Definition of model:

A representation of a system that allows for investigation of the properties of the system and, in some cases, prediction of future outcomes. Models are often used in quantitative analysis and technical analysis, and sometimes also used in fundamental analysis. In psychology we take a model as A system for representing a psychological phenomenon more clearly There can e different perspectives or models roader or narrow, dealing with particular aspects of people for e!ample,

"iological model genetic influences "ehavioral model overt ehavior #ognitive model thought processes
These models or perspectives however are of limited scope, although each serves a purpose. $ingle perspective do not present the complete view of human eings and do not tell the whole truth a out them.

Psychodynamic model:
%sychodynamic is a systemi&ed study and theory of psychological forces that underlie human ehavior, emphasi&ing the inter play etween unconscious and conscious motivation and the functions. This model is largely ased on 'reud(s psychoanalytic theory. 'reud elieved that the mind is made up of three parts, the conscious, su conscious and unconscious, altogether forming the mental ice erg. The psychodynamic model is interested in how childhood relationships and e!periences affect future mental health.

Introduction:
The term psychodynamic refers to a wide group of theories that emphasi&ing the overriding influences of instincts, drives and forces and the importance of developmental e!perience in shaping personality. Instinct or drive: $trong internal forces known as instincts motivate the human ehavior. They are also called drives. There are two ma)or types of instincts.

*. +ife instincts, it refers to li ido $eeking pleasure ehavior, satisfying their asic needs e.g. friendship, love etc -. .eath instincts, it refers to Thanatos unconscious desire to die, aggressiveness, and self/destruction. 0arly in their development, these theories focus on the influence of conscious drive and forces1 out they received much criticism and su sequent revision. Most recent psychodynamic theory places greater emphasis on conscious e!perience and its interaction with the unconscious, in addition to the role that social factors play in development. The psychodynamic model is more concerned with the unconscious forces determining ehavior.

Assumptions of psychodynamic model:

The essence of the psychodynamic model is that The most significant forces shaping human ehavior operate at the unconscious level. %eople are not aware of the most critical motivations or of their most important conflicts and frustrations. $imilarly the an!iety generated y conflicts may e disguised as defenses, which are used to reduce the stress, operate at the unconscious level.

History of psychodynamic model:

0rnst von "rucke, $igmund 'reud, #arl 2ung, Adler and Melanie 3lein initially developed psychodynamic. "y the mid *456 and into *476, the general application of the psychodynamic theory had een well esta lished. In *488, in ook introduction to psychodynamics, psychologist 9orowists states that his own interest and fascination with psychodynamic egan during *476(s, when he heard :alph green son, a popular local psychoanalyst, who spoke to the pu lic on topic such as people who hate. 9orowits vividly descri ed neurotic ehavior and unconscious mental process and linked psychodynamic theory directly to everyday life.

Freud and psychodynamic model:

The psychodynamic approach was largely the result of the work of $igmund 'reud, who developed the theory and technique of psychoanalysis. 'reud(s work was the eginning of the psychodynamic model and his theories dominated this approach throughout the first half of the present century. 'reud was a rilliant young ;iennese physician who at first speciali&ed in neurology and received an appointment as lecturer on nervous disease at the <niversity of ;ienna. 9e was impressed y their use of hypnosis with hysterical

patients and came way convinced that powerful mental processes could remain hidden from consciousness. 9e directed the patients under from hypnosis to talk freely a out their pro lems and a out what othered them. <nder these circumstances the patient usually displayed considera le emotions and on awakening from the hypnotic state felt considera ly relieved. "ecause of the emotional releases involved, this method was called cathartic method. This simple innovation in the use of hypnosis proved to e of great significance, thus was made the discovery of the unconscious that portion of the mind that contains e!periences of which we are unaware and with it, the elief, that processes outside the awareness of the person can play an important role in the determination of ehavior. Free association, a psychotherapeutic technique in which the patient says whatever comes to mind. 'reud goal in his system of psychoanalysis was to ring into conscious awareness the repressed memories, which were the source of a normality. 'reud had also learned that a patients dream could e a source of significant emotional material and contain clues to the underlying causes of a distur ance. Transference, is a process y which a patient respond to the therapist as if the therapist were a significant person in the patient(s life

