The Project Gutenberg EBook of Fox's Book of Martyrs, by John Foxe This eBook is for the use of anyone

anywhere at no cost and with a !ost no restrictions whatsoe"er# $ou !ay co%y it, gi"e it away or re&use it under the ter!s of the Project Gutenberg 'icense inc uded with this eBook or on ine at www#gutenberg#org Tit e( Fox's Book of Martyrs )r * +istory of the 'i"es, ,ufferings, and Triu!%hant -eaths of the Pri!iti"e Protestant Martyrs *uthor( John Foxe .e ease -ate( *ugust /0, /112 3EBook 4//5116 'anguage( Eng ish 777 ,T*.T )F T+8, P.)JE9T G:TE;BE.G EB))< F)=', B))< )F M*.T$., 777 Produced by The )n ine -istributed Proofreading Tea! at htt%(>>www#%gd%#net

FOX'S BOOK OF MARTYRS

). * +8,T).$ )F T+E '8?E,, ,:FFE.8;G,, *;- T.8:MP+*;T -E*T+, )F T+E

PRIMITIVE PROTESTANT MARTYRS

FROM THE INTRODUCTION OF CHRISTIANITY TO THE LATEST PERIODS OF PAGAN, POPISH, AND INFIDEL PERSECUTIONS
EMB.*98;G, T)GET+E. @8T+ T+E :,:*' ,:BJE9T, 9);T*8;E8; ,8M8'*. @).<, The recent %ersecutions in the cantons of ,witAer andB and the %ersecutions of the Methodist and Ba%tist Missionaries in the @est 8ndia 8s andsB and the narrati"e of the con"ersion, ca%ture, ong i!%rison!ent, and crue sufferings of *saad ,hidiak, a nati"e of Pa estine#

LIKEWISE A SKETCH OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

*, 9);;E9TE- @8T+ PE.,E9:T8); 9)MP8'E- F.)M F)=', B))< )F M*.T$.,, *;- )T+E. *:T+E;T89 ,):.9E, 9+89*G)

T+E J)+; 9# @8;,T); 9)#

P+8'*-E'P+8*

T).);T)

PREFACE.
This work is strict y what its tit e %age i!%orts, a co!%i ation# Fox's CBook of MartyrsC has been !ade the basis of this "o u!e# 'iberty, howe"er, has been taken to abridge where"er it was thought necessaryBDto a ter the antiEuated for! of the %hraseo ogyB to introduce additiona infor!ationB and to correct any inaccuracy res%ecting !atters of fact, which had esca%ed the author of the origina work, or which has been found erroneous by the in"estigation of !odern research# The object of this work, is to gi"e a brief history of %ersecution since the first introduction of christianity, ti the %resent ti!e# 8n doing this, we ha"e co!!enced with the !artyrdo! of ,te%hen, and fo owing the course of e"ents, ha"e brought the +istory of %ersecution down to the year FGH1# 8n a ages, we find that a dis%osition to %ersecute for o%inion's sake, has been !anifested by wicked !en, whate"er !ay ha"e been their o%inions or senti!ents on re igious subjects# The into erant jew, and the bigoted %agan, ha"e exhibited no !ore of a %ersecuting s%irit, than the no!ina %rofessor of christianity, and the infidel and the a"owed atheist# 8ndeed, it see!s to be an Cinherent "ice,C in unsanctified nature to endea"our by the %ressure of %hysica force, to restrain obnoxious senti!ents, and to %ro%agate fa"ourite o%inions# 8t is on y when the heart has been renewed and sanctified by di"ine grace, that !en ha"e right y understood and %ractised the true %rinci% es of to eration# @e do not say that none but rea christians ha"e ado%ted correct "iews res%ecting ci"i and re igious ibertyBDbut we affir! that these "iews owe their origin entire y to christianity and its genuine disci% es# Though near y a sects ha"e %ersecuted their o%%onents, during a brief season, when !en's %assions were high y excited, and true re igion had !ournfu y dec ined, yet no deno!ination exce%t the %a%a hierarchy, has ado%ted as an artic e of re igious be ief, and a %rinci% e of %ractica obser"ance, the right to destroy heretics for o%inion's sake# The decrees of counci s, and the bu s of %o%es, issued in confor!ity with those decrees, % ace this !atter beyond a doubt# Persecution, therefore, and %o%ery, are inse%arab y connectedB because c ai!ing infa ibi ity, what she has once done is right for her to do againB yea, !ust be done under si!i ar circu!stances, or the c ai!s of infa ibi ity gi"en u%# There is no esca%ing this conc usion# 8t is right, therefore, to charge u%on %o%ery, a the %ersecutions and horrid crue ties which ha"e stained the anna s of the %a%a church during her ong and b oody career of darkness and cri!e# E"ery sigh which has been hea"ed in the dungeons of the 8nEuisitionDe"ery groan which has been extorted by the racks and instru!ents of torture, which the !a ice of her bigoted "otaries, sti!u ated by inferna wisdo!, e"er in"ented, has witnessed in the ear of God, against the CMother of +ar otsBC and those kings of the earth, who gi"ing their %ower to the CBeastC ha"e aided her in the

crue work of deso ation and death# The "a eys of Pied!ont, the !ountains of ,witAer and, the "ine crowned hi s of 8ta y and FranceDand a %arts of Ger!any and the ow countries, ha"e by turns, been ighted by the fires of burning "icti!s, or cri!soned with the b ood of those who ha"e suffered death at the hands of the crue e!issaries of %o%ery# Eng and too, has drunken dee% of the Cwine of the fierceness of her wrath,C as the b ood of 9obha!, and the ashes of the ,!ithfie d !artyrs can testify# 8re and and ,cot and, ikewise, ha"e each been !ade the theatre of her atrocities# But no where has the syste! been exhibited in its nati"e una e"iated defor!ity, as in ,%ain, Portuga and their ,outh *!erican de%endencies# For centuries, such a syste! of %o ice was estab ished by the Holy Inquisitors, that these countries rese!b ed a "ast whis%ering ga ery, where the s ightest !ur!ur of discontent cou d be heard and %unished# ,uch has been the effect of su%erstition and the terror of the +o y )ffice, u%on the !ind, as co!% ete y to break the %ride of the 9asti ian nob e, and !ake hi! the unresisting "icti! of e"ery !endicant friar and Che!%&sanda ed !onk#C Moreo"er, the %a%a syste! has o%%osed the !arch of ci"i iAation and iberty throughout the wor d, by denouncing the circu ation of the Bib e, and the genera diffusion of know edge# Turn to e"ery and where %o%ery %redo!inates, and you wi find an ignorant and debased %easantry, a %rof igate nobi ity, and a %riesthood, icentious, a"aricious, do!ineering and crue # But it !ay be asked, is %o%ery the sa!e syste! now as in the days of 9ardina Bonner and the CB oody Mary#C @e answer yes# 8t is the boast of a catho ics that their church ne"er "aries, either in s%irit or in %ractice# For e"idence of this, ook at the de!onstrations of her s%irit in the %ersecutions in the south of France, for se"era years after the restoration of the Bourbons, in FGF5# * ha"e witnessed with fee ings of detestation, the recent efforts of the a%osto ica s in ,%ain and Portuga , to crush the friends of ci"i and re igious iberty in those i &fated countries# The narrati"e of *saad ,hidiak, c ear y indicates that the s%irit of %o%ery, has ost none of its ferocity and b oodthirstiness since the Pied!ontese war, and the Bartho o!ew !assacre# @here it has %ower, its "icti!s are sti crushed by the sa!e !eans which fi ed the dungeons of the inEuisition, and fed the fires of the auto de fe# This is the re igion, to diffuse which, strenuous efforts are now !aking in this country# * ready the %a%a church nu!bers !ore than ha f a !i ion of co!!unicants# This nu!ber is ra%id y aug!enting by e!igration fro! catho ic countries, and by the con"ersion of %rotestant chi dren who are % aced in their schoo s for instruction# The recent e"ents in Euro%e, wi , no doubt, send to our shores hundreds of jesuit %riests, with a %ortion of that i!!ense re"enue which the %a%a church has hitherto enjoyed# *nother thing, which wi , no doubt, fa"our their "iews, is the dis%osition !anifested a!ong so!e who sty e the!se "es liberalists, to aid catho ics in the erection of !ass houses, co eges, con"ents and theo ogica se!inaries# This has been done in nu!erous instancesB and when a note of warning is raised by the true friends of ci"i and re igious iberty, they are treated as bigots by those "ery !en who are contributing of their substance to diffuse and foster the !ost into erant syste! of bigotry, and crue , unre enting des%otis!, the wor d has e"er seen# )ther sects ha"e %ersecuted during so!e %eriods of

their historyB but a now deny the right, and re%robate the %ractice exce%t catho ics# The right to destroy heretics, is a funda!enta artic e in the creed of the %a%a church# *nd where"er her %ower is not cra!%ed, she sti exercises that %ower to the destruction of a who o%%ose her unrighteous usur%ation# * the b ood shed by a other christian sects, is no !ore in co!%arison to that shed by the %a%acy, than the short i"ed f ow of a feeb e ri , raised by the %assing te!%est, to the dee% o"erwhe !ing tide of a !ighty ri"er, which recei"es as tributaries, the waters of a thousand strea!s# @e trust the %resent work, therefore, wi %ro"e a sa utary check to the %rogress of that syste! whose %ractica effects ha"e e"er been, and e"er !ust be, icentiousness, crue ty, and b ood# The narrati"es of *saad ,hidiak, Mrs# Judson, the %ersecutions in the @est 8ndies, and in ,witAer and, ha"e ne"er before been incor%orated in any book of Martyrs# They ser"e to show the hideous nature of %ersecution, and the benefit of christian !issions# *t the c ose of this "o u!e wi be found a sketch of the French re"o ution of F2GI, as connected with %ersecution# 8t has ong been the %ractice of infide s to sneer at christianity, because so!e of its no!ina fo owers ha"e exhibited a %ersecuting s%irit# *nd a though they knew that christianity conde!ns %ersecution in the !ost %ointed !anner, yet they ha"e ne"er had the generosity to discri!inate between the syste!, and the abuse of the syste! by wicked !en# 8nfide ity on the other hand, has nothing to redee! it# 8t i!%oses no restraint on the "io ent and ife ong %assions of !en# 9o!ing to !en with the 9ircean torch of icentiousness in her hand, with fair %ro!ises of freedo!, she first stu%efies the conscience, and brutifies the affectionsB and then renders her "otaries the !ost abject s a"es of gui t and cri!e# This was exe!% ified in the French re"o ution# For centuries, the bib e had been taken away, and the key of know edge wrested fro! the %eo% e# For a itt e !o!ent, France broke the chains which su%erstition had f ung around her# ;ot content, howe"er, with this, she atte!%ted to break the yoke of God( she sta!%ed the bib e in the dust, and %roc ai!ed the jubi ee of icentiousness, un"isited, either by %resent or future retribution# Mark the conseEuence# *narchy broke in ike a f ood, fro! whose boi ing surge b ood s%outed u% in i"ing strea!s, and on whose troub ed wa"es f oated the head ess bodies of the earned, the good, the beautifu and the bra"e# The !ost !erci ess %roscri%tion for o%inion's sake, fo owed# * word, a sigh, or a ook su%%osed ini!ica to the ru ing %owers, was fo owed with instant death# The ca ! which succeeded, was on y the ess dreaded, because it %resented fewer objects of terrific interest, as the shock of the earthEuake creates !ore instant a ar!, than the !idnight %esti ence, when it wa ks unseen, unknown a!idst the habitations of a %o%u ous city# The infide %ersecutions in France and ,witAer and, afford a so e!n esson to the %eo% e of this country# @e ha"e !en a!ong us now, !ost of the! it is true, "agabond foreigners, who are atte!%ting to %ro%agate the sa!e senti!ents which %roduced such terrib e conseEuences in France# :nder "arious na!es they are scattering their %esti ent doctrines through the country# *s in France, they ha"e co!!enced their attacks u%on the bib e, the ,abbath, !arriage, and a the socia and do!estic re ations of ife# @ith f atteries and ies, they are atte!%ting to sow the seeds of discontent and future rebe ion a!ong the %eo% e# The ferocity of their attacks u%on those

who differ fro! the!, e"en whi e restrained by %ub ic o%inion, shews what they wou d do, %ro"ided they cou d %u down our institutions and introduce disorder and wi d !isru e# @e trust, therefore, that the artic e on the re"o ution in France, wi be found high y instructi"e and usefu #

CONTENTS.
9+*PTE. 8#
+8,T).$ )F 9+.8,T8*; M*.T$., T) T+E F8.,T GE;E.*' PE.,E9:T8);, :;-E. ;E.)#

%a ge Martyrdo! of ,t# ,te%hen, Ja!es the Great, and Phi i% Matthew, Ja!es the 'ess, Matthias, *ndrew, ,t# Mark and Peter Pau , Jude, Bartho o!ew, Tho!as, 'uke, ,i!on, John, and Barnabas FJ F2 FG

9+*PTE. 88#
T+E TE; P.8M8T8?E PE.,E9:T8);,#

The first %ersecution under ;ero, *# -# J2 The second %ersecution under -o!itian, *# -# GF The third %ersecution under Trajan, *# -# F1G The fourth %ersecution under Marcus *ure ius *ntoninus, *# -# FJ/ The fifth %ersecution co!!encing with ,e"erus, *# -# FI/ The sixth %ersecution under Maxi!inus, *# -# /H0 The se"enth %ersecution under -ecius, *# -# /5I The eighth %ersecution under ?a erian, *# -# /02 The ninth %ersecution under *ure ian, *# -# /25 The tenth %ersecution under -ioc etian, *# -# H1H

FI FI /1 // /0 /2 /2 HF H5 HJ

9+*PTE. 888#
PE.,E9:T8);, )F T+E 9+.8,T8*;, 8; PE.,8*#

Persecutions under the *rian heretics Persecution under Ju ian the *%ostate Persecution of the 9hristians by the Goths and ?anda s Persecutions fro! about the !idd e of the Fifth, to the conc usion of the

50 5J 52 5G

,e"enth century Persecutions fro! the ear y %art of the Eighth, to near the conc usion of the Tenth century Persecutions in the E e"enth century 5I 0F

9+*PTE. 8?#
P*P*' PE.,E9:T8);,#

Persecution of the @a denses in France Persecutions of the * bigenses The Bartho o!ew !assacre at Paris, Kc# Fro! the .e"ocation of the Edict of ;antes, to the French .e"o ution, in F2GI Martyrdo! of John 9a as

0H 00 02 J/ J0

9+*PTE. ?#
*; *99):;T )F T+E 8;L:8,8T8);#

*n account of the crue hand ing and burning of ;icho as Burton, an Eng ish !erchant, in ,%ain ,o!e %ri"ate enor!ities of the 8nEuisition aid o%en by a "ery singu ar occurrence The %ersecution of -r# Mgidio The %ersecution of -r# 9onstantine The ife of @i ia! Gardiner# *n account of the ife and sufferings of Mr# @!# 'ithgow, a nati"e of ,cot and 9ro y on the 8nEuisition

2H 2J GG GI I1 I/ F1 F

9+*PTE. ?8#
*; *99):;T )F T+E PE.,E9:T8);, 8; 8T*'$, :;-E. T+E P*P*9$#

*n account of the %ersecutions of 9a abria *ccount of the %ersecutions in the ?a eys of Pied!ont

F1 2 FF

1 *ccount of the %ersecutions in ?enice *n account of se"era re!arkab e indi"idua s who were !artyred in different %arts of 8ta y, on account of their re igion *n account of the %ersecutions in the !arEuisate of ,a uces Persecutions in Pied!ont in the ,e"enteenth century Further %ersecutions in Pied!ont ;arrati"e of the Pied!ontese @ar Persecution of Michae de Mo inos, a nati"e of ,%ain FF 2 FF I F/ / F/ / F/ J FH 5 F5 5

9+*PTE. ?88#
*; *99):;T )F T+E PE.,E9:T8);, 8; B)+EM8* :;-E. T+E P*P*9$#

Persecution of John +uss Persecution of Jero! of Prague Persecution of Nisca

F0 1 F0 5 F0 2

9+*PTE. ?888#
GE;E.*' PE.,E9:T8);, 8; GE.M*;$#

*n account of the %ersecutions in the ;ether ands

F2 5

9+*PTE. 8=#
*; *99):;T )F T+E PE.,E9:T8);, 8; '8T+:*;8* *;- P)'*;-#

F2 G

9+*PTE. =#
*; *99):;T )F T+E PE.,E9:T8);, 8; 9+8;* *;- ,E?E.*' )T+E. 9):;T.8E,#

*n account of the %ersecutions in Ja%an Persecutions against the 9hristians in *byssinia or Ethio%ia Persecutions against the 9hristians in Turkey Persecutions and o%%ressions in Georgia and Mingre ia *n account of the %ersecutions in the ,tates of Barbary Persecutions in ,%anish *!erica

FG F FG / FG / FG H FG 5 FG 5

9+*PTE. =8#
*; *99):;T )F T+E PE.,E9:T8);, 8; G.E*T B.8T*8; *;- 8.E'*;- P.8). T) T+E .E8G; )F L:EE; M*.$ 8#

FG J

9+*PTE. =88#
*; *99):;T )F T+E PE.,E9:T8);, 8; ,9)T'*;-, -:.8;G T+E .E8G; )F <8;G +E;.$ ?888#

FI 5 FI 2

*n account of the 'ife, ,uffering and -eath of George @ishart, Kc#

9+*PTE. =888#
PE.,E9:T8);, 8; E;G'*;- -:.8;G T+E .E8G; )F L:EE; M*.$#

The words and beha"iour of 'ady Jane u%on the scaffo d John .ogers, ?icar of ,t# ,e%u chre's, Kc# The .e"# Mr# 'awrence ,aunders +istory, i!%rison!ent, and exa!ination of John +oo%er 'ife and conduct of -r# .ow and Tay or, of +ad ey

/1 5 /1 0 /1 2 /1 I /F /

Martyrdo! of To!kins, Pygot, <night, and others -r# .obert Farrar Martyrdo! of .aw ins @hite The .e"# Mr# George Marsh @i ia! F ower The .e"# John 9ard!aker, and John @arne Martyrdo! of ,i!%son, *rde ey, +aukes, and others .e"# John Bradford, and John 'eaf, an a%%rentice Martyrdo! of B and, Midd eton, +a , 9ar"er and !any others John -en ey, Packingha!, and ;ew!an 9oker, +oo%er, 'awrence and others The .e"# .obert ,a!ue G# 9at!er, .# ,treater and others Bisho%s .id ey and 'ati!er Mr# John @ebb and others Martyrdo! of .e"# F# @hitt e, B# Green, *nna @right, and others *n account of *rchbisho% 9ran!er Martyrdo! of *gnes Potten, Joan Trunchfie d and others +ugh 'a"erick and John *%rice

/F 5 /F J /F 2 /F G // 1 // F // / // H // 0 // J // 2 // 2 // G // G /H H /H 0 /H J /5 0 /5

J Preser"ation of George 9row and his Testa!ent Executions at ,tratford e Bow .# Bernard, *# Foster and others *n account of .e"# Ju ius Pa !er Persecution of Joan @aste Persecutions in the -iocese of 9anterbury T# 'oseby, +# .a!sey, T# Thirte and others Executions in <ent Execution of ten !artyrs at 'ewes ,i!on Mi er and E iAabeth 9oo%er Executions at 9o chester Mrs# Joyce 'ewes Executions at 8s ington Mrs# 9ice y )r!es .e"# John .ough 9uthbert ,y!son Tho!as +udson, Tho!as 9ar!an, @i ia! ,ea!en *%%rehensions at 8s ington /5 2 /5 2 /5 G /5 G /5 I /0 F /0 / /0 / /0 5 /0 0 /0 0 /0 2 /0 I /J F /J / /J H /J 5 /J

0 F age ations by Bonner .e"# .ichard $eo!an Tho!as Benbridge * exander Gouch and * ice -ri"er Mrs# Prest .ichard ,har%e, Tho!as Banion and Tho!as +a e T# 9orneford, 9# Browne, and others @i ia! Fetty scourged to death -e i"erance of -r# ,ands Lueen Mary's treat!ent of her sister, the Princess E iAabeth God's %unish!ents u%on so!e of the %ersecutors of his %eo% e in Mary's reign /2 F /2 / /2 5 /2 0 /2 J /G 1 /G 1 /G / /G 0 /G G /I 0

9+*PTE. =8?#
T+E ,P*;8,+ *.M*-*#

The destruction of the *r!ada * cons%iracy by the Pa%ists for the destruction of Ja!es 8, co!!on y known by the na!e of the Gun%owder P ot

/I G HF 1

9+*PTE. =?#
.8,E *;- P.)G.E,, )F T+E P.)TE,T*;T .E'8G8); 8; 8.E'*;- @8T+ *; *99):;T )F T+E B*.B*.):, M*,,*9.E )F FJ5F#

HF 0

9+*PTE. =?8#

T+E .8,E, P.)G.E,,, PE.,E9:T8);, *;- ,:FFE.8;G, )F T+E L:*<E.,#

*n account of the %ersecutions of Friends in the :nited ,tates Proceedings at a Genera 9ourt in Boston, FJ0J Proceedings at a Genera 9ourt in Boston, FJ02 *n act !ade at a Genera 9ourt at Boston, FJ0G

HH 2 HH I H5 1 H5 F

9+*PTE. =?88#
PE.,E9:T8);, )F T+E F.E;9+ P.)TE,T*;T, 8; T+E ,):T+ )F F.*;9E, -:.8;G T+E $E*., FGF5 *;- FG/1#

The arri"a of king 'ouis =?888 at Paris The history of the ,i "er 9hi d ;a%o eon's return fro! the 8s e of E ba The 9atho ic ar!s at Beaucaire Massacre and %i age at ;is!es 8nterference of go"ern!ent against the Protestants 'etters fro! 'ou"ois to Mari ac .oya decree in fa"our of the %ersecuted Petition of the Protestant refugees Monstrous outrage u%on fe!a es *rri"a of the *ustrians at ;is!es )utrages co!!itted in the ?i ages, Kc#

H5 J H5 J H5 2 H5 G H5 I H0 1 H0 F H0 / H0 5 H0 0 H0 J H0 2

Further account of the Proceedings of the 9atho ics at ;is!es *ttack u%on the Protestant churches Murder of Genera 'a Garde 8nterference of the British go"ern!ent Perjury in the case of Genera Gi y, Kc# : ti!ate reso ution of the Protestants at ;is!es

HJ 1 HJ F HJ H HJ H HJ 0 HJ 2

9+*PTE. =?888#
*,**- ,+8-8*<#

;arrati"e of the con"ersion, i!%rison!ent, and sufferings of *saad ,hidiak, a nati"e of Pa estine, who had been confined for se"era years in HJ the 9on"ent on Mount 'ebanon G Pub ic state!ent of *saad ,hidiak, in FG/J Brief history of *saad Esh ,hidiak, fro! the ti!e of his being betrayed into the hands of the Maronite Patriarch, in the ,%ring of FG/J H2 2 5F 1

9+*PTE. =8=#
PE.,E9:T8);, )F T+E B*PT8,T M8,,8);*.8E, 8; 8;-8*, -:.8;G T+E $E*. FG/5#

.e!o"a of the %risoners to )ung&%en& aDMrs# Judson fo ows the!

5H 1

9+*PTE. ==#
PE.,E9:T8);, )F T+E @E,'E$*; M8,,8);*.8E, 8; T+E @E,T 8;-8E,#

9ase of .e"# John ,!ith Persecutions of the @es eyan Methodists in ,t# -o!ingo Persecutions at Port au Prince

55 I 50 1 50 1

9+*PTE. ==8#
PE.,E9:T8);, 8; ,@8TNE.'*;- F.)M FGFH T) FGH1#

Persecutions in the Pays de ?aud

5J F

9+*PTE. ==88#
,<ET9+E, )F T+E '8?E, )F ,)ME )F T+E M),T EM8;E;T .EF).ME.,#

John @ick iffe Martin 'uther John 9a "in *gency of 9a "in in the death of Michae ,er"etus 9a "in as a friend of 9i"i 'iberty The ife of the .e"# John Fox Errors, rites, cere!onies, and su%erstitious %ractices of the .o!ish church

5J 5 5J G 52 H 52 0 52 G 5G / 5G 2

9+*PTE. ==888#
,<ET9+ )F T+E F.E;9+ .E?)':T8); )F F2GI, *, 9);;E9TE- @8T+ T+E +8,T).$ )F PE.,E9:T8);,#

5G I 5I J 5I I 01 F 01 F 01 J 01

Massacre of %risoners -eath of 'ouis =?8 and other !e!bers of the .oya Fa!i y -readfu scenes in 'a ?endOe ,cenes at Marsei es and 'yons The insta ation of the Goddess of .eason Fa of -anton, .obes%ierre, Marat and other Jacobins

BOOK OF MARTYRS CHAPTER I.

HISTORY OF CHRISTIAN MARTYRS TO THE FIRST GENERAL PERSECUTION UNDER NERO.
The history of the church !ay a !ost be said to be a history of the tria s and sufferings of its !e!bers, as ex%erienced at the hands of wicked !en# *t one ti!e, %ersecution, as waged against the friends of 9hrist, was confined to those withoutB at another, schis!s and di"isions ha"e arrayed brethren of the sa!e na!e against each other, and scenes of crue ty and woe ha"e been exhibited within the sanctuary, ri"a ing in horror the direst crue ties e"er inf icted by %agan or barbarian fanaticis!# This, howe"er, instead of i!% ying any defect in the gos%e syste!, which breathes %eace and o"eB on y %ourtrays in darker co ours the dee% and uni"ersa de%ra"ity of the hu!an heart# Pure and unso%histicated !ora ity, es%ecia y when atte!%ted to be incu cated on !ankind, as essentia to their %reser"ing an interest with their 9reator, ha"e constant y !et with o%%osition# 8t was this which %roduced the %re!ature death of John the Ba%tist# 8t was the cutting charge of adu tery and incest, which excited the resent!ent of +erodias, who ne"er ceased to %ersecute hi!, unti she had acco!% ished his destruction# The sa!e obser"ation is eEua y a%% icab e to the Jewish doctors, in their treat!ent of our b essed 'ord and ,a"iour Jesus 9hrist# 8n the sudden !artyrdo! of John the Ba%tist, and the crucifixion of our 'ord, the history of christian !artyrdo! !ust be ad!itted to co!!enceB and fro! these, as a basis for the subseEuent occurrences, we !ay fair y trace the origin of that hosti ity, which %roduced so a"ish an effusion of christian b ood, and ed to so !uch s aughter in the %rogressi"e state of christianity# *s it is not our business to en arge u%on our ,a"iour's history, either before or after his crucifixion, we sha on y find it necessary to re!ind our readers of the disco!fiture of the Jews by his subseEuent resurrection# Though one a%ost e had betrayed hi!B though another had denied hi!, under the so e!n sanction of an oathB and though the rest had forsaken hi!, un ess we !ay exce%t Cthe disci% e who was known unto the high&%riestBC the history of his resurrection ga"e a new direction to a their hearts, and, after the !ission of the +o y ,%irit, i!%arted new confidence to their !inds# The %owers with which they were endued e!bo dened the! to %roc ai! his na!e, to the confusion of the Jewish ru ers, and the astonish!ent of Genti e %rose ytes# I. St. Stephen ,t# ,te%hen suffered the next in order# +is death was occasioned by the faithfu !anner in which he %reached the gos%e to the betrayers and !urderers of 9hrist# To such a degree of !adness were they excited, that

they cast hi! out of the city and stoned hi! to death# The ti!e when he suffered is genera y su%%osed to ha"e been at the %asso"er which succeeded to that of our 'ord's crucifixion, and to the Pra of his ascension, in the fo owing s%ring# :%on this a great %ersecution was raised against a who %rofessed their be ief in 9hrist as the Messiah, or as a %ro%het# @e are i!!ediate y to d by ,t# 'uke, that Cthere was a great %ersecution against the church, which was at Jerusa e!BC and that Cthey were a scattered abroad throughout the regions of Judea and ,a!aria, exce%t the a%ost es#C *bout two thousand christians, with ;icanor, one of the se"en deacons, suffered !artyrdo! during the C%ersecution which arose about ,te%hen#C II. James the Great. The next !artyr we !eet with, according to ,t# 'uke, in the +istory of the *%ost es' *cts, was Ja!es the son of Nebedee, the e der brother of John, and a re ati"e of our 'ordB for his !other ,a o!e was cousin&ger!an to the ?irgin Mary# 8t was not unti ten years after the death of ,te%hen, that the second !artyrdo! took % aceB for no sooner had +erod *gri%%a been a%%ointed go"ernor of Judea, than, with a "iew to ingratiate hi!se f with the!, he raised a shar% %ersecution against the christians, and deter!ined to !ake an effectua b ow, by striking at their eaders# The account gi"en us by an e!inent %ri!iti"e writer, 9 e!ens * exandrinus, ought not to be o"er ookedB that, as Ja!es was ed to the % ace of !artyrdo!, his accuser was brought to re%ent of his conduct by the a%ost e's extraordinary courage and undauntedness, and fe down at his feet to reEuest his %ardon, %rofessing hi!se f a christian, and reso "ing that Ja!es shou d not recei"e the crown of !artyrdo! a one# +ence they were both beheaded at the sa!e ti!e# Thus did the first a%osto ic !artyr cheerfu y and reso ute y recei"e that cu%, which he had to d our ,a"iour he was ready to drink# Ti!on and Par!enas suffered !artyrdo! about the sa!e ti!eB the one at Phi i%%i, and the other in Macedonia# These e"ents took % ace *# -# 55# III. Philip. @as born at Bethsaida, in Ga i ee, and was the first ca ed by the na!e of C-isci% e#C +e aboured di igent y in :%%er *sia, and suffered !artyrdo! at +e io%o is, in Phrygia# +e was scourged, thrown into %rison, and afterwards crucified, *# -# 05# IV. Matthew, @hose occu%ation was that of a to &gatherer, was born at ;aAareth# +e wrote his gos%e in +ebrew, which was afterwards trans ated into Greek by Ja!es the 'ess# The scene of his abors was Parthia, and Ethio%ia, in which atter country he suffered !artyrdo!, being s ain with a ha berd in the city of ;adabah, *# -# J1# V. James the Less,

8s su%%osed by so!e to ha"e been the brother of our 'ord, by a for!er wife of Jose%h# This is "ery doubtfu , and accords too !uch with the catho ic su%erstition, that Mary ne"er had any other chi dren exce%t our ,a"iour# +e was e ected to the o"ersight of the churches of Jerusa e!B and was the author of the e%ist e ascribed to Ja!es in the sacred canon# *t the age of ninety&four, he was beat and stoned by the JewsB and fina y had his brains dashed out with a fu er's c ub# VI. Matthias, )f who! ess is known than of !ost of the other disci% es, was e ected to fi the "acant % ace of Judas# +e was stoned at Jerusa e! and then beheaded# VII. Andrew, @as the brother of Peter# +e %reached the gos%e to !any *siatic nationsB but on his arri"a at Edessa, he was taken and crucified on a cross, the two ends of which were fixed trans"erse y in the ground# +ence the deri"ation of the ter!, ,t# *ndrew's 9ross# VIII. St. Mar , @as born of Jewish %arents of the tribe of 'e"i# +e is su%%osed to ha"e been con"erted to christianity by Peter, who! he ser"ed as an a!anuensis, and under whose ins%ection he wrote his gos%e in the Greek anguage# Mark was dragged to %ieces by the %eo% e of * exandria, at the great so e!nity of ,era%is their ido , ending his ife under their !erci ess hands# I!. Peter, @as born at Bethsaida, in Ga i ee# +e was by occu%ation a fisher!an# 9hrist ga"e hi! a na!e which in ,yriac i!% ies a rock# Peter is su%%osed to ha"e suffered !artyrdo! at .o!e, during the reign of the e!%eror ;ero, being crucified with his head downward, at his own reEuest# 38t is, howe"er, "ery uncertain, whether Peter e"er "isited .o!e at a # The e"idence rather fa"ouring the su%%osition that he ended his days in so!e other country#D"d.6 !. Paul, The great a%ost e of the Genti es, was a Jew of the tribe of Benja!in, a nati"e of Tarsus in 9i icia, and before his con"ersion was ca ed ,au # *fter suffering "arious %ersecutions at Jerusa e!, 8coniu!, 'ystra, Phi i%%i and Thessa onica, he was carried %risoner to .o!e, where he continued for two years, and was then re eased# +e afterwards "isited the churches of Greece and .o!e, and %reached the gos%e in ,%ain and France, but returning to .o!e, he was a%%rehended by order of ;ero, and beheaded# !I. Jude, The brother of Ja!es, was co!!on y ca ed Thaddeus# +e was crucified at Edessa, *# -# 2/#

!II. #artholomew, Preached in se"era countries, and ha"ing trans ated the gos%e of Matthew into the anguage of 8ndia, he %ro%agated it in that country# +e was at ength crue y beaten and then crucified by the i!%atient ido aters# !III. $homas, 9a ed -idy!us, %reached the gos%e in Parthia and 8ndia, where exciting the rage of the %agan %riests, he was !artyred by being thrust through with a s%ear# !IV. Lu e, The e"ange ist, was the author of the gos%e which goes under his na!e# +e tra"e ed with Pau through "arious countries, and is su%%osed to ha"e been hanged on an o i"e tree, by the ido atrous %riests of Greece# !V. Simon, ,urna!ed Ne otes, %reached the gos%e in Mauritania, *frica, and e"en in Britain, which atter country he was crucified, *# -# 25# !VI. John, The Cbe o"ed disci% e,C was brother to Ja!es the Great# The churches of ,!yrna, Perga!os, ,ardis, Phi ade %hia, 'aodicea, and Thyatira, were founded by hi!# Fro! E%hesus he was ordered to be sent to .o!e, where it is affir!ed he was cast into a cau dron of boi ing oi # +e esca%ed by !irac e, without injury# -o!itian afterwards banished hi! to the 8s e of Pat!os, where he wrote the Book of .e"e ation# ;er"a, the successor of -o!itian, reca ed hi!# +e was the on y a%ost e who esca%ed a "io ent death# !VII. #arnabas, @as of 9y%rus, but of Jewish descent, his death is su%%osed to ha"e taken % ace about *# -# 2H#

