)Unt of'
hA~k"~~Iled.
d~'Cf{';aii~ X-
liJ 'Ih: bbdinf:{ or rhc b6rizDnr-.1J ;Ix,ili h:r.~l;(:-s).!lt;ed in lErilj~!c.3ding picrme. -./
fA) r nn!y
(SI n onl:_·
4) Hi iiniy
n)) i ;md IJ
(E.i None or rhe:J!Hwegiv' o

the complete set of [me reSpOJ1S(!S.

L Hud1 dorplets ~:!1ds'remplots £311 show f,:yn-imerry, 6'dP-S, dusters; ;!t)d our-
licrs, V""

-
1L In hisLOgr~lm:-;. nilanve;m:J3 correspond rcrelarivc fre!.}lJt;"Kles, V' /
m. inhht6gl'ril1l:';. f)'e']tH.:nci<?1) cw be determined frorn:rr;:hrcive hc.jghr,.,t
'A" 1/ 'It
\,i
1
(l rH}'
CB) I ,lIlt! LI
J lli
n» Jl ILl
i.n, ;md nr

L AJl Sj'trl mt'I'Jit, h-i:m~gf.;;m13 h:lv,~ single Psal;$; 'I--

I L All "ymmdl-i( hdl-~hape.dtlJrve~arcnnrrnal, v;
IlL All nnrmal G_UlVc::\ Me lYdl~shapn! and sl1TImer~l.c,
(J\1 1 only
(8) U Dill)),

{C) Jll on~y

(D) J ;1J:lJ 1J
'(Et None d' the ilbnvc; gfv.cs the cornph;re:;c'f Oflfll~ r6ports~s.
 • L. _.. 11'

7. \\/bich f)f the f~)IIo\vlng distributions <lfC ll'1orelikdy robe skewed to the right
than skewt;d to the lefe .
L HtHJRebold 1nC0111(.'5 ~
IL Home prices ~
J It Ag.cJ~of' tcmage drivers

~r\~_jl~'I
{Cl I al1d IU
{DJ Hand]n
(E) 1. H,. ;md iu
$, WhlCh of dw follo\'<htg arc true sraeemenrsz'
1. ]wt) $lt.ldl.:nts'''Vijrki.~1~ with the same -"7{)'f~iit:~t11aY'C()mc.up with his~
tt)gJd.:rm:s rhar ]l)tll<- dtflerem.
'\:0..'-- -, -..,
. .

Il, Dhph\Ylng oudiers is IC5:i prob!ef'ilit:ic \Nhci) iliiu:ghis\'qgrams t.h"...n when

lJ~;t\g ~:iTt'!)lpl<.!\:5, x:-
lII. Hlsh"Jf/,lHn are more widdy used lhOil1 sh:mplQciqr 40tpk:its because b i~~~
t(tgnilJiS dj~pia y [he v;J1Ut~~ ·of individual.observarions.

MJ l onlv
(13) H'{~nly
(C) IIIoo1y
iD) 1 ;lOt! H
(Er 11and lIJ

I
I

I ~-
I
i
Il i
t I I
j
i
I
I I
l' • I:
ee 60 70 80~{) lOO.
~W'bich of the fullov'/in~ srarcmcnts are trut?

f 1, Tilt: mit1d!:e Imedia») score Vi,',1.:') 15,X . _

l
Il, Jfthe pa..5-~lng score was 60, moststltdents;'failed.
IlL More st,udem!; $('0>.; I between ~O,~!)~~O rl,ianbt~\>;.i~·C.J190 and
lQO. ~

I
{A) 1(01)-'
CB) U \lnly
{Cl Ill only
l ...·.}}i. n~lrHJ n I
@/D
.M L 11, and m
-"'-~_'Jr~,"

14 AP Starlstics

.IO. \Xfhi,ob is a hiscograiTL for the agesof aU fam!}y members inhouseholdswhcrr

the parenrs have been married less than :; yeil.n; and a fe,,,,.of the famJiies have
srnallcliildren? '

le} .... y
/ \",.:,", .,..
----/ ".

11, A hiw"6gtlln1o'f rheeducarional

levei (in number 'tyears ofiit:hoollng) d-w ot
adult pq,pulidbn BFt:h~lJnit~d3rares';!<V~I.uld haye\yh~ch of:rhe fqll~\irig
dutt:1tCtertSlk-s.?