Topography of mind:
'reud postulates the three states of mental activity conscious, preconscious and unconscious. 1. Conscious, It consists of those mental events and activities of which the organism is immediately aware. The law of logic governs conscious mental thoughts. . Pre conscious: It is intermediate state, separating the contents of the conscious and the unconscious. The contents of the preconscious are not as directly accessi le as that of conscious. "ut it(s more easily retrieva le than that of unconscious. !. "nconscious, The unconscious is the repository of all sorts of activity repressed material, such as unpleasant or socially unaccepta le li idinal strivings, and conflicts. The laws of logic do not govern the contents of unconscious.

#evels of personality
=ithin the mind there are three aspects of your personality that determine how you ehave. *. Id -. 0go

>. $uper ego 1$ Id The id is completely selfish, immediate gratification of needs without reference to reality or moral considerations. 9e related it with pleasure principle. $ %go: The part that mediated etween the demands of the id and the realities of the e!ternal world, asic purpose is to meet id demands, ut in such a way as to ensure the well eing and survival of the individual. 9e relates it with reality principle. !$ &uper ego: This is a part that contains your morals and is concerned with right and wrong and strives to control the ego inhi it desires that are considered wrong or immoral. According to 'reud ego is the part, which sees attling with three forces, the id, the ego and the super ego and the outside world. 9ence the asic psychodynamic model focuses on dynamic inter actions etween the id, 0go and super ego.

.Conflict 'et(een id) ego and super ego:

$ometimes the same situation may provide cues for more than one response. If oth responses can occur, there is no particular difficulty. 9owever a situation if provides cues for two incompati'le responses, there is conflict. As said that according to 'reud there are three aspects to your personality that determine how you ehave, the id, ego and superego. The id demands immediate satisfaction of needs, the superego contains your morals and the ego that controls the fight etween the two. #onflict is a central issue in psychoanalytic theory and 'reud talk a out intrapsychic conflicts. The ego is the mediator etween two, this causes the ego to e*perience conflicts, which turns into an*iety. $o the fight etween id and superego causing a'normality ecause of the conflict etween the two. It assumes that mental illness is the result of psychological rather than physical causes.

Causes of a'normality
It assumes that mental illness arises from unconscious and repressed conflicts at a young age, like 'reud(s ?edipus comple!. It e!plains the causes for mental illness as ehavior that can e e!plained in terms of the factors that motivate it. <nresolved, unconscious conflicts form in early childhood and create an!iety, like the death of a parent and then repressing the associated feelings. If the associated feelings are then re/e!perienced later in life for e!ample, it could lead to previously une!pressed anger directed inwards towards the self, causing depression

1. +uilt and an*iety:

@uilt and an!iety is a result of the feelings of stress involving se!uality, hostility, status and dependency, a characteristic emotional state consists of a generali&ed psychological tension called an!iety, which is com ined with the psychological attitude of the guilt. An!iety is asically an emotional e!perience similar to ut not identical with feelings of nervousness, worry agitating and pain 'reud gave three types of an!iety. aA :ealistic A Beurotic cA Moral A. ,ealistic an*iety: The an!iety that is felt in response to some actual physical danger in surroundings is known as realistic an!iety. -. .eurotic an*iety: The second kind of an!iety is neurotic an!iety that is felt whenever some of the unpredicta'le content from the unconscious mind is a out to enter consciousness. C. /ental an*iety: The fear that the internali0ed values of the superego are a out to e compromised is called moral an!iety.