CHAPTER II.
THE TEN PRIMITIVE PERSECUTIONS.
$he %irst Perse&ution under 'ero( A. ). *+. The first %ersecution of the church took % ace in the year J2, under ;ero, the sixth e!%eror of .o!e# This !onarch reigned for the s%ace of fi"e years, with to erab e credit to hi!se f, but then ga"e way to the greatest extra"agancy of te!%er, and to the !ost atrocious barbarities# *!ong other diabo ica whi!s, he ordered that the city of .o!e shou d be set on fire, which order was executed by his officers, guards, and ser"ants# @hi e the i!%eria city was in f a!es, he went u% to the tower of MacPnas, % ayed

u%on his har%, sung the song of the burning of Troy, and o%en y dec ared, CThat he wished the ruin of a things before his death#C Besides the nob e %i e, ca ed the circus, !any other %a aces and houses were consu!edB se"era thousands %erished in the f a!es, were s!othered in the s!oke, or buried beneath the ruins# This dreadfu conf agration continued nine daysB when ;ero, finding that his conduct was great y b a!ed, and a se"ere odiu! cast u%on hi!, deter!ined to ay the who e u%on the christians, at once to excuse hi!se f, and ha"e an o%%ortunity of g utting his sight with new crue ties# This was the occasion of the first %ersecutionB and the barbarities exercised on the christians were such as e"en excited the co!!isseration of the .o!ans the!se "es# ;ero e"en refined u%on crue ty, and contri"ed a !anner of %unish!ents for the christians that the !ost inferna i!agination cou d design# 8n %articu ar, he had so!e sewed u% in the skins of wi d beasts, and then worried by dogs ti they ex%iredB and others dressed in shirts !ade stiff with wax, fixed to ax etrees, and set on fire in his gardens, in order to i u!inate the!# This %ersecution was genera throughout the who e .o!an e!%ireB but it rather increased than di!inished the s%irit of christianity# 8n the course of it, ,t# Pau and ,t# Peter were !artyred# To their na!es !ay be added, Erastus, cha!ber ain of 9orinthB *ristarchus, the MacedonianB and Tro%hi!us, an E%hesian, con"erted by ,t# Pau , and fe ow& abourer with hi!B Jose%h, co!!on y ca ed BarsabasB and *nanias, bisho% of -a!ascusB each of the se"enty# $he Se&ond Perse&ution( under )omitian( A. ). ,-. The e!%eror -o!itian, who was natura y inc ined to crue ty, first s ew his brother, and then raised the second %ersecution against the christians# 8n his rage he %ut to death so!e of the .o!an senators, so!e through !a iceB and others to confiscate their estates# +e then co!!anded a the ineage of -a"id to be %ut to death# *!ong the nu!erous !artyrs that suffered during this %ersecution was ,i!eon, bisho% of Jerusa e!, who was crucifiedB and ,t# John, who was boi ed in oi , and afterward banished to Pat!os# F a"ia, the daughter of a .o!an senator, was ikewise banished to PontusB and a aw was !ade, CThat no christian, once brought before the tribuna , shou d be exe!%ted fro! %unish!ent without renouncing his re igion#C * "ariety of fabricated ta es were, during this reign, co!%osed in order to injure the christians# ,uch was the infatuation of the %agans, that, if fa!ine, %esti ence, or earthEuakes aff icted any of the .o!an %ro"inces, it was aid u%on the christians# These %ersecutions a!ong the christians increased the nu!ber of infor!ers and !any, for the sake of gain, swore away the i"es of the innocent# *nother hardshi% was, that, when any christians were brought before the !agistrates, a test oath was %ro%osed, when, if they refused to take it, death was %ronounced against the!B and if they confessed the!se "es christians, the sentence was the sa!e# The fo owing were the !ost re!arkab e a!ong the nu!erous !artyrs who suffered during this %ersecution#

-ionysius, the *reo%agite, was an *thenian by birth, and educated in a the usefu and orna!enta iterature of Greece# +e then tra"e ed to Egy%t to study astrono!y, and !ade "ery %articu ar obser"ations on the great and su%ernatura ec i%se, which ha%%ened at the ti!e of our ,a"iour's crucifixion# The sanctity of his con"ersation, and the %urity of his !anners, reco!!ended hi! so strong y to the christians in genera , that he was a%%ointed bisho% of *thens# ;icode!us, a bene"o ent christian of so!e distinction, suffered at .o!e during the rage of -o!itian's %ersecution# Protasius and Ger"asius were !artyred at Mi an# Ti!othy was the ce ebrated disci% e of ,t# Pau , and bisho% of E%hesus, where he Aea ous y go"erned the church ti *# -# I2# *t this %eriod, as the %agans were about to ce ebrate a feast ca ed 9atagogion, Ti!othy, !eeting the %rocession, se"ere y re%ro"ed the! for their ridicu ous ido atry, which so exas%erated the %eo% e, that they fe u%on hi! with their c ubs, and beat hi! in so dreadfu a !anner, that he ex%ired of the bruises two days after# $he $hird Perse&ution( under $ra.an( A. ). -/,. ;er"a, succeeding -o!itian, ga"e a res%ite to the sufferings of the christiansB but reigning on y thirteen !onths, his successor Trajan, in the tenth year of his reign *# -# F1G, began the third %ersecution against the christians# @hi e the %ersecution raged, P iny /d, a heathen %hi oso%her wrote to the e!%eror in fa"or of the 9hristiansB to whose e%ist e Trajan returned this indecisi"e answer( CThe christians ought not to be sought after, but when brought before the !agistracy, they shou d be %unished#C Trajan, howe"er, soon after wrote to Jerusa e!, and ga"e orders to his officers to exter!inate the stock of -a"idB in conseEuence of which, a that cou d be found of that race were %ut to death# ,y!%horosa, a widow, and her se"en sons, were co!!anded by the e!%eror to sacrifice to the heathen deities# ,he was carried to the te!% e of +ercu es, scourged, and hung u%, for so!e ti!e, by the hair of her head( then being taken down, a arge stone was fastened to her neck, and she was thrown into the ri"er, where she ex%ired# @ith res%ect to the sons, they were fastened to se"en %osts, and being drawn u% by %u ies, their i!bs were dis ocated( these tortures, not affecting their reso ution, they were !artyred by stabbing, exce%t Eugenius, the youngest, who was sawed asunder# Phocas, bisho% of Pontus, refusing to sacrifice to ;e%tune, was, by the i!!ediate order of Trajan, cast first into a hot i!e&ki n, and then thrown into a sca ding bath ti he ex%ired# Trajan ikewise co!!anded the !artyrdo! of 8gnatius, bisho% of *ntioch# This ho y !an was the %erson who!, when an infant, 9hrist took into his ar!s, and showed to his disci% es, as one that wou d be a %attern of hu!i ity and innocence# +e recei"ed the gos%e afterward fro! ,t# John the E"ange ist, and was exceeding y Aea ous in his !ission# +e bo d y "indicated the faith of 9hrist before the e!%eror, for which he was cast into %rison, and tor!ented in a !ost crue !anner# *fter being dreadfu y scourged, he was co!%e ed to ho d fire in his hands, and, at the sa!e ti!e, %a%ers c i%%ed in oi were %ut to his sides, and set on fire# +is f esh was then torn with red hot

%incers, and at ast he was des%atched by being torn to %ieces by wi d beasts# Trajan being succeeded by *drian, the atter continued this third %ersecution with as !uch se"erity as his %redecessor# *bout this ti!e * exander, bisho% of .o!e, with his two deacons, were !artyredB as were Luirinus and +ernes, with their fa!i iesB Nenon, a .o!an nob e!an, and about ten thousand other christians# 8n Mount *rarat !any were crucified, crowned with thorns, and s%ears run into their sides, in i!itation of 9hrist's %assion# Eustachius, a bra"e and successfu .o!an co!!ander, was by the e!%eror ordered to join in an ido atrous sacrifice to ce ebrate so!e of his own "ictoriesB but his faith Qbeing a christian in his heartR was so !uch greater than his "anity, that he nob y refused it# Enraged at the denia , the ungratefu e!%eror forgot the ser"ice of this ski fu co!!ander, and ordered hi! and his who e fa!i y to be !artyred# *t the !artyrdo! of Faustines and Jo"ita, brothers and citiAens of Brescia, their tor!ents were so !any, and their %atience so great, that 9a ocerius, a %agan, beho ding the!, was struck with ad!iration, and exc ai!ed in a kind of ecstacy, CGreat is the God of the christiansSC for which he was a%%rehended, and suffered a si!i ar fate# Many other si!i ar crue ties and rigours were exercised against the christians, unti Luadratus, bisho% of *thens, !ade a earned a%o ogy in their fa"our before the e!%eror, who ha%%ened to be there and *ristides, a %hi oso%her of the sa!e city, wrote an e egant e%ist e, which caused *drian to re ax in his se"erities, and re ent in their fa"our# *drian dying *# -# FHG, was succeeded by *ntoninus Pius, one of the !ost a!iab e !onarchs that e"er reigned, and who stayed the %ersecution against the 9hristians# $he fourth perse&ution( under Mar&us Aurelius Antoninus( A. ). -*0. This co!!enced *# -# FJ/, under Marcus *ure ius *ntoninus Phi oso%hus, a strong %agan# The crue ties used in this %ersecution were such, that !any of the s%ectators shuddered with horror at the sight, and were astonished at the intre%idity of the sufferers# ,o!e of the !artyrs were ob iged to %ass, with their a ready wounded feet, o"er thorns, nai s, shar% she s, Kc# u%on their %oints, others were scourged ti their sinews and "eins ay bare, and after suffering the !ost excruciating tortures that cou d be de"ised, they were destroyed by the !ost terrib e deaths# Ger!anicus, a young !an, but a true christian, being de i"ered to the wi d beasts on account of his faith, beha"ed with such astonishing courage, that se"era %agans beca!e con"erts to a faith which ins%ired such fortitude# Po ycar%, the "enerab e bisho% of ,!yrna, hearing that %ersons were seeking for hi!, esca%ed, but was disco"ered by a chi d# *fter feasting the guards who a%%rehended hi!, he desired an hour in %rayer, which being a owed, he %rayed with such fer"ency, that his guards re%ented that they had been instru!enta in taking hi!# +e was, howe"er, carried before the %roconsu , conde!ned, and burnt in the !arket&% ace# Twe "e other christians, who had been inti!ate with Po ycar%, were soon after !artyred#

The circu!stances attending the execution of this "enerab e o d !an, as they were of no co!!on nature, so it wou d be injurious to the credit of our %rofessed history of !artyrdo! to %ass the! o"er in si ence# 8t was obser"ed by the s%ectators, that, after finishing his %rayer at the stake, to which he was on y tied, but not nai ed as usua , as he assured the! he shou d stand i!!o"eab e, the f a!es, on their kind ing the fagots, encirc ed his body, ike an arch, without touching hi!B and the executioner, on seeing this, was ordered to %ierce hi! with a sword, when so great a Euantity of b ood f owed out as extinguished the fire# But his body, at the instigation of the ene!ies of the gos%e , es%ecia y Jews, was ordered to be consu!ed in the %i e, and the reEuest of his friends, who wished to gi"e it christian buria , rejected# They ne"erthe ess co ected his bones and as !uch of his re!ains as %ossib e, and caused the! to be decent y interred# Metrodorus, a !inister, who %reached bo d yB and Pionius, who !ade so!e exce ent a%o ogies for the christian faithB were ikewise burnt# 9ar%us and Pa%i us, two worthy christians, and *gathonica, a %ious wo!an, suffered !artyrdo! at Perga!o%o is, in *sia# Fe icitatis, an i ustrious .o!an ady, of a considerab e fa!i y and the !ost shining "irtues, was a de"out christian# ,he had se"en sons, who! she had educated with the !ost exe!% ary %iety# Januarius, the e dest, was scourged, and %ressed to death with weightsB Fe ix and Phi i%, the two next had their brains dashed out with c ubsB ,i "anus, the fourth, was !urdered by being thrown fro! a %reci%iceB and the three younger sons, * exander, ?ita is, and Martia , were beheaded# The !other was beheaded with the sa!e sword as the three atter# Justin, the ce ebrated %hi oso%her, fe a !artyr in this %ersecution# +e was a nati"e of ;ea%o is, in ,a!aria, and was born *# -# F1H# Justin was a great o"er of truth, and a uni"ersa scho arB he in"estigated the ,toic and Peri%atetic %hi oso%hy, and atte!%ted the PythagoreanB but the beha"iour of one of its %rofessors disgusting hi!, he a%% ied hi!se f to the P atonic, in which he took great de ight# *bout the year FHH, when he was thirty years of age, he beca!e a con"ert to christianity, and then, for the first ti!e, %ercei"ed the rea nature of truth# +e wrote an e egant e%ist e to the Genti es, and e!% oyed his ta ents in con"incing the Jews of the truth of the christian ritesB s%ending a great dea of ti!e in tra"e ing, ti he took u% his abode in .o!e, and fixed his habitation u%on the ?i!ina !ount# +e ke%t a %ub ic schoo , taught !any who afterward beca!e great !en, and wrote a treatise to confute heresies of a kinds# *s the %agans began to treat the christians with great se"erity, Justin wrote his first a%o ogy in their fa"our# This %iece dis% ays great earning and genius, and occasioned the e!%eror to %ub ish an edict in fa"or of the christians# ,oon after, he entered into freEuent contests with 9rescens, a %erson of a "icious ife and con"ersation, but a ce ebrated cynic %hi oso%herB and his argu!ents a%%eared so %owerfu , yet disgusting to the cynic, that he reso "ed on, and in the seEue acco!% ished, his destruction# The second a%o ogy of Justin, u%on certain se"erities, ga"e 9rescens the cynic an o%%ortunity of %rejudicing the e!%eror against the writer of itB u%on which Justin, and six of his co!%anions, were a%%rehended# Being co!!anded to sacrifice to the %agan ido s, they refused, and were

conde!ned to be scourged, and then beheadedB which sentence was executed with a i!aginab e se"erity# ,e"era were beheaded for refusing to sacrifice to the i!age of Ju%iterB in %articu ar 9oncordus, a deacon of the city of ,%o ito# ,o!e of the rest ess northern nations ha"ing risen in ar!s against .o!e, the e!%eror !arched to encounter the!# +e was, howe"er, drawn into an a!buscade, and dreaded the oss of his who e ar!y# En"e o%ed with !ountains, surrounded by ene!ies, and %erishing with thirst, the %agan deities were in"oked in "ainB when the !en be onging to the !i itine, or thundering egion, who were a christians, were co!!anded to ca u%on their God for succour# * !iracu ous de i"erance i!!ediate y ensuedB a %rodigious Euantity of rain fe , which, being caught by the !en, and fi ing their dykes, afforded a sudden and astonishing re ief# 8t a%%ears, that the stor! which !iracu ous y f ashed in the faces of the ene!y, so inti!idated the!, that %art deserted to the .o!an ar!yB the rest were defeated, and the re"o ted %ro"inces entire y reco"ered# This affair occasioned the %ersecution to subside for so!e ti!e, at east in those %arts i!!ediate y under the ins%ection of the e!%erorB but we find that it soon after raged in France, %articu ar y at 'yons, where the tortures to which !any of the christians were %ut, a !ost exceed the %owers of descri%tion# The %rinci%a of these !artyrs were ?etius *gathus, a young !anB B andina, a christian ady, of a weak constitutionB ,anctus, a deacon of ?iennaB red hot % ates of brass were % aced u%on the tenderest %arts of his bodyB Bib ias, a weak wo!an, once an a%ostate# *tta us, of Perga!usB and Pothinus, the "enerab e bisho% of 'yons, who was ninety years of age# B andina, on the day when she and the three other cha!%ions were first brought into the a!%hitheatre, she was sus%ended on a %iece of wood fixed in the ground, and ex%osed as food for the wi d beastsB at which ti!e, by her earnest %rayers, she encouraged others# But none of the wi d beasts wou d touch her, so that she was re!anded to %rison# @hen she was again %roduced for the third and ast ti!e, she was acco!%anied by Ponticus, a youth of fifteen and the constancy of their faith so enraged the !u titude, that neither the sex of the one nor the youth of the other were res%ected, being ex%osed to a !anner of %unish!ents and tortures# Being strengthened by B andina, he %erse"ered unto deathB and she, after enduring a the tor!ents heretofore !entioned, was at ength s ain with the sword# @hen the christians, u%on these occasions, recei"ed !artyrdo!, they were orna!ented, and crowned with gar ands of f owersB for which they, in hea"en, recei"ed eterna crowns of g ory# The tor!ents were "ariousB and, exc usi"e of those a ready !entioned, the !artyrs of 'yons were co!%e ed to sit in red&hot iron chairs ti their f esh broi ed# This was inf icted with %ecu iar se"erity on ,anctus, a ready !entioned, and so!e others# ,o!e were sewed u% in nets, and thrown on the horns of wi d bu sB and the carcases of those who died in %rison, %re"ious to the a%%ointed ti!e of execution, were thrown to dogs# 8ndeed, so far did the !a ice of the %agans %roceed that they set guards o"er the bodies whi e the beasts were de"ouring the!, est the friends of the deceased shou d get the! away by stea thB and the offa s eft by the dogs were ordered to be burnt#

The !artyrs of 'yons, according to the best accounts we cou d obtain, who suffered for the gos%e , were forty&eight in nu!ber, and their executions ha%%ened in the year of 9hrist F22# E%i%odius and * exander were ce ebrated for their great friendshi%, and their christian union with each other# The first was born at 'yons, the atter at Greece# E%i%odius, being co!%assionated by the go"ernor of 'yons, and exhorted to join in their festi"e %agan worshi%, re% ied, C$our %retended tenderness is actua y crue tyB and the agreeab e ife you describe is re% ete with e"er asting death 9hrist suffered for us, that our % easures shou d be i!!orta , and hath %re%ared for his fo owers an eternity of b iss# The fra!e of !an being co!%osed of two %arts, body and sou , the first, as !ean and %erishab e, shou d be rendered subser"ient to the interests of the ast# $our ido atrous feasts !ay gratify the !orta , but they injure the i!!orta %artB that cannot therefore be enjoying ife which destroys the !ost "a uab e !oiety of your fra!e# $our % easures ead to eterna death, and our %ains to %er%etua ha%%iness#C E%i%odius was se"ere y beaten, and then %ut to the rack, u%on which being stretched, his f esh was torn with iron hooks# +a"ing borne his tor!ents with incredib e %atience and unshaken fortitude, he was taken fro! the rack and beheaded# ?a erian and Marce us, who were near y re ated to each other, were i!%risoned at 'yons, in the year F22, for being christians# The father was fixed u% to the waist in the groundB in which %osition, after re!aining three days, he ex%ired, *# -# F2I# ?a erian was beheaded# *%o onius, a .o!an senator, an acco!% ished gent e!an, and a sincere christian, suffered under 9o!!odus, because he wou d not worshi% hi! as +ercu es# Eusebius, ?incentius, Potentianus, Peregrinus, and Ju ius, a .o!an senator, were !artyred on the sa!e account# $he %ifth Perse&ution( &ommen&in1 with Se2erus( A. ). -30. ,e"erus, ha"ing been reco"ered fro! a se"ere fit of sickness by a christian, beca!e a great fa"ourer of the christians in genera B but the %rejudice and fury of the ignorant !u titude %re"ai ing, obso ete aws were %ut in execution against the christians# The %rogress of christianity a ar!ed the %agans, and they re"i"ed the sta e ca u!ny of % acing accidenta !isfortunes to the account of its %rofessors, *# -# FI/# But, though %ersecuting !a ice raged, yet the gos%e shone with res% endent brightnessB and, fir! as an i!%regnab e rock, withstood the attacks of its boisterous ene!ies with success# Turtu ian, who i"ed in this age, infor!s us, that if the christians had co ecti"e y withdrawn the!se "es fro! the .o!an territories, the e!%ire wou d ha"e been great y de%o%u ated# ?ictor, bisho% of .o!e, suffered !artyrdo! in the first year of the third century, *# -# /1F# 'eonidus, the father of the ce ebrated )rigen, was beheaded for being a christian# Many of )rigen's hearers ikewise suffered !artyrdo!B %articu ar y two brothers, na!ed P utarchus and ,erenusB another ,erenus, +eron, and +erac ides, were beheaded# .hais had boi ed %itch %oured u%on her head, and was then burnt, as was Marce a her !other# Pota!iena, the sister of .hais, was executed in the sa!e !anner as

.hais had beenB but Basi ides, an officer be onging to the ar!y, and ordered to attend her execution, beca!e her con"ert# Basi ides being, as an officer, reEuired to take a certain oath, refused, saying, that he cou d not swear by the .o!an ido s, as he was a christian# ,truck with sur%rise, the %eo% e cou d not, at first, be ie"e what they heardB but he had no sooner confir!ed the sa!e, than he was dragged before the judge, co!!itted to %rison, and s%eedi y afterward beheaded# 8renPus, bisho% of 'yons, was born in Greece, and recei"ed both a %o ite and a christian education# 8t is genera y su%%osed, that the account of the %ersecutions at 'yons was written by hi!se f# +e succeeded the !artyr Pothinus as bisho% of 'yons, and ru ed his diocese with great %ro%rietyB he was a Aea ous o%%oser of heresies in genera , and, about *# -# FG2, he wrote a ce ebrated tract against heresy# ?ictor, the bisho% of .o!e, wanting to i!%ose the kee%ing of Easter there, in %reference to other % aces, it occasioned so!e disorders a!ong the christians# 8n %articu ar, 8renPus wrote hi! a synodica e%ist e, in the na!e of the Ga ic churches# This Aea , in fa"our of christianity, %ointed hi! out as an object of resent!ent to the e!%erorB and in *# -# /1/, he was beheaded# The %ersecutions now extending to *frica, !any were !artyred in that Euarter of the g obeB the !ost %articu ar of who! we sha !ention# Per%etua, a !arried ady, of about twenty&two years# Those who suffered with her were, Fe icitas, a !arried ady, big with chi d at the ti!e of her being a%%rehendedB and .e"ocatus, catechu!en of 9arthage, and a s a"e# The na!es of the other %risoners, destined to suffer u%on this occasion, were ,aturninus, ,ecundu us and ,atur# )n the day a%%ointed for their execution, they were ed to the a!%hitheatre# ,atur, ,aturninus, and .e"ocatus, were ordered to run the gaunt et between the hunters, or such as had the care of the wi d beasts# The hunters being drawn u% in two ranks, they ran between, and were se"ere y ashed as they %assed# Fe icitas and Per%etua were stri%%ed, in order to be thrown to a !ad bu , which !ade his first attack u%on Per%etua, and stunned herB he then darted at Fe icitas, and gored her dreadfu yB but not ki ing the!, the executioner did that office with a sword# .e"ocatus and ,atur were destroyed by wi d beastsB ,aturninus was beheadedB and ,ecundu us died in %rison# These executions were in the year /10, on the Gth day of March# ,%eratus, and twe "e others, were ikewise beheadedB as was *ndoc es in France# *sc e%iades, bisho% of *ntioch, suffered !any tortures, but his ife was s%ared# 9eci ia, a young ady of good fa!i y in .o!e, was !arried to a gent e!an na!ed ?a erian# ,he con"erted her husband and brother, who were beheadedB and the !axi!us, or officer, who ed the! to execution, beco!ing their con"ert, suffered the sa!e fate# The ady was % aced naked in a sca ding bath, and ha"ing continued there a considerab e ti!e, her head was struck off with a sword, *# -# ///# 9a istus, bisho% of .o!e, was !artyred, *# -# //5B but the !anner of his death is not recordedB and :rban, bisho% of .o!e, !et the sa!e fate *# -# /H/# $he Si4th Perse&ution( under Ma4iminus( A. ). 056.

*# -# /H0, was in the ti!e of Maxi!inus# 8n 9a%%adocia, the %resident, ,ere!ianus, did a he cou d to exter!inate the christians fro! that %ro"ince# The %rinci%a %ersons who %erished under this reign were Pontianus, bisho% of .o!eB *nteros, a Grecian, his successor, who ga"e offence to the go"ern!ent, by co ecting the acts of the !artyrs, Pa!!achius and Luiritus, .o!an senators, with a their fa!i ies, and !any other christiansB ,i!% icius, senatorB 9a e%odius, a christian !inister, thrown into the TyberB Martina, a nob e and beautifu "irginB and +i%%o itus, a christian %re ate, tied to a wi d horse, and dragged ti he ex%ired# -uring this %ersecution, raised by Maxi!inus, nu!ber ess christians were s ain without tria , and buried indiscri!inate y in hea%s, so!eti!es fifty or sixty being cast into a %it together, without the east decency# The tyrant Maxi!inus dying, *# -# /HG, was succeeded by Gordian, during whose reign, and that of his successor Phi i%, the church was free fro! %ersecution for the s%ace of !ore than ten yearsB but *# -# /5I, a "io ent %ersecution broke out in * exandria, at the instigation of a %agan %riest, without the know edge of the e!%eror# $he Se2enth Perse&ution( under )e&ius A. ). 073. This was occasioned %art y by the hatred he bore to his %redecessor Phi i%, who was dee!ed a christian, and %art y to his jea ousy concerning the a!aAing increase of christianityB for the heathen te!% es began to be forsaken, and the christian churches thronged# These reasons sti!u ated -ecius to atte!%t the "ery extir%ation of the na!e of christianB and it was unfortunate for the gos%e , that !any errors had, about this ti!e, cre%t into the church( the christians were at "ariance with each otherB se f&interest di"ided those who! socia o"e ought to ha"e unitedB and the "iru ence of %ride occasioned a "ariety of factions# The heathens in genera were a!bitious to enforce the i!%eria decrees u%on this occasion, and ooked u%on the !urder of a christian as a !erit to the!se "es# The !artyrs, u%on this occasion, were innu!erab eB but the %rinci%a we sha gi"e so!e account of# Fabian, the bisho% of .o!e, was the first %erson of e!inence who fe t the se"erity of this %ersecution# The deceased e!%eror, Phi i%, had, on account of his integrity, co!!itted his treasure to the care of this good !an# But -ecius, not finding as !uch as his a"arice !ade hi! ex%ect, deter!ined to wreak his "engeance on the good %re ate# +e was according y seiAedB and on the /1th of January, *# -# /01, he suffered deca%itation# Ju ian, a nati"e of 9i icia, as we are infor!ed by ,t# 9hrysosto!, was seiAed u%on for being a christian# +e was %ut into a eather bag, together with a nu!ber of ser%ents and scor%ions, and in that condition thrown into the sea# Peter, a young !an, a!iab e for the su%erior Eua ities of his body and !ind, was beheaded for refusing to sacrifice to ?enus# +e said, C8 a! astonished you shou d sacrifice to an infa!ous wo!an, whose debaucheries e"en your own historians record, and whose ife consisted of such actions as your aws wou d %unish#D;o, 8 sha offer the true God the acce%tab e sacrifice of %raises and %rayers#C )%ti!us, the %roconsu of *sia, on hearing this,

ordered the %risoner to be stretched u%on a whee , by which a his bones were broken, and then he was sent to be beheaded# ;icho!achus, being brought before the %roconsu as a christian, was ordered to sacrifice to the %agan ido s# ;icho!achus re% ied, C8 cannot %ay that res%ect to de"i s, which is on y due to the * !ighty#C This s%eech so !uch enraged the %roconsu , that ;icho!achus was %ut to the rack# *fter enduring the tor!ents for a ti!e, he recantedB but scarce y had he gi"en this %roof of his frai ty, than he fe into the greatest agonies, dro%%ed down on the ground, and ex%ired i!!ediate y# -enisa, a young wo!an of on y sixteen years of age, who behe d this terrib e judg!ent, sudden y exc ai!ed, C) unha%%y wretch, why wou d you buy a !o!ent's ease at the ex%ense of a !iserab e eternitySC )%ti!us, hearing this, ca ed to her, and -enisa a"owing herse f to be a christian, she was beheaded, by his order, soon after# *ndrew and Pau , two co!%anions of ;icho!achus the !artyr, *# -# /0F, suffered !artyrdo! by stoning, and ex%ired, ca ing on their b essed .edee!er# * exander and E%i!achus, of * exandria, were a%%rehended for being christians( and, confessing the accusation, were beat with sta"es, torn with hooks, and at ength burnt in the fireB and we are infor!ed, in a frag!ent %reser"ed by Eusebius, that four fe!a e !artyrs suffered on the sa!e day, and at the sa!e % ace, but not in the sa!e !annerB for these were beheaded# 'ucian and Marcian, two wicked %agans, though ski fu !agicians, beco!ing con"erts to christianity, to !ake a!ends for their for!er errors, i"ed the i"es of her!its, and subsisted u%on bread and water on y# *fter so!e ti!e s%ent in this !anner, they beca!e Aea ous %reachers, and !ade !any con"erts# The %ersecution, howe"er, raging at this ti!e, they were seiAed u%on, and carried before ,abinus, the go"ernor of Bithynia# )n being asked by what authority they took u%on the!se "es to %reach, 'ucian answered, CThat the aws of charity and hu!anity ob iged a !en to endea"our the con"ersion of their neighbours, and to do e"ery thing in their %ower to rescue the! fro! the snares of the de"i #C 'ucian ha"ing answered in this !anner, Marcian said, that CThen con"ersion was by the sa!e grace which was gi"en to ,t# Pau , who, fro! a Aea ous %ersecutor of the church, beca!e a %reacher of the gos%e #C The %roconsu , finding that he cou d not %re"ai with the! to renounce their faith, conde!ned the! to be burnt a i"e, which sentence was soon after executed# Try%ho and .es%icius, two e!inent !en, were seiAed as 9hristians, and i!%risoned at ;ice# Their feet were %ierced with nai sB they were dragged through the streets, scourged, torn with iron hooks, scorched with ighted torches, and at ength beheaded, February F, *# -# /0F# *gatha, a ,ici ian ady, was not !ore re!arkab e for her %ersona and acEuired endow!ents, than her %iety( her beauty was such, that Luintian, go"ernor of ,ici y, beca!e ena!oured of her, and !ade !any atte!%ts u%on her chastity without success# 8n order to gratify his %assions with the greater con"eniency, he %ut the "irtuous ady into the hands of *%hrodica, a "ery infa!ous and icentious wo!an# This wretch tried e"ery artifice to win her to the desired %rostitutionB

but found a her efforts were "ainB for her chastity was i!%regnab e, and she we knew that "irtue a one cou d %rocure true ha%%iness# *%hrodica acEuainted Luintian with the inefficacy of her endea"ours, who, enraged to be foi ed in his designs, changed his ust into resent!ent# )n her confessing that she was a christian, he deter!ined to gratify his re"enge, as he cou d not his %assion# Pursuant to his orders, she was scourged, burnt with red&hot irons, and torn with shar% hooks# +a"ing borne these tor!ents with ad!irab e fortitude, she was next aid naked u%on i"e coa s, inter!ing ed with g ass, and then being carried back to %rison, she there ex%ired on the 0th of Feb# /0F# 9yri , bisho% of Gortyna, was seiAed by order of 'ucius, the go"ernor of that % ace, who, ne"erthe ess, exhorted hi! to obey the i!%eria !andate, %erfor! the sacrifices, and sa"e his "enerab e %erson fro! destructionB for he was now eighty&four years of age# The good %re ate re% ied, that as he had ong taught others to sa"e their sou s, he shou d on y think now of his own sa "ation# The worthy %re ate heard his fiery sentence without e!otion, wa ked cheerfu y to the % ace of execution, and underwent his !artyrdo! with great fortitude# The %ersecution raged in no % ace !ore than the 8s and of 9reteB for the go"ernor, being exceeding y acti"e in executing the i!%eria decrees, that % ace strea!ed with %ious b ood# Baby as, a christian of a ibera education, beca!e bisho% of *ntioch, *# -# /H2, on the de!ise of Nebinus# +e acted with ini!itab e Aea , and go"erned the church with ad!irab e %rudence during the !ost te!%estuous ti!es# The first !isfortune that ha%%ened to *ntioch during his !ission, was the siege of it by ,a%or, king of PersiaB who, ha"ing o"errun a ,yria, took and % undered this city a!ong others, and used the christian inhabitants with greater se"erity than the rest, but was soon tota y defeated by Gordian# *fter Gordian's death, in the reign of -ecius, that e!%eror ca!e to *ntioch, where, ha"ing a desire to "isit an asse!b y of christians, Baby as o%%osed hi!, and abso ute y refused to et hi! co!e in# The e!%eror disse!b ed his anger at that ti!eB but soon sending for the bisho%, he shar% y re%ro"ed hi! for his inso ence, and then ordered hi! to sacrifice to the %agan deities as an ex%iation for his offence# This being refused, he was co!!itted to %rison, oaded with chains, treated with great se"erities, and then beheaded, together with three young !en who had been his %u%i s# *# -# /0F# * exander, bisho% of Jerusa e!, about this ti!e was cast into %rison on account of his re igion, where he died through the se"erity of his confine!ent# Ju ianus, an o d !an, a!e with the gout, and 9ronion, another christian, were bound on the backs of ca!e s, se"ere y scourged, and then thrown into a fire and consu!ed# * so forty "irgins, at *ntioch, after being i!%risoned and scourged, were burnt# 8n the year of our 'ord /0F, the e!%eror -ecius ha"ing erected a %agan te!% e at E%hesus, he co!!anded a who were in that city to sacrifice to the ido s# This order was nob y refused by se"en of his own so diers, "iA# Maxi!ianus, Martianus, Joannes, Ma chus, -ionysius, ,eraion, and 9onstantinus# The e!%eror wishing to win these so diers to renounce their faith by his entreaties and enity, ga"e the! a considerab e res%ite ti he returned fro! an ex%edition# -uring the e!%eror's absence, they esca%ed,

and hid the!se "es in a ca"ernB which the e!%eror being infor!ed of at his return, the !outh of the ca"e was c osed u%, and they a %erished with hunger# Theodora, a beautifu young ady of *ntioch, on refusing to sacrifice to the .o!an ido s, was conde!ned to the stews, that her "irtue !ight be sacrificed to the bruta ity of ust# -idy!us, a christian, disguised hi!se f in the habit of a .o!an so dier, went to the house, infor!ed Theodora who he was, and ad"ised her to !ake her esca%e in his c othes# This being effected, and a !an found in the brothe instead of a beautifu ady, -idy!us was taken before the %resident, to who! confessing the truth, and owning that he was a christian the sentence of death was i!!ediate y %ronounced against hi!# Theodora, hearing that her de i"erer was ike y to suffer, ca!e to the judge, threw herse f at his feet, and begged that the sentence !ight fa on her as the gui ty %ersonB but, deaf to the cries of the innocent, and insensib e to the ca s of justice, the inf exib e judge conde!ned both, when they were executed according y, being first beheaded, and their bodies afterward burnt# ,ecundianus, ha"ing been accused as a christian, was con"eyed to %rison by so!e so diers# )n the way, ?erianus and Marce inus said, C@here are you carrying the innocentTC This interrogatory occasioned the! to be seiAed, and a three, after ha"ing been tortured, were hanged and deca%itated# )rigen, the ce ebrated %resbyter and catechist of * exandria, at the age of sixty&four, was seiAed, thrown into a oathso!e %rison, aden with fetters, his feet % aced in the stocks, and his egs extended to the ut!ost for se"era successi"e days# +e was threatened with fire, and tor!ented by e"ery ingering !eans the !ost inferna i!aginations cou d suggest# -uring thus crue te!%oriAing, the e!%eror -ecius died, and Ga us, who succeeded hi!, engaging in a war with the Goths, the christians !et with a res%ite# 8n this interi!, )rigen obtained his en arge!ent, and, retiring to Tyre, he there re!ained ti his death, which ha%%ened when he was in the sixty&ninth year of his age# Ga us, the e!%eror, ha"ing conc uded his wars, a % ague broke out in the e!%ire( sacrifices to the %agan deities were ordered by the e!%eror, and %ersecutions s%read fro! the interior to the extre!e %arts of the e!%ire, and !any fe !artyrs to the i!%etuosity of the rabb e, as we as the %rejudice of the !agistrates# *!ong these were 9orne ius, the christian bisho% of .o!e, and 'ucius, his successor, in /0H# Most of the errors which cre%t into the church at this ti!e, arose fro! % acing hu!an reason in co!%etition with re"e ationB but the fa acy of such argu!ents being %ro"ed by the !ost ab e di"ines, the o%inions they had created "anished away ike the stars before the sun# $he "i1hth Perse&ution( under Valerian( A. ). 06+, Began under ?a erian, in the !onth of *%ri , /02, and continued for three years and six !onths# The !artyrs that fe in this %ersecution were innu!erab e, and their tortures and deaths as "arious and %ainfu # The !ost e!inent !artyrs were the fo owing, though neither rank, sex, or age were regarded#