L tiym metry'
D. c.ttlm:~fs J
If 1, Ske,.,;vnes;) eo rhe lefr v
fA} .Ilonlv
(B-J IMd:1!
<C J ;~nd·fU
(()) Hand'VI
lE r, 1l,and'IU

ro
1 :,~
2. ~l 0 t 35','(1' TYl8\ 9
;3 ,f}1 1 -2]. 3 3·4 4, :; 6,,{ii6 '6 7 8 a 9 '9
4 o 0:o 1 ], i i 1 i:'; ,f'3 .1'4 56 67 7 S: ~r
1 i9Ap P:2' f ~;f~;,"'\;~>4 -4:5':1 s e Cl;,~?7 .., 1 7 8 KB"S& fj 1P)~)'l)'~'9 ~?,;i;j g,'9
6 en.e l11 ~'2~.3 4,.q ') ',')i567 7~ ~::J~t
70 12 ')',6 s 79
12
th~triiiidle{m~rli~n)i:,fthi~,§ct?
'~'7h~t'I~
(A) 55
(B~ 5.4
(C) 62
(D) 6:3;-
{E} ~4
, PI,
•
Ouessione on Topic L Graphir:;ai Displays 15

13, The ['ollDwing hiswgr'\nl indicates the relative frt{jucn~le-, of ages of U.£. sci-
", crn isrs in 1967:
Q...
--+ !
I- gu
! I , ,

I . I
I .

I
I .
--
I 'I .
-r--
.
-., -
-
I ~ I I I ,I

--+--;---
I
• .,
\
I I ~
•
I I
+ .. I
20 3D 40 60 65
Approximately , ••.
-h~.rpe.ce;niage of the scienrisrs are: berwecn 25 am] 4{))w:~re;~,f'
age?

fA) IQ~'b
® 15lJ~)
(C) 2'J{J{)
(DJ 4tWb
{ F.) .::;.W!ii!

Answer Key
B A. C 7_ .B la. B 13, E
.,1 C ). E B. A 1 1. D
;~
~,l , B (1., C ~. C lL. B

Answers Explained
l, {B) The low 5Qtl,K5Qf510. 57)" and 610, farfr-orn the r.e-t'nainin.gscore-f,Whi.i:lr
are all bt:nveen63:)lahd (iSO, fllake rni's.di;s'trihllrltHi skewed to ;h;;l~ft\ ' .:

2. (C) St(;mplors are.rior used for can~,-g~}ric~r~dar4

S~iS and are I()(} ull~vieldj: t~·
be used. H~Hv~i'y larf:,~ ~;'l.la $et~. . '.

J. {IW Thc'v'i;'ttjeal ID;:i~.·s[iriiJjg.;u$71,A1(YQ,resulrs in a mlsleild] (jg.!I,ab};p'knv-e~

lr would he be-tter ro srarrar $0, not$78.0tJO.

4.(.C) wh-hdiffcremyeM spans results ina mislead-·

Labding--the'horhontal.;Lxi,s
ing picture.Tht number of indktnierits per yt;-n i's actually tnn~tng. ..

5. (B) In general, hIsmgrams give hrtorma.riQn~tboU( relative [requencies, ~:t(H

:JCCU:1] IT-cq1.Hincies.

Cl. (C) Symm~ ..tdc hrstogr.;:lm:; can have "my ntlmtler or p,:aks. All normal C{trv\?s:
arc bc1I~1ib1lpettand s)'mmerrk; but nor.all ..symmetric bell-~h~pod curves-are
norma].
i£ Ap St-~tjstiC$

7, (B) Incomes and home prices rend t9 have iJ. fev very hjgh scoresthar make
the- disrriburions skewed to the righT:.. Teenage driven mostly have RgeJi"rn the
lasr I~t;n~geyears. with a sf.4n~:rlftg:of)"ounger dl'ivers, and rhus :n:listrJbudOH
5k.cwcdw the lefl_

8. (A) Choice nf width and. number ()f classes changes rbe Hpp1·,aJaIl.;::,e of a
hismgntm. Displaying ourlicrs j51f)Ore problemaric with his1kJgt(-IITlS.
H'i~t9:gtams d", nqt showindividual Db$(~n:,i~rioIls.

9. (C) The median score splits d.'1e_~r(;<1in half) ,11;.1id so[h~m-{,'dia,n iSJ10{ 75..,The,
;iie~ berween 5~}and 60 is~.rt:at{:r tha.n the area bcnvecn;90and i no but is ]l:f;S
th~J1lh~~1fe;}
bdv;reefl GO ~jd, 1eo. .
10. (B) MOH of the fml~'lie.5 proh..tbty have nrx children, white a ~w httye \~ery
),ou:n,g c.hildr~n, bence tht: -smillbumHon tht lower ~ndqf(BJ+

1L (1)) T'h:ert>\vill be' ch.l~l'eg around 8, U, and 16x(::ars of schQoHng.'mnll.seg-

menrs .of rhc population \.'1,'111have '{IT!' fe\-v yel'l'S of sch0cilingi a1Jfi so rhe drs-
trihUtlOIl ,;,;111be skr:v,"cd to the left.

l2. (B) The us

scores art already ;::n:r~nged fi1ascending ortkt. Cqullting lip or
down
~ rorhesixrv-third
'."'. ~ .. $C{)fC shows-rhe median to be 54.
.- .
, - -.