-asic response of an*iety:

?ne of the most asic responses of an*iety and guilt is the release of the hormone adrenaline y the adrenal glands, this result in speeding up heart rate) increased 'lood pressure) more rapid 'reathing. The psychodynamic model maintains that the awareness of the psychological changes in the ody is an*iety and that is appearing when unconscious conflicts threaten to ecome consciousness. @uilt is potentially damaging attitude, which according to the psychodynamic view can e either conscious or unconscious. @uilt and an!iety feelings, according to the psychodynamic model are largely responsi le for distur ed ehavior.

!. Childhood e*periences:
According to psychodynamic model, adult mental disorder develops ecause of unconscious conflicts originated in childhood. It causes fi*ation at a psychose*ual stage due to conflict.

1.Fi*ation at psychose*ual stages:

'reud elieved there were numerous stages that individuals go through during development, they are psychose!ual stages. 0ach stage has an erogenous 0one. Associated with it that is the greatest source of pleasure for the person. Ma)or conflicts can cause an individual to ecome fi*ated at that stage, at times of great emotional stress a person may regress to that earlier stage of development. 'reud gave five psychose!ual stages. *. ?ral stage, It spans appro!imately first *8months of life. %rogenous 0one is the mouth. %leasure comes from sucking, iting, chewing etc. .eficiency, e!cessive gratification at this stage leads to pathology. %erson may also choose profession in which mouth is used such as professor. -. Anal stage, The focus of pleasure is the anus. 9olding it in and letting it go are greatly en)oyed. Toilet training occurs in this period. >. %hallic stage, +enital area is the pleasure 0one. It occurs when the child is appro!imately three to si! years old. This is one of the most complicated and controversial of 'reud(s stages. The male child e!periences the 2edipus comple* named for the @reek mythological character that unknowingly marries his mother. According to 'reud the male child is attracted towards the mother and feels resentments for the father ecause he views him as rival for the mother(s attention. The oy egins to fear father and this ear ecome Castration an*iety. This means that the oy is afraid that he may loose his se! organ assumed to e responsi le for the conflict etween him and his father. ?edipus comple! is resolved when oy repress his desire for mother and hostility for his father. Be!t, the oy identifies with the father. In a sense he ecomes father and there y shares the mother. 'or e!ample child the situation is much more comple!. $he goes through the %lectra comple*3 the female child develops strong positive feelings for the mother ecause she satisfies her needs. 9owever this affection is reduced when she discovers that she does not possess a penis. The girl holds her mother

responsi le for deli erately depriving her of this valued organ. As for her father, the girl is attracted towards him ecause he does have the valued organ and she wants to share it with him. 9owever this attraction is mingled with envy since he has something she does not. $he said to e suffering from the penis envy. $o the girl child has positive and negative feelings for oth parents. According to 'reud the only hope for her is to eventually have a a y oy of her own where y she will finally o tain a penis, through only sym olically. 5. +atency stage, It lasts from a out si! to twelve years. This is a time when se!ual interests are temporarily forgotten and activities such as learning, athletics and peer group interaction take place precedence. 7. @enital stage, It occurs following pu erty. This is marked with a resurgence of se*ual and aggressive impulses with an increases interest in the opposite se!. Bow ideally the person is transformed from a selfish pleasure seeking individual to a normal adult with heterose!ual interest. .uring any of the earlier stage coupled with li'ido fi*ation, mal ad4ustment and psychological disorders occur. Ma)or conflicts of e!cessive gratification at any stage means that the child ecomes fi!ated. At times of great emotional stress a person may regress to an earlier stage of development, thum' suc5ing, comfort eating in times of stress.

$tage

Ages

'ocus of li ido

Ma)or development

Adult fi!ation e!ample

oral

6/*

Mouth, lips, tongue Anus

=eaning of reast, $moking, feeding overeating Toilet training Messiness, orderliness .eviancy, se!ual dysfunction

Anal

*/>

%hallic

>/C

@enitals

:esolving ?edipusD0lectra comple!