.ufina and ,ecunda, two beautifu and acco!% ished adies, daughters of *sterius, a gent e!an of e!inence in .o!e# .ufina, the e der, was designed in !arriage for *r!entarius, a young nob e!anB ,ecunda, the younger, for ?erinus a %erson of rank and o%u ence# The suitors, at the ti!e of the %ersecution's co!!encing, were both christiansB but when danger a%%eared, to sa"e their fortunes, they renounced their faith# They took great %ains to %ersuade the adies to do the sa!e, but, disa%%ointed in their %ur%ose, the o"ers were base enough to infor! against the adies, who, being a%%rehended as christians, were brought before Junius -onatus, go"ernor of .o!e, where, *# -# /02, they sea ed their !artyrdo! with their b ood# ,te%hen, bisho% of .o!e, was beheaded in the sa!e year, and about that ti!e ,aturnius, the %ious orthodox bisho% of Thou ouse, refusing to sacrifice to ido s, was treated with a the barbarous indignities i!aginab e, and fastened by the feet to the tai of a bu # :%on a signa gi"en, the enraged ani!a was dri"en down the ste%s of the te!% e, by which the worthy !artyr's brains were dashed out# ,extus succeeded ,te%hen as bisho% of .o!e# +e is su%%osed to ha"e been a Greek by birth or by extraction, and had for so!e ti!e ser"ed in the ca%acity of a deacon under ,te%hen# +is great fide ity, singu ar wisdo!, and unco!!on courage, distinguished hi! u%on !any occasionsB and the ha%%y conc usion of a contro"ersy with so!e heretics is genera y ascribed to his %iety and %rudence# 8n the year /0G, Marcianus, who had the !anage!ent of the .o!an go"ern!ent, %rocured an order fro! the e!%eror ?a erian, to %ut to death a the christian c ergy in .o!e, and hence the bisho% with six of his deacons, suffered !artyrdo! in /0G# 'aurentius, genera y ca ed ,t# 'aurence, the %rinci%a of the deacons, who taught and %reached under ,extus, fo owed hi! to the % ace of executionB when ,extus %redicted, that he shou d, three days after, !eet hi! in hea"en# 'aurentius, ooking u%on this as a certain indication of his own a%%roaching !artyrdo!, at his return gathered together a the christian %oor, and distributed the treasures of the church, which had been co!!itted to his care, a!ong the!# This ibera ity a ar!ed the %ersecutors, who co!!anded hi! to gi"e an i!!ediate account to the e!%eror of the church treasures# This he %ro!ised to do in three days, during which inter"a , he co ected together a great nu!ber of aged, he % ess, and i!%otent %oorB he re%aired to the !agistrate, and %resenting the! to hi!, said, CThese are the true treasures of the church#C 8ncensed at the disa%%oint!ent, and fancying the !atter !eant in ridicu e, the go"ernor ordered hi! to be i!!ediate y scourged# +e was then beaten with iron rods, set u%on a wooden horse, and had his i!bs dis ocated# These tortures he endured with fortitude and %erse"eranceB when he was ordered to be fastened to a arge gridiron, with a s ow fire under it, that his death !ight be the !ore ingering# +is astonishing constancy during these tria s, and serenity of countenance whi e under such excruciating tor!ents, ga"e the s%ectators so exa ted an idea of the dignity and truth of the christian re igion, that !any beca!e con"erts u%on the occasion, of who! was .o!anus, a so dier#

8n *frica the %ersecution raged with %ecu iar "io enceB !any thousands recei"ed the crown of !artyrdo!, a!ong who! the fo owing were the !ost distinguished characters( 9y%rian, bisho% of 9arthage, an e!inent %re ate, and a %ious orna!ent of the church# The brightness of his genius was te!%ered by the so idity of his judg!entB and with a the acco!% ish!ents of the gent e!an, he b ended the "irtues of a christian# +is doctrines were orthodox and %ureB his anguage easy and e egantB and his !anners gracefu and winning( in fine, he was both the %ious and %o ite %reacher# 8n his youth he was educated in the %rinci% es of Genti is!, and ha"ing a considerab e fortune, he i"ed in the "ery extra"agance of s% endour, and a the dignity of %o!%# *bout the year /5J, 9Uci ius, a christian !inister of 9arthage beca!e the ha%%y instru!ent of 9y%rian's con"ersion( on which account, and for the great o"e that he a ways afterward bore for the author of his con"ersion, he was ter!ed 9Uci ius 9y%rian# Pre"ious to his ba%tis!, he studied the scri%tures with care, and being struck with the beauties of the truths they contained, he deter!ined to %ractise the "irtues therein reco!!ended# ,ubseEuent to his ba%tis!, he so d his estate, distributed the !oney a!ong the %oor, dressed hi!se f in % ain attire, and co!!enced a ife of austerity# +e was soon after !ade a %resbyterB and, being great y ad!ired for his "irtues and works, on the death of -onatus, in *# -# /5G, he was a !ost unani!ous y e ected bisho% of 9arthage# 9y%rian's care not on y extended o"er 9arthage, but to ;u!idia and Mauritania# 8n a his transactions he took great care to ask the ad"ice of his c ergy, knowing, that unani!ity a one cou d be of ser"ice to the church, this being one of his !axi!s, CThat the bisho% was in the church, and the church in the bisho%B so that unity can on y be %reser"ed by a c ose connexion between the %astor and his f ock#C *# -# /01, 9y%rian was %ub ic y %roscribed by the e!%eror -ecius, under the a%%e ation of 9Uci ius 9y%rian, bisho% of the christiansB and the uni"ersa cry of the %agans was, C9y%rian to the ions, 9y%rian to the beasts#C The bisho%, howe"er, withdrew fro! the rage of the %o%u ace, and his effects were i!!ediate y confiscated# -uring his retire!ent, he wrote thirty %ious and e egant etters to his f ockB but se"era schis!s that then cre%t into the church, ga"e hi! great uneasiness# The rigour of the %ersecution abating, he returned to 9arthage, and did e"ery thing in his %ower to ex%unge erroneous o%inions# * terrib e % ague breaking out in 9arthage, it was as usua , aid to the charge of the christiansB and the !agistrates began to %ersecute according y, which occasioned an e%ist e fro! the! to 9y%rian, in answer to which he "indicates the cause of christianity# *# -# /02, 9y%rian was brought before the %roconsu *s%asius Paturnus, who exi ed hi! to a itt e city on the 'ybian sea# )n the death of this %roconsu , he returned to 9arthage, but was soon after seiAed, and carried before the now go"ernor, who conde!ned hi! to be beheadedB which sentence was executed on the F5th of ,e%te!ber, *# -# /0G# The disci% es of 9y%rian, !artyred in this %ersecution, were 'ucius, F a"ian, ?ictoricus, .e!us, Montanus, Ju ian, Pri!e us, and -onatian# *t :tica, a !ost terrib e tragedy was exhibited( H11 christians were, by the orders of the %roconsu , % aced round a burning i!eki n# * %an of coa s and incense being %re%ared, they were co!!anded either to sacrifice to Ju%iter,

or to be thrown into the ki n# :nani!ous y refusing, they bra"e y ju!%ed into the %it, and were i!!ediate y suffocated# Fructuosus, bisho% of Tarragon, in ,%ain, and his two deacons, *ugurius and Eu ogius, were burnt for being christians# * exander, Ma chus, and Priscus, three christians of Pa estine, with a wo!an of the sa!e % ace, "o untari y accused the!se "es of being christiansB on which account they were sentenced to be de"oured by tigers, which sentence was executed according y# Maxi!a, -onati a, and ,ecunda, three "irgins of Tuburga, had ga and "inegar gi"en the! to drink, were then se"ere y scourged, tor!ented on a gibbet, rubbed with i!e, scorched on a gridiron, worried by wi d beasts, and at ength beheaded# 8t is here %ro%er to take notice of the singu ar but !iserab e fate of the e!%eror ?a erian, who had so ong and so terrib y %ersecuted the christians# This tyrant, by a stratage!, was taken %risoner by ,a%or, e!%eror of Persia, who carried hi! into his own country, and there treated hi! with the !ost unexa!% ed indignity, !aking hi! knee down as the !eanest s a"e, and treading u%on hi! as a footstoo when he !ounted his horse# *fter ha"ing ke%t hi! for the s%ace of se"en years in this abject state of s a"ery, he caused his eyes to be %ut out, though he was then GH years of age# This not satiating his desire of re"enge, he soon after ordered his body to be f ayed a i"e, and rubbed with sa t, under which tor!ents he ex%iredB and thus fe one of the !ost tyrannica e!%erors of .o!e, and one of the greatest %ersecutors of the christians# *# -# /J1, Ga ienus, the son of ?a erian, succeeded hi!, and during his reign Qa few !artyrs exce%tedR the church enjoyed %eace for so!e years# $he 'inth Perse&ution under Aurelian( A. ). 0+7. The %rinci%a sufferers were, Fe ix, bisho% of .o!e# This %re ate was ad"anced to the .o!an see in /25# +e was the first !artyr to *ure ian's %etu ancy, being beheaded on the //d of -ece!ber, in the sa!e year# *ga%etus, a young gent e!an, who so d his estate, and ga"e the !oney to the %oor, was seiAed as a christian, tortured, and then beheaded at PrPneste, a city within a day's journey of .o!e# These are the on y !artyrs eft u%on record during this reign, as it was soon %ut a sto% to by the e!%eror's being !urdered by his own do!estics, at ByAantiu!# *ure ian was succeeded by Tacitus, who was fo owed by Probus, as the atter was by 9arus( this e!%eror being ki ed by a thunder stor!, his sons, 9arnious and ;u!erian, succeeded hi!, and during a these reigns the church had %eace# -ioc etian !ounted the i!%eria throne, *# -# /G5B at first he showed great fa"our to the christians# 8n the year /GJ, he associated Maxi!ian with hi! in the e!%ireB and so!e christians were %ut to death before any genera %ersecution broke out# *!ong these were Fe ician and Pri!us, two brothers# Marcus and Marce ianus were twins, nati"es of .o!e, and of nob e descent# Their %arents were heathens, but the tutors, to who! the education of the chi dren was intrusted, brought the! u% as christians#

Their constancy at ength subdued those who wished the! to beco!e %agans, and their %arents and who e fa!i y beca!e con"erts to a faith they had before re%robated# They were !artyred by being tied to %osts, and ha"ing their feet %ierced with nai s# *fter re!aining in this situation for a day and a night, their sufferings were %ut an end to by thrusting ances through their bodies# Noe, the wife of the jai er, who had the care of the before&!entioned !artyrs, was a so con"erted by the!, and hung u%on a tree, with a fire of straw ighted under her# @hen her body was taken down, it was thrown into a ri"er, with a arge stone tied to it, in order to sink it# 8n the year of 9hrist /GJ, a !ost re!arkab e affair occurredB a egion of so diers, consisting of JJJJ !en, contained none but christians# This egion was ca ed the Theban 'egion, because the !en had been raised in Thebias( they were Euartered in the east ti the e!%eror Maxi!ian ordered the! to !arch to Gau , to assist hi! against the rebe s of Burgundy# They %assed the * %s into Gau , under the co!!and of Mauritius, 9andidus, and Exu%ernis, their worthy co!!anders, and at ength joined the e!%eror# Maxi!ian, about this ti!e, ordered a genera sacrifice, at which the who e ar!y was to assistB and ikewise he co!!anded, that they shou d take the oath of a egiance and swear, at the sa!e ti!e, to assist in the extir%ation of christianity in Gau # * ar!ed at these orders, each indi"idua of the Theban 'egion abso ute y refused either to sacrifice or take the oaths %rescribed# This so great y enraged Maxi!ian, that he ordered the egion to be deci!ated, that is, e"ery tenth !an to be se ected fro! the rest, and %ut to the sword# This b oody order ha"ing been %ut in execution, those who re!ained a i"e were sti inf exib e, when a second deci!ation took % ace, and e"ery tenth !an of those i"ing were %ut to death# This second se"erity !ade no !ore i!%ression than the first had doneB the so diers %reser"ed their fortitude and their %rinci% es, but by the ad"ice of their officers they drew u% a oya re!onstrance to the e!%eror# This, it !ight ha"e been %resu!ed, wou d ha"e softened the e!%eror, but it had a contrary effect( for, enraged at their %erse"erance and unani!ity, he co!!anded, that the who e egion shou d be %ut to death, which was according y executed by the other troo%s, who cut the! to %ieces with their swords, //d ,e%t# /GJ# * ban, fro! who! ,t# * ban's, in +ertfordshire, recei"ed its na!e, was the first British !artyr# Great Britain had recei"ed the gos%e of 9hrist fro! 'ucius, the first christian king, but did not suffer fro! the rage of %ersecution for !any years after# +e was origina y a %agan, but con"erted by a christian ecc esiastic, na!ed *!%hiba us, who! he she tered on account of his re igion# The ene!ies of *!%hiba us, ha"ing inte igence of the % ace where he was secreted, ca!e to the house of * banB in order to faci itate his esca%e, when the so diers ca!e, he offered hi!se f u% as the %erson they were seeking for# The deceit being detected, the go"ernor ordered hi! to be scourged, and then he was sentenced to be beheaded, June //, *# -# /G2# The "enerab e Bede assures us, that, u%on this occasion, the executioner sudden y beca!e a con"ert to christianity, and entreated %er!ission to die for * ban, or with hi!# )btaining the atter reEuest, they were beheaded by a so dier, who "o untari y undertook the task of executioner# This ha%%ened on

the //d of June, *# -# /G2, at ?eru a!, now ,t# * bans, in +ertfordshire, where a !agnificent church was erected to his !e!ory about the ti!e of 9onstantine the Great# This edifice, being destroyed in the ,axon wars, was rebui t by )ffa, king of Mercia, and a !onastery erected adjoining to it, so!e re!ains of which are sti "isib e, and the church is a nob e Gothic structure# Faith, a christian fe!a e, of *cEuitain, in France, was ordered to be broi ed u%on a gridiron, and then beheadedB *# -# /G2# Luintin was a christian, and a nati"e of .o!e, but deter!ined to atte!%t the %ro%agation of the gos%e in Gau , with one 'ucian, they %reached together in *!iensB after which 'ucian went to Beau!aris, where he was !artyred# Luintin re!ained in Picardy, and was "ery Aea ous in his !inistry# Being seiAed u%on as a christian, he was stretched with %u ies ti his joints were dis ocated( his body was then torn with wire scourges, and boi ing oi and %itch %oured on his naked f eshB ighted torches were a%% ied to his sides and ar!%itsB and after he had been thus tortured, he was re!anded back to %rison, and died of the barbarities he had suffered, )ctober HF, *# -# /G2# +is body was sunk in the ,o!!e# $he $enth Perse&ution under )io&letian( A. ). 5/5, :nder the .o!an E!%erors, co!!on y ca ed the Era of the Martyrs, was occasioned %art y by the increasing nu!bers and uxury of the christians, and the hatred of Ga erius, the ado%ted son of -ioc etian, who, being sti!u ated by his !other, a bigoted %agan, ne"er ceased %ersuading the e!%eror to enter u%on the %ersecution, ti he had acco!% ished his %ur%ose# The fata day fixed u%on to co!!ence the b oody work, was the /Hd of February, *# -# H1H, that being the day in which the Ter!ina ia were ce ebrated, and on which, as the crue %agans boasted, they ho%ed to %ut a ter!ination to christianity# )n the a%%ointed day, the %ersecution began in ;ico!edia, on the !orning of which the %refect of that city re%aired, with a great nu!ber of officers and assistants, to the church of the christians, where, ha"ing forced o%en the doors, they seiAed u%on a the sacred books, and co!!itted the! to the f a!es# The who e of this transaction was in the %resence of -ioc etian and Ga erius, who, not contented with burning the books, had the church e"e ed with the ground# This was fo owed by a se"ere edict, co!!anding the destruction of a other christian churches and booksB and an order soon succeeded, to render christians of a deno!inations out aws# The %ub ication of this edict occasioned an i!!ediate !artyrdo! for a bo d christian not on y tore it down fro! the % ace to which it was affixed, but execrated the na!e of the e!%eror for his injustice# * %ro"ocation ike this was sufficient to ca down %agan "engeance u%on his headB he was according y seiAed, se"ere y tortured, and then burned a i"e# * the christians were a%%rehended and i!%risonedB and Ga erius %ri"ate y ordered the i!%eria %a ace to be set on fire, that the christians !ight be charged as the incendiaries, and a % ausib e %retence gi"en for carrying on the %ersecution with the greatest se"erities# * genera sacrifice was co!!enced, which occasioned "arious !artyrdo!s# ;o distinction was !ade of age or sexB the na!e of 9hristian was so obnoxious to the %agans, that a indiscri!inate y fe sacrifices to their o%inions# Many houses were set

on fire, and who e christian fa!i ies %erished in the f a!esB and others had stones fastened about their necks, and being tied together were dri"en into the sea# The %ersecution beca!e genera in a the .o!an %ro"inces, but !ore %articu ar y in the eastB and as it asted ten years, it is i!%ossib e to ascertain the nu!bers !artyred, or to enu!erate the "arious !odes of !artyrdo!# .acks, scourges, swords, daggers, crosses, %oison, and fa!ine, were !ade use of in "arious %arts to des%atch the christiansB and in"ention was exhausted to de"ise tortures against such as had no cri!e, but thinking different y fro! the "otaries of su%erstition# * city of Phrygia, consisting entire y of christians, was burnt, and a the inhabitants %erished in the f a!es# Tired with s aughter, at ength, se"era go"ernors of %ro"inces re%resented to the i!%eria court, the i!%ro%riety of such conduct# +ence !any were res%ited fro! execution, but, though they were not %ut to death, as !uch as %ossib e was done to render their i"es !iserab e, !any of the! ha"ing their ears cut off, their noses s it, their right eyes %ut out, their i!bs rendered use ess by dreadfu dis ocations, and their f esh seared in cons%icuous % aces with red&hot irons# 8t is necessary now to %articu ariAe the !ost cons%icuous %ersons who aid down their i"es in !artyrdo! in this b oody %ersecution# ,ebastian, a ce ebrated !artyr, was born at ;arbonne, in Gau , instructed in the %rinci% es of christianity at Mi an, and afterward beca!e an officer of the e!%eror's guard at .o!e# +e re!ained a true christian in the !idst of ido atryB una ured by the s% endours of a court, untainted by e"i exa!% es, and unconta!inated by the ho%es of %refer!ent# .efusing to be a %agan, the e!%eror ordered hi! to be taken to a fie d near the city, ter!ed the 9a!%us Martius, and there to be shot to death with arrowsB which sentence was executed according y# ,o!e %ious christians co!ing to the % ace of execution, in order to gi"e his body buria , %ercei"ed signs of ife in hi!, and i!!ediate y !o"ing hi! to a % ace of security, they, in a short ti!e effected his reco"ery, and %re%ared hi! for a second !artyrdo!B for, as soon as he was ab e to go out, he % aced hi!se f intentiona y in the e!%eror's way as he was going to the te!% e, and re%rehended hi! for his "arious crue ties and unreasonab e %rejudices against christianity# *s soon as -ioc etian had o"erco!e his sur%rise, he ordered ,ebastian to be seiAed, and carried to a % ace near the %a ace, and beaten to deathB and, that the christians shou d not either use !eans again to reco"er or bury his body, he ordered that it shou d be thrown into the co!!on sewer# ;e"erthe ess, a christian ady, na!ed 'ucina, found !eans to re!o"e it fro! the sewer, and bury it in the cataco!bs, or re%ositories of the dead# The christians, about this ti!e, u%on !ature consideration, thought it un awfu to bear ar!s under a heathen e!%eror# Maxi!i ian, the son of Fabius ?ictor, was the first beheaded under this regu ation# ?itus, a ,ici ian of considerab e fa!i y, was brought u% a christianB when his "irtues increased with his years, his constancy su%%orted hi! under a aff ictions, and his faith was su%erior to the !ost dangerous %eri s# +is father, +y as, who was a %agan, finding that he had been instructed in the %rinci% es of christianity by the nurse who brought hi! u%, used a his

endea"ours to bring hi! back to %aganis! and at ength sacrificed his son to the ido s, June F5, *# -# H1H# ?ictor was a 9hristian of a good fa!i y at Marsei es, in FranceB he s%ent a great %art of the night in "isiting the aff icted, and confir!ing the weakB which %ious work he cou d not, consistent y with his own safety, %erfor! in the dayti!eB and his fortune he s%ent in re ie"ing the distresses of %oor christians# +e was at ength, howe"er, seiAed by the e!%eror's Maxi!ian's decree, who ordered hi! to be bound, and dragged through the streets# -uring the execution of this order, he was treated with a !anner of crue ties and indignities by the enraged %o%u ace# .e!aining sti inf exib e, his courage was dee!ed obstinacy# Being by order stretched u%on the rack, he turned his eyes towards hea"en, and %rayed to God to endue hi! with %atience, after which he underwent the tortures with !ost ad!irab e fortitude# *fter the executioners were tired with inf icting tor!ents on hi!, he was con"eyed to a dungeon# 8n his confine!ent, he con"erted his jai ers, na!ed * exander, Fe ician, and 'onginus# This affair co!ing to the ears of the e!%eror, he ordered the! i!!ediate y to be %ut to death, and the jai ers were according y beheaded# ?ictor was then again %ut to the rack, un!ercifu y beaten with batons, and again sent to %rison# Being a third ti!e exa!ined concerning his re igion, he %erse"ered in his %rinci% esB a s!a a tar was then brought, and he was co!!anded to offer incense u%on it i!!ediate y# Fired with indignation at the reEuest, he bo d y ste%%ed forward, and with his foot o"erthrew both a tar and ido # This so enraged the e!%eror Maxi!ian, who was %resent, that he ordered the foot with which he had kicked the a tar to be i!!ediate y cut offB and ?ictor was thrown into a !i , and crushed to %ieces with the stones, *# -# H1H# Maxi!us, go"ernor of 9i icia, being at Tarsus, three christians were brought before hi!B their na!es were Tarachus, an aged !anB Probus, and *ndronicus# *fter re%eated tortures and exhortations to recant, they, at ength, were ordered for execution# Being brought to the a!%hitheatre, se"era beasts were et oose u%on the!B but none of the ani!a s, though hungry, wou d touch the!# The kee%er then brought out a arge bear, that had that "ery day destroyed three !enB but this "oracious creature and a fierce ioness both refused to touch the %risoners# Finding the design of destroying the! by the !eans of wi d beasts ineffectua , Maxi!us ordered the! to be s ain by the sword, on the FFth of )ctober, *# -# H1H# .o!anus, a nati"e of Pa estine, was deacon of the church of 9Psarea, at the ti!e of the co!!ence!ent of -ioc etian's %ersecution# Being conde!ned for his faith at *ntioch, he was scourged, %ut to the rack, his body torn with hooks, his f esh cut with kni"es, his face scarified, his teeth beaten fro! their sockets, and his hair % ucked u% by the roots# ,oon after he was ordered to be strang ed, ;o"# F2, *# -# H1H# ,usanna, the niece of 9aius, bisho% of .o!e, was %ressed by the e!%eror -ioc etian to !arry a nob e %agan, who was near y re ated to hi!# .efusing the honour intended her, she was beheaded by the e!%eror's order# -orotheus, the high cha!ber ain of the househo d to -ioc etian, was a christian, and took great %ains to !ake con"erts# 8n his re igious abours, he

was joined by Gorgonius, another christian, and one be onging to the %a ace# They were first tortured and then strang ed# Peter, a eunuch be onging to the e!%eror, was a christian of singu ar !odesty and hu!i ity# +e was aid on a gridiron, and broi ed o"er a s ow fire ti he ex%ired# 9y%rian, known by the tit e of the !agician, to distinguish hi! fro! 9y%rian, bisho% of 9arthage, was a nati"e of *ntioch# +e recei"ed a ibera education in his youth, and %articu ar y a%% ied hi!se f to astro ogyB after which he tra"e ed for i!%ro"e!ent through Greece, Egy%t, 8ndia, Kc# 8n the course of ti!e he beca!e acEuainted with Justina, a young ady of *ntioch, whose birth, beauty, and acco!% ish!ents, rendered her the ad!iration of a who knew her# * %agan gent e!an a%% ied to 9y%rian, to %ro!ote his suit with the beautifu JustinaB this he undertook, but soon hi!se f beca!e con"erted, burnt his books of astro ogy and !agic, recei"ed ba%tis!, and fe t ani!ated with a %owerfu s%irit of grace# The con"ersion of 9y%rian had a great effect on the %agan gent e!an who %aid his addresses to Justina, and he in a short ti!e e!braced christianity# -uring the %ersecution of -ioc etian, 9y%rian and Justina were seiAed u%on as christians, when the for!er was torn with %incers, and the ater chastised and, after suffering other tor!ents, were beheaded# Eu a ia, a ,%anish ady of a christian fa!i y, was re!arkab e in her youth for sweetness of te!%er, and so idity of understanding se do! found in the ca%riciousness of ju"eni e years# Being a%%rehended as a christian, the !agistrate atte!%ted by the !i dest !eans, to bring her o"er to %aganis!, but she ridicu ed the %agan deities with such as%erity, that the judge, incensed at her beha"iour, ordered her to be tortured# +er sides were according y torn by hooks, and her breasts burnt in the !ost shocking !anner, ti she ex%ired by the "io ence of the f a!es, -ec# *# -# H1H# 8n the year H15, when the %ersecution reached ,%ain, -acian, the go"ernor of Terragona ordered ?a erius the bisho%, and ?incent the deacon, to be seiAed, oaded with irons, and i!%risoned# The %risoners being fir! in their reso ution, ?a erius was banished, and ?incent was racked, and his i!bs dis ocated, his f esh torn with hooks, and was aid on a gridiron, which had not on y a fire % aced under it, but s%ikes at the to%, which ran into his f esh# These tor!ents neither destroying hi!, nor changing his reso utions, he was re!anded to %rison, and confined in a s!a , oathso!e, dark dungeon, strewed with shar% f ints, and %ieces of broken g ass, where he died, Jan# //, H15#D+is body was thrown into the ri"er# The %ersecution of -ioc etian began %articu ar y to rage in *# -# H15, when !any christians were %ut to crue tortures, and the !ost %ainfu and igno!inious deathsB the !ost e!inent and %articu ar of who! we sha enu!erate# ,aturninus, a %riest of * bitina, a town of *frica, after being tortured, was re!anded to %rison, and there star"ed to death# +is four chi dren, after being "arious y tor!ented, shared the sa!e fate with their father# -ati"as, a nob e .o!an senatorB The ico, a %ious 9hristian, ?ictoria, a young ady of considerab e fa!i y and fortune, with so!e others of ess consideration, a auditors of ,aturninus, were tortured in a si!i ar !anner, and %erished by the sa!e !eans#

*gra%e, 9hio!a, and 8rene, three sisters, were seiAed u%on at Thessa onica, when -ioc etian's %ersecution reached Greece# They were burnt, and recei"ed the crown of !artyrdo! in the f a!es, March /0, *# -# H15# The go"ernor, finding that he cou d !ake no i!%ression on 8rene, ordered her to be ex%osed naked in the streets, which sha!efu order ha"ing been executed, she was burnt, *%ri F, *# -# H15, at the sa!e % ace where her sisters suffered# *gatho, a !an of a %ious turn of !ind, with 9assice, Phi i%%a, and Eutychia, were !artyred about the sa!e ti!eB but the %articu ars ha"e not been trans!itted to us# Marce inus, bisho% of .o!e, who succeeded 9aius in that see, ha"ing strong y o%%osed %aying di"ine honours to -ioc etian, suffered !artyrdo!, by a "ariety of tortures, in the year H/F, co!forting his sou ti he ex%ired with the %ros%ect of those g orious rewards it wou d recei"e by the tortures suffered in the body# ?ictorius, 9ar%o%horus, ,e"erus, and ,e"erianus, were brothers, and a four e!% oyed in % aces of great trust and honour in the city of .o!e# +a"ing exc ai!ed against the worshi% of ido s, they were a%%rehended, and scourged, with the % u!betP, or scourges, to the ends of which were fastened eaden ba s# This %unish!ent was exercised with such excess of crue ty, that the %ious brothers fe !artyrs to its se"erity# Ti!othy, a deacon of Mauritania, and Maura his wife, had not been united together by the bands of wed ock abo"e three weeks, when they were se%arated fro! each other by the %ersecution#DTi!othy, being a%%rehended as a christian, was carried before *rrianus, the go"ernor of Thebais, who, knowing that he had the kee%ing of the +o y ,cri%tures, co!!anded hi! to de i"er the! u% to be burntB to which he answered, C+ad 8 chi dren, 8 wou d sooner de i"er the! u% to be sacrificed, than %art with the word of God#C The go"ernor being !uch incensed at this re% y, ordered his eyes to be %ut out with red&hot irons, saying CThe books sha at east be use ess to you, for you sha not see to read the!#C +is %atience under the o%eration was so great, that the go"ernor grew !ore exas%eratedB he, therefore, in order, if %ossib e, to o"erco!e his fortitude, ordered hi! to be hung u% by the feet, with a weight tied about his neck, and a gag in his !outh# 8n this state, Maura, his wife, tender y urged hi! for her sake to recantB but, when the gag was taken out of his !outh, instead of consenting to his wife's entreaties, he great y b a!ed her !istaken o"e, and dec ared his reso ution of dying for the faith# The conseEuence was, that Maura reso "ed to i!itate his courage and fide ity and either to acco!%any or fo ow hi! to g ory# The go"ernor, after trying in "ain to a ter her reso ution, ordered her to be tortured which was executed with great se"erity# *fter this, Ti!othy and Maura were crucified near each other, *# -# H15# ,abinus, bisho% of *ssisiu!, refusing to sacrifice to Ju%iter, and %ushing the ido fro! hi!, had his hand cut off by the order of the go"ernor of Tuscany# @hi e in %rison, he con"erted the go"ernor and his fa!i y, a of who! suffered !artyrdo! for the faith# ,oon after their execution, ,abinus hi!se f was scourged to death# -ec## *# -# H15# Tired with the farce of state and %ub ic business, the e!%eror -ioc etian resigned the i!%eria diade!, and was succeeded by 9onstantius and Ga eriusB the for!er a %rince of the !ost !i d and hu!ane dis%osition and

the atter eEua y re!arkab e for his crue ty and tyranny# These di"ided the e!%ire into two eEua go"ern!ents, Ga erius ru ing in the east, and 9onstantius in the westB and the %eo% e in the two go"ern!ents fe t the effects of the dis%ositions of the two e!%erorsB for those in the west were go"erned in the !i dest !anner, but such as resided in the east, fe t a then !iseries of o%%ression and engthened tortures# *!ong the !any !artyred by the order of Ga erius, we sha enu!erate the !ost e!inent# *!%hianus was a gent e!an of e!inence in 'ucia, and a scho ar of EusebiusB Ju itta, a 'ycaonian of roya descent, but !ore ce ebrated for her "irtues than nob e b ood# @hi e on the rack, her chi d was ki ed before her face# Ju itta, of 9a%%adocia, was a ady of distinguished ca%acity, great "irtue, and unco!!on courage#DTo co!% ete the execution, Ju itta had boi ing %itch %oured on her feet, her sides torn with hooks, and recei"ed the conc usion of her !artyrdo!, by being beheaded, *%ri FJ, *# -# H10# +er!o aus, a "enerab e and %ious christian, of a great age, and an inti!ate acEuaintance of Pante eon's, suffered !artyrdo! for the faith on the sa!e day, and in the sa!e !anner as Pante eon# Eustratius, secretary to the go"ernor of *r!ina, was thrown into a fiery furnace, for exhorting so!e christians who had been a%%rehended, to %erse"ere in their faith# ;icander and Marcian, two e!inent .o!an !i itary officers, were a%%rehended on account of their faith# *s they were both !en of great abi ities in their %rofession, the ut!ost !eans were used to induce the! to renounce christianity( but these endea"ours being found ineffectua , they were beheaded# 8n the kingdo! of ;a% es, se"era !artyrdo!s took % ace, in %articu ar, Januaries, bisho% of Bene"entu!B ,osius, deacon of Misene Procu us, another deaconB Eutyches and *cutius, two ay!en( Festus, a deaconB and -esiderius, a readerB were a , on account of being christians, conde!ned by the go"ernor of 9a!%ania, to be de"oured by the wi d beasts# The sa"age ani!a s, howe"er, not touching the!, they were beheaded# Luirinus, bisho% of ,iscia, being carried before Matenius, the go"ernor, was ordered to sacrifice to the %agan deities, agreeab y to the edicts of "arious .o!an e!%erors# The go"ernor, %ercei"ing his constancy, sent hi! to jai , and ordered hi! to be hea"i y ironedB f attering hi!se f, that the hardshi%s of a jai , so!e occasiona tortures and the weight of chains, !ight o"erco!e his reso ution# Being decided in his %rinci% es, he was sent to *!antius, the %rinci%a go"ernor of Pannonia, now +ungary, who oaded hi! with chains, and carried hi! through the %rinci%a towns of the -anube, ex%osing hi! to ridicu e where"er he went# *rri"ing at ength at ,abaria, and finding that Luirinus wou d not renounce his faith, he ordered hi! to be cast into a ri"er, with a stone fastened about his neck# This sentence being %ut into execution, Luirinus f oated about for so!e ti!e, and, exhorting the %eo% e in the !ost %ious ter!s, conc uded his ad!onitions with this %rayer( C8t is no new thing, ) a &%owerfu Jesus, for thee to sto% the course of ri"ers, or to cause a !an to wa k u%on the water as thou didst thy ser"ant PeterB the %eo% e ha"e a ready seen the %roof of thy %ower in !eB grant !e now to ay down !y ife for thy sake, ) !y God#C )n %ronouncing the ast words he i!!ediate y

sank, and died, June 5, *# -# H1GB his body was afterwards taken u%, and buried by so!e %ious christians# Pa!%hi us, a nati"e of PhUnicia, of a considerab e fa!i y, was a !an of such extensi"e earning, that he was ca ed a second )rigen# +e was recei"ed into the body of the c ergy at 9Psarea, where he estab ished a %ub ic ibrary and s%ent his ti!e in the %ractice of e"ery christian "irtue# +e co%ied the greatest %art of the works of )rigen with his own hand, and, assisted by Eusebius, ga"e a correct co%y of the ) d Testa!ent, which had suffered great y by the ignorance or neg igence of fir!er transcribers# 8n the year H12, he was a%%rehended, and suffered torture and !artyrdo!# Marce us, bisho% of .o!e, being banished on account of his faith, fe a !artyr to the !iseries he suffered in exi e, FJth Jan# *# -# HF1# Peter, the sixteenth bisho% of * exandria, was !artyred ;o"# /0, *# -# HFF, by order of Maxi!us 9Psar, who reigned in the east# *gnes, a "irgin of on y thirteen years of age, was beheaded for being a christianB as was ,erene, the e!%ress of -ioc etian# ?a entine, a %riest, suffered the sa!e fate at .o!eB and Eras!us, a bisho%, was !artyred in 9a!%ania# ,oon after this the %ersecution abated in the !idd e %arts of the e!%ire, as we as in the westB and Pro"idence at ength began to !anifest "engeance on the %ersecutors# Maxi!ian endea"oured to corru%t his daughter Fausta to !urder 9onstantine her husbandB which she disco"ered, and 9onstantine forced hi! to choose his own death, when he %referred the igno!inious death of hanging, after being an e!%eror near twenty years# Ga erius was "isited by an incurab e and into erab e disease, which began with an u cer in his secret %arts and a fistu a in ano, that s%read %rogressi"e y to his in!ost bowe s, and baff ed a the ski of %hysicians and surgeons# :ntried !edicines of so!e daring %rofessors dro"e the e"i through his bones to the "ery !arrow, and wor!s began to breed in his entrai sB and the stench was so %re%onderant as to be %ercei"ed in the cityB a the %assages se%arating the %assages of the urine, and excre!ents being corroded and destroyed# The who e !ass of his body was turned unto uni"ersa rottennessB and, though i"ing creatures, and boi ed ani!a s, were a%% ied with the design of drawing out the "er!in by the heat, by which a "ast hi"e was o%ened, a second i!%osthu!e disco"ered a !ore %rodigious swar!, as if his who e body was reso "ed into wor!s# By a dro%sy a so his body was gross y disfiguredB for a though his u%%er %arts were exhausted, and dried to a ske eton, co"ered on y with dead skinB the ower %arts were swe ed u% ike b adders, and the sha%e of his feet cou d scarce y be %ercei"ed# Tor!ents and %ains insu%%ortab e, greater than those he had inf icted u%on the christians, acco!%anied these "isitations, and he be owed out ike a wounded bu , often endea"ouring to ki hi!se f and destroying se"era %hysicians for the inefficacy of their !edicines# These tor!ents ke%t hi! in a anguishing state a fu year, and his conscience was awakened, at ength, so that he was co!%e ed to acknow edge the God of the christians, and to %ro!ise, in the inter"a s of his %aroxys!s, that he wou d rebui d the churches, and re%air the !ischief done to the!# *n edict in his ast agonies, was %ub ished in his na!e, and the joint na!es of 9onstantine and 'icinius, to %er!it the christians to ha"e the free use of re igion, and to su%% icate

their God for his hea th and the good of the e!%ireB on which !any %risoners in ;ico!edia were iberated, and a!ongst others -onatus# *t ength, 9onstantine the Great, deter!ined to redress the grie"ances of the christians, for which %ur%ose he raised an ar!y of H1,111 foot, and G111 horse, which he !arched towards .o!e against Maxentius, the e!%erorB defeated hi!, and entered the city of .o!e in triu!%h# * aw was now %ub ished in fa"our of the christians, in which 'icinius was joined by 9onstantine, and a co%y of it was sent to Maxi!us in the east# Maxi!us, who was a bigoted %agan, great y dis iked the edict, but being afraid of 9onstantine, did not o%en y a"ow his disa%%robation# Maxi!us at ength in"aded the territories of 'icinius, but, being defeated, %ut an end to his ife by %oison# 'icinius afterwards %ersecuting the christians, 9onstantine the Great !arched against hi!, and defeated hi!( he was afterwards s ain by his own so diers# @e sha conc ude our account of the tenth and ast genera %ersecution with the death of ,t# George, the titu ar saint and %atron of Eng and# ,t# George was born in 9a%%adocia, of christian %arentsB and gi"ing %roofs of his courage, was %ro!oted in the ar!y of the e!%eror -ioc etian# -uring the %ersecution, ,t# George threw u% his co!!and, went bo d y to the senate house, and a"owed his being a christian, taking occasion at the sa!e ti!e to re!onstrate against %aganis!, and %oint out the absurdity of worshi%%ing ido s# This freedo! so great y %ro"oked the senate, that ,t# George was ordered to be tortured, and by the e!%eror's orders was dragged through the streets, and beheaded the next day#