.13. {EJ

-
, '

-
! !
I, ,1 I i
l I I t J
 t £ t £

Ouestions or! Topic 1: Greotuc» t Disotev» 17

Free-Response Questions
Directions: You l'}lUSJ. sho)"IY' all work and indicate the nt(tth0{is }'~lU<Li..s;;e'.:¥C:\ll
will ht:gr~ded 011 the )::;iirec-rne',Ss':6fyotlI 'met11~asahd onthea~~~~~Y~N,
final answers. '. - -., -' . ,,', .. -. " ,>~, >, "{-

Two Open" Ended Questions

l. Ao.:wdjng to .rhc /9£)1 IV/iEP Ttitl! S{at-e./issessmei __ lt the <1.n::ragtl mathematics:
P'fOhcithcy sto):e" jn Eighth t'T>ld6 f-(}i ~ll ~t~tcs ,'{{:ereas fOUOi;,"S:

')
..c, COi1~irkr i1i~,f~}J6\'.j1ng ni:I,h--d.er rates (per 1 00 ,0 OD people).
-
1\J. .f:3,:;j IN '6.2- NE 2.) RI 4;0
A:K' 12.9 lA 1,6 NV 15.5 se J 15
l\.Z· 9)i-'.'-'
xs
~ 5.:;' NH lA SI} L9
9:[ S-.,( TN 9.4'
i\R 8.9 NJ 5A
.c;,~ 1 L'J. l.A t5A3 NJvt H1.2 TX 14.:r
C() 1'3 .1\-rE '1-7
~{ NY Hkl UT 0:1
(.:r ,4.2 ;MD 8,2 Ne 1 0,.8 VT :3:,3
tiE ;Cl;? '·MA: :1] ND 1'/.
.•.. 'v':A ~L8
FI. lLD. Ail Hl6 OH 6.9 '«Ih 4.&.
CiA -l~:4 1VtN 2,0 OK 8.5 WV » B
P:;.
c'

H1 '6j 1v15 12.6 OR 5,0 \Xi'J :25

1D ~A ',tYf(;1 10,4 PA 6.2 \\7)' 7.1
Tt ~:t9 ~\!lT 4.-8
18 A,P Statistics

Answers Explained

18 235
27 0 1 J 2234 44778 H
16 u o l' 2 4 Lt ): 5 6 7 7 7 7 9
25 rs 728 8 99 9
24, {} 9
The chU~tare roughly .ymm~:t[k and bell-shaped; rh~y art, (;(n~ef\:d in rhc
26Q~,\\'~-rha spt~ad fmrn 246 eo 2$3, and no OlH!iCfS, clusters, Qr.gHp'.

]., Tht~g<lrll'!';Ui)§e frorh 1.9~~};15,s . .r1~dBng. S:lX class inte'fvaJ", each of\\>idih3;
i~~y.·"e11.0 and.18>$e~rm;: reasoH2Mei.aldlOU'gh manyother choici's·)l.l'CP!;')S5;bIE_
')n the TI4'33,f<jr mWiple, pmtj~ the data inro U .. mmij1~bn P16tJin
. TAT' PL01~. pitkirlg the, hI~lQgra:fI1 {rum among the six· type ,chjjc('~;
·dcsigrraL1J1.€\ 'Ll fOf X]JS! 2ticl I fot Freq, lhcn either Hsin.g Zt;>.gl'l'l$U:r ,pi:
111 \Xl1NDOV;'~ ~rting XmiJ1 "'. 0. Xmax « Lx, Xscl "" 3, V min= ()., and
Ymax.,,< 1 )H>suin. in [he feilk)\.vil1g GRAPH:
I
I
I
. I
\
t
I
I
\

I
I
I
!,
i
.;

.
i

,
;

I I
\
I
i
!
:6 15·

Th~<<.U~tJ::~btlt~nn.h, T19f ~YiI1m~m0hut rather Ius 2; slight skew w' 'tht Iighr,
IndiC1lt1r~gthat :there are'~ ftW'kt:lt# '\vlrh much higher tl)'LlrJcrt~t€~th:ttl
fCiunditl tlje ~rrtttthi!,!g bUlk drtl~SXfHt"5,