+atency

C/*-

Bone

.eveloping defense mechanism ,eaching full se*ual maturity

none

+enital

1 6

+enitals

&e*ual maturity and mental health

Defense mechanism
0go has many ingenious devices at its disposal to keep an!iety at the ay, these are known as ego defense mechanisms. $ome of the most asic are as follow. .efenses %*planation 0!ample

,epression &u'limation

$uppressing a memory until it disappears into unconscious

A woman una le to recall that she was raped

:edirecting wrong urges into socially accepta le A person with strong actions feelings of aggression ecomes a soldier Bot acknowledging that there is pro lem Alcoholic who refuses to elieve his drinking makes an impact on his )o performance or family life Assuming that someone you e!tremely dislike e!tremely dislikes you 9aving a ias against a particular race or culture and then em racing that race or culture to the e!treme

Denial

Pro4ection

%utting your own eliefs onto someone else

,eaction Formation

Thinking in a way that is the e!treme opposite of unaccepta le urges

Avoiding unaccepta le emotions y focusing on 'ocusing on the details of a Intellectuali0ation the intellectual aspects funeral as opposed to the sadness and grief

Displacement

0!pression of an unwanted feeling to someone "rother yells on her younger weaker instead of a stronger sister after teacher gave him ad grades :eturning to a previous stage of development Throwing a temper tantrum when you donEt get your way Two close friends have a violent argument1 when they ne!t meet, each act as if the disagreement had never occurred A woman with a closet full of dresses uys a new one ecause she doesnEt have anything to wear.

,egression

"ndoing

An act or communication which partially negates a previous one.

,ationali0ation

$upplying a logical or rational reason as opposed to the real reason

%valuation of Freud psychodynamic:

'reud(s li ral use of ideas regarding se!, infantile se!ulatiy etc were not digested. 'reud(s revolutionary ideas were so radical that the medical and academic communities re)ected them. 9is term unconscious was not popular among common people ecause that time educated elite was small, so only they were familiar. 9e plagiari&ed many of his asic concepts from ancient literature and greek mythology i.e. ?edipus comple!, intrapsychic conflict, many erotic sym olism in dreams, infantile se!uality. +ack of scientific and empirical data to support theory. 9ypothesis generated from the theory are not testa le.

'reud(s conception of personality is uilt on uno serva le a stract conceptions, ego id we cant see them. 'reud relied heavily on case study data as evidence for the various aspects of his theory, data from limited population.

Contri'utors of Psychodynamic /odel,

2ther Psychodynamic Theorists
There are many forms of psychodynamic theory, eyond those discussed a ove. $ome, descri ed as neo7Freudians) retained many of the concepts proposed y 'reud. Among these are the Fego psychologyF school pioneered y 'reudEs daughter Anna, which focusses on the strategies used to preserve the ego, especially defense mechanisms. The Fo )ect relationsF school Gemphasi&ing the importance of relationships, especially to the mother in early childhoodA other psychodynamic theorists diverged significantly from the 'reudian tradition//even some who were trained originally in psychoanalysis, like 3aren 9orney, 0rik 0rikson Ga student of Anna 'reudA, and 0rich 'romm Gwho, while often descri ed as a neo/'reudian, is actually closer to the humanists than to traditional 'reudian theoryA. It is impossi le to address all of the variants here, either historical or contemporary, ut the following links can provide a starting point if seeking information on a specific theorist.
Carl +ustav 8ung 91:;<71=>1$ 9e was the pupil of 'reud and the $wiss psychiatrist. 9e has een following 'reud(s writing and had sent him copies of his articles and his first ook, the psychology of dementia praeco!, in which he upheld the 'reudian psychodynamic viewpoint, although with some reservations. That year, 'reud invited 2ung to visit him in ;ienna the two men, it is said, were greatly attracted to each other, and they talked continuously for thirteen hours. This led to a professional relationship in which they corresponded on weekly asis, for a period of si! years.