CHAPTER III.
PERSECUTIONS OF THE CHRISTIANS IN PERSIA.
The gos%e ha"ing s%read itse f into Persia, the %agan %riests, who worshi%%ed the sun, were great y a ar!ed, and dreaded the oss of that inf uence they had hitherto !aintained o"er the %eo% e's !inds and %ro%erties# +ence they thought it ex%edient to co!% ain to the e!%eror, that the christians were ene!ies to the state, and he d a treasonab e corres%ondence with the .o!ans, the great ene!ies of Persia# The e!%eror ,a%ores, being natura y a"erse to christianity, easi y be ie"ed what was said against the christians, and ga"e orders to %ersecute the! in a %arts of his e!%ire# )n account of this !andate, !any e!inent %ersons in the church and state fe !artyrs to the ignorance and ferocity of the %agans# 9onstantine the Great being infor!ed of the %ersecutions in Persia, wrote a ong etter to the Persian !onarch, in which he recounts the "engeance that had fa en on %ersecutors, and the great success that had attended those who had refrained fro! %ersecuting the christians# The %ersecution by this !eans ended during the ife of ,a%oresB but it was again renewed under the i"es of his successors# Perse&utions under the Arian Hereti&s. The author of the *rian heresy was *rius, a nati"e of 'ybia, and a %riest of * exandria, who, in *# -# HFG, began to %ub ish his errors# +e was conde!ned by a counci of 'ybian and Egy%tian bisho%s, and that sentence

was confir!ed by the counci of ;ice, *# -# H/0# *fter the death of 9onstantine the Great, the *rians found !eans to ingratiate the!se "es into the fa"our of the e!%eror 9onstantinus, his son and successor in the eastB and hence a %ersecution was raised against the orthodox bisho%s and c ergy# The ce ebrated *thanasius, and other bisho%s, were banished, and their sees fi ed with *rians# 8n Egy%t and 'ybia, thirty bisho%s were !artyred, and !any other christians crue y tor!entedB and, *# -# HGJ, George, the *rian bisho% of * exandria, under the authority of the e!%eror, began a %ersecution in that city and its en"irons, and carried it on with the !ost inferna se"erity# +e was assisted in his diabo ica !a ice by 9ato%honius, go"ernor of Egy%tB ,ebastian, genera of the Egy%tian forcesB Faustinus the treasurerB and +erachus, a .o!an officer# The %ersecution now raged in such a !anner, that the c ergy were dri"en fro! * exandria, their churches were shut, and the se"erities %ractised by the *rian heretics were as great as those that had been %ractised by the %agan ido aters# 8f a !an, accused of being a christian, !ade his esca%e, then his who e fa!i y were !assacred, and his effects confiscated# Perse&ution under Julian the Apostate. This e!%eror was the son of Ju ius 9onstantius, and the ne%hew of 9onstantine the Great# +e studied the rudi!ents of gra!!ar under the ins%ection of Mardo!us, a eunuch, and a heathen of 9onstantino% e# +is father sent hi! so!e ti!e after to ;ico!edia, to be instructed in the christian re igion, by the bisho% of Eusebius, his kins!an, but his %rinci% es were corru%ted by the %ernicious doctrines of Ecebo ius the rhetorician, and Maxi!us the !agician# 9onstantius dying in the year HJF, Ju ian succeeded hi!, and had no sooner attained the i!%eria dignity, than he renounced 9hristianity and e!braced %aganis!, which had for so!e years fa en into great disre%ute# Though he restored the ido atrous worshi%, he !ade no %ub ic edicts against christianity# +e reca ed a banished %agans, a owed the free exercise of re igion to e"ery sect, but de%ri"ed a christians of offices at court, in the !agistracy, or in the ar!y# +e was chaste, te!%erate, "igi ant, aborious, and %iousB yet he %rohibited any christian fro! kee%ing a schoo or %ub ic se!inary of earning, and de%ri"ed a the christian c ergy of the %ri"i eges granted the! by 9onstantine the Great# Bisho% Basi !ade hi!se f first fa!ous by his o%%osition to *rianis!, which brought u%on hi! the "engeance of the *rian bisho% of 9onstantino% eB he eEua y o%%osed %aganis!# The e!%eror's agents in "ain ta!%ered with Basi by !eans of %ro!ises, threats, and racks, he was fir! in the faith, and re!ained in %rison to undergo so!e other sufferings, when the e!%eror ca!e accidenta y to *ncyra# Ju ian deter!ined to exa!ine Basi hi!se f, when that ho y !an being brought before hi!, the e!%eror did e"ery thing in his %ower to dissuade hi! fro! %erse"ering in the faith# Basi not on y continued as fir! as e"er, but, with a %ro%hetic s%irit foreto d the death of the e!%eror, and that he shou d be tor!ented in the other ife# Enraged at what he heard, Ju ian co!!anded that the body of Basi shou d be torn e"ery day in se"en different %arts, ti his skin and f esh were entire y !ang ed#

This inhu!an sentence was executed with rigour, and the !artyr ex%ired under its se"erities, on the /Gth day of June, *# -# HJ/# -onatus, bisho% of *reAAo, and +i arinus, a her!it, suffered about the sa!e ti!eB a so Gordian, a .o!an !agistrate# *rte!ius, co!!ander in chief of the .o!an forces in Egy%t, being a christian, was de%ri"ed of his co!!ission, then of his estate, and ast y of his head# The %ersecution raged dreadfu y about the atter end of the year HJHB but, as !any of the %articu ars ha"e not been handed down to us, it is necessary to re!ark in genera , that in Pa estine !any were burnt a i"e, others were dragged by their feet through the streets naked ti they ex%iredB so!e were sca ded to death, !any stoned, and great nu!bers had their brains beaten out with c ubs# 8n * exandria, innu!erab e were the !artyrs who suffered by the sword, burning, crucifixion, and being stoned# 8n *rethusa, se"era were ri%%ed o%en, and corn being %ut into their be ies, swine were brought to feed therein, which, in de"ouring the grain, ikewise de"oured the entrai s of the !artyrs, and, in Thrace, E!i ianus was burnt at a stakeB and -o!itius !urdered in a ca"e, whither he had f ed for refuge# The e!%eror, Ju ian the a%ostate, died of a wound which he recei"ed in his Persian ex%edition, *# -# HJH, and e"en whi e ex%iring, uttered the !ost horrid b as%he!ies# +e was succeeded by Jo"ian, who restored %eace to the church# *fter the decease of Jo"ian, ?a entinian succeeded to the e!%ire, and associated to hi!se f ?a ens, who had the co!!and in the east, and was an *rian, of an unre enting and %ersecuting dis%osition# Perse&ution of the 8hristians by the Goths and Vandals. Many ,cythian Goths ha"ing e!braced 9hristianity about the ti!e of 9onstantine the Great, the ight of the gos%e s%read itse f considerab y in ,cythia, though the two kings who ru ed that country, and the !ajority of the %eo% e continued %agans# Fritegern, king of the @est Goths, was an a y to the .o!ans, but *thanarick, king of the East Goths, was at war with the!# The christians, in the do!inions of the for!er, i"ed un!o ested, but the atter, ha"ing been defeated by the .o!ans, wreaked his "engeance on his christian subjects, co!!encing his %agan injunctions in the year H21# Eusebius, bisho% of ,a!osata, !akes a !ost distinguished figure in the ecc esiastica history, and was one of the !ost e!inent cha!%ions of 9hrist against the *rian heresy# Eusebius, after being dri"en fro! his church, and wandering about through ,yria and Pa estine, encouraging the orthodox, was restored with other orthodox %re ates to his see, which howe"er he did not ong enjoy, for an *rian wo!an threw a ti e at hi! fro! the to% of a house, which fractured his sku , and ter!inated his ife in the year HG1# The ?anda s %assing fro! ,%ain to *frica in the fifth century, under their eader Genseric, co!!itted the !ost unheard&of crue ties# They %ersecuted the christians where"er they ca!e, and e"en aid waste the country as they %assed, that the christians eft behind, who had esca%ed the!, !ight not be ab e to subsist# ,o!eti!es they freighted a "esse with !artyrs, et it drift out to sea, or set fire to it, with the sufferers shack ed on the decks# +a"ing seiAed and % undered the city of 9arthage, they %ut the bisho%, and the c ergy, into a eaky shi%, and co!!itted it to the !ercy of the wa"es,

thinking that they !ust a %erish of courseB but %ro"identia y the "esse arri"ed safe at ;a% es# 8nnu!erab e orthodox christians were beaten, scourged, and banished to 9a%sur, where it % eased God to !ake the! the !eans of con"erting !any of the Moors to christianityB but this co!ing to the ears of Genseric, he sent orders that they and their new con"erts shou d be tied by the feet to chariots, and dragged about unti they were dashed to %ieces Pa!%inian, the bisho% of Mansuetes, was tortured to death with % ates of hot ironB the bisho% of :rice was burnt, and the bisho% of +abensa was banished, for refusing to de i"er u% the sacred books which were in his %ossession# The ?anda ian tyrant Genseric, ha"ing !ade an ex%edition into 8ta y, and % undered the city of .o!e, returned to *frica, f ushed with the success of his ar!s# The *rians took this occasion to %ersuade hi! to %ersecute the orthodox christians, as they assured hi! that they were friends to the %eo% e of .o!e# *fter the decease of +uneric, his successor reca ed hi!, and the rest of the orthodox c ergyB the *rians, taking the a ar!, %ersuaded hi! to banish the! again, which he co!% ied with, when Eugenius, exi ed to 'anguedoc in France, died there of the hardshi%s he underwent on the Jth of ,e%te!ber, *# -# H10#

Perse&utions from about the Middle of the %ifth( to the 8on&lusion of the Se2enth 8entury. Proterius was !ade a %riest by 9yri , bisho% of * exandria, who was we acEuainted with his "irtues, before he a%%ointed hi! to %reach# )n the death of 9yri , the see of * exandria was fi ed by -iscorus, an in"eterate ene!y to the !e!ory and fa!i y of his %redecessor# Being conde!ned by the counci of 9ha cedon for ha"ing e!braced the errors of Eutyches, he was de%osed, and Proterius chosen to fi the "acant see, who was a%%ro"ed of by the e!%eror# This occasioned a dangerous insurrection, for the city of * exandria was di"ided into two factionsB the one to es%ouse the cause of the o d, and the other of the new %re ate# 8n one of the co!!otions, the Eutychians deter!ined to wreak their "engeance on Proterius, who f ed to the church for sanctuary( but on Good Friday, *# -# 502, a arge body of the! rushed into the church, and barbarous y !urdered the %re ateB after which they dragged the body through the streets, insu ted it, cut it to %ieces, burnt it, and scattered the ashes in the air# +er!enigi dus, a Gothic %rince, was the e dest son of 'eo"igi dus, a king of the Goths, in ,%ain# This %rince, who was origina y an *rian, beca!e a con"ert to the orthodox faith, by !eans of his wife 8ngonda# @hen the king heard that his son had changed his re igious senti!ents, he stri%%ed hi! of the co!!and at ,e"i e, where he was go"ernor, and threatened to %ut hi! to death un ess he renounced the faith he had new y e!braced# The %rince, in order to %re"ent the execution of his father's !enaces, began to %ut hi!se f into a %osture of defenceB and !any of the orthodox %ersuasion in ,%ain dec ared for hi!# The king, exas%erated at this act of rebe ion, began to %unish a the orthodox christians who cou d be seiAed by his troo%sB and thus a "ery se"ere %ersecution co!!enced( he ikewise !arched against his son at the head of a "ery %owerfu ar!y# The %rince took refuge in ,e"i e, fro! which he f ed, and was at ength besieged and taken at *sieta# 'oaded with chains, he was sent to ,e"i e, and at the feast of Easter refusing to recei"e the Eucharist fro! an *rian bisho%, the enraged king ordered his guards to cut the %rince to %ieces, which they %unctua y %erfor!ed, *%ri FH, *# -# 0GJ# Martin, bisho% of .o!e, was born at Todi, in 8ta y# +e was natura y inc ined to "irtue, and his %arents bestowed on hi! an ad!irab e education# +e o%%osed the heretics ca ed Monothothe ites, who were %atroniAed by the e!%eror +erac ius# Martin was conde!ned at 9onstantino% e, where he was ex%osed in the !ost %ub ic % aces to the ridicu e of the %eo% e, di"ested of a e%isco%a !arks of distinction, and treated with the greatest scorn and se"erity# *fter ying so!e !onths in %rison, Martin was sent to an is and at so!e distance, and there cut to %ieces, *# -# J00# John, bisho% of Berga!o, in 'o!bardy, was a earned !an, and a good christian# +e did his ut!ost endea"ours to c ear the church fro! the errors of *rianis!, and joining in this ho y work with John, bisho% of Mi an, he was "ery successfu against the heretics, on which account he was assassinated on Ju y FF, *# -# JGH#

<i ien was born in 8re and, and recei"ed fro! his %arents a %ious and christian education# +e obtained the .o!an %ontiff's icense to %reach to the %agans in Franconia, in Ger!any# *t @urtAburg he con"erted GoAbert, the go"ernor, whose exa!% e was fo owed by the greater %art of the %eo% e in two years after# Persuading GoAbert that his !arriage with his brother's widow was sinfu , the atter had hi! beheaded, *# -# JGI# Perse&utions from the early part of the "i1hth( to near the 8on&lusion of the $enth 8entury. Boniface, archbisho% of MentA, and father of the Ger!an church, was an Eng ish!en, and is, in ecc esiastica history, ooked u%on as one of the brightest orna!ents of this nation# )rigina y, his na!e was @infred, or @infrith, and he was born at <irton, in -e"onshire, then %art of the @est& ,axon kingdo!# @hen he was on y about six years of age, he began to disco"er a %ro%ensity to ref ection, and see!ed so icitous to gain infor!ation on re igious subjects# @o frad, the abbot, finding that he %ossessed a bright genius, as we as a strong inc ination to study, had hi! re!o"ed to ;utsce e, a se!inary of earning in the diocese of @inchester, where he wou d ha"e a !uch greater o%%ortunity of attaining i!%ro"e!ent than at Exeter# *fter due study, the abbot seeing hi! Eua ified for the %riesthood, ob iged hi! to recei"e that ho y order when he was about thirty years o d# Fro! which ti!e he began to %reach and abour for the sa "ation of his fe ow& creaturesB he was re eased to attend a synod of bisho%s in the kingdo! of @est&,axons# +e afterwards, in 2FI, went to .o!e, where Gregory 88# who then sat in Peter's chair, recei"ed hi! with great friendshi%, and finding hi! fu of a the "irtues that co!%ose the character of an a%osto ic !issionary, dis!issed hi! with co!!ission at arge to %reach the gos%e to the %agans where"er he found the!# Passing through 'o!bardy and Ba"aria, he ca!e to Thuringia, which country had before recei"ed the ight of the gos%e , he next "isited :trecht, and then %roceeded to ,axony, where he con"erted so!e thousands to christianity# -uring the !inistry of this !eek %re ate, Pe%in was dec ared king of France# 8t was that %rince's a!bition to be crowned by the !ost ho y %re ate he cou d find, and Boniface was %itched on to %erfor! that cere!ony, which he did at ,oissons, in 20/# The next year, his great age and !any infir!ities ay so hea"y on hi!, that, with the consent of the new king, the bisho%s, Kc# of his diocese, he consecrated 'u us, his country!an, and faithfu disci% e, and % aced hi! in the see of MentA# @hen he had thus eased hi!se f of his charge, he reco!!ended the church of MentA to the care of the new bisho% in "ery strong ter!s, desired he wou d finish the church at Fu d, and see hi! buried in it, for his end was near# +a"ing eft these orders, he took boat to the .hine, and went to Fries and, where he con"erted and ba%tiAed se"era thousands of barbarous nati"es, de!o ished the te!% es, and raised churches on the ruins of those su%erstitious structures# * day being a%%ointed for confir!ing a great nu!ber of new con"erts, he ordered the! to asse!b e in a new o%en % ain, near the ri"er Bourde# Thither he re%aired the day beforeB and, %itching a tent, deter!ined to re!ain on the s%ot a night, in order to be ready ear y in the !orning#

,o!e %agans, who were his in"eterate ene!ies, ha"ing inte igence of this, %oured down u%on hi! and the co!%anions of his !ission in the night, and ki ed hi! and fifty&two of his co!%anions and attendants on June 0, *# -# 200# Thus fe the great father of the Ger!anic church, the honour of Eng and, and the g ory of the age in which he i"ed# Forty&two %ersons of *r!orian in :%%er Phrygia, were !artyred in the year G50, by the ,aracens, the circu!stances of which transaction are as fo ows( 8n the reign of Theo%hi us, the ,aracens ra"aged !any %arts of the eastern e!%ire, gained se"era considerab e ad"antages o"er the christians, took the city of *r!orian, and nu!bers suffered !artyrdo!# F ora and Mary, two adies of distinction, suffered !artyrdo! at the sa!e ti!e# Perfectus was born at 9orduba, in ,%ain, and brought u% in the christian faith# +a"ing a Euick genius, he !ade hi!se f !aster of a the usefu and %o ite iterature of that ageB and at the sa!e ti!e was not !ore ce ebrated for his abi ities than ad!ired for his %iety# *t ength he took %riest's orders, and %erfor!ed the duties of his office with great assiduity and %unctua ity# Pub ic y dec aring Maho!et an i!%ostor, he was sentenced to be beheaded, and was according y executed, *# -# G01B after which his body was honourab y interred by the christians# *da bert, bisho% of Prague, a Bohe!ian by birth, after being in"o "ed in !any troub es, began to direct his thoughts to the con"ersion of the infide s, to which end he re%aired to -antAic, where he con"erted and ba%tised !any, which so enraged the %agan %riests, that they fe u%on hi!, and des%atched hi! with darts, on the /Hd of *%ri , *# -# II2# Perse&utions in the "le2enth 8entury. * %hage, archbisho% of 9anterbury, was descended fro! a considerab e fa!i y in G oucestershire, and recei"ed an education suitab e to his i ustrious birth# +is %arents were worthy christians, and * %hage see!ed to inherit their "irtues# The see of @inchester being "acant by the death of Ethe wo d, -unstan, archbisho% of 9anterbury, as %ri!ate of a Eng and, consecrated * %hage to the "acant bisho%ric, to the genera satisfaction of a concerned in the diocese# -unstan had an extraordinary "eneration for * %hage, and, when at the %oint of death, !ade it his ardent reEuest to God, that he !ight succeed hi! in the see of 9anterburyB which according y ha%%ened, though not ti about eighteen years after -unstan's death in F11J# *fter * %hage had go"erned the see of 9anterbury about four years, with great re%utation to hi!se f, and benefit to his %eo% e, the -anes !ade an incursion into Eng and, and aid siege to 9anterbury# @hen the design of attacking this city was known, !any of the %rinci%a %eo% e !ade a f ight fro! it, and wou d ha"e %ersuaded * %hage to fo ow their exa!% e# But he, ike a good %astor, wou d not isten to such a %ro%osa # @hi e he was e!% oyed in assisting and encouraging the %eo% e, 9anterbury was taken by stor!B the ene!y %oured into the town, and destroyed a that ca!e in their way by fire and sword# +e had the courage to address the ene!y, and offer hi!se f to their swords, as !ore worthy of their rage than the %eo% e( he

begged they !ight be sa"ed, and that they wou d discharge their who e fury u%on hi!# They according y seiAed hi!, tied his hands, insu ted and abused hi! in a rude and barbarous !anner, and ob iged hi! to re!ain on the s%ot unti his church was burnt, and the !onks !assacred# They then deci!ated a the inhabitants, both ecc esiastics and ay!en, ea"ing on y e"ery tenth %erson a i"eB so that they %ut 2/HJ %ersons to death, and eft on y four !onks and G11 ay!en a i"e, after which they confined the archbisho% in a dungeon, where they ke%t hi! c ose %risoner for se"era !onths# -uring his confine!ent they %ro%osed to hi! to redee! his iberty with the su! of VH111, and to %ersuade the king to %urchase their de%arture out of the kingdo!, with a further su! of VF1,111# *s * %hage's circu!stances wou d not a ow hi! to satisfy the exorbitant de!and, they bound hi!, and %ut hi! to se"ere tor!ents, to ob ige hi! to disco"er the treasure of the churchB u%on which they assured hi! of his ife and iberty, but the %re ate %ious y %ersisted in refusing to gi"e the %agans any account of it# They re!anded hi! to %rison again, confined hi! six days onger, and then, taking hi! %risoner with the! to Greenwich, brought hi! to tria there# +e sti re!ained inf exib e with res%ect to the church treasureB but exhorted the! to forsake their ido atry, and e!brace christianity# This so great y incensed the -anes, that the so diers dragged hi! out of the ca!%, and beat hi! un!ercifu y# )ne of the so diers, who had been con"erted by hi!, knowing that his %ains wou d be ingering, as his death was deter!ined on, actuated by a kind of barbarous co!%assion, cut off his head, and thus %ut the finishing stroke to his !artyrdo!, *%ri FI, *# -# F1F/# This transaction ha%%ened on the "ery s%ot where the church at Greenwich, which is dedicated to hi!, now stands# *fter his death his body was thrown into the Tha!es, but being found the next day, it was buried in the cathedra of ,t# Pau 's by the bisho%s of 'ondon and 'inco nB fro! whence it was, in F1/H, re!o"ed to 9anterbury by Ethe !oth, the archbisho% of that %ro"ince# Gerard, a ?enitian, de"oted hi!se f to the ser"ice of God fro! his tender years( entered into a re igious house for so!e ti!e, and then deter!ined to "isit the +o y 'and# Going into +ungary, he beca!e acEuainted with ,te%hen, the king of that country, who !ade hi! bisho% of 9honad# )u"o and Peter, successors of ,te%hen, being de%osed, *ndrew, son of 'adis aus, cousin&ger!an to ,te%hen, had then a tender of the crown !ade hi! u%on condition that he wou d e!% oy his authority in extir%ating the christian re igion out of +ungary# The a!bitious %rince ca!e into the %ro%osa , but Gerard being infor!ed of his i!%ious bargain, thought it his duty to re!onstrate against the enor!ity of *ndrew's cri!e, and %ersuade hi! to withdraw his %ro!ise# 8n this "iew he undertook to go to that %rince, attended by three %re ates, fu of ike Aea for re igion# The new king was at * ba .ega is, but, as the four bisho%s were going to cross the -anube, they were sto%%ed by a %arty of so diers %osted there# They bore an attack of a shower of stones %atient y, when the so diers beat the! un!ercifu y, and at ength des%atched the! with ances# Their !artyrdo!s ha%%ened in the year F150# ,tanis aus, bisho% of 9racow, was descended fro! an i ustrious Po ish fa!i y# The %iety of his %arents was eEua to their o%u ence, and the atter they rendered subser"ient to a the %ur%oses of charity and bene"o ence# ,tanis aus re!ained for so!e ti!e undeter!ined, whether he shou d

e!brace a !onastic ife, or engage a!ong the secu ar c ergy# +e was at ength %ersuaded to the atter by 'a!bert Nu a, bisho% of 9racow, who ga"e hi! ho y orders, and !ade hi! a canon of his cathedra # 'a!bert died on ;o"e!ber /0, F12F, when a concerned in the choice of a successor dec ared for ,tanis aus, and he succeeded to the %re acy# Bo is aus, the second king of Po and, had, by nature, !any good Eua ities, but gi"ing away to his %assions he ran into !any enor!ities, and at ength had the a%%e ation of 9rue bestowed u%on hi!# ,tanis aus a one had the courage to te hi! of his fau ts, when, taking a %ri"ate o%%ortunity, he free y dis% ayed to hi! the enor!ities of his cri!es# The king, great y exas%erated at his re%eated freedo!s, at ength deter!ined, at any rate, to get the better of a %re ate who was so extre!e y faithfu # +earing one day that the bisho% was by hi!se f, in the cha%e of ,t# Michae , at a s!a distance fro! the town, he des%atched so!e so diers to !urder hi!# The so diers readi y undertook the b oody taskB but, when they ca!e into the %resence of ,tanis aus, the "enerab e as%ect of the %re ate struck the! with such awe, that they cou d not %erfor! what they had %ro!ised# )n their return, the king, finding that they had not obeyed his orders, stor!ed at the! "io ent y, snatched a dagger fro! one of the!, and ran furious y to the cha%e , where, finding ,tanis aus at the a tar, he % unged the wea%on into his heart# The %re ate i!!ediate y ex%ired on the Gth of May, *# -# F12I#

CHAPTER IV.
PAPAL PERSECUTIONS.
Thus far our history of %ersecution has been confined %rinci%a y to the %agan wor d# @e co!e now to a %eriod, when %ersecution under the guise of christianity, co!!itted !ore enor!ities than e"er disgraced the anna s of %aganis!# -isregarding the !axi!s and the s%irit of the gos%e , the %a%a church, ar!ing herse f with the %ower of the sword, "exed the church of God and wasted it for se"era centuries, a %eriod !ost a%%ro%riate y ter!ed in history, the Cdark ages#C The kings of the earth, ga"e their %ower to the Cbeast,C and sub!itted to be trodden on by the !iserab e "er!in that often fi ed the %a%a chair, as in the case of +enry, e!%eror of Ger!any# The stor! of %a%a %ersecution first burst u%on the @a denses in France# Perse&ution of the 9aldenses in %ran&e. Po%ery ha"ing brought "arious inno"ations into the church, and o"ers%read the christian wor d with darkness and su%erstition, so!e few, who % ain y %ercei"ed the %ernicious tendency of such errors, deter!ined to show the ight of the gos%e in its rea %urity, and to dis%erse those c ouds which artfu %riests had raised about it, in order to b ind the %eo% e, and obscure its rea brightness# The %rinci%a a!ong these was Berengarius, who, about the year F111, bo d y %reached gos%e truths, according to their %ri!iti"e %urity# Many, fro! con"iction, assented to his doctrine, and were, on that account, ca ed Berengarians# To Berengarius succeeded Peter Bruis, who %reached at Thou ouse, under the %rotection of an ear , na!ed +i de%honsusB and the who e tenets of the refor!ers, with the reasons of their se%aration fro! the

church of .o!e, were %ub ished in a book written by Bruis, under the tit e of *nti&9hrist# By the year of 9hrist FF51, the nu!ber of the refor!ed was "ery great, and the %robabi ity of its increasing a ar!ed the %o%e, who wrote to se"era %rinces to banish the! fro! their do!inions, and e!% oyed !any earned !en to write against their doctrines# *# -# FF52, +enry of Thou ouse, being dee!ed their !ost e!inent %reacher, they were ca ed +enericiansB and as they wou d not ad!it of any %roofs re ati"e to re igion, but what cou d be deduced fro! the scri%tures the!se "es, the %o%ish %arty ga"e the! the na!e of a%osto ics# *t ength, Peter @a do, or ?a do, a nati"e of 'yons, e!inent for his %iety and earning, beca!e a strenuous o%%oser of %o%eryB and fro! hi! the refor!ed, at that ti!e, recei"ed the a%%e ation of @a denses or @a doys# Po%e * exander 888 being infor!ed by the bisho% of 'yons of these transactions, exco!!unicated @a do and his adherents, and co!!anded the bisho% to exter!inate the!, if %ossib e, fro! the face of the earthB and hence began the %a%a %ersecutions against the @a denses# The %roceedings of @a do and the refor!ed, occasioned the first rise of the inEuisitorsB for %o%e 8nnocent 888# authoriAed certain !onks as inEuisitors, to inEuire for, and de i"er o"er, the refor!ed to the secu ar %ower# The %rocess was short, as an accusation was dee!ed adeEuate to gui t, and a candid tria was ne"er granted to the accused# The %o%e, finding that these crue !eans had not the intended effect, sent se"era earned !onks to %reach a!ong the @a denses, and to endea"our to argue the! out of their o%inions# *!ong these !onks was one -o!inic, who a%%eared extre!e y Aea ous in the cause of %o%ery# This -o!inic instituted an order, which, fro! hi!, was ca ed the order of -o!inican friarsB and the !e!bers of this order ha"e e"er since been the %rinci%a inEuisitors in the "arious inEuisitions in the wor d# The %ower of the inEuisitors was un i!itedB they %roceeded against who! they % eased, without any consideration of age, sex, or rank# 'et the accusers be e"er so infa!ous, the accusation was dee!ed "a idB and e"en anony!ous infor!ations, sent by etter, were thought sufficient e"idence# To be rich was a cri!e eEua to heresyB therefore !any who had !oney were accused of heresy, or of being fa"ourers of heretics, that they !ight be ob iged to %ay for their o%inions# The dearest friends or nearest kindred cou d not, without danger, ser"e any one who was i!%risoned on account of re igion# To con"ey to those who were confined, a itt e straw, or gi"e the! a cu% of water, was ca ed fa"ouring of the heretics, and they were %rosecuted according y# ;o awyer dared to % ead for his own brother, and their !a ice e"en extended beyond the gra"eB hence the bones of !any were dug u% and burnt, as exa!% es to the i"ing# 8f a !an on his death&bed was accused of being a fo ower of @a do, his estates were confiscated, and the heir to the! defrauded of his inheritanceB and so!e were sent to the +o y 'and, whi e the -o!inicans took %ossession of their houses and %ro%erties, and, when the owners returned, wou d often %retend not to know the!# These %ersecutions were continued for se"era centuries under different %o%es and other great dignitaries of the catho ic church# Perse&utions of the Albi1enses.