Carl 8ung Contri'ution in Psychodynamic /odel:

#arl 2ung(s contri utions in psychodynamic model include, The psyche tends towards wholeness.

The self is composed of the ego, the personal unconscious) and the collective unconscious. The collective unconscious contains the archetypes, which manifest in ways particular to each individual.

Archetypes:
An archetype is an inherited predisposition to enact or respond to certain aspects of the world

%*ample of 8ungian Archetypes

Archetypes Definitions Anima The feminine qualities present in all men Animus Persona &hado( &elf &ym'ol =omen, ;irgin Mary, Mona +isa The masculine qualities present in all women Man, #hrist, .on 2uan Mask The artificial social roles we enact in pu lic Mask The repressed animalistic urges that we would$atan, 9itler prefer not to recogni&e in ourselves The em odiment of unity, harmony andMandela or magic circle wholeness within personality

A. The persona: %ersona is the @reek word for mask. 2ung used this term to refer to one(s pu lic self. ". The anima: This is the female component of the male psyche. The anima results from the e!periences men have had with women through the centuries. #. The animus: It is the masculine part of the female psyche. It furnishes the female with traits and also provides the image of the ideal male. .. The shado(: This is the darkest and deepest part of the psyche. It is the part of our personality that we inherit from our pre human ancestors. And contains all of the animal instincts. It is the veil side of human kind. 0. The self: It is the component of the psyche that attempts to harmoni&e all other components. It represents the human struggle for unity, wholeness and integration of the total personality.

Psychological types:
2ung has developed a personality typology that has ecome very popular. 9e distinguished etween two types of personalities1 the introvert and the e*troverts.

Introverts: introverts are people who prefer their internal world of thoughts, feelings, fantasies, dreams, and so on. They are generally quiet, shy and imaginative. 0!troverts, 0!troverts prefer the e!ternal world of things and people, activities. They are outgoing, friendly and social a le. 9e used this concept to e!plain why different kinds of individual develop different kinds of theories 'reud was an e!trovert and thus developed a theory that stressed the e!ternal world e.g. se! o )ect. Adler was an introvert and he stressed internal factors such as the will to power.

In addition to these there are four functions pertaining to how an individual deals with the world. They are, i. $ensing ii. 'eeling iii. Thinking iv. Intuiting &ensing: it detects the presence of things. It indicates that something is there ut does not indicate what it is. Thin5ing: It tells what a thing i. it gives a name to things that are sensed. Feeling: it tells whether a thing is accepta le or unaccepta le. %leasant or unpleasant. It determines whether the thing is of worth to the individual. It pertains to liking and disliking. Intuiting: It hunches a out past or future events when factual information is not availa le. Thinking and feeling are called rational functions as they make )udgments and evaluations whereas feeling and thinking are considera le polar opposites ecause when we think we must e!clude feeling and when we feel we must e!clude thinking. +ikewise the sensation and intuition, the irrational functions, are thought to e polar opposites. "y com ining to attitudes and four functions, 2ung descri ed eight types of people. *. Thinking e!trovertDintrovert -. 'eeling e!trovertDintrovert >. $ensing e!trovertDintrovert 5. Intuiting e!trovertDintrovert

Alfred adler
Adler is usually considered the first proponent of social psychological approach. 9e developed a theory in which social interest plays a ma)or role .In alders view the primary motivators of the ehavior is not se!uality ut an aggressive drive for dominance .9e proposed a generali&ed feeling of inferiority as a motivating force in ehavior as it was in his own life. Adler related this concept of inferiority to physical defects .Failure to compensate the inferiority feelings can lead to the development of an inferiority comple* .Adler(s most important contri ution was his concern with social conte!t of personality. Adler was concern not )ust with intimate social relationship ut with society in general which he hoped to serve through psychiatric means.

/a4or methods and techni?ues:

The most common therapeutic technique of Alderian therapy includes investigating the client life style or asic orientation towards life. This is done systematically e mental life. *. "irth order -. 0arly collection >. .reams

Harry stal5 &ullivan

The study of psychological disorder as a social phenomenon was carried forwardly American psychiatric 9arry stalk $ullivan. +ike Adler he claimed that psychological pro lems oth stem from and defined y interpersonal pro'lems. 9e made two important contri utions to psychodynamic perspective. 'irst he pointed out the critical role of self concept. 9e argued that as children each of us develop the self system made up largely of other people(s appraisals of us. If those are harsh ,and la el that not me in order to spare oneself an!iety.

@aren Horny
%erhaps the most important contri ution 3aren 9orney made to psychodynamic thought was her disagreements with 'reudEs view of women. 9orney was never a student of 'reud, ut did study his work and eventually taught psychoanalysis at oth the "erlin and Bew Hork %sychoanalytic Institute. After her insistence that 'reudEs view of the inherent difference etween males and females) she agreed to leave the institute and form her own school known as the American Institute for %sychoanalysis. In many ways, 9orney was well ahead of her time and although she died efore the feminist movement took hold, she was perhaps the theorist who changed the way psychology looked at gender differences. $he countered 'reudEs concept of penis envy with what she called wom envy, or manAs envy of (omanAs a'ility to 'ear children . $he argued that men compensate for this ina ility y striving for achievement and success in other realms. These views, while not well accepted at the time, were used years after her death to help promote gender equality.

.eurosis and ,elationships

9orney was also known for her study of neurotic personality. $he defined neurosis as a maladaptive and counterproductive way of dealing with relationships. These people are unhappy and desperately seek out relationships in order to feel good a out them. Their way of securing these relationships include pro)ections of their own insecurity and neediness which eventually drives others away. Most of us have come in contact with people who seem to successfully irritate or frighten people away with their clinginess, significant lack of self esteem, and even anger and threatening ehavior. According to 9orney, these individuals adapted this personality style through a childhood filled with an!iety. And while this way of dealing with others may have een eneficial in their youth, as adults it serves to almost guarantee their needs will not e met.

.urotic needs:
9orney indentified *6 strategies for coping with asic an!iety which she called neurotic trends.

Ten .eurotic .eeds Identified -y Horney

%*cessive needs for 1.affection and approval -ehavioral definition Indiscriminate striving to e loved and admired others1 sensitive to criticism, re)ection y

.Having a partner to ta5e 0!cessive dependence on others and fearful of eing control a andoned1 overvaluing love cause love can solve everything !.,estricting life (ithin narro( %reference for a life style in which routine and limits orderliness are paramount eing undemanding, content with little and su mitting to the will of others 1.Po(er <.%*ploiting others >.&ocial recognition ;.Personal admiration .omination and control of others for its own sake1 havin contempt for weakness .read of eing e!ploited or made to look stupid y others ut think nothing of taking advantage of them =ish to e admired and respected y others1 asing self image on pu lic .rive to create an inherited self image devoid of flaws and limitations1 living to e flattered and complimented y others Intense striving o e the very est regardless of the consequences1 dreading failure and Avoidance of any relationship that involves commitment or o ligation1 distancing self from

:.Personal am'ition =.&elf sufficiency independence

anything anyone 1B.Perfection unassaila'ility and Attempt to e completely moral and flawless in every respect1 maintaining an appearance of perfection and virtue

$he identified three ways of dealing with the world that are formed y an up ringing in a neurotic family, Moving Toward %eople, Moving Against %eople, and Moving Away 'rom %eople.

/oving To(ard People. $ome children who feel a great deal of an!iety and helplessness move toward people in order to seek help and acceptance. They are striving to feel worthy and can elieve the only way to gain this is through the acceptance of others. These people have an intense need to e liked, involved, important, and appreciated. $o much so, that they will often fall in love quickly or feel an artificial ut very strong attachment to people they may not know well. Their attempts to make that person love them creates a clinginess and neediness that much more often than not results in the other person leaving the relationship.