The * bigenses were a %eo% e of the refor!ed re igion, who inhabited the country of * bi# They were conde!ned on the score of re igion, in the counci of 'ateran, by order of Po%e * exander 888# ;e"erthe ess, they increased so %rodigious y, that !any cities were inhabited by %ersons on y of their %ersuasion, and se"era e!inent nob e!en e!braced their doctrines# *!ong the atter were .ay!ond ear of Thou ouse, .ay!ond ear of Foix, the ear of BeAiers, Kc# * friar, na!ed Peter, ha"ing been !urdered in the do!inions of the ear of Thou ouse, the %o%e !ade the !urder a %retence to %ersecute that nob e!an and his subjects# To effect this, he sent %ersons throughout a Euro%e, in order to raise forces to act coerci"e y against the * bigenses, and %ro!ised %aradise to a that wou d co!e to this war, which he ter!ed a +o y @ar, and bear ar!s for forty days# The sa!e indu gences were ikewise he d out to a who entered the!se "es for the %ur%ose as to such as engaged in crusades to the +o y 'and# The bra"e ear defended Thou ouse and other % aces with the !ost heroic bra"ery and "arious success against the %o%e's egates and ,i!on ear of Montfort, a bigoted catho ic nob e!an# :nab e to subdue the ear of Thou ouse o%en y, the king of France, and Eueen !other, and three archbisho%s, raised another for!idab e ar!y, and had the art to %ersuade the ear of Thou ouse to co!e to a conference, when he was treacherous y seiAed u%on, !ade a %risoner, forced to a%%ear bare& footed and bare&headed before his ene!ies, and co!%e ed to subscribe an abject recantation# This was fo owed by a se"ere %ersecution against the * bigensesB and ex%ress orders that the aity shou d not be %er!itted to read the sacred scri%tures# 8n the year FJ/1 a so the %ersecution against the * bigenses was "ery se"ere# 8n FJ5G a hea"y %ersecution raged throughout 'ithuania and Po and# The crue ty of the 9ossacks was so excessi"e, that the Tartars the!se "es were asha!ed of their barbarities# *!ong others who suffered, was the .e"# *drian 9ha inski, who was roasted a i"e by a s ow fire, and whose sufferings and !ode of death !ay de%ict the horrors which the %rofessors of christianity ha"e endured fro! the ene!ies of the .edee!er# The refor!ation of %a%istica error "ery ear y was %rojected in FranceB for in the third century a earned !an, na!ed * !ericus, and six of his disci% es, were ordered to be burnt at Paris, for asserting that God was no otherwise %resent in the sacra!enta bread than in any other breadB that it was ido atry to bui d a tars or shrines to saints and that it was ridicu ous to offer incense to the!# The !artyrdo! of * !ericus and his %u%i s did not, howe"er, %re"ent !any fro! acknow edging the justness of his notions, and seeing the %urity of the refor!ed re igion, so that the truth of 9hrist continua y increased, and in ti!e not on y s%read itse f o"er !any %arts of France, but diffused the ight of the gos%e o"er "arious other countries# 8n the year F0/5, at a town in France, ca ed Me den, one John 9 ark set u% a bi on the church door, wherein he ca ed the %o%e *nti&christ# For this offence he was re%eated y whi%%ed, and then branded on the forehead# Going afterward to MentA, in 'orraine, he de!o ished so!e i!ages, for which he had his right hand and nose cut off, and his ar!s and breasts torn with %incers# +e sustained these crue ties with a!aAing fortitude, and was e"en sufficient y coo to sing the FF0th %sa !, which ex%ress y forbids ido atryB after which he was thrown into the fire, and burnt to ashes#

Many %ersons of the refor!ed %ersuasion were, about this ti!e, beaten, racked, scourged, and burnt to death, in se"era %arts of France but !ore %articu ar y at Paris, Ma da, and 'i!osin# * nati"e of Ma da was burnt by a s ow fire, for saying that !ass was a % ain denia of the death and %assion of 9hrist# *t 'i!osin, John de 9adurco, a c ergy!an of the refor!ed re igion, was a%%rehended, degraded, and ordered to be burnt# Francis Bribard, secretary to cardina de Pe ay, for s%eaking in fa"our of the refor!ed, had his tongue cut out, and was then burnt, *# -# F050# Ja!es 9obard, a schoo !aster in the city of ,t# Michae , was burnt, *# -# F050, for saying CThat !ass was use ess and absurdBC and about the sa!e ti!e, fourteen !en were burnt at Ma da, their wi"es being co!%e ed to stand by and beho d the execution# *# -# F05J, Peter 9ha%ot brought a nu!ber of bib es in the French tongue to France, and %ub ic y so d the! thereB for which he was brought to tria , sentenced, and executed a few days afterward# ,oon after, a cri%% e of Meaux, a schoo !aster of Fera, na!ed ,te%hen Po iot, and a !an na!ed John Eng ish, were burnt for the faith# Monsieur B onde , a rich jewe er, was, *# -# F05G, a%%rehended at 'yons, and sent to ParisB where he was burnt for the faith, by order of the court, *# -# F05I# +erbert, a youth of nineteen years of age, was co!!itted to the f a!es at -ijonB as was F orent ?enote, in the sa!e year# 8n the year F005, two !en of the refor!ed re igion, with the son and daughter of one of the!, were a%%rehended and co!!itted to the cast e of ;i"erne# )n exa!ination, they confessed their faith, and were ordered for executionB being s!eared with grease, bri!stone, and gun%owder, they cried, C,a t on, sa t on this sinfu and rotten f eshSC Their tongues were then cut out, and they were afterward co!!itted to the f a!es, which soon consu!ed the!, by !eans of the co!bustib e !atter with which they were bes!eared# $he #artholomew Massa&re at Paris( :&. )n the //d of *ugust, F02/, co!!enced this diabo ica act of sanguinary bruta ity# 8t was intended to destroy at one stroke the root of the %rotestant tree, which had on y before %artia y suffered in its branches# The king of France had artfu y %ro%osed a !arriage between his sister and the %rince of ;a"arre, the ca%tain and %rince of the %rotestants# This i!%rudent !arriage was %ub ic y ce ebrated at Paris, *ugust FG, by the cardina of Bourbon, u%on a high stage erected for the %ur%ose# They dined in great %o!% with the bisho%, and su%%ed with the king at Paris# Four days after this, the %rince, as he was co!ing fro! the counci , was shot in both ar!sB he then said to Maure, his deceased !other's !inister, C) !y brother, 8 do now %ercei"e that 8 a! indeed be o"ed of !y God, since for his !ost ho y sake 8 a! wounded#C * though the ?ida! ad"ised hi! to f y, yet he abode in Paris, and was soon after s ain by Be!jusB who afterward dec ared he ne"er saw a !an !eet death !ore "a iant y than the ad!ira # The so diers were a%%ointed at a certain signa to burst out instant y to the s aughter in a %arts of the city# @hen they had ki ed the ad!ira , they threw hi! out at a window into the street, where his head was cut off, and sent to the %o%e# The sa"age %a%ists,

sti raging against hi!, cut off his ar!s and %ri"ate !e!bers, and, after dragging hi! three days through the streets, hung hi! u% by the hee s without the city# *fter hi! they s ew !any great and honourab e %ersons who were %rotestantsB as count .ochfoucau t, Te inius, the ad!ira 's son&in& aw, *ntonius, 9 ari!ontus, !arEuis of .a"e y, 'ewes Bussius, Bandineus, P u"ia ius, Burneius, Kc# Kc# and fa ing u%on the co!!on %eo% e, they continued the s aughter for !any daysB in the three first, they s ew of a ranks and conditions to the nu!ber of F1,111# The bodies were thrown into the ri"ers, and b ood ran through the streets with a strong current, and the ri"er a%%eared %resent y ike a strea! of b ood# ,o furious was their he ish rage, that they s ew a %a%ists who! they sus%ected to be not "ery staunch to their diabo ica re igion# Fro! Paris the destruction s%read to a Euarters of the rea !# *t )r eans, a thousand were s ain of !en, wo!en, and chi dren, and J111 at .ouen# *t Me dith, two hundred were %ut into %rison, and brought out by units, and crue y !urdered# *t 'yons, eight hundred were !assacred# +ere chi dren hanging about their %arents, and %arents affectionate y e!bracing their chi dren, were % easant food for the swords and b ood&thirsty !inds of those who ca the!se "es the catho ic church# +ere H11 were s ain on y in the bisho%'s houseB and the i!%ious !onks wou d suffer none to be buried# *t *ugustobona, on the %eo% e hearing of the !assacre at Paris, they shut their gates that no %rotestants !ight esca%e, and searching di igent y for e"ery indi"idua of the refor!ed church, i!%risoned and then barbarous y !urdered the!# The sa!e crue ty they %ractised at *"aricu!, at Troys, at Thou ouse, .ouen and !any other % aces, running fro! city to city, towns, and "i ages, through the kingdo!# *s a corroboration of this horrid carnage, the fo owing interesting narrati"e, written by a sensib e and earned .o!an catho ic, a%%ears in this % ace, with %ecu iar %ro%riety# CThe nu%tia s Qsays heR of the young king of ;a"arre with the French king's sister, was so e!niAed with %o!%B and a the endear!ents, a the assurances of friendshi%, a the oaths sacred a!ong !en, were %rofuse y a"ished by 9atharine, the Eueen&!other, and by the kingB during which, the rest of the court thought of nothing but festi"ities, % ays, and !asEuerades# *t ast, at twe "e o'c ock at night, on the e"e of ,t# Bartho o!ew, the signa was gi"en# 8!!ediate y a the houses of the %rotestants were forced o%en at once# *d!ira 9o igni, a ar!ed by the u%roar ju!%ed out of bedB when a co!%any of assassins rushed in his cha!ber# They were headed by one Bes!e, who had been bred u% as a do!estic in the fa!i y of the Guises# This wretch thrust his sword into the ad!ira 's breast, and a so cut hi! in the face# Bes!e was a Ger!an, and being afterwards taken by the %rotestants, the .oche ers wou d ha"e bought hi!, in order to hang and Euarter hi!B but he was ki ed by one Bretan"i e# +enry, the young duke of Guise, who afterwards fra!ed the catho ic eague, and was !urdered at B ois, standing at the door ti the horrid butchery shou d be co!% eted, ca ed a oud, 'Bes!eS is it doneT' 8!!ediate y after which, the ruffians threw the body out of the window, and 9o igni ex%ired at Guise's feet#

C9ount de Te igny a so fe a sacrifice# +e had !arried, about ten !onths before, 9o igni's daughter# +is countenance was so engaging, that the ruffians, when they ad"anced in order to ki hi!, were struck with co!%assionB but others, !ore barbarous, rushing forward, !urdered hi!# C8n the !eanti!e, a the friends of 9o igni were assassinated throughout ParisB !en, wo!en, and chi dren, were %ro!iscuous y s aughteredB e"ery street was strewed with ex%iring bodies# ,o!e %riests, ho ding u% a crucifix in one hand, and a dagger in the other, ran to the chiefs of the !urderers, and strong y exhorted the! to s%are neither re ations nor friends# CTa"annes, !arsha of France, an ignorant, su%erstitious so dier, who joined the fury of re igion to the rage of %arty, rode on horseback through the streets of Paris, crying to his !en, ''et b oodS et b oodS b eeding is as who eso!e in *ugust as in May#' 8n the !e!oirs of the ife of this enthusiastic, written by his son, we are to d, that the father, being on his death&bed, and !aking a genera confession of his actions, the %riest said to hi!, with sur%rise, '@hatS no !ention of ,t# Bartho o!ew's !assacreT' to which Ta"annes re% ied, '8 consider it as a !eritorious action, that wi wash away a !y sins#' ,uch horrid senti!ents can a fa se s%irit of re igion ins%ireS CThe king's %a ace was one of the chief scenes of the butchery( the king of ;a"arre had his odgings in the 'ou"re, and a his do!estics were %rotestants# Many of these were ki ed in bed with their wi"esB others, running away naked, were %ursued by the so diers through the se"era roo!s of the %a ace, e"en to the king's anticha!ber# The young wife of +enry of ;a"arre, awaked by the dreadfu u%roar, being afraid for her consort, and for her own ife, seiAed with horror, and ha f dead, f ew fro! her bed, in order to throw herse f at the feet of the king her brother# But scarce had she o%ened her cha!ber&door, when so!e of her %rotestant do!estics rushed in for refuge# The so diers i!!ediate y fo owed, %ursued the! in sight of the %rincess, and ki ed one who had cre%t under her bed# Two others, being wounded with ha berds, fe at the Eueen's feet, so that she was co"ered with b ood# C9ount de a .ochefoucau t, a young nob e!an, great y in the king's fa"our for his co!e y air, his %o iteness, and a certain %ecu iar ha%%iness in the turn of his con"ersation, had s%ent the e"ening ti e e"en o'c ock with the !onarch, in % easant fa!i iarityB and had gi"en a oose, with the ut!ost !irth, to the sa ies of his i!agination# The !onarch fe t so!e re!orse, and being touched with a kind of co!%assion, bid hi!, two or three ti!es, not to go ho!e, but ie in the 'ou"re# The count said, he !ust go to his wifeB u%on which the king %ressed hi! no farther, but said, ''et hi! goS 8 see God has decreed his death#' *nd in two hours after he was !urdered# C?ery few of the %rotestants esca%ed the fury of their enthusiastic %ersecutors# *!ong these was young 'a Force Qafterwards the fa!ous Marsha de a ForceR a chi d about ten years of age, whose de i"erance was exceeding y re!arkab e# +is father, his e der brother, and hi!se f were seiAed together by the -uke of *njou's so diers# These !urderers f ew at a three, and struck the! at rando!, when they a fe , and ay one u%on another# The youngest did not recei"e a sing e b ow, but a%%earing as if he was dead, esca%ed the next dayB and his ife, thus wonderfu y %reser"ed, asted four score and fi"e years#

CMany of the wretched "icti!s f ed to the water&side, and so!e swa! o"er the ,eine to the suburbs of ,t# Ger!aine# The king saw the! fro! his window, which ooked u%on the ri"er, and fired u%on the! with a carbine that had been oaded for that %ur%ose by one of his %agesB whi e the Eueen& !other, undisturbed and serene in the !idst of s aughter, ooking down fro! a ba cony, encouraged the !urderers and aughed at the dying groans of the s aughtered# This barbarous Eueen was fired with a rest ess a!bition, and she %er%etua y shifted her %arty in order to satiate it# C,o!e days after this horrid transaction, the French court endea"oured to %a iate it by for!s of aw# They %retended to justify the !assacre by a ca u!ny, and accused the ad!ira of a cons%iracy, which no one be ie"ed# The %ar ia!ent was co!!anded to %roceed against the !e!ory of 9o igniB and his dead body was hung in chains on Montfaucon ga ows# The king hi!se f went to "iew this shocking s%ectac eB when one of his courtiers ad"ising hi! to retire, and co!% aining of the stench of the cor%se, he re% ied, '* dead ene!y s!e s we #'DThe !assacres on ,t# Bartho o!ew's day are %ainted in the roya sa oon of the ?atican at .o!e, with the fo owing inscri%tion( Pontife4 9o igni ne&em probat, i# e# 'The %o%e a%%ro"es of 9o igni's death#' CThe young king of ;a"arre was s%ared through %o icy, rather than fro! the %ity of the Eueen&!other, she kee%ing hi! %risoner ti the king's death, in order that he !ight be as a security and % edge for the sub!ission of such %rotestants as !ight effect their esca%e# CThis horrid butchery was not confined !ere y to the city of Paris# The ike orders were issued fro! court to the go"ernors of a the %ro"inces in FranceB so that, in a week's ti!e, about one hundred thousand %rotestants were cut to %ieces in different %arts of the kingdo!S Two or three go"ernors on y refused to obey the king's orders# )ne of these, na!ed Mont!orrin, go"ernor of *u"ergne, wrote the king the fo owing etter, which deser"es to be trans!itted to the atest %osterity# C,ireD8 ha"e recei"ed an order, under your !ajesty's sea , to %ut to death a the %rotestants in !y %ro"ince# 8 ha"e too !uch res%ect for your !ajesty, not to be ie"e the etter a forgeryB but if Qwhich God forbidR the order shou d be genuine, 8 ha"e too !uch res%ect for your !ajesty to obey it#C *t .o!e the horrid joy was so great, that they a%%ointed a day of high festi"a , and a jubi ee, with great indu gence to a who ke%t it and showed e"ery ex%ression of g adness they cou d de"iseS and the !an who first carried the news recei"ed F111 crowns of the cardina of 'orrain for his ungod y !essage# The king a so co!!anded the day to be ke%t with e"ery de!onstration of joy, conc uding now that the who e race of +uguenots was extinct# Many who ga"e great su!s of !oney for their ranso! were i!!ediate y after s ainB and se"era towns, which were under the king's %ro!ise of %rotection and safety, were cut off as soon as they de i"ered the!se "es u%, on those %ro!ises, to his genera s or ca%tains# *t Bordeaux, at the instigation of a "i anous !onk, who used to urge the %a%ists to s aughter in his ser!ons, /J5 were crue y !urderedB so!e of the! senators# *nother of the sa!e %ious fraternity %roduced a si!i ar s aughter at *gendicu!, in Maine, where the %o%u ace at the ho y inEuisitors'

satanica suggestion, ran u%on the %rotestants, s ew the!, % undered their houses, and %u ed down their church# The duke of Guise, entering into B oise, suffered his so diers to f y u%on the s%oi , and s ay or drown a the %rotestants they cou d find# 8n this they s%ared neither age nor sexB defi ing the wo!en, and then !urdering the!B fro! whence he went to Mere, and co!!itted the sa!e outrages for !any days together# +ere they found a !inister na!ed 9assebonius, and threw hi! into the ri"er# *t *njou, they s ew * biacus, a !inisterB and !any wo!en were defi ed and !urdered thereB a!ong who! were two sisters, abused before their father, who! the assassins bound to a wa to see the!, and then s ew the! and hi!# The %resident of Turin, after gi"ing a arge su! for his ife, was crue y beaten with c ubs, stri%%ed of his c othes, and hung feet u%wards, with his head and breast in the ri"er( before he was dead, they o%ened his be y, % ucked out his entrai s, and threw the! into the ri"erB and then carried his heart about the city u%on a s%ear# *t Barre great crue ty was used, e"en to young chi dren, who! they cut o%en, %u ed out their entrai s, which through "ery rage they knawed with their teeth# Those who had f ed to the cast e, when they yie ded, were a !ost a hanged# Thus they did at the city of MatisconB counting it s%ort to cut off their ar!s and egs and afterward ki the!B and for the entertain!ent of their "isiters, they often threw the %rotestants fro! a high bridge into the ri"er, saying, C-id you e"er see !en ea% so we TC *t Penna, after %ro!ising the! safety, H11 were inhu!an y butcheredB and fi"e and forty at * bin, on the 'ord's day# *t ;onne, though it yie ded on conditions of safeguard, the !ost horrid s%ectac es were exhibited# Persons of both sexes and conditions were indiscri!inate y !urderedB the streets ringing with do efu cries, and f owing with b oodB and the houses f a!ing with fire, which the abandoned so diers had thrown in# )ne wo!an, being dragged fro! her hiding % ace with her husband, was first abused by the bruta so diers, and then with a sword which they co!!anded her to draw, they forced it whi e in her hands into the bowe s of her husband# *t ,a!arobridge, they !urdered abo"e F11 %rotestants, after %ro!ising the! %eaceB and at *ntisidor, F11 were ki ed, and cast %art into a jakes, and %art into a ri"er# )ne hundred %ut into %rison at )r eans, were destroyed by the furious !u titude# The %rotestants at .oche e, who were such as had !iracu ous y esca%ed the rage of he , and f ed there, seeing how i they fared who sub!itted to those ho y de"i s, stood for their i"esB and so!e other cities, encouraged thereby, did the ike# *gainst .oche e, the king sent a !ost the who e %ower of France, which besieged it se"en !onths, though, by their assau ts, they did "ery itt e execution on the inhabitants, yet, by fa!ine, they destroyed eighteen thousand out of two and twenty# The dead being too nu!erous for the i"ing to bury, beca!e food for "er!in and carni"orous birds# Many taking their coffins into the church yard, aid down in the!, and breathed their ast# Their diet had ong been what the !inds of those in % enty shudder atB e"en hu!an f esh entrai s, dung, and the !ost oathso!e things, beca!e at ast the on y food of those cha!%ions for that truth and iberty, of which the wor d was not worthy# *t e"ery attack, the besiegers !et with such an

intre%id rece%tion, that they eft FH/ ca%tains, with a %ro%ortionate nu!ber of !en, dead in the fie d# The siege at ast was broken u% at the reEuest of the duke of *njou, the king's brother, who was %roc ai!ed king of Po and, and the king, being wearied out, easi y co!% ied, whereu%on honourab e conditions were granted the!# 8t is a re!arkab e interference of Pro"idence, that, in a this dreadfu !assacre, not !ore than two !inisters of the gos%e were in"o "ed in it# The tragica sufferings of the %rotestants are too nu!erous to detai B but the treat!ent of Phi i% de -eux wi gi"e an idea of the rest# *fter the !iscreants had s ain this !artyr in his bed, they went to his wife, who was then attended by the !idwife, ex%ecting e"ery !o!ent to be de i"ered# The !idwife entreated the! to stay the !urder, at east ti the chi d, which was the twentieth, shou d be born# ;otwithstanding this, they thrust a dagger u% to the hi t into the %oor wo!an# *nxious to be de i"ered, she ran into a corn oftB but hither they %ursued her, stabbed her in the be y, and then threw her into the street# By the fa , the chi d ca!e fro! the dying !other, and being caught u% by one of the catho ic ruffians, he stabbed the infant, and then threw it into the ri"er# %rom the ;e2o&ation of the "di&t of 'antes( to the %ren&h ;e2olution in -+,3. The %ersecutions occasioned by the re"ocation of the edict of ;antes, took % ace under 'ouis =8?# This edict was !ade by +enry the Great of France in F0IG, and secured to the %rotestants an eEua right in e"ery res%ect, whether ci"i or re igious, with the other subjects of the rea !# * those %ri"i eges 'ouis the =888# confir!ed to the %rotestants by another statute, ca ed the edict of ;is!es, and ke%t the! in"io ab y to the end of his reign# )n the accession of 'ouis =8?# the kingdo! was a !ost ruined by ci"i wars# *t this critica juncture, the %rotestants, heed ess of our 'ord's ad!onition, CThey that take the sword, sha %erish with the sword,C took such an acti"e %art in fa"our of the king, that he was constrained to acknow edge hi!se f indebted to their ar!s for his estab ish!ent on the throne# 8nstead of cherishing and rewarding that %arty who had fought for hi!, he reasoned, that the sa!e %ower which had %rotected cou d o"erturn hi!, and, istening to the %o%ish !achinations, he began to issue out %roscri%tions and restrictions, indicati"e of his fina deter!ination# .oche e was %resent y fettered with an incredib e nu!ber of denunciations# Montaban and Mi au were sacked by so diers# Po%ish co!!issioners were a%%ointed to %reside o"er the affairs of the %rotestants, and there was no a%%ea fro! their ordinance, exce%t to the king's counci # This struck at the root of their ci"i and re igious exercises, and %re"ented the!, being %rotestants, fro! suing a catho ic in any court of aw# This was fo owed by another injunction, to !ake an inEuiry in a %arishes into whate"er the %rotestants had said or done for twenty years %ast# This fi ed the %risons with innocent "icti!s, and conde!ned others to the ga eys or banish!ent# Protestants were ex%e ed fro! a offices, trades, %ri"i eges and e!% oysB thereby de%ri"ing the! of the !eans of getting their bread( and they %roceeded to such excess in their bruta ity, that they wou d not suffer e"en the !idwi"es to officiate, but co!%e ed their wo!en to sub!it the!se "es in that crisis of nature to their

ene!ies, the bruta catho ics# Their chi dren were taken fro! the! to be educated by the catho ics, and at se"en years !ade to e!brace %o%ery# The refor!ed were %rohibited fro! re ie"ing their own sick or %oor, fro! a %ri"ate worshi%, and di"ine ser"ice was to be %erfor!ed in the %resence of a %o%ish %riest# To %re"ent the unfortunate "icti!s fro! ea"ing the kingdo!, a the %assages on the frontiers were strict y guardedB yet, by the good hand of God, about F01,111 esca%ed their "igi ance, and e!igrated to different countries to re ate the dis!a narrati"e# * that has been re ated hitherto were on y infringe!ents on their estab ished charter, the edict of ;antes# *t ength the diabo ica re"ocation of that edict %assed on the FGth of )ctober, FJG0, and was registered the //d in the "acation, contrary to a for! of aw# 8nstant y the dragoons were Euartered u%on the %rotestants throughout the rea !, and fi ed a France with the ike news, that the king wou d no onger suffer any +uguenots in his kingdo!, and therefore they !ust reso "e to change their re igion# +ereu%on the intendants in e"ery %arish Qwhich were %o%ish go"ernors and s%ies set o"er the %rotestantsR asse!b ed the refor!ed inhabitants, and to d the!, they !ust without de ay turn catho ics, either free y or by force# The %rotestants re% ied, CThey were ready to sacrifice their i"es and estates to the king, but their consciences being God's, they cou d not so dis%ose of the!#C 8nstant y the troo%s seiAed the gates and a"enues of the cities, and % acing guards in a the %assages, entered with sword in hand, crying, C-ie, or be catho icsSC 8n short, they %ractised e"ery wickedness and horror they cou d de"ise, to force the! to change their re igion# They hung both !en and wo!en by their hair or their feet, and s!oked the! with hay ti they were near y deadB and if they sti refused to sign a recantation, they hung the! u% again and re%eated their barbarities, ti , wearied out with tor!ents without death, they forced !any to yie d to the!# )thers, they % ucked off a the hair of their heads and beards with %incers# )thers they threw on great fires, and %u ed the! out again, re%eating it ti they extorted a %ro!ise to recant# ,o!e they stri%%ed naked, and after offering the! the !ost infa!ous insu ts, they stuck the! with %ins fro! head to foot, and anced the! with %enkni"esB and so!eti!es with red&hot %incers they dragged the! by the nose ti they %ro!ised to turn# ,o!eti!es they tied fathers and husbands, whi e they ra"ished their wi"es and daughters before their eyes# Mu titudes they i!%risoned in the !ost noiso!e dungeons, where they %ractised a sorts of tor!ents in secret# Their wi"es and chi dren they shut u% in !onasteries# ,uch as endea"oured to esca%e by f ight were %ursued in the woods and hunted in the fie ds, and shot at ike wi d beastsB nor did any condition or Eua ity screen the! fro! the ferocity of these inferna dragoons( e"en the !e!bers of %ar ia!ent and !i itary officers, though on actua ser"ice, were ordered to Euit their %osts, and re%air direct y to their houses to suffer the ike stor!# ,uch as co!% ained to the king were sent to the Basti e, where they drank of the sa!e cu%# The bisho%s and the intendants !arched at the head of the dragoons, with a troo% of !issionaries, !onks, and other ecc esiastics, to ani!ate the so diers to an execution so agreeab e to their ho y church, and so g orious to their de!on god and their tyrant king#

8n for!ing the edict to re%ea the edict of ;antes, the counci were di"idedB so!e wou d ha"e a the !inisters detained and forced into %o%ery as we as the aity( others were for banishing the!, because their %resence wou d strengthen the %rotestants in %erse"erance( and if they were forced to turn, they wou d e"er be secret and %owerfu ene!ies in the boso! of the church, by their great know edge and ex%erience in contro"ersia !atters# This reason %re"ai ing, they were sentenced to banish!ent, and on y fifteen days a owed the! to de%art the kingdo!# The sa!e day the edict for re"oking the %rotestant's charter was %ub ished, they de!o ished their churches, and banished their !inisters, who! they a owed but twenty&four hours to ea"e Paris# The %a%ists wou d not suffer the! to dis%ose of their effects, and threw e"ery obstac e in their way to de ay their esca%e ti the i!ited ti!e was ex%ired which subjected the! to conde!nation for ife to the ga eys# The guards were doub ed at the sea%orts, and the %risons were fi ed with the "icti!s, who endured tor!ents and wants at which hu!an nature !ust shudder# The sufferings of the !inisters and others, who were sent to the ga eys, see!ed to exceed a # 9hained to the oar, they were ex%osed to the o%en air night and day, at a seasons, and in a weathersB and when through weakness of body they fainted under the oar, instead of a cordia to re"i"e the!, or "iands to refresh the!, they recei"ed on y the ashes of a scourge, or the b ows of a cane or ro%e's end# For the want of sufficient c othing and necessary c ean iness, they were !ost grie"ous y tor!ented with "er!in, and crue y %inched with the co d, which re!o"ed by night the executioners who beat and tor!ented the! by day# 8nstead of a bed, they were a owed, sick or we , on y a hard board, eighteen inches broad, to s ee% on, without any co"ering but their wretched a%%are B which was a shirt of the coarsest can"ass, a itt e jerkin of red serge, s it u% each side u% to the ar!&ho es, with o%en s ee"es that reached not to the e bowB and once in three years they had a coarse frock, and a itt e ca% to co"er their heads, which were a ways ke%t c ose sha"ed as a !ark of their infa!y# The a owance of %ro"ision was as narrow as the senti!ents of those who conde!ned the! to such !iseries, and their treat!ent when sick is too shocking to re ate, doo!ed to die u%on the boards of a dark ho dB co"ered with "er!in, and without the east con"enience for the ca s of nature# ;or was it a!ong the east of the horrors they endured, that, as !inisters of 9hrist, and honest !en, they were chained side by side to fe ons and the !ost execrab e "i ains, whose b as%he!ous tongues were ne"er id e# 8f they refused to hear !ass, they were sentenced to the bastinado, of which dreadfu %unish!ent the fo owing is a descri%tion# Pre%aratory to it, the chains are taken off, and the "icti!s de i"ered into the hands of the Turks that %reside at the oars, who stri% the! Euite naked, and stretching the! u%on a great gun, they are he d so that they cannot stirB during which there reigns an awfu si ence throughout the ga ey# The Turk who is a%%ointed the executioner, and who thinks the sacrifice acce%tab e to his %ro%het Maho!et, !ost crue y beats the wretched "icti! with a rough cudge , or knotty ro%e's end, ti the skin is f ayed off his bones, and he is near the %oint of ex%iringB then they a%% y a !ost tor!enting !ixture of "inegar and sa t, and consign hi! to that !ost into erab e hos%ita where thousands under their crue ties ha"e ex%ired#

Martyrdom of John 8alas. @e %ass o"er !any other indi"idua !artyrdo!s to insert that of John 9a as, which took % ace so ate y as F2JF, and is an indubitab e %roof of the bigotry of %o%ery, and shows that neither ex%erience nor i!%ro"e!ent can root out the in"eterate %rejudices of the .o!an catho ics, or render the! ess crue or inexorab e to %rotestants# John 9a as was a !erchant of the city of Thou ouse, where he had been sett ed, and i"ed in good re%ute, and had !arried an Eng ish wo!an of French extraction# 9a as and his wife were %rotestants, and had fi"e sons, who! they educated in the sa!e re igionB but 'ewis, one of the sons, beca!e a .o!an catho ic, ha"ing been con"erted by a !aid&ser"ant, who had i"ed in the fa!i y about thirty years# The father, howe"er, did not ex%ress any resent!ent or i &wi u%on the occasion, but ke%t the !aid in the fa!i y and sett ed an annuity u%on the son# 8n )ctober, F2JF, the fa!i y consisted of John 9a as and his wife, one wo!an ser"ant, Mark *ntony 9a as, the e dest son, and Peter 9a as, the second son# Mark *ntony was bred to the aw, but cou d not be ad!itted to %ractise, on account of his being a %rotestantB hence he grew !e ancho y, read a the books he cou d %rocure re ati"e to suicide, and see!ed deter!ined to destroy hi!se f# To this !ay be added, that he ed a dissi%ated ife, was great y addicted to ga!ing, and did a which cou d constitute the character of a ibertineB on which account his father freEuent y re%rehended hi! and so!eti!es in ter!s of se"erity, which considerab y added to the doo! that see!ed to o%%ress hi!# )n the FHth of )ctober, F2JF, Mr# Gober a ?aisse, a young gent e!an about FI years of age, the son of 'a ?aisse, a ce ebrated ad"ocate of Thou ouse, about fi"e o'c ock in the e"ening, was !et by John 9a as, the father, and the e dest son Mark *ntony, who was his friend# 9a as, the father, in"ited hi! to su%%er, and the fa!i y and their guest sat down in a roo! u% one %air of stairsB the who e co!%any, consisting of 9a as the father and his wife, *ntony and Peter 9a as, the sons, and 'a ?aisse the guest, no other %erson being in the house, exce%t the !aid&ser"ant who has been a ready !entioned# 8t was now about se"en o'c ockB the su%er was not ongB but before it was o"er, *ntony eft the tab e, and went into the kitchen, which was on the sa!e f oor, as he was accusto!ed to do# The !aid asked hi! if he was co dT +e answered, CLuite the contrary, 8 burnBC and then eft her# 8n the !ean ti!e his friend and fa!i y eft the roo! they had su%%ed in, and went into a bed&cha!berB the father and 'a ?aisse sat down together on a sofaB the younger son Peter in an e bow chairB and the !other in another chairB and, without !aking any inEuiry after *ntony, continued in con"ersation together ti between nine and ten o'c ock, when 'a ?aisse took his ea"e, and Peter, who had fa en as ee%, was awakened to attend hi! with a ight# )n the ground f oor of 9a as's house was a sho% and a ware&house, the atter of which was di"ided fro! the sho% by a %air of fo ding&doors# @hen Peter 9a as and 'a ?aisse ca!e down stairs into the sho%, they were extre!e y shocked to see *ntony hanging in his shirt, fro! a bar which he had aid across the to% of the two fo ding&doors, ha"ing ha f o%ened the! for that %ur%ose# )n disco"ery of this horrid s%ectac e, they shrieked out, which

brought down 9a as the father, the !other being seiAed with such terror as ke%t her tre!b ing in the %assage abo"e# @hen the !aid disco"ered what had ha%%ened, she continued be ow, either because she feared to carry an account of it to her !istress, or because she busied herse f in doing so!e good office to her !aster, who was e!bracing the body of his son, and bathing it in his tears# The !other, therefore, being thus eft a one, went down and !ixed in the scene that has been a ready described, with such e!otions as it !ust natura y %roduce# 8n the !ean ti!e Peter had been sent for 'a Moire, a surgeon in the neighbourhood# 'a Moire was not at ho!e, but his a%%rentice, Mr# Gros e, ca!e instant y# :%on exa!ination, he found the body Euite deadB and by this ti!e a %a%istica crowd of %eo% e were gathered about the house, and, ha"ing by so!e !eans heard that *ntony 9a as was sudden y dead, and that the surgeon who had exa!ined the body, dec ared that he had been strang ed, they took it into their heads he had been !urderedB and as the fa!i y was %rotestant, they %resent y su%%osed that the young !an was about to change his re igion, and had been %ut to death for that reason# The %oor father, o"erwhe !ed with grief for the oss of his chi d, was ad"ised by his friends to send for the officers of justice to %re"ent his being torn to %ieces by the catho ic !u titude, who su%%osed he had !urdered his son# This was according y done, and -a"id, the chief !agistrate, or ca%itou , took the father, Peter the son, the !other, 'a ?aisse, and the !aid, a into custody, and set a guard o"er the!# +e sent for M# de a Tour, a %hysician, and MM# a MarEue and Perronet, surgeons, who exa!ined the body for !arks of "io ence, but found none exce%t the !ark of the igature on the neckB they found a so the hair of the deceased done u% in the usua !anner, %erfect y s!ooth, and without the east disorderB his c othes were a so regu ar y fo ded u%, and aid u%on the counter, nor was his shirt either torn or unbuttoned# ;otwithstanding these innocent a%%earances, the ca%itou thought %ro%er to agree with the o%inion of the !ob, and took it into his head that o d 9a as had sent for 'a ?aisse, te ing hi! that he had a son to be hangedB that 'a ?aisse had co!e to %erfor! the office of executioner( and that he had recei"ed assistance fro! the father and brother# *s no %roof of the su%%osed fact cou d be %rocured, the ca%itou had recourse to a !onitory, or genera infor!ation, in which the cri!e was taken for granted, and %ersons were reEuired to gi"e such testi!ony against it as they were ab e# This recites, that 'a ?aisse was co!!issioned by the %rotestants to be their executioner in ordinary, when any of their chi dren were to be hanged for changing their re igionB it recites a so, that, when the %rotestants thus hang their chi dren, they co!%e the! to knee , and one of the interrogatories was whether any %erson had seen *ntony 9a as knee before his father when he strang ed hi!B it recites ikewise, that *ntony died a .o!an catho ic, and reEuires e"idence of his catho icis!# But before this !onitory was %ub ished, the !ob had got a notion that *ntony 9a as was the next day to ha"e entered into the fraternity of the @hite Penitents# The ca%itou therefore caused his body to be buried in the !idd e of ,t# ,te%hen's church# * few days after the inter!ent of the deceased, the @hite Penitents %erfor!ed a so e!n ser"ice for hi! in their cha%e B the church was hung with white, and a to!b was raised in the !idd e

of it, on the to% of which was % aced a hu!an ske eton, ho ding in one hand a %a%er, on which was written, C*bjuration of heresy,C and in the other a %a !, the e!b e! of !artyrdo!# The next day the Franciscans %erfor!ed a ser"ice of the sa!e kind for hi!# The ca%itou continued the %ersecution with unre enting se"erity, and, without the east %roof co!ing in, thought fit to conde!n the unha%%y father, !other, brother, friend, and ser"ant, to the torture, and %ut the! a into irons on the FGth of ;o"e!ber# Fro! these dreadfu %roceedings the sufferers a%%ea ed to the %ar ia!ent, which i!!ediate y took cogniAance of the affair, and annu ed the sentence of the ca%itou as irregu ar, but they continued the %rosecution, and, u%on the hang!an de%osing it was i!%ossib e *ntony shou d hang hi!se f as was %retended, the !ajority of the %ar ia!ent were of the o%inion, that the %risoners were gui ty, and therefore ordered the! to be tried by the cri!ina court of Thou ouse# )ne "oted hi! innocent, but after ong debates the !ajority was for the torture and whee , and %robab y conde!ned the father by way of ex%eri!ent, whether he was gui ty or not, ho%ing he wou d, in the agony, confess the cri!e, and accuse the other %risoners, whose fate therefore, they sus%ended# Poor 9a as, howe"er, an o d !an of JG, was conde!ned to this dreadfu %unish!ent a one# +e suffered the torture with great constancy, and was ed to execution in a fra!e of !ind which excited the ad!iration of a that saw hi!, and %articu ar y of the two -o!inicans Qfather Bourges and father 9o daguesR who attended hi! in his ast !o!ents, and dec ared that they thought hi! not on y innocent of the cri!e aid to his charge, but an exe!% ary instance of true christian %atience, fortitude, and charity# @hen he saw the executioner %re%ared to gi"e hi! the ast stroke, he !ade a fresh dec aration to father Bourges, but whi e the words were sti in his !outh, the ca%itou , the author of this catastro%he, and who ca!e u%on the scaffo d !ere y to gratify his desire of being a witness of his %unish!ent and death, ran u% to hi!, and baw ed out, C@retch, there are the fagots which are to reduce your body to ashesS s%eak the truth#C M# 9a as !ade no re% y, but turned his head a itt e aside, and that !o!ent the executioner did his office# The %o%u ar outcry against this fa!i y was so "io ent in 'anguedoc, that e"ery body ex%ected to see the chi dren of 9a as broke u%on the whee , and the !other burnt a i"e# $oung -onat 9a as was ad"ised to f y into ,witAer and( he went, and found a gent e!an who, at first, cou d on y %ity and re ie"e hi!, without daring to judge of the rigour exercised against the father, !other, and brothers# ,oon after, one of the brothers, who was on y banished, ikewise threw hi!se f into the ar!s of the sa!e %erson, who, for !ore than a !onth, took e"ery %ossib e %recaution to be assured of the innocence of the fa!i y# )nce con"inced, he thought hi!se f ob iged, in conscience, to e!% oy his friends, his %urse, his %en, and his credit, to re%air the fata !istake of the se"en judges of Thou ouse, and to ha"e the %roceedings re"ised by the king's counci # This re"ision asted three years, and it is we known what honour Messrs# de Grosne and BacEuancourt acEuired by in"estigating this !e!orab e cause# Fifty !asters of the 9ourt of .eEuests unani!ous y dec ared the who e fa!i y of 9a as innocent, and reco!!ended the! to the bene"o ent justice of his !ajesty# The duke de 9hoiseu , who ne"er et s i%

an o%%ortunity of signa iAing the greatness of his character, not on y assisted this unfortunate fa!i y with !oney, but obtained for the! a gratuity of HJ,111 i"res fro! the king# )n the ninth of March, F2J0, the arret was signed which justified the fa!i y of 9a as, and changed their fate# The ninth of March, F2J/, was the "ery day on which the innocent and "irtuous father of that fa!i y had been executed# * Paris ran in crowds to see the! co!e out of %rison, and c a%%ed their hands for joy whi e the tears strea!ed fro! their eyes# This dreadfu exa!% e of bigotry e!% oyed the %en of ?o taire in de%recation of the horrors of su%erstitionB and though an infide hi!se f, his essay on to eration does honour to his %en, and has been a b essed !eans of abating the rigour of %ersecution in !ost Euro%ean states# Gos%e %urity wi eEua y shun su%erstition and crue ty, as the !i dness of 9hrist's tenets teaches on y to co!fort in this wor d, and to %rocure sa "ation in the next# To %ersecute for being of a different o%inion, is as absurd as to %ersecute for ha"ing a different countenance( if we honour God, kee% sacred the %ure doctrines of 9hrist, %ut a fu confidence in the %ro!ises contained in the ho y scri%tures, and obey the %o itica aws of the state in which we reside, we ha"e an undoubted right to %rotection instead of %ersecution, and to ser"e hea"en as our consciences, regu ated by the gos%e ru es, !ay direct#