/oving Against People. Another way to deal with insecurities and an!iety is to try to force your power onto others in hopes of feeling good a out yourself. Those with this personality style come across as ossy, demanding, selfish, and even cruel. 9orney argued that these people pro)ect their own hostilities Gwhich she called e!ternali&ationA onto others and therefore use this as a )ustification to Eget them efore they get me.E ?nce again, relationships appear doomed from the eginning.

/oving A(ay From People. The final possi le consequence of a neurotic household is a personality style filled with a social ehavior and an almost indifference to others. If they donEt get involved with others, they canEt e hurt y them. =hile it protects them from emotional pain of relationships, it also keeps away all positive aspects of relationships. It leaves them feeling alone and empty.

%ri5 %ri5son

An important e*tention of the new ego psychology and the social analysis of personality was the theory of personality of 0rikson the ma)or drama of development is the formation of ego identity. The ego identity is the product, 0rikson called psychosocial development. 'reud gave the psychose!ual theory, ut 0rik 0rikson gave the theory of psychosocial development. 'or 0rikson, development is the process that e!tends from irth to death. 9e sees personality development as deeply affected not only y the family ut also many other social agents, teachers, friends and the like all do their part in molding the individual. As 'reud psychose!ual stages have to do with challenges to I. striving, ut the psycholosocial stages of 0rikson emphasis on ego. 0ach psychosocial stage there is crises. The failure will hamper identity format and generate psychological disorders in general .recent psychoanalytical thinking ecause of this emphasis on the adaptive thinking pro lem solving ego is more optimistic than earlier psychoanalytical formulation with their stress on the self seeking terminal id.

/argaret /ahler
Margaret Mahler worked as a psychoanalyst with young distur ed children. In *476 she and Manuel 'urer founded the Masters #hildren(s #entre in Manhattan. There she developed the Tripartite Treatment Model, in which the mother participated in the treatment of the child. Mahler initiated a more constructive e!ploration of severe distur ances in childhood and emphasi&ed the importance of the environment on the child. $he was especially interested in mother/infant duality and carefully documented the impact of early separations of children from their mothers. This documentation of separation7individuation was her most important contri ution to the development of psychoanalysis. Mahler shed light on the normal and a normal features of the developmental ego psychology. $he worked with psychotic children, while psychosis hadn(t een covered in the psychoanalytic treatment yet. &ym'iotic child psychosis struck her. The symptomatology she saw as a derailment of the normal processes where y self7representations Gthe representation of oneEs selfA and o'4ect7representations Gthe representation of a familiar personA ecome distinct.

Hein0 @ohut
'reudian analysis was too focused on individual guilt and failed to reflect the new 0eitgeist Gthe emotional interests and needs of people struggling with issues of identity, meaning, ideals, and self/e!pressionA.Though he initially tried to remain true to the traditional analytic viewpoint with which he had ecome associated and viewed the self as separate ut coe!istent to the ego) 3ohut later re)ected 'reudEs structural theory of the id) ego) and superego. 9e then developed his ideas around what he called the tripartite Gthree/partA self.

According to 3ohut, this three/part self can only develop when the needs of oneEs Fself states,F including oneEs sense of worth and well/ eing, are met in relationships with others. In contrast to traditional psychoanalysis, which focuses on drives Ginstinctual motivations of se! and aggressionA, internal conflicts, and fantasies, self psychology thus placed a great deal of emphasis on the vicissitudes of relationships. 3ohut demonstrated his interest in how we develop our Fsense of selfF using narcissism as a model. If a person is narcissistic, it will allow him to suppress feelings of low self/ esteem. "y talking highly of himself, the person can eliminate his sense of worthlessness.

Psycho determinism and psychopathology of everyday life:

'reud gave another concept named as psycho determinism and psychopathology of everyday life. According to 'reud psycho determinism means nothing happens y chance everything has cause ut you are not aware of it ecause unconscious id eing played. Psychopathology of everyday life reveals our unconscious mind slip of tongue or slip of pen in psychopathology of everyday life.