CHAPTER V.
AN ACCOUNT OF THE INQUISITION.
@hen the refor!ed re igion began to diffuse the gos%e ight throughout church# +e according y instituted a nu!ber of inEuisitors, or %ersons who were to !ake inEuiry after, a%%rehend, and %unish, heretics, as the refor!ed were ca ed by the %a%ists# *t the head of these inEuisitors was one -o!inic, who had been canoniAed by the %o%e, in order to render his authority the !ore res%ectab e# -o!inic, and the other inEuisitors, s%read the!se "es into "arious .o!an catho ic countries, and treated the %rotestants with the ut!ost se"erity# 8n %rocess of ti!e, the %o%e, not finding these ro"ing inEuisitors so usefu as he had i!agined, reso "ed u%on the estab ish!ent of fixed and regu ar courts of inEuisition# *fter the order for these regu ar courts, the first office of inEuisition was estab ished in the city of Thou ouse, and -o!inic beca!e the first regu ar inEuisitor, as he had before been the first ro"ing inEuisitor# 9ourts of inEuisition were now erected in se"era countriesB but the ,%anish inEuisition beca!e the !ost %owerfu , and the !ost dreaded of any# E"en the kings of ,%ain the!se "es, though arbitrary in a other res%ects, were taught to dread the %ower of the ords of the inEuisitionB and the horrid crue ties they exercised co!%e ed !u titudes, who differed in o%inion fro! the .o!an catho ics, carefu y to concea their senti!ents# The !ost Aea ous of a the %o%ish !onks, and those who !ost i!% icit y obeyed the church of .o!e, were the -o!inicans and Franciscans( these, therefore, the %o%e thought %ro%er to in"est with an exc usi"e right of %residing o"er the different court of inEuisition, and ga"e the! the !ost un i!ited %owers, as judges de egated by hi!, and i!!ediate y re%resenting his %erson( they were %er!itted to exco!!unicate, or sentence to death

who! they thought %ro%er, u%on the !ost s ight infor!ation of heresy# They were a owed to %ub ish crusades against a who! they dee!ed heretics, and enter into eagues with so"ereign %rinces, to join their crusades with their forces# 8n F/55, their %ower was farther increased by the e!%eror Frederic the ,econd, who dec ared hi!se f the %rotector and friend of a the inEuisitors, and %ub ished the crue edicts, "iA# F# That a heretics who continued obstinate, shou d be burnt# /# That a heretics who re%ented, shou d be i!%risoned for ife# This Aea in the e!%eror, for the inEuisitors of the .o!an catho ic %ersuasion, arose fro! a re%ort which had been %ro%agated throughout Euro%e, that he intended to renounce christianity, and turn Maho!etanB the e!%eror therefore, atte!%ted, by the height of bigotry to contradict the re%ort, and to show his attach!ent to %o%ery by crue ty# The officers of the inEuisition are three inEuisitors, or judges, a fisca %roctor, two secretaries, a !agistrate, a !essenger, a recei"er, a jai er, an agent of confiscated %ossessionsB se"era assessors, counse ors, executioners, %hysicians, surgeons, door&kee%ers, fa!i iars, and "isiters, who are sworn to secrecy# The %rinci%a accusation against those who are subject to this tribuna is heresy, which co!%rises a that is s%oken, or written, against any of the artic es of the creed, or the traditions of the .o!an church# The inEuisition ikewise takes cogniAance of such as are accused of being !agicians, and of such who read the bib e in the co!!on anguage, the Ta !ud of the Jews, or the * coran of the Maho!etans# :%on a occasions the inEuisitors carry on their %rocesses with the ut!ost se"erity, and %unish those who offend the! with the !ost un%ara e ed crue ty# * %rotestant has se do! any !ercy shown hi!, and a Jew, who turns christian, is far fro! being secure# * defence in the inEuisition is of itt e use to the %risoner, for a sus%icion on y is dee!ed sufficient cause of conde!nation, and the greater his wea th the greater his danger# The %rinci%a %art of the inEuisitors' crue ties is owing to their ra%acity( they destroy the ife to %ossess the %ro%ertyB and, under the %retence of Aea , % under each obnoxious indi"idua # * %risoner in the inEuisition is ne"er a owed to see the face of his accuser, or of the witnesses against hi!, but e"ery !ethod is taken by threats and tortures, to ob ige hi! to accuse hi!se f, and by that !eans corroborate their e"idence# 8f the jurisdiction of the inEuisition is not fu y a owed, "engeance is denounced against such as ca it in Euestion for if any of its officers are o%%osed, those who o%%ose the! are a !ost certain to be sufferers for their te!erityB the !axi! of the inEuisition being to strike terror, and awe those who are the objects of its %ower into obedience# +igh birth, distinguished rank, great dignity, or e!inent e!% oy!ents, are no %rotection fro! its se"eritiesB and the owest officers of the inEuisition can !ake the highest characters tre!b e# @hen the %erson i!%eached is conde!ned, he is either se"ere y whi%%ed, "io ent y tortured, sent to the ga eys, or sentenced to deathB and in either case the effects are confiscated# *fter judg!ent, a %rocession is %erfor!ed to the % ace of execution, which cere!ony is ca ed an auto de fe, or act of faith#

The fo owing is an account of an auto de fe, %erfor!ed at Madrid in the year FJG/# The officers of the inEuisition, %receded by tru!%ets, kett e&dru!s, and their banner, !arched on the H1th of May, in ca"a cade, to the %a ace of the great sEuare, where they dec ared by %roc a!ation, that, on the H1th of June, the sentence of the %risoners wou d be %ut in execution# )f these %risoners, twenty !en and wo!en, with one renegade Maho!etan, were ordered to be burnedB fifty Jews and Jewesses, ha"ing ne"er before been i!%risoned, and re%enting of their cri!es were sentenced to a ong confine!ent, and to wear a ye ow ca%# The who e court of ,%ain was %resent on this occasion# The grand inEuisitor's chair was % aced in a sort of tribuna far abo"e that of the king# *!ong those who were to suffer, was a young Jewess of exEuisite beauty, and but se"enteen years of age# Being on the sa!e side of the scaffo d where the Eueen was seated, she addressed her, in ho%es of obtaining a %ardon, in the fo owing %athetic s%eech( CGreat Eueen, wi not your roya %resence be of so!e ser"ice to the in !y !iserab e conditionS +a"e regard to !y youthB and, ohS consider, that 8 a! about to die for %rofessing a re igion i!bibed fro! !y ear iest infancySC +er !ajesty see!ed great y to %ity her distress, but turned away her eyes, as she did not dare to s%eak a word in beha f of a %erson who had been dec ared a heretic# ;ow !ass began, in the !idst of which the %riest ca!e fro! the a tar, % aced hi!se f near the scaffo d, and seated hi!se f in a chair %re%ared for that %ur%ose# The chief inEuisitor then descended fro! the a!%hitheatre, dressed in his co%e, and ha"ing a !itre on his head# *fter ha"ing bowed to the a tar, he ad"anced towards the king's ba cony, and went u% to it, attended by so!e of his officers, carrying a cross and the gos%e s, with a book containing the oath by which the kings of ,%ain ob ige the!se "es to %rotect the catho ic faith, to extir%ate heretics, and to su%%ort with a their %ower and force the %rosecutions and decrees of the inEuisition( a ike oath was ad!inistered to the counse ors and who e asse!b y# The !ass was begun about twe "e at noon, and did not end ti nine in the e"ening, being %rotracted by a %roc a!ation of the sentences of the se"era cri!ina s, which were a ready se%arate y rehearsed a oud one after the other# *fter this, fo owed the burning of the twenty&one !en and wo!en, whose intre%idity in suffering that horrid death was tru y astonishing# The king's near situation to the cri!ina s rendered their dying groans "ery audib e to hi!B he cou d not, howe"er, be absent fro! this dreadfu scene, as it is estee!ed a re igious oneB and his coronation oath ob iges hi! to gi"e a sanction by his %resence to a the acts of the tribuna # @hat we ha"e a ready said !ay be a%% ied to inEuisitions in genera , as we as to that of ,%ain in %articu ar# The inEuisition be onging to Portuga is exact y u%on a si!i ar % an to that of ,%ain, ha"ing been instituted !uch about the sa!e ti!e, and %ut under the sa!e regu ations# The inEuisitors a ow the torture to be used on y three ti!es, but during those ti!es it is so se"ere y inf icted, that the %risoner either dies under it, or continues a ways after a cri%% e, and suffers the se"erest %ains u%on e"ery change of weather# @e sha gi"e an a!% e descri%tion of the se"ere tor!ents occasioned by the

torture, fro! the account of one who suffered it the three res%ecti"e ti!es, but ha%%i y sur"i"ed the crue ties he underwent# *t the first ti!e of torturing, six executioners entered, stri%%ed hi! naked to his drawers, and aid hi! u%on his back on a kind of stand, e e"ated a few feet fro! the f oor# The o%eration co!!enced by %utting an iron co ar round his neck, and a ring to each foot, which fastened hi! to the stand# +is i!bs being thus stretched out, they wound two ro%es round each thighB which ro%es being %assed under the scaffo d, through ho es !ade for that %ur%ose, were a drawn tight at the sa!e instant of ti!e, by four of the !en, on a gi"en signa # 8t is easy to concei"e that the %ains which i!!ediate y succeeded were into erab eB the ro%es, which were of a s!a siAe, cut through the %risoner's f esh to the bone, !aking the b ood to gush out at eight different % aces thus bound at a ti!e# *s the %risoner %ersisted in not !aking any confession of what the inEuisitors reEuired, the ro%es were drawn in this !anner four ti!es successi"e y# The !anner of inf icting the second torture was as fo ows( they forced his ar!s backwards so that the %a !s of his hands were turned outward behind hi!B when, by !eans of a ro%e that fastened the! together at the wrists, and which was turned by an engine, they drew the! by degrees nearer each other, in such a !anner that the back of each hand touched, and stood exact y %ara e to each other# 8n conseEuence of this "io ent contortion, both his shou ders beca!e dis ocated, and a considerab e Euantity of b ood issued fro! his !outh# This torture was re%eated thriceB after which he was again taken to the dungeon, and the surgeon set the dis ocated bones# Two !onths after the second torture, the %risoner being a itt e reco"ered, was again ordered to the torture&roo!, and there, for the ast ti!e, !ade to undergo another kind of %unish!ent, which was inf icted twice without any inter!ission# The executioners fastened a thick iron chain round his body, which crossing at the breast, ter!inated at the wrists# They then % aced hi! with his back against a thick board, at each extre!ity whereof was a %u ey, through which there ran a ro%e that caught the end of the chain at his wrists# The executioner then, stretching the end of this ro%e by !eans of a ro er, % aced at a distance behind hi!, %ressed or bruised his sto!ach in %ro%ortion as the ends of the chains were drawn tighter# They tortured hi! in this !anner to such a degree, that his wrists, as we as his shou ders, were Euite dis ocated# They were, howe"er, soon set by the surgeonsB but the barbarians, not yet satisfied with this s%ecies of crue ty, !ade hi! i!!ediate y undergo the ike torture a second ti!e, which he sustained Qthough, if %ossib e, attended with keener %ains,R with eEua constancy and reso ution# *fter this, he was again re!anded to his dungeon, attended by the surgeon to dress his bruises and adjust the %art dis ocated, and here he continued ti their *uto de Fe, or jai de i"ery, when he was discharged, cri%% ed and diseased for ife# An a&&ount of the &ruel Handlin1 and #urnin1 of 'i&holas #urton( an "n1lish Mer&hant( in Spain. The fifth day of ;o"e!ber, about the year of our 'ord F0J1, Mr# ;icho as Burton, citiAen so!eti!e of 'ondon, and !erchant, dwe ing in the %arish of

'itt e ,t# Bartho o!ew, %eaceab y and Euiet y fo owing his traffic in the trade of !erchandiAe, and being in the city of 9adiA, in the %arty of *nda usia, in ,%ain, there ca!e into his odging a Judas, or, as they ter! the!, a fa!i iar of the fathers of the inEuisitionB who asking for the said ;icho as Burton, feigned that he had a etter to de i"er into his own handsB by which !eans he s%ake with hi! i!!ediate y# *nd ha"ing no etter to de i"er to hi!, then the said %ro!oter, or fa!i iar, at the !otion of the de"i his !aster, whose !essenger he was, in"ented another ie, and said, that he wou d take ading for 'ondon in such shi%s as the said ;icho as Burton had freighted to ade, if he wou d et anyB which was %art y to know where he oaded his goods, that they !ight attach the!, and chief y to %rotract the ti!e unti the sergeant of the inEuisition !ight co!e and a%%rehend the body of the said ;icho as BurtonB which they did incontinent y# +e then we %ercei"ing that they were not ab e to burden or charge hi! that he had written, s%oke, or done any thing there in that country against the ecc esiastica or te!%ora aws of the sa!e rea !, bo d y asked the! what they had to ay to his charge that they did so arrest hi!, and bade the! to dec are the cause, and he wou d answer the!# ;otwithstanding they answered nothing, but co!!anded hi! with threatening words to ho d his %eace, and not s%eak one word to the!# *nd so they carried hi! to the fi thy co!!on %rison of the town of 9adiA, where he re!ained in irons fourteen days a!ongst thie"es# * which ti!e he so instructed the %oor %risoners in the word of God, according to the good ta ent which God had gi"en hi! in that beha f, and a so in the ,%anish tongue to utter the sa!e, that in that short s%ace he had we rec ai!ed se"era of those su%erstitious and ignorant ,%aniards to e!brace the word of God, and to reject their %o%ish traditions# @hich being known unto the officers of the inEuisition, they con"eyed hi! aden with irons fro! thence to a city ca ed ,e"i e, into a !ore crue and straiter %rison ca ed Triana, where the said fathers of the inEuisition %roceeded against hi! secret y according to their accusto!ab e crue tyranny, that ne"er after he cou d be suffered to write or s%eak to any of his nation( so that to this day it is unknown who was his accuser# *fterward, the /1th of -ece!ber, they brought the said ;icho as Burton, with a great nu!ber of other %risoners, for %rofessing the true 9hristian re igion, into the city of ,e"i e, to a % ace where the said inEuisitors sat in judg!ent which they ca ed *uto, with a can"ass coat, whereu%on in di"ers %arts was %ainted the figure of a huge de"i , tor!enting a sou in a f a!e of fire, and on his head a co%%ing tank of the sa!e work# +is tongue was forced out of his !outh with a c o"en stick fastened u%on it, that he shou d not utter his conscience and faith to the %eo% e, and so he was set with another Eng ish!an of ,outha!%ton, and di"ers other conde!ned !en for re igion, as we French!en as ,%aniards, u%on a scaffo d o"er against the said inEuisition, where their sentences and judg!ents were read and %ronounced against the!# *nd i!!ediate y after the said sentences gi"en, they were carried fro! thence to the % ace of execution without the city, where they !ost crue y burned the!, for whose constant faith, God be %raised# This ;icho as Burton by the way, and in the f a!es of fire, had so cheerfu a countenance, e!bracing death with a %atience and g adness, that the

tor!entors and ene!ies which stood by, said, that the de"i had his sou before he ca!e to the fireB and therefore they said his senses of fee ing were %ast hi!# 8t ha%%ened that after the arrest of ;icho as Burton aforesaid, i!!ediate y a the goods and !erchandiAe which he brought with hi! into ,%ain by the way of traffic, were Qaccording to their co!!on usageR seiAed, and taken into the seEuesterB a!ong which they a so ro ed u% !uch that a%%ertained to another Eng ish !erchant, wherewith he was credited as factor# @hereof so soon as news was brought to the !erchant as we of the i!%rison!ent of his factor, as of the arrest !ade u%on his goods, he sent his attorney into ,%ain, with authority fro! hi! to !ake c ai! to his goods, and to de!and the!B whose na!e was John Fronton, citiAen of Bristo # @hen his attorney was anded at ,e"i e, and had shown a his etters and writings to the ho y house, reEuiring the! that such goods !ight be de i"ered into his %ossession, answer was !ade to hi! that he !ust sue by bi , and retain an ad"ocate Qbut a was doubt ess to de ay hi!,R and they forsooth of courtesy assigned hi! one to fra!e his su%% ication for hi!, and other such bi s of %etition, as he had to exhibit into their ho y court, de!anding for each bi eight ria s, a beit they stood hi! in no !ore stead than if he had %ut u% none at a # *nd for the s%ace of three or four !onths this fe ow !issed not twice a day attending e"ery !orning and afternoon at the inEuisitors' %a ace, suing unto the! u%on his knees for his des%atch, but es%ecia y to the bisho% of Tarracon, who was at that "ery ti!e chief in the inEuisition at ,e"i e, that he of his abso ute authority wou d co!!and restitution to be !ade thereofB but the booty was so good and great, that it was "ery hard to co!e by it again# *t ength, after he had s%ent four who e !onths in suits and reEuests, and a so to no %ur%ose, he recei"ed this answer fro! the!, That he !ust show better e"idence, and bring !ore sufficient certificates out of Eng and for %roof of this !atter, than those which he had a ready %resented to the court# @hereu%on the %arty forthwith %osted to 'ondon, and with a s%eed returned to ,e"i e again with !ore a!% e and arge etters testi!onia , and certificates, according to their reEuests, and exhibited the! to the court# ;otwithstanding the inEuisitors sti shifted hi! off, excusing the!se "es by ack of eisure, and for that they were occu%ied in !ore weighty affairs, and with such answers %ut hi! off, four !onths after# *t ast, when the %arty had we nigh s%ent a his !oney, and therefore sued the !ore earnest y for his des%atch, they referred the !atter who y to the bisho%# )f who!, when he re%aired unto hi!, he !ade this answer, That for hi!se f, he knew what he had to do, howbeit he was but one !an, and the deter!ination a%%ertained to the other co!!issioners as we as unto hi!B and thus by %osting and %assing it fro! one to another, the %arty cou d obtain no end of his suit# $et for his i!%ortunity's sake, they were reso "ed to des%atch hi!( it was on this sort( one of the inEuisitors, ca ed Gasco, a !an "ery we ex%erienced in these %ractices, wi ed the %arty to resort unto hi! after dinner# The fe ow being g ad to hear this news, and su%%osing that his goods shou d be restored unto hi!, and that he was ca ed in for that %ur%ose to ta k with the other that was in %rison to confer with hi! about their accounts, rather through a itt e !isunderstanding, hearing the inEuisitors cast out a word,

that it shou d be needfu for hi! to ta k with the %risoner, and being thereu%on !ore than ha f %ersuaded, that at ength they !eant good faith, did so, and re%aired thither about the e"ening# 8!!ediate y u%on his co!ing, the jai er was forthwith charged with hi!, to shut hi! u% c ose in such a %rison where they a%%ointed hi!# The %arty, ho%ing at the first that he had been ca ed for about so!e other !atter, and seeing hi!se f, contrary to his ex%ectation, cast into a dark dungeon, %ercei"ed at ength that the wor d went with hi! far otherwise than he su%%osed it wou d ha"e done# But within two or three days after, he was brought into the court where he began to de!and his goods( and because it was a de"ice that we ser"ed their turn without any !ore circu!stance, they bid hi! say his *"e MariaB C*"e Maria gratia % ena, -o!inus tecu!, benedicta tu in !u ieribus, et benedictus fructus "entris tui Jesus# *!en#C The sa!e was written word by word as he s%ake it, and without any !ore ta k of c ai!ing his goods, because it was need ess, they co!!anded hi! to %rison again, and entered an action against hi! as a heretic, foras!uch as he did not say his *"e Maria after the .o!ish fashion, but ended it "ery sus%icious y, for he shou d ha"e added !oreo"erB C,ancta Maria !ater -ei, ora %ro nobis %eccatoribus(C by abbre"iating whereof, it was e"ident enough Qsaid theyR that he did not a ow the !ediation of saints# Thus they %icked a Euarre to detain hi! in %rison a onger season, and afterward brought hi! forth u%on their stage disguised after their !annerB where sentence was gi"en, that he shou d ose a the goods which he sued for, though they were not his own, and besides this, suffer a year's i!%rison!ent# Mark Brughes, an Eng ish!an, !aster of an Eng ish shi% ca ed the Minion, was burnt in a city in Portuga # @i ia! +oker, a young !an about the age of sixteen years, being an Eng ish!an, was stoned to death by certain young !en in the city of ,e"i e, for the sa!e righteous cause# Some pri2ate "normities of the inquisition laid open( by a 2ery sin1ular o&&urren&e. @hen the crown of ,%ain was contested for in the beginning of the %resent century, by two %rinces, who eEua y %retended to the so"ereignty, France es%oused the cause of one co!%etitor, and Eng and of the other# The duke of Berwick, a natura son of Ja!es 88# who abdicated Eng and, co!!anded the ,%anish and French forces, and defeated the Eng ish at the ce ebrated batt e of * !anAa# The ar!y was then di"ided into two %artsB the one consisting of ,%aniards and French, headed by the duke of Berwick, ad"anced towards 9ata oniaB the other body, consisting of French troo%s on y, co!!anded by the duke of )r eans, %roceeded to the conEuest of *rragon# *s the troo%s drew near to the city of *rragon, the !agistrates ca!e to offer the keys to the duke of )r eansB but he to d the!, haughti y, they were rebe s, and that he wou d not acce%t the keys, for he had orders to enter the city through a breach#

+e according y !ade a breach in the wa s with his cannon, and then entered the city through it, together with his who e ar!y#D@hen he had !ade e"ery necessary regu ation here, he de%arted to subdue other % aces, ea"ing a strong garrison at once to o"erawe and defend, under the co!!and of his ieutenant&genera M# de 'ega # This gent e!an, though brought u% a .o!an catho ic, was tota y free fro! su%erstition( he united great ta ents with great bra"ery( and was, at once, the ski fu officer, and acco!% ished gent e!an# The duke, before his de%arture, had ordered that hea"y contributions shou d be e"ied u%on the city to the fo owing !anner( F# That the !agistrates and %rinci%a inhabitants shou d %ay a thousand crowns %er !onth for the duke's tab e# /# That e"ery house shou d %ay one %isto e, which wou d !onth y a!ount to FG,111 %isto es# H# That e"ery con"ent and !onastery shou d %ay a donati"e, %ro%ortionab e to its riches and rents# The two ast contributions to be a%%ro%riated to the !aintenance of the ar!y# The !oney e"ied u%on the !agistrates and %rinci%a inhabitants, and u%on e"ery house, was %aid as soon as de!andedB but when the %ro%er %ersons a%% ied to the heads of con"ents and !onasteries, they found that the ecc esiastics were not so wi ing, as other %eo% e, to %art with their cash# )f the donati"es to be raised by the c ergy( The co ege of to /111 Jesuits %ay %isto es 9ar!e ites, *ugustins, -o!inicans, F111 F111 F111

M# de 'ega sent to the Jesuits a %ere!%tory order to %ay the !oney i!!ediate y# The su%erior of the Jesuits returned for answer, that for the c ergy to %ay !oney for the ar!y was against a ecc esiastica i!!unitiesB and that he knew of no argu!ent which cou d authoriAe such a %rocedure# M# de 'ega then sent four co!%anies of dragoons to Euarter the!se "es in the co ege, with this sarcastic !essage, CTo con"ince you of the necessity of %aying the !oney, 8 ha"e sent four substantia argu!ents to your co ege, drawn fro! the syste! of !i itary ogicB and, therefore, ho%e you wi not need any further ad!onition to direct your conduct#C These %roceedings great y %er% exed the Jesuits, who des%atched an ex%ress to court to the king's confessor, who was of their orderB but the dragoons were !uch !ore ex%editious in % undering and doing !ischief, than the courier in his journey( so that the Jesuits, seeing e"ery thing going to wreck and ruin, thought %ro%er to adjust the !atter a!icab y, and %aid the !oney before the return of their !essenger# The *ugustins and 9ar!e ites, taking warning by what had ha%%ened to the Jesuits, %rudent y went and %aid the !oney, and by that !eans esca%ed the study of !i itary argu!ents, and of being taught ogic by dragoons#

But the -o!inicans, who were a fa!i iars of, or agents de%endent on, the inEuisition, i!agined, that that "ery circu!stance wou d be their %rotectionB but they were !istaken, for M# de 'ega neither feared nor res%ected the inEuisition# The chief of the -o!inicans sent word to the !i itary co!!ander that his order was %oor, and had not any !oney whate"er to %ay the donati"eB for, says he, the who e wea th of the -o!inicans consists on y in the si "er i!ages of the a%ost es and saints, as arge as ife, which are % aced in our church, and which it wou d be sacri ege to re!o"e# This insinuation was !eant to terrify the French co!!ander, who! the inEuisitors i!agined wou d not dare to be so %rofane as to wish for the %ossession of the %recious ido s# +e, howe"er, sent word that the si "er i!ages wou d !ake ad!irab e substitutes for !oney, and wou d be !ore in character in his %ossession, than in that of the -o!inicans the!se "es, CFor, Qsaid heR whi e you %ossess the! in the !anner you do at %resent, they stand u% in niches, use ess and !otion ess, without being of the east benefit to !ankind in genera , or e"en to yourse "esB but, when they co!e into !y %ossession, they sha be usefu B 8 wi %ut the! in !otionB for 8 intend to ha"e the! coined, when they !ay tra"e ike the a%ost es, be beneficia in "arious % aces, and circu ate for the uni"ersa ser"ice of !ankind#C The inEuisitors were astonished at this treat!ent, which they ne"er ex%ected to recei"e, e"en fro! crowned headsB they therefore deter!ined to de i"er their %recious i!ages in a so e!n %rocession, that they !ight excite the %eo% e to an insurrection# The -o!inican friars were according y ordered to !arch to -e 'ega 's house, with the si "er a%ost es and saints, in a !ournfu !anner, ha"ing ighted ta%ers with the!, and bitter y crying a the way, heresy, heresy# M# de 'ega , hearing these %roceedings, ordered four co!%anies of grenadiers to ine the street which ed to his houseB each grenadier was ordered to ha"e his oaded fuAee in one hand, and a ighted ta%er in the otherB so that the troo%s !ight either re%e force with force, or do honour to the farcica so e!nity# The friars did a they cou d to raise the tu!u t, but the co!!on %eo% e were too !uch afraid of the troo%s under ar!s to obey the!, the si "er i!ages were, therefore, of necessity de i"ered u% to M# de 'ega , who sent the! to the !int, and ordered the! to be coined i!!ediate y# The %roject of raising an insurrection ha"ing fai ed, the inEuisitors deter!ined to exco!!unicate M# de 'ega , un ess he wou d re ease their %recious si "er saints fro! i!%rison!ent in the !int, before they were !e ted down, or otherwise !uti ated# The French co!!ander abso ute y refused to re ease the i!ages, but said they shou d certain y tra"e and do goodB u%on which the inEuisitors drew u% the for! of exco!!unication, and ordered their secretary to go and read it to M# -e 'ega # The secretary %unctua y %erfor!ed his co!!ission, and read the exco!!unication de iberate y and distinct y# The French co!!ander heard it with great %atience, and %o ite y to d the secretary he wou d answer it the next day# @hen the secretary of the inEuisition was gone, M# -e 'ega ordered his own secretary to %re%are a for! of exco!!unication, exact y ike that sent by

the inEuisitionB but to !ake this a teration, instead of his na!e to %ut in those of the inEuisitors# The next !orning he ordered four regi!ents under ar!s, and co!!anded the! to acco!%any his secretary, and act as he directed# The secretary went to the inEuisition, and insisted u%on ad!ittance, which, after a great dea of a tercation, was granted# *s soon as he entered, he read, in an audib e "oice, the exco!!unication sent by M# -e 'ega against the inEuisitors# The inEuisitors were a %resent, and heard it with astonish!ent, ne"er ha"ing before !et with any indi"idua who dared beha"e so bo d y# They oud y cried out against -e 'ega , as a hereticB and said, this was a !ost daring insu t against the catho ic faith# But, to sur%rise the! sti !ore, the French secretary to d the!, they !ust re!o"e fro! their %resent odgingsB for the French co!!ander wanted to Euarter the troo%s in the inEuisition, as it was the !ost co!!odious % ace in the who e city# The inEuisitors exc ai!ed oud y u%on this occasion, when the secretary %ut the! under a strong guard, and sent the! to a % ace a%%ointed by M# -e 'ega to recei"e the!# The inEuisitors, finding how things went, begged that they !ight be %er!itted to take their %ri"ate %ro%erty, which was granted, and they i!!ediate y set out for Madrid, where they !ade the !ost bitter co!% aints to the kingB but the !onarch to d the!, he cou d not grant the! any redress, as the injuries they had recei"ed were fro! his grandfather, the king of France's troo%s, by whose assistance a one he cou d be fir! y estab ished in his kingdo!# C+ad it been !y own troo%s, Qsaid heR 8 wou d ha"e %unished the!B but as it is, 8 cannot %retend to exert any authority#C 8n the !ean ti!e, M# -e 'ega 's secretary set o%en a the doors of the inEuisition, and re eased the %risoners, who a!ounted in the who e to 511B and a!ong these were J1 beautifu young wo!en, who a%%eared to for! a serag io for the three %rinci%a inEuisitors# This disco"ery, which aid the enor!ity of the inEuisitors so o%en, great y a ar!ed the archbisho%, who desired M# -e 'ega to send the wo!en to his %a ace, and he wou d take %ro%er care of the!B and at the sa!e ti!e he %ub ished an ecc esiastica censure against a such as shou d ridicu e, or b a!e, the ho y office of the inEuisition# The French co!!ander sent word to the archbisho%, that the %risoners had either run away, or were so secure y concea ed by their friends, or e"en by his own officers, that it was i!%ossib e for hi! to send the! back againB and, therefore, the inEuisition ha"ing co!!itted such atrocious actions, !ust now %ut u% with their ex%osure# )ne of the adies thus ha%%i y de i"ered fro! ca%ti"ity, was afterward !arried to the "ery French officer who o%ened the door of her dungeon, and re eased her fro! confine!ent# The ady re ated the fo owing circu!stances to her husband, and to M# Ga"in, Qauthor of the Master <ey to Po%eryR fro! the atter of who! we ha"e se ected the !ost !ateria %articu ars# C8 went one day Qsays the adyR with !y !other, to "isit the countess *ttarass, and 8 !et there -on Francisco Tirregon, her confessor and second inEuisitor of the ho y office# *fter we had drunk choco ate, he asked !e !y age, !y confessor's na!e, and !any intricate Euestions about re igion# The se"erity of his countenance frightened !e, which he %ercei"ing, to d the countess to infor! !e, that he was not so se"ere as he ooked for# +e then caressed !e in a !ost ob iging

!anner, %resented his hand, which 8 kissed with great re"erence and !odestyB and, as he went away, he !ade use of this re!arkab e ex%ression# My dear chi d, 8 sha re!e!ber you ti the next ti!e# 8 did not, at the ti!e, !ark the sense of the wordsB for 8 was inex%erienced in !atters of ga antry, being, at that ti!e but fifteen years o d# 8ndeed, he unfortunate y did re!e!ber !e, for the "ery sa!e night, when our who e fa!i y were in bed, we heard a great knocking at the door# The !aid, who aid in the sa!e roo! with !e, went to the window, and inEuired who was there# The answer was, The +o y 8nEuisition# )n hearing this 8 screa!ed out, FatherS fatherS dear father, 8 a! ruined fore"erS My father got u%, and ca!e to !e to know the occasion of !y crying outB 8 to d hi! the inEuisitors were at the door# )n hearing this, instead of %rotecting !e, he hurried down stairs as fast as %ossib eB and, est the !aid shou d be too s ow, o%ened the street door hi!se fB under such abject and s a"ish fears, are bigoted !indsS as soon as he knew they ca!e for !e, he fetched !e with great so e!nity, and de i"ered !e to the officers with !uch sub!ission# 8 was hurried into a coach, with no other c othing than a %etticoat and a !ant e, for they wou d not et !e stay to take any thing e se# My fright was so great, 8 ex%ected to die that "ery nightB but judge !y sur%rise, when 8 was ushered into an a%art!ent, decorated with a the e egance that taste, united with o%u ence, cou d bestow# ,oon after the officers eft !e, a !aid ser"ant a%%eared with a si "er sa "er, on which were sweet!eats and cinna!on water# ,he desired !e to take so!e refresh!ent before 8 went to bedB 8 to d her 8 cou d not, but shou d be g ad if she cou d infor! !e whether 8 was to be %ut to death that night or not# CTo be %ut to deathS Qexc ai!ed sheR you do not co!e here to be %ut to death, but to i"e ike a %rincess, and you sha want for nothing in the wor d, but the iberty of going outB so %ray don't be afraid, but go to bed and s ee% easyB for to&!orrow you sha see wonders within this houseB and as 8 a! chosen to be your waiting&!aid, 8 ho%e you' be "ery kind to !e#C 8 was going to ask so!e Euestions, but she to d !e she !ust not answer any thing !ore ti the next day, but assured !e that nobody wou d co!e to disturb !e# 8 a! going, she said, about a itt e business but 8 wi co!e back %resent y, for !y bed is in the c oset next yours, so she eft !e for about a Euarter of an hour, and then returned# ,he then said, !ada!, %ray et !e know when you wi be % eased ha"e your choco ate ready in the !orning# This great y sur%rised !e, so that without re% ying to her Euestion, 8 asked her na!eBDshe said, !y na!e is Mary# Mary, then, said 8, for hea"en's sake, te !e whether 8 a! brought here to die or notTD8 ha"e to d you a ready, re% ied she, that you ca!e here to be one of the ha%%iest adies in the wor d# @e went to bed, but the fear of death %re"ented !e fro! s ee%ing the who e nightB Mary wakedB she was sur%rised to find !e u%, but she soon rose, and after ea"ing !e for about ha f an hour, she brought in two cu%s of choco ate, and so!e biscuit on a si "er % ate# 8 drank one cu% of choco ate, and desired her to drink the other, which she did( when we had done, 8 said, we , Mary, can you gi"e !e any account of the reasons for !y being brought hereT To which she answered, not yet, !ada!, you !ust ha"e %atience, and i!!ediate y s i%%ed out of the roo!#

*bout ha f an hour after, she brought a great Euantity of e egant c othes, suitab e to a ady of the highest rank, and to d !e, 8 !ust dress !yse f# *!ong se"era trinkets which acco!%anied the c othes, 8 obser"ed, with sur%rise, a snuff box, in the id of which was a %icture of -on Francisco Tirregon# This unra"e ed to !e the !ystery of !y confine!ent, and at the sa!e ti!e roused !y i!agination to contri"e how to e"ade recei"ing the %resent# 8f 8 abso ute y refused it, 8 thought i!!ediate death !ust ensueB and to acce%t it, was gi"ing hi! too !uch encourage!ent against !y honour# *t ength 8 hit u%on a !ediu!, and said to Mary, %ray %resent !y res%ects to -on Francisco Tirregon, and te hi!, that, as 8 cou d not bring !y c othes a ong with !e ast night, !odesty %er!its !e to acce%t of these gar!ents, which are reEuisite to kee% !e decentB but since 8 do not take snuff, 8 ho%e his ordshi% wi excuse !e in not acce%ting his box# Mary went with !y answer, and soon returned with -on Francisco's %ortrait e egant y set in go d, and rich y e!be ished with dia!onds# This !essage acco!%anied it( CThat his ordshi% had !ade a !istake, his intent not being to send !e a snuffbox, but his %ortrait#C 8 was at a great oss what to doB when Mary said, %ray, !ada!, take !y %oor ad"iceB acce%t of the %ortrait, and e"ery thing e se that his ordshi% sends youB for if you do not, he can co!%e you to do what he % eases, and %ut you to death when he thinks %ro%er, without any body being ab e to defend you# But if you are ob iging to hi!, continued she, he wi be "ery kind, and you wi be as ha%%y as a EueenB you wi ha"e e egant a%art!ents to i"e in, beautifu gardens to range in, and agreeab e adies to "isit you( therefore, 8 ad"ise you to send a ci"i answer, or e"en not to deny a "isit fro! his ordshi%, or %erha%s you !ay re%ent of your disres%ect# ), !y GodS exc ai!ed 8, !ust 8 sacrifice !y honour to !y fears, and gi"e u% !y "irtue to his des%otic %owerT * asS what can 8 doT To resist, is "ain# 8f 8 o%%ose his desires, force wi obtain what chastity refuses# 8 now fe into the greatest agonies, and to d Mary to return what answer she thought %ro%er# ,he said she was g ad of !y hu!b e sub!ission, and ran to acEuaint -on Francisco with it# 8n a few !inutes she returned, with joy in her countenance, te ing !e his ordshi% wou d honour !e with his co!%any to su%%er# C*nd now gi"e !e ea"e, !ada!, Qsaid sheR to ca you !istress, for 8 a! to wait u%on you# 8 ha"e been in a ho y office fourteen years, and know a the custo!s %erfect y we B but as si ence is i!%osed u%on !e, under %ain of death, 8 can on y answer such Euestions as i!!ediate y re ate to your own %erson# But 8 wou d ad"ise you ne"er to o%%ose the ho y father's wi B or if you see any young adies about, ne"er ask the! any Euestions# $ou !ay di"ert yourse f so!eti!es a!ong the!, but !ust ne"er te the! any thing( three days hence you wi dine with the!B and at a ti!es you !ay ha"e !usic, and other recreations# 8n fine, you wi be so ha%%y, that you wi not wish to go abroadB and when your ti!e is ex%ired, the ho y fathers wi send you out of this country, and !arry you to so!e nob e!an#C *fter saying these words she eft !e, o"erwhe !ed with astonish!ent, and scarce knowing what to think# *s soon as 8 reco"ered !yse f, 8 began to ook about, and finding a c oset, 8 o%ened it, and %ercei"ed that it was fi ed with books( they ware chief y u%on historica and %rofane subjects, but not any on re igious !atter# 8 chose out a book of history, and so %assed the inter"a with so!e degree of satisfaction ti dinner ti!e#

The dinner was ser"ed u% with the greatest e egance, and consisted of a that cou d gratify the !ost uxurious a%%etite# @hen dinner was o"er, Mary eft !e, and to d !e, if 8 wanted any thing 8 !ight ring a be , which she %ointed out to !e# 8 read a book to a!use !yse f during the afternoon, and at se"en in the e"ening, -on Francisco ca!e to "isit !e in his night&gown and ca%, not with the gra"ity of an inEuisitor, but with the gayety of a ga ant# +e sa uted !e with great res%ect, and to d !e, that he ca!e to see !e in order to show the great res%ect he had for !y fa!i y, and to infor! !e that it was !y o"ers who had %rocured !y confine!ent, ha"ing accused !e in !atters of re igionB and that the infor!ations were taken, and the sentence %ronounced against !e, to be burnt in a dry %an, with a gradua fireB but that he, out of %ity and o"e to !y fa!i y, had sto%%ed the execution of it# These words were ike daggers to !y heartB 8 dro%%ed at his feet, and said, C*h, !y ordS ha"e you sto%%ed the execution for e"erTC +e re% ied, Cthat be ongs to yourse f on y,C and abru%t y wished !e good night# *s soon as he was gone 8 burst into tears, when Mary ca!e and asked !e what cou d !ake !e cry so bitter y# To which 8 answered, oh, MaryS what is the !eaning of the dry %an and gradua fireT for 8 a! to die by the!S Mada!, said she, ne"er fear, you sha see, ere ong, the dry %an and gradua fireB but they are !ade for those who o%%ose the ho y father's wi , not for you who are so good as to obey it# But %ray, says she, was -on Francisco "ery ob igingT 8 don't know, said 8, for he frightened !e out of !y wits by his discourseB he sa uted !e with ci"i ity, but eft !e abru%t y# @e , said Mary, you do not yet know his te!%er, he is extre!e y ob iging to the! that are kind to hi!B but if they are disobedient he is un!ercifu as ;eroB so, for your own sake, take care to ob ige hi! in a res%ects( and now, dear !ada!, %ray go to su%%er, and be easy# 8 went to su%%er, indeed, and afterward to bedB but 8 cou d neither eat nor s ee%, for the thoughts of the dry %an and gradua fire de%ri"ed !e of a%%etite, and banished drowsiness# Ear y the next !orning Mary said, that as nobody was stirring, if 8 wou d %ro!ise her secrecy, she wou d show !e the dry %an and gradua fireB so taking !e down stairs, she brought !e to a arge roo!, with a thick iron door, which she o%ened# @ithin it was an o"en, with fire in it at the ti!e, and a arge brass u%on it, with a co"er of the sa!e, and a ock to it# 8n the next roo! there was a great whee , co"ered on both sides with thick boards, o%ening a itt e window in the centre, Mary desired !e to ook in with a cand eB there 8 saw a the circu!ference of the whee set with shar% raAors, which !ade !e shudder# ,he then took !e to a %it, which was fu of "eno!ous ani!a s# )n !y ex%ressing great horror at the sight, she said, C;ow !y good !istress, 8' te you the use of these things# The dry %an is for heretics, and those who o%%ose the ho y father's wi and % easureB they are %ut a i"e into the %an, being first stri%%ed nakedB and the co"er being ocked down, the executioner begins to %ut a s!a fire into the o"en, and by degrees he aug!ents it, ti the body is reduced to ashes# The whee is designed for those who s%eak against the %o%e, or the ho y fathers of the inEuisitionB for they are %ut into the !achine through the itt e whee , which is ocked after the!, and then the whee is turned swift y, ti they are cut to %ieces# The %it is for those who conte!n the i!ages, and refuse to gi"e %ro%er res%ect to ecc esiastica

%ersonsB for they are thrown into the %it, and so beco!e the food of %oisonous ani!a s#C @e went back again to !y cha!ber, and Mary said, that another day she wou d show !e the tor!ents designed for other transgressors, but 8 was in such agonies at what 8 had seen, that 8 begged to be terrified with no !ore such sights# ,he soon after eft !e, but not without enjoining !y strict obedience to -on FranciscoB for if you do not co!% y with his wi , said she, the dry %an and gradua fire wi be your fate# The horrors which the sight of these things, and Mary's ex%ressions, i!%ressed on !y !ind, a !ost berea"ed !e of !y senses, and eft !e in such a state of stu%efaction that 8 see!ed to ha"e no !anner of wi of !y own# The next !orning Mary said, now et !e dress you as nice as %ossib e, for you !ust go and wish -on Francisco good&!orrow, and breakfast with hi!# @hen 8 was dressed, she con"eyed !e through a ga ery into his a%art!ent, where 8 found that he was in bed# +e ordered Mary to withdraw, and to ser"e u% breakfast in about two hours ti!e# @hen Mary was gone, he co!!anded !e to undress !yse f and co!e to bed to hi!# The !anner in which he s%oke, and the dreadfu ideas with which !y !ind was fi ed, so terrib y frightened !e, that 8 %u ed off !y c oths, without knowing what 8 did, and ste%%ed into bed, insensib e of the indecency 8 was transacting( so tota y had the care of se f %reser"ation absorbed a !y other thoughts, and so entire y were the ideas of de icacy ob iterated by the force of terrorS Thus, to a"oid the dry %an, did 8 entai u%on !yse f %er%etua infa!yB and to esca%e the so !uch dreaded gradua fire, gi"e !yse f u% to the f a!es of ust# @retched a ternati"e, where the on y choice is an excruciating death, or e"er asting %o utionS Mary ca!e at the ex%iration of two hours, and ser"ed us with choco ate in the !ost sub!issi"e !annerB for she knee ed down by the bedside to %resent it# @hen 8 was dressed, Mary took !e into a "ery de ightfu a%art!ent, which 8 had ne"er yet seen# 8t was furnished with the !ost cost y e eganceB but what ga"e !e the greatest astonish!ent was, the %ros%ect fro! its windows, of a beautifu garden, and a fine !eandering ri"er# Mary to d !e, that the young adies she had !entioned wou d co!e to %ay their co!% i!ents to !e before dinner, and begged !e to re!e!ber her ad"ice in kee%ing a %rudent guard o"er !y tongue# 8n a few !inutes a great nu!ber of "ery beautifu young adies, rich y dressed, entered !y roo!, and successi"e y e!bracing !e, wished !e joy# 8 was so sur%rised, that 8 was unab e to answer their co!% i!ents( which one of the adies %ercei"ing, said, CMada!, the so itude of this % ace wi affect you in the beginning, but whene"er you begin to fee the % easures and a!use!ents you !ay enjoy, you wi Euit those %ensi"e thoughts# @e, at %resent, beg the honour of you to dine with us to&day, and henceforward three days in a week#C 8 returned the! suitab e thanks in genera ter!s, and so went to dinner, in which the !ost exEuisite and sa"oury dishes, of "arious kinds, were ser"ed u% with the !ost de icate and % easant fruits and sweet!eats# The roo! was ong, with two tab es on each side, and a third in the front# 8 reckoned fifty&two young adies, the e dest not exceeding twenty& four years of age# There were fi"e !aid&ser"ants besides Mary, to wait u%on usB but Mary confined her attention to !e a one# *fter dinner we retired to a

ca%acious ga ery, where they % ayed on !usica instru!ents, a few di"erted the!se "es with cards, and the rest a!used the!se "es with wa king about# Mary, at ength, entered the ga ery, and said, adies, this is a day of recreation, and so you !ay go into whate"er roo!s you % ease ti eight o'c ock in the e"ening# They unani!ous y agreed to adjourn to !y a%art!ent# +ere we found a !ost e egant co d co ation, of which a the adies %artook, and %assed the ti!e in innocent con"ersation and har! ess !irthB but none !entioned a word concerning the inEuisition, or the ho y fathers, or ga"e the east distant hint concerning the cause of their confine!ent# *t eight o'c ock Mary rang a be , which was a signa for a to retire to their res%ecti"e a%art!ents, and 8 was conducted to the cha!ber of -on Francisco, where 8 s e%t# The next !orning Mary brought !e a richer dress than any 8 had yet hadB and as soon as 8 retired to !y a%art!ent, a the adies ca!e to wish !e good&!orning, dressed !uch richer than the %receding day# @e %assed the ti!e ti eight o'c ock in the e"ening, in !uch the sa!e !anner as we had done the day before# *t that ti!e the be rang, the se%aration took % ace, and 8 was conducted to -on Francisco's cha!ber# The next !orning 8 had a gar!ent richer than the ast, and they accosted !e in a%%are sti !ore su!%tuous than before# The transactions of the two for!er days were re%eated on the third, and the e"ening conc uded in a si!i ar !anner# )n the fourth !orning Mary ca!e into -on Francisco's cha!ber and to d !e 8 !ust i!!ediate y rise, for a ady wanted !e in her own cha!ber# ,he s%oke with a kind of authority which sur%rised !eB but as -on Francisco did not s%eak a sy ab e, 8 got u% and obeyed# Mary then con"eyed !e into a dis!a dungeon, not eight feet in engthB and said stern y to !e, This is your roo!, and this ady your bed&fe ow and co!%anion# *t which words she bounced out of the roo!, and eft !e in the ut!ost consternation# *fter re!aining a considerab e ti!e in the !ost dreadfu agonies tears ca!e to !y re ief, and 8 exc ai!ed, C@hat is this % ace, dear adyS 8s it a scene of enchant!ent, or is it a he u%on earthS * asS 8 ha"e ost !y honour and !y sou fore"erSC The ady took !e by the hand, and said in a sy!%athiAing tone of "oice, C-ear sister, Qfor this is the na!e 8 sha henceforth gi"e youR forbear to cry and grie"e, for you can do nothing by such an extra"agant beha"iour, but draw u%on yourse f a crue death# $our !isfortunes, and those of a the adies you ha"e seen, are exact y of a %iece, you suffer nothing but what we ha"e suffered before youB but we dare not show our grief, for fear of greater e"i s# Pray take courage, and ho%e in God, for he wi sure y de i"er us fro! this he ish % aceB but be sure you disco"er no uneasiness before Mary, who is the on y instru!ent either of our tor!ents or co!fort# +a"e %atience unti we go to bed, and then 8 wi "enture to te you !ore of the !atter#C My %er% exity and "exation were inex%ressib e( but !y new co!%anion, whose na!e was 'eonora, %re"ai ed on !e to disguise !y uneasiness fro! Mary# 8 disse!b ed to erab y we when she ca!e to bring our dinners, but cou d not he % re!arking, in !y own !ind, the difference between this re%ast, and those 8 had before %artook of# This consisted on y of % ain, co!!on food, and of that a scanty a owance, with one % ate, and one knife and fork for us both, which she took away as soon as we had dined#

@hen we were in bed, 'eonora was as good as her wordB and u%on !y so e!n %ro!ise of secrecy thus began to o%en her !ind to !e# CMy dear sister, you think your case "ery hard, but 8 assure you a the adies in the house ha"e gone through the sa!e# 8n ti!e, you wi know a their stories, as they ho%e to know yours# 8 su%%ose Mary has been the chief instru!ent of your fright, as she has been of oursB and 8 warrant she has shown you so!e horrib e % aces, though not a B and that, at the "ery thought of the! you were so terrified, that you chose the sa!e way we ha"e done to redee! yourse f fro! death# By what hath ha%%ened to us, we know that -on Francisco hath been your ;ero, your tyrantB for the three co ours of our c othes are the distinguishing tokens of the three ho y fathers# The red si k be ongs to -on Francisco, the b ue to -on Guerrero, and the green to -on * igaB and they a ways gi"e those co ours Qafter the farce of changing gar!ents and the short& i"ed recreations are o"erR to those adies who! they bring here for their res%ecti"e uses# C@e are strict y co!!anded to ex%ress a the de!onstrations of joy, and to be "ery !erry for three days, when a young ady first co!es a!ongst us, as we did with you, and as you !ust now do with others# But afterward we i"e ike the !ost wretched %risoners, without seeing any body but Mary, and the other !aid&ser"ants, o"er who! Mary hath a kind of su%eriority, for she acts as housekee%er# @e a dine in the great ha three days in a weekB and when any one of the inEuisitors hath a !ind for one of his s a"es, Mary co!es about nine o'c ock, and eads her to his a%art!ent# C,o!e nights Mary ea"es the doors of our cha!bers o%en, and that is a token that one of the inEuisitors hath a !ind to co!e that nightB but he co!es so si ent that we are ignorant whether he is our %atron or not# 8f one of us ha%%ens to be with chi d, she is re!o"ed into a better cha!ber ti she is de i"eredB but during the who e of her %regnancy, she ne"er sees any body but the %erson a%%ointed to attend her# C*s soon as the chi d is born it is taken away, and carried we know not whitherB for we ne"er hear a sy ab e !entioned about it afterward# 8 ha"e been in this house six years, was not fourteen when the officers took !e fro! !y father's house, and ha"e had one chi d# There are, at this %resent ti!e, fifty&two young adies in the houseB but we annua y ose six or eight, though we know not what beco!es of the!, or whither they are sent# This, howe"er, does not di!inish our nu!ber, for new ones are a ways brought in to su%% y the % ace of those who are re!o"ed fro! henceB and 8 re!e!ber, at one ti!e, to ha"e seen se"enty&three adies here together# )ur continua tor!ent is to ref ect that when they are tired of any of the adies, they certain y %ut to death those they %retend to send awayB for it is natura to think, that they ha"e too !uch %o icy to suffer their atrocious and inferna "i anies to be disco"ered, by en arging the!# +ence our situation is !iserab e indeed, and we ha"e on y to %ray that the * !ighty wi %ardon those cri!es which we are co!%e ed to co!!it# Therefore, !y dear sister, ar! yourse f with %atience, for that is the on y %a iati"e to gi"e you co!fort, and %ut a fir! confidence in the %ro"idence of * !ighty God#C This discourse of 'eonora great y affected !eB but 8 found e"erything to be as she to d !e, in the course of ti!e, and 8 took care to a%%ear as cheerfu as %ossib e before Mary# 8n this !anner 8 continued eighteen !onths, during which ti!e e e"en adies were taken fro! the houseB but in ieu of the! we

got nineteen new ones, which !ade our nu!ber just sixty, at the ti!e we were so ha%%i y re ie"ed by the French officers, and %ro"identia y restored to the joys of society, and to the ar!s of our %arents and friends# )n that ha%%y day, the door of !y dungeon was o%ened by the gent e!an who is now !y husband, and who with the ut!ost ex%edition, sent both 'eonora and !e to his father'sB and Qsoon after the ca!%aign was o"erR when he returned ho!e, he thought %ro%er to !ake !e his wife, in which situation 8 enjoy a reco!%ense for a the !iseries 8 before suffered# Fro! the foregoing narrati"e it is e"ident, that the inEuisitors are a set of ibidinous "i ains, ost to e"ery just idea of re igion, and tota y destitute of hu!anity# Those who %ossess wea th, beauty, or ibera senti!ents, are sure to find ene!ies in the!# *"arice, ust, and %rejudice, are their ru ing %assionsB and they sacrifice e"ery aw, hu!an and di"ine, to gratify their %redo!inant desire# Their su%%osed %iety is affectationB their %retended co!%assion hy%ocrisyB their justice de%ends on their wi ( and their eEuitab e %unish!ents are founded on their %rejudices# ;one are secure fro! the!, a ranks fa eEua y "icti!s to their %ride, their %ower, their a"arice, or their a"ersion# ,o!e !ay suggest, that it is strange crowned heads and e!inent nob es, ha"e not atte!%ted to crush the %ower of the inEuisition, and reduce the authority of those ecc esiastica tyrants, fro! whose !erci ess fangs neither their fa!i ies nor the!se "es are secure# But astonishing as it is, su%erstition hath, in this case, a ways o"erco!e co!!on sense, and custo! o%erated against reason# )ne %rince, indeed, intended to abo ish the inEuisition, but he ost his ife before he beca!e king, and conseEuent y before he had the %ower so to doB for the "ery inti!ation of his design %rocured his destruction# This was that a!iab e %rince -on 9ar os, son of Phi i% the ,econd, king of ,%ain, and grandson of the ce ebrated e!%eror 9har es ?# -on 9ar os, %ossessed a the good Eua ities of his grandfather without any of the bad ones of his fatherB and was a %rince of great "i"acity, ad!irab e earning, and the !ost a!iab e dis%osition#D+e had sense enough to see into the errors of %o%ery, and abhorred the "ery na!e of the inEuisition# +e in"eighed %ub ic y against the institution, ridicu ed the affected %iety of the inEuisitors, did a he cou d to ex%ose their atrocious deeds, end e"en dec ared, that if he e"er ca!e to the crown, he wou d abo ish the inEuisition, and exter!inate its agents# These things were sufficient to irritate the inEuisitors against the %rince( they, according y, bent their !inds to "engeance, and deter!ined on his destruction# The inEuisitors now e!% oyed a their agents and e!issaries to s%read abroad the !ost artfu insinuations against the %rinceB and, at ength, raised such a s%irit of discontent a!ong the %eo% e, that the king was under the necessity of re!o"ing -on 9ar os fro! court# ;ot content with this, they %ursued e"en his friends, and ob iged the king ikewise to banish -on John, duke of *ustria, his own brother, and conseEuent y unc e to the %rinceB together with the %rince of Par!a, ne%hew to the king, and cousin to the %rince, because they we knew that both the duke of *ustria, and the %rince of Par!a, had a !ost sincere and in"io ab e attach!ent to -on 9ar os#

,o!e few years after, the %rince ha"ing shown great enity and fa"our to the %rotestants in the ;ether ands, the inEuisition oud y exc ai!ed against hi!, dec aring, that as the %ersons in Euestion were heretics, the %rince hi!se f !ust necessari y be one, since he ga"e the! countenance# 8n short, they gained so great an ascendency o"er the !ind of the king, who was abso ute y a s a"e to su%erstition, that, shocking to re ate, he sacrificed the fee ings of nature to the force of bigotry, and, for fear of incurring the anger of the inEuisition, ga"e u% his on y son, %assing the sentence of death on hi! hi!se f# The %rince, indeed, had what was ter!ed an indu genceB that is, he was %er!itted to choose the !anner of his death# .o!an ike, the unfortunate young hero chose b eeding and the hot bathB when the "eins of his ar!s and egs being o%ened, he ex%ired gradua y, fa ing a !artyr to the !a ice of the inEuisitors, and the stu%id bigotry of his father# $he Perse&ution of )r. <1idio. -r# Mgidio was educated at the uni"ersity of * ca a, where he took his se"era degrees, and %articu ar y a%% ied hi!se f to the study of the sacred scri%tures and schoo di"inity# The %rofessor of theo ogy dying, he was e ected into his % ace, and acted so !uch to the satisfaction of e"ery one, that his re%utation for earning and %iety was circu ated throughout Euro%e# Mgidio, howe"er, had his ene!ies, and these aid a co!% aint against hi! to the inEuisitors, who sent hi! a citation, and when he a%%eared to it, cast hi! into a dungeon# *s the greatest %art of those who be onged to the cathedra church at ,e"i e, and !any %ersons be onging to the bisho%ric of -ortois high y a%%ro"ed of the doctrines of Mgidio, which they thought %erfect y consonant with true re igion, they %etitioned the e!%eror in his beha f# Though the !onarch had been educated a .o!an catho ic, he had too !uch sense to be a bigot, and therefore sent an i!!ediate order for his en arge!ent# +e soon after "isited the church of ?a ado id, did e"ery thing he cou d to %ro!ote the cause of re igion, and returning ho!e he soon after fe sick, and died in an extre!e o d age# The inEuisitors ha"ing been disa%%ointed of gratifying their !a ice against hi! whi e i"ing, deter!ined Qas the e!%eror's who e thoughts were engrossed by a !i itary ex%editionR to wreak their "engeance on hi! when dead# Therefore, soon after he was buried, they ordered his re!ains to be dug out of the gra"eB and a ega %rocess being carried on, they were conde!ned to be burnt, which was executed according y# $he Perse&ution of )r. 8onstantine. -r# 9onstantine, an inti!ate acEuaintance of the a ready !entioned -r# Mgidio, was a !an of unco!!on natura abi ities and %rofound earningB exc usi"e of se"era !odern tongues, he was acEuainted with the 'atin, Greek, and +ebrew anguages, and %erfect y we knew not on y the sciences ca ed abstruse, but those arts which co!e under the deno!ination of %o ite iterature# +is e oEuence rendered hi! % easing, and the soundness of his doctrines a %rofitab e %reacherB and he was so %o%u ar, that he ne"er %reached but to a

crowded audience# +e had !any o%%ortunities of rising in the church, but ne"er wou d take ad"antage of the!B for if a i"ing of greater "a ue than his own was offered hi!, he wou d refuse it, saying, 8 a! content with what 8 ha"eB and he freEuent y %reached so forcib y against si!ony, that !any of his su%eriors, who were not so de icate u%on the subject, took u!brage at his doctrines u%on that head# +a"ing been fu y confir!ed in %rotestantis! by -r# Mgidio, he %reached bo d y such doctrines on y as were agreeab e to gos%e %urity, and unconta!inated by the errors which had at "arious ti!es cre%t into the .o!ish church# For these reasons he had !any ene!ies a!ong the .o!an catho ics, and so!e of the! were fu y deter!ined on his destruction# * worthy gent e!an na!ed ,cobaria, ha"ing erected a schoo for di"inity ectures, a%%ointed -r# 9onstantine to be reader therein# +e i!!ediate y undertook the task, and read ectures, by %ortions, on the Pro"erbs, Ecc esiastes, and 9antic esB and was beginning to ex%ound the book of Job, when he was seiAed by the inEuisitors# Being brought to exa!ination, he answered with such %recaution that they cou d not find any ex% icit charge against hi!, but re!ained doubtfu in what !anner to %roceed, when the fo owing circu!stances occurred to deter!ine the!# -r# 9onstantine had de%osited with a wo!an na!ed 8sabe a Martin se"era books, which to hi! were "ery "a uab e, but which he knew, in the eyes of the inEuisition, were exce%tionab e# This wo!an ha"ing been infor!ed against as a %rotestant, was a%%rehended, and, after a s!a %rocess, her goods were ordered to be confiscated# Pre"ious, howe"er, to the officers co!ing to her house, the wo!an's son had re!o"ed away se"era chests fu of the !ost "a uab e artic esB and a!ong these were -r# 9onstantine's books# * treacherous ser"ant gi"ing inte igence of this to the inEuisitors, an officer was des%atched to the son to de!and the chests# The son, su%%osing the officer on y ca!e for 9onstantine's books, said, 8 know what you co!e for, and 8 wi fetch the! to you i!!ediate y# +e then fetched -r# 9onstantine's books and %a%ers, when the officer was great y sur%rised to find what he did not ook for# +e, howe"er, to d the young !an, that he was g ad these books and %a%ers were %roduced, but ne"erthe ess he !ust fu fi the end of his co!!ission, which was, to carry hi! and the goods he had e!beAA ed before the inEuisitors, which he did according yB for the young !an knew it wou d be in "ain to ex%ostu ate, or resist, and therefore Euiet y sub!itted to his fate# The inEuisitors being thus %ossessed of 9onstantine's books and writings, now found !atter sufficient to for! charges against hi!# @hen he was brought to a re&exa!ination, they %resented one of his %a%ers, and asked hi! if he knew the hand writingS Percei"ing it was his own, he guessed the who e !atter, confessed the writing, and justified the doctrine it contained( saying, C8n that, and a !y other writings, 8 ha"e ne"er de%arted fro! the truth of the gos%e , but ha"e a ways ke%t in "iew the %ure %rece%ts of 9hrist, as he de i"ered the! to !ankind#C *fter being detained u%wards of two years in %rison, -r# 9onstantine was seiAed with a b oody f ux, which %ut an end to his !iseries in this wor d# The

%rocess, howe"er, was carried on against his body, which, at the ensuing auto de fe, was %ub ic y burnt# $he Life of 9illiam Gardiner. @i ia! Gardiner was born at Bristo , recei"ed a to erab e education, and was, at a %ro%er age, % aced under the care of a !erchant, na!ed Paget# *t the age of twenty&six years, he was, by his !aster, sent to 'isbon, to act as factor# +ere he a%% ied hi!se f to the study of the Portuguese anguage, executed his business with assiduity and des%atch, and beha"ed with the !ost engaging affabi ity to a %ersons with who! he had the east concern# +e con"ersed %ri"ate y with a few, who! he knew to be Aea ous %rotestantsB and, at the sa!e ti!e cautious y a"oided gi"ing the east offence to any who were .o!an catho icsB he had not, howe"er, hitherto gone into any of the %o%ish churches# * !arriage being conc uded between the king of Portuga 's son, and the 8nfanta of ,%ain, u%on the wedding&day the bride&groo!, bride, and the who e court went to the cathedra church, attended by !u titudes of a ranks of %eo% e, and a!ong the rest @i ia! Gardiner who stayed during the who e cere!ony, and was great y shocked at the su%erstitions he saw# The erroneous worshi% which he had seen ran strong y in his !ind, he was !iserab e to see a who e country sunk into such ido atry, when the truth of the gos%e !ight be so easi y obtained# +e, therefore, took the inconsiderate, though audab e design, into his head, of !aking a refor! in Portuga , or %erishing in the atte!%tB and deter!ined to sacrifice his %rudence to his Aea , though he beca!e a !artyr u%on the occasion# To this end, he sett ed a his wor d y affairs, %aid his debts, c osed his books, and consigned o"er his !erchandiAe# )n the ensuing ,unday he went again to the cathedra church, with a ;ew Testa!ent in his hand, and % aced hi!se f near the a tar# The king and the court soon a%%eared, and a cardina began !ass at that %art of the cere!ony in which the %eo% e adore the wafer, Gardiner cou d ho d out no onger, but s%ringing towards the cardina , he snatched the host fro! hi!, and tra!% ed it under his feet# This action a!aAed the who e congregation, and one %erson drawing a dagger, wounded Gardiner in the shou der, and wou d, by re%eating the b ow, ha"e finished hi!, had not the king ca ed to hi! to desist# Gardiner, being carried before the king, the !onarch asked hi! what country!an he was( to which he re% ied, 8 a! an Eng ish!an by birth, a %rotestant by re igion, and a !erchant by occu%ation# @hat 8 ha"e done is not out of conte!%t to your roya %erson, God forbid it shou d, but out of an honest indignation, to see the ridicu ous su%erstitions and gross ido atries %ractised here# The king, thinking that he had been sti!u ated by so!e other %erson to act as he had done, de!anded who was his abetter, to which he re% ied, My own conscience a one# 8 wou d not haAard what 8 ha"e done for any !an i"ing, but 8 owe that and a other ser"ices to God# Gardiner was sent to %rison, and a genera order issued to a%%rehend a Eng ish!en in 'isbon# This order was in a great !easure %ut into execution, Qso!e few esca%ingR and !any innocent %ersons were tortured to !ake

the! confess if they knew any thing of the !atterB in %articu ar, a %erson who resided in the sa!e house with Gardiner, was treated with un%ara e ed barbarity to !ake hi! confess so!ething which !ight throw a ight u%on the affair# Gardiner hi!se f was then tor!ented in the !ost excruciating !annerB but in the !idst of a his tor!ents he g oried in the deed# Being ordered for death, a arge fire was kind ed near a gibbet, Gardiner was drawn u% to the gibbet by %u eys, and then et down near the fire, but not so c ose as to touch itB for they burnt or rather roasted hi! by s ow degrees# $et he bore his sufferings %atient y and resigned his sou to the 'ord cheerfu y# 8t is obser"ab e that so!e of the s%arks were b own fro! the fire, Qwhich consu!ed GardinerR towards the ha"en, burnt one of the king's shi%s of war, and did other considerab e da!age# The Eng ish!en who were taken u% on this occasion were, soon after Gardiner's death, a discharged, exce%t the %erson who resided in the sa!e house with hi!, who was detained two years before he cou d %rocure his iberty# An a&&ount of the Life and Sufferin1s of Mr. 9illiam Lith1ow( a nati2e of S&otland. This gent e!an was descended fro! a good fa!i y, and ha"ing a natura %ro%ensity for tra"e ing, he ra!b ed, when "ery young, o"er the northern and western is andsB after which he "isited France, Ger!any, ,witAer and and ,%ain# +e set out on his tra"e s in the !onth of March, FJ1I, and the first % ace he went to was Paris, where he stayed for so!e ti!e# +e then %rosecuted his tra"e s through Ger!any and other %arts, and at ength arri"ed at Ma aga, in ,%ain, the seat of a his !isfortunes# -uring his residence here, he contracted with the !aster of a French shi% for his %assage to * exandria, but was %re"ented fro! going by the fo owing circu!stances# 8n the e"ening of the F2th of )ctober, FJ/1, the Eng ish f eet, at that ti!e on a cruise against the * gerine ro"ers, ca!e to anchor before Ma aga, which threw the %eo% e of the town into the greatest consternation, as they i!agined the! to be Turks# The !orning, howe"er, disco"ered the !istake, and the go"ernor of Ma aga, %ercei"ing the cross of Eng and in their co ours, went on board ,ir .obert Manse 's shi%, who co!!anded on that ex%edition, and after staying so!e ti!e returned, and si enced the fears of the %eo% e# The next day !any %ersons fro! on board the f eet ca!e ashore# *!ong these were se"era we known by Mr# 'ithgow, who, after reci%roca co!% i!ents, s%ent so!e days together in festi"ity and the a!use!ents of the town# They then in"ited Mr# 'ithgow to go on board, and %ay his res%ects to the ad!ira # +e according y acce%ted the in"itation, was kind y recei"ed by hi!, and detained ti the next day when the f eet sai ed# The ad!ira wou d wi ing y ha"e taken Mr# 'ithgow with hi! to * giersB but ha"ing contracted for his %assage to * exandria, and his baggage, Kc# being in the town, he cou d not acce%t the offer# *s soon as Mr# 'ithgow got on shore, he %roceeded towards his odgings by a %ri"ate way, Qbeing to e!bark the sa!e night for * exandriaR when, in %assing through a narrow uninhabited street, he found hi!se f sudden y surrounded by nine sergeants, or officers, who threw a b ack c oak o"er hi!,