Treatment of a'normality 'y psychodynamics model:

1. Psychoanalysis . Push 'uttn techni?ue !. Active imagination techni?ue 1. Hypnosis I. Psychoanalysis:

The asic goal of psychoanalysis is resolution of repressed conflicts. This approach elieves that something happened in the past that the person is una le to deal with, and this causes the pro lems in the present. The memory is uried, or repressed, and has gone into the unconscious mind. %ro lems are followed y the childhood e!periences and conflicts.

&teps of psychoanalysis
%sychoanalysis follows the following steps,

%nter the unconscious Identify the details of the repressed An!iety producing conflicts Turn to consciousness so that patient can deal with them :esolve them as much as possi le

The following procedures were used in this form of analysis, 'ree association .ream analysis $lip of tongue =ord association :esistance Interpretation Transference Free association:

This is where the patient lets their mind wander freely and says whatever comes into their mind. This often uncovers repressed events and e!poses unconscious desires. In this way the patient may make statements they did not intend to and the therapist picks these out of the conversation for analysis.

. Dream analysis:
'reud elieved that dreams are royal road to the unconscious1 there were two parts of dreams, the latent and the manifest content. The manifest content is the storyline and the latent content is the true meaning that is hidden eneath the sym ol.

!. &lips of the tongue C Freudian slips:

Truth sneaks out when least e!pected I it has not passed through sensors D filters, come straight from the unconscious.

1. Dord Association:
A list of unconnected words is read and the patient says the first word that comes into their mind. 0.g. FmilkF might illicit the response FdrinkF. 9ere the therapist is looking for FoddF associations, e.g. FfatherF might illicit the response FpunishmentF.

<. ,esistance:
In psychoanalysis, it is the ina ility or unwillingness to discuss freely some aspects of life. The patient may suddenly change the su )ect he may interpret the session y changing the su )ect. These actually provided crucial information a out the patient.

>. Interpretation:
In psychoanalysis, a key procedure in which the psychoanalyst points out to the patients where resistance e!it and what certain dreams and ver ali&ation reveal a out impulses repressed in the unconscious. The analysts egin to point out the patients defenses and the underlying meaning of hisDher dreams feelings and actions.

;. Transference:
The situation in which the patient comes to feel a out the analyst in the same way he or she once felt a out some other important person.

II. Push 'utton techni?ue:

.esigned to show patients how they can create whatever feelings they want y thinking a out them, the push utton technique asks client to remem er a pleasant incident that they have e!perienced ecome aware of feelings connected to it, and then switch to an unpleasant image and those feelings. Thus clients learn that they have the power to change their own feelings.

III. Active Imagination Techni?ue:

It is a concept developed y #arl 2ung. It is a meditation technique wherein one(s emotions are translated into images, narrative or personified as separate entities. #arl 2ung discovers the technique which would ecome his principle contri ution to the practice of psychotherapy. Active imagination is a method for visuali&ing su conscious issues y letting them act them out. Active imagination can e done y visuali&ation, which can e considered similar to shamanic )ourneying. Active imagination can also e done y automatic writing or y artistic activities such as dance. Music, painting, sculpting, ceramics, )ewellery, etc. during active imagination permits the thought forms of the su conscious to act out whatever messages they are trying to communicate to the conscious mind.

IE.Hypnosis:
It is primarily a stage of deep rela!ation, the same as can e achieved y any other rela!ation technique. Hou can e given suggestions a out new ways to e!perience your life

%valuation:
%sychodynamic model is the first attempt to e!plain mental illness in psychological terms.

It is supported y e!tensive theory and practice Bot scientifically rigorous approach, model ased on research with limited sample. It is reductionism model, suggesting that instinctual forces control patients and help is only in the form therapy. 'reud was over concerned with se!ual factors1 this may reflect the culture he may live in. su sequently psychosocial theories have replaced se!ual with social influences.