and forcib y conducted hi! to the go"ernor's house# *fter so!e itt e ti!e the go"ernor a%%eared when Mr# 'ithgow earnest y begged he !ight be infor!ed of the cause of such "io ent treat!ent# The go"ernor on y answered by shaking his head, and ga"e orders that the %risoner shou d be strict y watched ti he Qthe go"ernorR returned fro! his de"otionsB directing at the sa!e ti!e, that the ca%tain of the town, the a cade !ajor, and town notary, shou d be su!!oned to a%%ear at his exa!ination, and that a this shou d he done with the greatest secrecy, to %re"ent the know edge thereof reaching the ears of the Eng ish !erchants then residing in the town# These orders were strict y discharged, and on the go"ernor's return, he, with the officers, ha"ing seated the!se "es, Mr# 'ithgow was brought before the! for exa!ination# The go"ernor began by asking se"era Euestions, na!e y, of what country he was, whither bound, and how ong he had been in ,%ain# The %risoner, after answering these and other Euestions, was conducted to a c oset, where, in a short s%ace of ti!e, he was "isited by the town&ca%tain, who inEuired whether he had e"er been at ,e"i e, or was ate y co!e fro! thenceB and %atting his cheeks with an air of friendshi% conjured hi! to te the truth( CFor Qsaid heR your "ery countenance shows there is so!e hidden !atter in your !ind, which %rudence shou d direct you to disc ose#C Finding hi!se f, howe"er, unab e to extort anything fro! the %risoner, he eft hi!, and re%orted the sa!e to the go"ernor and the other officersB on which Mr# 'ithgow was again brought before the!, a genera accusation was aid against hi!, and he was co!%e ed to swear that he wou d gi"e true answers to such Euestions as shou d be asked hi!# The go"ernor %roceeded to inEuire the Eua ity of the Eng ish co!!ander, and the %risoner's o%inion what were the !oti"es that %re"ented his acce%ting an in"itation fro! hi! to co!e on shore# +e de!anded, ikewise, the na!es of the Eng ish ca%tains in the sEuadron, and what know edge he had of the e!barkation, or %re%aration for it before his de%arture fro! Eng and# The answers gi"en to the se"era Euestions asked were set down in writing by the notaryB but the junto see!ed sur%rised at his denying any know edge of the fitting out of the f eet, %articu ar y the go"ernor, who said he ied that he was a traitor and a s%y, and ca!e direct y fro! Eng and to fa"our and assist the designs that were %rojected against ,%ain, and that he had been for that %ur%ose nine !onths in ,e"i e, in order to %rocure inte igence of the ti!e the ,%anish na"y was ex%ected fro! the 8ndies# They exc ai!ed against his fa!i iarity with the officers of the f eet, and !any other Eng ish gent e!en, between who!, they said, unusua ci"i ities had %assed, but a these transactions had been carefu y noticed# Besides, to su! u% the who e, and %ut the truth %ast a doubt, they said, he ca!e fro! a counci of war, he d that !orning on board the ad!ira 's shi%, in order to %ut in execution the orders assigned hi!# They u%braided hi! with being accessary to the burning of the is and of ,t# Tho!as, in the @est 8ndies# C@herefore, Qsaid theyR these 'utherans, and sons of the de"i , ought to ha"e no credit gi"en to what they say or swear#C 8n "ain did Mr# 'ithgow, endea"our to ob"iate e"ery accusation aid against hi!, and to obtain be ief fro! his %rejudiced judges# +e begged %er!ission to send for his c oak&bag, which contained his %a%ers, and !ight ser"e to show his innocence# This reEuest they co!% ied with, thinking it wou d disco"er so!e things of which they were ignorant# The c oak&bag was

according y brought, and being o%ened, a!ong other things, was found a icense fro! king Ja!es the First, under the sign !anue , setting forth the bearer's intention to tra"e into Egy%tB which was treated by the haughty ,%aniards with great conte!%t# The other %a%ers consisted of %ass%orts, testi!onia s, Kc# of %ersons of Eua ity# * these credentia s, howe"er, see!ed rather to confir! than abate the sus%icions of these %rejudiced judges, who, after seiAing a the %risoner's %a%ers, ordered hi! again to withdraw# 8n the !ean ti!e a consu tation was he d to fix the % ace where the %risoner shou d be confined# The a cade, or chief judge, was for %utting hi! into the town %risonB but this was objected to, %articu ar y by the corregidor, who said, in ,%anish, C8n order to %re"ent the know edge of his confine!ent fro! reaching his country!en, 8 wi take the !atter on !yse f, and be answerab e for the conseEuencesBC u%on which it was agreed, that he shou d be confined in the go"ernor's house with the greatest secrecy# This !atter being deter!ined, one of the sergeants went to Mr# 'ithgow, and begged his !oney, with iberty to search hi!# *s it was need ess to !ake any resistance, the %risoner Euiet y co!% ied, when the sergeant Qafter rif ing his %ockets of e e"en ducatoonsR stri%%ed hi! to his shirtB and searching his breeches he found, enc osed in the waistband, two can"ass bags, containing one hundred and thirty&se"en %ieces of go d# The sergeant i!!ediate y took the !oney to the corregidor, who, after ha"ing to d it o"er, ordered hi! to c othe the %risoner, and shut hi! u% c ose ti after su%%er# *bout !idnight, the sergeant and two Turkish s a"es re eased Mr# 'ithgow fro! his then confine!ent, but it was to introduce hi! to one !uch !ore horrib e# They conducted hi! through se"era %assages, to a cha!ber in a re!ote %art of the %a ace, towards the garden, where they oaded hi! with irons, and extended his egs by !eans of an iron bar abo"e a yard ong, the weight of which was so great that he cou d neither stand nor sit, but was ob iged to ie continua y on his back# They eft hi! in this condition for so!e ti!e, when they returned with a refresh!ent of food, consisting of a %ound of boi ed !utton and a oaf, together with a s!a Euantity of wineB which was not on y the first, but the best and ast of the kind, during his confine!ent in this % ace# *fter de i"ering these artic es, the sergeant ocked the door, and eft Mr# 'ithgow to his own %ri"ate conte!% ations# The next day he recei"ed a "isit fro! the go"ernor, who %ro!ised hi! his iberty, with !any other ad"antages, if he wou d confess being a s%yB but on his %rotesting that he was entire y innocent, the go"ernor eft hi! in a rage, saying, +e shou d see hi! no !ore ti farther tor!ents constrained hi! to confess, co!!anding the kee%er, to whose care he was co!!itted, that he shou d %er!it no %erson whate"er to ha"e access to, or co!!une with hi!B that his sustenance shou d not exceed three ounces of !usty bread, and a %int of water e"ery second dayB that he sha be a owed neither bed, %i ow, nor co"er id# C9 ose u% Qsaid heR this window in his roo! with i!e and stone, sto% u% the ho es of the door with doub e !ats( et hi! ha"e nothing that bears any ikeness to co!fort#C These, and se"era other orders of the ike se"erity, were gi"en to render it i!%ossib e for his condition to be known to those of the Eng ish nation# 8n this wretched and !e ancho y state did %oor 'ithgow continue without seeing any %erson for se"era days, in which ti!e the go"ernor recei"ed an

answer to a etter he had written, re ati"e to the %risoner fro! MadridB and, %ursuant to the instructions gi"en hi!, began to %ut in %ractice the crue ties de"ised, which they hastened, because 9hrist!as ho y&days a%%roached, it being then the forty&se"enth day since his i!%rison!ent# *bout two o'c ock in the !orning, he heard the noise of a coach in the street, and so!e ti!e after heard the o%ening of the %rison doors, not ha"ing had any s ee% for two nightsB hunger, %ain, and !e ancho y ref ections ha"ing %re"ented hi! fro! taking any re%ose# ,oon after the %rison doors were o%ened, the nine sergeants, who had first seiAed hi!, entered the % ace where he ay, and without uttering a word, conducted hi! in his irons through the house into the street, where a coach waited, and into which they aid hi! at the botto! on his back, not being ab e to sit# Two of the sergeants rode with hi!, and the rest wa ked by the coach side, but a obser"ed the !ost %rofound si ence# They dro"e hi! to a "ine%ress house, about a eague fro! the town, to which % ace a rack had been %ri"ate y con"eyed beforeB and here they shut hi! u% for that night# *t day&break the next !orning, arri"ed the go"ernor and the a cade, into whose %resence Mr# 'ithgow was i!!ediate y brought to undergo another exa!ination# The %risoner desired he !ight ha"e an inter%reter, which was a owed to strangers by the aws of that country, but this was refused, nor wou d they %er!it hi! to a%%ea to Madrid, the su%erior court of judicature# *fter a ong exa!ination, which asted fro! !orning ti night, there a%%eared in a his answers so exact a confor!ity with what he had before said, that they dec ared he had earned the! by heart, there not being the east %re"arication# They, howe"er, %ressed hi! again to !ake a fu disco"eryB that is, to accuse hi!se f of cri!es ne"er co!!itted, the go"ernor adding, C$ou are sti in !y %owerB 8 can set you free if you co!% y, if not, 8 !ust de i"er you to the a cade#C Mr# 'ithgow sti %ersisting in his innocence, the go"ernor ordered the notary to draw u% a warrant for de i"ering hi! to the a cade to be tortured# 8n conseEuence of this he was conducted by the sergeants to the end of a stone ga ery, where the rack was % aced# The encarouador or executioner, i!!ediate y struck off his irons, which %ut hi! to "ery great %ains, the bo ts being so c ose ri"eted, that the s edge ha!!er tore away ha f an inch of his hee , in forcing off the bo tB the anguish of which, together with his weak condition, Qnot ha"ing the east sustenance for three daysR occasioned hi! to groan bitter yB u%on which the !erci ess a cade said, C?i ain, traitor, this is but the earnest of what you sha endure#C @hen his irons were off he fe on his knees, uttering a short %rayer, that God wou d be % eased to enab e hi! to be steadfast, and undergo courageous y the grie"ous tria he had to encounter# The a cade and notary ha"ing % aced the!se "es in chairs, he was stri%%ed naked, and fixed u%on the rack, the office of these gent e!en being to be witness of, and set down the confessions and tortures endured by the de inEuent# 8t is i!%ossib e to describe a the "arious tortures inf icted u%on hi!# ,uffice it to say, that he ay on the rack for abo"e fi"e hours, during which ti!e he recei"ed abo"e sixty different tortures of the !ost he ish natureB and had they continued the! a few !inutes onger, he !ust ha"e ine"itab y %erished#

These crue %ersecutors being satisfied for the %resent, the %risoner was taken fro! the rack, and his irons being again %ut on, he was conducted to his for!er dungeon, ha"ing recei"ed no other nourish!ent than a itt e war! wine, which was gi"en hi! rather to %re"ent his dying, and reser"e hi! for future %unish!ents, than fro! any %rinci% e of charity or co!%assion# *s a confir!ation of this, orders were gi"en for a coach to %ass e"ery !orning before day by the %rison, that the noise !ade by it !ight gi"e fresh terrors and a ar!s to the unha%%y %risoner, and de%ri"e hi! of a %ossibi ity of obtaining the east re%ose# +e continued in this horrid situation, a !ost star"ed for want of the co!!on necessaries to %reser"e his wretched existence, ti 9hrist!as day, when he recei"ed so!e re ief fro! Mariane, waiting&wo!an to the go"ernor's ady# This wo!an ha"ing obtained ea"e to "isit hi!, carried with her so!e refresh!ents, consisting of honey, sugar, raisins, and other artic es( and so affected was she at beho ding his situation, that she we%t bitter y, and at her de%arture ex%ressed the greatest concern at not being ab e to gi"e hi! further assistance# 8n this oathso!e %rison was %oor Mr# 'ithgow ke%t ti he was a !ost de"oured by "er!in# They craw ed about his beard, i%s, eye&brows, Kc# so that he cou d scarce o%en his eyesB and his !ortification was increased by not ha"ing the use of his hands or egs to defend hi!se f, fro! his being so !iserab y !ai!ed by the tortures# ,o crue was the go"ernor, that he e"en ordered the "er!in to be swe%t on hi! twice in e"ery eight days# +e, howe"er obtained so!e itt e !itigation of this %art of his %unish!ent, fro! the hu!anity of a Turkish s a"e that attended hi!, who, when he cou d do it with safety, destroyed the "er!in, and contributed e"ery refresh!ent to hi! that aid in his %ower# Fro! this s a"e Mr# 'ithgow at ength recei"ed infor!ation which ga"e hi! itt e ho%es of e"er being re eased, but, on the contrary, that he shou d finish his ife under new tortures# The substance of this infor!ation was, that an Eng ish se!inary %riest, and a ,cotch coo%er, had been for so!e ti!e e!% oyed by the go"ernor to trans ate fro! the Eng ish into the ,%anish anguage, a his books and obser"ationsB and that it was co!!on y said in the go"ernor's house, that he was an arch heretic# This infor!ation great y a ar!ed hi!, and he began, not without reason, to fear that they wou d soon finish hi!, !ore es%ecia y as they cou d neither by torture or any other !eans, bring hi! to "ary fro! what he had a a ong said at his different exa!inations# Two days after he had recei"ed the abo"e infor!ation, the go"ernor, an inEuisitor, and a canonica %riest, acco!%anied by two Jesuits, entered his dungeon, and being seated, after se"era id e Euestions, the inEuisitor asked Mr# 'ithgow if he was a .o!an catho ic, and acknow edged the %o%e's su%re!acyT +e answered, that he neither was the one or did the otherB adding, that he was sur%rised at being asked such Euestions, since it was ex%ress y sti%u ated by the artic es of %eace between Eng and and ,%ain, that none of the Eng ish subjects shou d be iab e to the inEuisition, or any way !o ested by the! on account of di"ersity in re igion, Kc# 8n the bitterness of his sou he !ade use of so!e war! ex%ressions not suited to his circu!stances( C*s you ha"e a !ost !urdered !e Qsaid heR for %retended treason, so now you intend to !ake a !artyr of !e for !y

re igion#C +e a so ex%ostu ated with the go"ernor on the i return he !ade to the king of Eng and, Qwhose subject he wasR for the %rince y hu!anity exercised towards the ,%aniards in F0GG, when their ar!ada was shi%wrecked on the ,cotch coast, and thousands of the ,%aniards found re ief, who !ust otherwise ha"e !iserab y %erished# The go"ernor ad!itted the truth of what Mr# 'ithgow said, but re% ied with a haughty air, that the king, who then on y ru ed ,cot and, was actuated !ore by fear than o"e, and therefore did not deser"e any thanks# )ne of the Jesuits said, there was no faith to be ke%t with heretics# The inEuisitor then rising, addressed hi!se f to Mr 'ithgow in the fo owing words( C$ou ha"e been taken u% as a s%y, accused of treachery, and tortured, as we acknow edge, innocent y( Qwhich a%%ears by the account ate y recei"ed fro! Madrid of the intentions of the Eng ishR yet it was the di"ine %ower that brought those judg!ents u%on you, for %resu!%tuous y treating the b essed !irac e of 'oretto with ridicu e, and ex%ressing yourse f in your writings irre"erent y of his ho iness, the great agent and 9hrist's "icar u%on earthB therefore you are just y fa en into our hands by their s%ecia a%%oint!ent( thy books and %a%ers are !iracu ous y trans ated by the assistance of Pro"idence inf uencing thy own country!en#C This tru!%ery being ended, they ga"e the %risoner eight days to consider and reso "e whether he wou d beco!e a con"ert to their re igionB during which ti!e the inEuisitor to d hi! he, with other re igious orders, wou d attend, to gi"e hi! such assistance thereto as he !ight want# )ne of the Jesuits said, Qfirst !aking the sign of the cross u%on his breastR CMy son, beho d, you deser"e to be burnt a i"eB but by the grace of our ady of 'oretto, who! you ha"e b as%he!ed, we wi both sa"e your sou and body#C 8n the !orning, the inEuisitor with three other ecc esiastics returned, when the for!er asked the %risoner what difficu ties he had on his conscience that retarded his con"ersionB to which he answered, Che had not any doubts in his !ind, being confident in the %ro!ises of 9hrist, and assured y be ie"ing his re"ea ed wi signified in the gos%e s, as %rofessed in the refor!ed catho ic church, being confir!ed by grace, and ha"ing infa ib e assurance thereby of the christian faith#C To these words the inEuisitor re% ied, CThou art no christian, but an absurd heretic, and without con"ersion a !e!ber of %erdition#C The %risoner then to d hi!, it was not consistent with the nature and essence of re igion and charity to con"ince by o%%robrious s%eeches, racks, and tor!ents, but by argu!ents deduced fro! the scri%turesB and that a other !ethods wou d with hi! be tota y ineffectua # The inEuisitor was so enraged at the re% ies !ade by the %risoner, that he struck hi! on the face, used !any abusi"e s%eeches, and atte!%ted to stab hi!, which he had certain y done had he not been %re"ented by the Jesuits( and fro! this ti!e he ne"er again "isited the %risoner# The next day the two Jesuits returned, and %utting on a "ery gra"e su%erci ious air, the su%erior asked hi!, what reso ution he had takenT To which Mr# 'ithgow re% ied, that he was a ready reso "ed, un ess he cou d show substantia reasons to !ake hi! a ter his o%inion# The su%erior, after a %edantic dis% ay of their se"en sacra!ents, the intercession of saints, transubstantiation, Kc# boasted great y of their church, her antiEuity, uni"ersa ity, and unifor!ityB a which Mr# 'ithgow denied( CFor Qsaid heR the %rofession of the faith 8 ho d hath been e"er since the first days of the

a%ost es, and 9hrist had e"er his own church Qhowe"er obscureR in the greatest ti!e of your darkness#C The Jesuits, finding their argu!ents had not the desired effect, that tor!ents cou d not shake his constancy, nor e"en the fear of the crue sentence he had reason to ex%ect wou d be %ronounced and executed on hi!, after se"ere !enaces, eft hi!# )n the eighth day after being the ast of their inEuisition, when sentence is %ronounced, they returned again, but Euite a tered both in their words and beha"iour after re%eating !uch of the sa!e kind of argu!ents as before, they with see!ing tears in their eyes, %retended they were sorry fro! their heart he !ust be ob iged to undergo a terrib e death, but abo"e a , for the oss of his !ost %recious sou B and fa ing on their knees, cried out, C9on"ert, con"ert, ) dear brother, for our b essed ady's sake con"ertSC To which he answered, C8 fear neither death nor fire, being %re%ared for both#C The first effects Mr# 'ithgow fe t of the deter!ination of this b oody tribuna was, a sentence to recei"e that night e e"en different tortures, and if he did not die in the execution of the!, Qwhich !ight be reasonab y ex%ected fro! the !ai!ed and disjointed condition he was inR he was, after Easter ho y& days, to be carried to Grenada, and there burnt to ashes# The first %art of this sentence was executed with great barbarity that nightB and it % eased God to gi"e hi! strength both of body and !ind, to stand fast to the truth, and to sur"i"e the horrid %unish!ents inf icted on hi!# *fter these barbarians had g utted the!se "es for the %resent, with exercising on the unha%%y %risoner the !ost distinguished crue ties, they again %ut irons on, and con"eyed hi! to his for!er dungeon# The next !orning he recei"ed so!e itt e co!fort fro! the Turkish s a"e before !entioned, who secret y brought hi!, in his shirt s ee"e, so!e raisins and figs, which he icked u% in the best !anner his strength wou d %er!it with his tongue# 8t was to this s a"e Mr# 'ithgow attributed his sur"i"ing so ong in such a wretched situationB for he found !eans to con"ey so!e of these fruits to hi! twice e"ery week# 8t is "ery extraordinary, and worthy of note, that this %oor s a"e, bred u% fro! his infancy, according to the !axi!s of his %ro%het and %arents, in the greatest detestation of christians, shou d be so affected at the !iserab e situation of Mr# 'ithgow, that he fe i , and continued so for u%wards of forty days# -uring this %eriod Mr# 'ithgow was attended by a negro wo!an, a s a"e, who found !eans to furnish hi! with refresh!ents sti !ore a!% y than the Turk, being con"ersant in the house and fa!i y# ,he brought hi! e"ery day so!e "ictua s, and with it so!e wine in a bott e# The ti!e was now so far e a%sed, and the horrid situation so tru y oathso!e, that Mr# 'ithgow waited with anxious ex%ectation for the day, which, by %utting an end to his ife, wou d a so end his tor!ents# But his !e ancho y ex%ectations were, by the inter%osition of Pro"idence, ha%%i y rendered aborti"e, and his de i"erance obtained fro! the fo owing circu!stances# 8t ha%%ened that a ,%anish gent e!an of Eua ity ca!e fro! Grenada to Ma aga, who being in"ited to an entertain!ent by the go"ernor, he infor!ed hi! of what had befa en Mr# 'ithgow fro! the ti!e of his being a%%rehended as a s%y, and described the "arious sufferings he had endured# +e ikewise to d hi!, that after it was known the %risoner was innocent, it ga"e hi! great concern# That on this account he wou d g ad y ha"e re eased hi!, restored

his !oney and %a%ers, and !ade so!e atone!ent for the injuries he had recei"ed but that, u%on an ins%ection into his writings, se"era were found of a "ery b as%he!ous nature, high y ref ecting on their re igion# That on his refusing to abjure these heretica o%inions, he was turned o"er to the inEuisition, by who! he was fina y conde!ned# @hi e the go"ernor was re ating this tragica ta e, a F e!ish youth Qser"ant to the ,%anish gent e!anR who waited at the tab e, was struck with a!aAe!ent and %ity at the sufferings of the stranger described# )n his return to his !aster's odgings he began to re"o "e in his !ind what he had heard, which !ade such an i!%ression on hi! that he cou d not rest in his bed# 8n the short s u!bers he had, his i!agination %ainted to hi! the %erson described, on the rack, and burning in the fire# 8n this anxiety he %assed the nightB and when the !orning ca!e, without disc osing his intentions to any %erson whate"er, he went into the town, and enEuired for an Eng ish factor# +e was directed to the house of a Mr# @i d, to who! he re ated the who e of what he had heard %ass, the %receding e"ening, between his !aster and the go"ernorB but cou d not te Mr# 'ithgow's na!e# Mr# @i d, howe"er, conjectured it was hi!, by the ser"ant's re!e!bering the circu!stance of his being a tra"e er, and his ha"ing had so!e acEuaintance with hi!# )n the de%arture of the F e!ish ser"ant, Mr# @i d i!!ediate y sent for the other Eng ish factors, to who! he re ated a the %articu ars re ati"e to their unfortunate country!an# *fter a short consu tation it was agreed, that an infor!ation of the who e affair shou d be sent, by ex%ress, to ,ir @a ter *ston, the Eng ish a!bassador to the king of ,%ain, then at Madrid# This was according y done, and the a!bassador ha"ing %resented a !e!oria to the king and counci of ,%ain, he obtained an order for Mr# 'ithgow's en arge!ent, and his de i"ery to the Eng ish factory# This order was directed to the go"ernor of Ma agaB and was recei"ed with great dis ike and sur%rise by the who e asse!b y of the b oody inEuisition# Mr# 'ithgow was re eased fro! his confine!ent on the e"e of Easter ,unday, when he was carried fro! his dungeon on the back of the s a"e who had attended hi!, to the house of one Mr# Bosbich, where a %ro%er co!forts were gi"en hi!# 8t fortunate y ha%%ened, that there was at this ti!e a sEuadron of Eng ish shi%s in the road, co!!anded by ,ir .ichard +awkins, who being infor!ed of the %ast sufferings and %resent situation of Mr# 'ithgow, ca!e the next day ashore, with a %ro%er guard, and recei"ed hi! fro! the !erchants# +e was instant y carried in b ankets on board the ?anguard, and three days after was re!o"ed to another shi%, by direction of the genera ,ir .obert Manse , who ordered that he shou d ha"e %ro%er care taken of hi!# The factory %resented hi! with c othes, and a necessary %ro"isions, besides which they ga"e hi! /11 rea s in si "erB and ,ir .ichard +awkins sent hi! two doub e %isto es# Before his de%arture fro! the ,%anish coast, ,ir .ichard +awkins de!anded the de i"ery of his %a%ers, !oney, books, Kc# but cou d not obtain any satisfactory answer on that head# @e cannot he % !aking a %ause here to ref ect, how !anifest y Pro"idence interfered in beha f of this %oor !an, when he was just on the brink of destructionB for by his sentence, fro! which there was no a%%ea , he wou d ha"e been taken, in a few days, to Grenada, and burnt to ashes( and that a %oor ordinary ser"ant, who had not the east know edge of hi!, nor was any

ways interested in his %reser"ation, shou d risk the dis% easure of his !aster, and haAard his own ife, to disc ose a thing of so !o!entous and %eri ous a nature, to a strange gent e!an, on whose secrecy de%ended his own existence# By such secondary !eans does Pro"idence freEuent y interfere in beha f of the "irtuous and o%%ressedB of which this is a !ost distinguished exa!% e# *fter ying twe "e days in the road, the shi% weighed anchor, and in about two !onths arri"ed safe at -e%tford# The next !orning, Mr# 'ithgow was carried on a feather bed to Theoba ds, in +ertfordshire, where at that ti!e was the king and roya fa!i y# +is !ajesty ha%%ened to be that day engaged in hunting, but on his return in the e"ening, Mr# 'ithgow was %resented to hi!, and re ated the %articu ars of his sufferings, and his ha%%y de i"ery# The king was so affected at the narrati"e, that he ex%ressed the dee%est concern, and ga"e orders that he shou d be sent to Bath, and his wants %ro%er y su%% ied fro! his roya !unificence# By these !eans, under God, after so!e ti!e, Mr# 'ithgow was restored, fro! the !ost wretched s%ectac e, to a great share of hea th and strengthB but he ost the use of his eft ar!, and se"era of the s!a er bones were so crushed and broken, as to be e"er after rendered use ess# ;otwithstanding e"ery effort was used, Mr# 'ithgow cou d ne"er obtain any %art of his !oney or effects, though his !ajesty and the !inisters of state, interested the!se "es in his beha f# Gonda!ore, the ,%anish a!bassador, indeed, %ro!ised that a his effects shou d be restored, with the addition of VF111 Eng ish !oney, as so!e atone!ent for the tortures he had undergone, which ast was to be %aid hi! by the go"ernor of Ma aga# These engage!ents, howe"er, were but !ere %ro!isesB and though the king was a kind of guarantee for the we %erfor!ance of the!, the cunning ,%aniard found !eans to e ude the sa!e# +e had, indeed, too great a share of inf uence in the Eng ish counci during the ti!e of that %acific reign, when Eng and suffered herse f to be bu ied into s a"ish co!% iance by !ost of the states and kings in Euro%e#

8roly on the Inquisition. @e sha conc ude this cha%ter with the subjoined extract fro! the ;ew 8nter%retation of the *%oca y%se by the .e"# George 9ro y# 8n our fortunate country, the %ower of the .o!ish church has so ong %erished, that we find so!e difficu ty in concei"ing the nature, and sti !ore in be ie"ing the tyranny of its do!inion# The inf uence of the !onks and the !urders of the inEuisition ha"e %assed into a nursery ta eB and we turn with a generous, yet rash and !ost unjustifiab e sce%ticis! fro! the history of .o!ish authority# Through a !ost the entire of 8ta y, through the F e!ish do!inions of Ger!any, through a arge %ortion of France, and through the entire of ,%ain, a great !onastic body was estab ished, which, %rofessing a secondary and tri"ia obedience to the so"ereign, ga"e its first and rea obedience to the %o%e# The na!e of s%iritua ho!age c oaked the high treason of an oath of a egiance to a foreign !onarchB and whoe"er !ight be king of France, or ,%ain, the %o%e was king of the -o!inicans# * the other !onastic orders were so !any %a%a out%osts# But the great -o!inican order, i!!ense y o%u ent in its %retended %o"ertyB for!idab y %owerfu in its hy%ocritica disdain of earth y inf uenceB and re!orse ess y a!bitious, turbu ent, and crue in its %ri!iti"e Aea B was an actua odg!ent and %ro"ince of the %a%acy, an inferior .o!e, in the chief Euro%ean kingdo!s# 8n the c osest i!itation of .o!e, this s%iritua %ower had fierce y assu!ed the te!%ora swordB the inEuisition was ar!y, re"enues, and throne in one# @ith the racks and fires of a tribuna worthy of the gu f of darkness and gui t fro! which it rose, the -o!inicans bore %o%ery in triu!%h through christendo!, crushing e"ery "estige of re igion under the whee s of its co ossa ido # The subjugation of the * bigenses in F//I had scattered the churchB the shock of the great !i itary !asses was %astB a subt er and !ore acti"e force was reEuired to destroy the wandering %eo% e of GodB and the inEuisition !u ti% ied itse f for the work of death# This terrib e tribuna set e"ery %rinci% e, and e"en e"ery for! of justice at defiance# ,ecrecy, that confounds innocence with gui t, was the s%irit of its who e %roceeding# * its ste%s were in darkness# The sus%ected re"o ter fro! %o%ery was seiAed in secret, tried in secret, ne"er suffered to see the face of accuser, witness, ad"ocate, or friend, was ke%t unacEuainted with the charge, was urged to cri!inate hi!se fB if tardy, was co!%e ed to this se f&!urder by the rackB if terrified, was on y the !ore s%eedi y !urdered for the s%ort of the !u titude# Fro! the hour of his seiAure he ne"er saw the face of day, unti he was brought out as a %ub ic show, a oya and festa sacrifice, to do honor to the entrance of so!e tra"e ing "iceroy, so!e new !arried %rincess, or, on !ore fortunate occasions, to the %resence of the so"ereign# The dungeons were then drained, the hu!an wreck of the torture and scourge were gathered out of darkness, grou%s of !isery and exhaustion with wasted for!s and broken i!bs, and countenances subdued by %ain and fa!ine into idiotis!, and des%air, and !adnessB to feed the fires round which the -o!inicans were chanting the g ories of %o%ery, and exu ting in the destruction of the body for the good of the sou S

8n the origina estab ish!ent of the inEuisition in FFIG, it had raged against the ?audois and their con"erts# But the "icti!s were exhaustedB or not worth the %ursuit of a tribuna which ooked to the wea th as keen y as to the faith of the %ersecuted# )%u ence and heresy were at ength to be found on y to ,%ain, and there the inEuisition turned with a gigantic ste%# 8n the ear y disturbances of the Peninsu a, the Jews, by those habits of trade, and !utua co!!union, which sti !ake the! the ords of co!!erce, had acEuired the chief wea th of the country# The c ose of the Moorish war in the F0th century had eft the ,%anish !onarch at eisure for extortionB and he gras%ed at the Jewish gains in the s%irit of a robber, as he %ursued his % under with the crue ty of a barbarian# The inEuisition was the great !achine, the co!%rehensi"e torturer, ready to sEueeAe out a ike the heart and the go d# 8n F5GF, an edict was issued against the JewsB before the end of the year, in the sing e diocess of 9adiA, two thousand Jews were burnt a i"eS The fa of the kingdo! of Grenada, in F5I/, threw the who e of the ,%anish Moors into the hands of the king# They were cast into the sa!e furnace of % under and torture# -es%erate rebe ions fo owedB they were defeated and, in FJ1I, were fina y exi ed# C8n the s%ace of one hundred and twenty nine years, the inEuisition de%ri"ed ,%ain of three !i ions of inhabitants#C )n the death of 'eo =# in F0/F, *drian, the inEuisitor genera was e ected %o%e# +e had aid the foundation of his %a%a ce ebrity in ,%ain# C8t a%%ears, according to the !ost !oderate ca cu ation, that during the fi"e years of the !inistry of *drian, /5,1/0 %ersons were conde!ned by the inEuisition, of who! one thousand six hundred and twenty were burned a i"e#C 8t is the constant so%his! of those who wou d cast christianity bound hand and foot at the !ercy of her ene!ies, that the %o%e desires to exercise no interference in the interna concerns of kingdo!sB that, if he had the desire, he has not the %owerB and that, if he %ossessed the %ower, he wou d be resisted by the who e body of the nationa c ergy# For the ex%osure of this traitorous de usion, we are to ook to the ti!es, when it was the wi of %o%ery to %ut forth its strengthB not to the %resent, when it is its wi to u us into a be ief of its consistency with the constitution, in defiance of co!!on sense, co!!on ex%erience, the s%irit of British aw, and the oud warnings of insu ted and haAarded re igion# )f the !u titudes who %erished by the inEuisition throughout the wor d, no authentic record is now disco"erab e# But where"er %o%ery had %ower, there was the tribuna # 8t had been % anted e"en in the east, and the Portuguese inEuisition of Goa was, ti within these few years, fed with !any an agony# ,outh *!erica was %artitioned into %ro"inces of the inEuisitionB and with a ghast y !i!ickry of the cri!es of the !other state, the arri"a s of "iceroys, and the other %o%u ar ce ebrations were thought i!%erfect without an auto de fe# The ;ether ands were one scene of s aughter fro! the ti!e of the decree which % anted the inEuisition a!ong the!# 8n ,%ain the ca cu ation is !ore attainab e# Each of the se2enteen tribuna s during a ong %eriod burned annua y on an a"erage ten !iserab e beingsS @e are to reco ect that this nu!ber was in a country where %ersecution had for ages abo ished a re igious differences, and where the difficu ty was not to find the stake, but the offering# $et, e"en in ,%ain, thus g eaned of a heresy, the inEuisition cou d sti swe its ist of !urders to thirty&two thousandS The nu!bers burned in effigy, or conde!ned to %enance, %unish!ents genera y

eEui"a ent to exi e, confiscation, and taint of b ood, to a ruin but the !ere oss of worth ess ife a!ounted to three hundred and nine thousand# But the crowds who %erished in dungeons, of the torture, of confine!ent, and of broken hearts, the !i ions of de%endent i"es !ade utter y he % ess, or hurried to the gra"e by the death of the "icti!s, are beyond a registerB or recorded on y before +i!, who has sworn that C+e who eadeth into ca%ti"ity, sha go into ca%ti"ity( and he that ki eth with the sword sha be ki ed by the sword#C ,uch was the inEuisition, dec ared by the ,%irit of God to be at once the offs%ring and the ima1e of the %o%edo!# To fee the force of the %arentage, we !ust ook to the ti!e# 8n the thirteenth century, the %o%edo! was at the su!!it of !orta do!inionB it was inde%endent of a kingdo!sB it ru ed with a rank of inf uence ne"er before or since %ossessed by a hu!an sce%treB it was the acknow edged so"ereign of body and sou B to a earth y intents its %ower was i!!easurab e for good or e"i # 8t !ight ha"e s%read iterature, %eace, freedo!, and christianity to the ends of Euro%e, or the wor d# But its nature was hosti eB its fu er triu!%h on y disc osed its fu er e"i B and, to the sha!e of hu!an reason, and the terror and suffering of hu!an "irtue, .o!e, in the hour of its consu!!ate grandeur, tee!ed with the !onstrous and horrid birth of the 8;L:8,8T8);S

CHAPTER VI.
AN ACCOUNT OF THE PERSECUTION IN ITALY, UNDER THE PAPACY.
@e sha now enter on an account of the %ersecutions in 8ta y, a country which has been, and sti is, F# The centre of %o%ery# /# The seat of the %ontiff# H# The source of the "arious errors which ha"e s%read the!se "es o"er other countries, de uded the !inds of thousands, and diffused the c ouds of su%erstition and bigotry o"er the hu!an understanding# 8n %ursuing our narrati"e we sha inc ude the !ost re!arkab e %ersecutions which ha"e ha%%ened, and the crue ties which ha"e been %ractised, F# By the i!!ediate %ower of the %o%e# /# Through the %ower of the inEuisition# H# *t the instigation of %articu ar orders of the c ergy# 5# By the bigotry of the 8ta ian %rinces# 8n the F/th century, the first %ersecutions under the %a%acy began in 8ta y, at the ti!e that *drian, an Eng ish!an, was %o%e, being occasioned by the fo owing circu!stances( * earned !an, and an exce ent orator of Brixia, na!ed *rno d ca!e to .o!e, and bo d y %reached against the corru%tions and inno"ations which had cre%t into the church# +is discourses were so c ear, consistent, and breathed forth such a %ure s%irit of %iety, that the senators, and !any of the %eo% e, high y a%%ro"ed of, and ad!ired his doctrines# This so great y enraged *drian, that he co!!anded *rno d instant y to ea"e the city, as a heretic# *rno d, howe"er, did not co!% y, for the senators, and

so!e of the %rinci%a %eo% e, took his %art, and resisted the authority of the %o%e# *drian now aid the city of .o!e under an interdict, which caused the who e body of c ergy to inter%oseB and, at ength, %ersuaded the senators and %eo% e to gi"e u% the %oint, and suffer *rno d to be banished# This being agreed to, he recei"ed the sentence of exi e, and retired to Ger!any, where he continued to %reach against the %o%e, and to ex%ose the gross errors of the church of .o!e# *drian, on this account, thirsted for his b ood, and !ade se"era atte!%ts to get hi! into his handsB but *rno d, for a ong ti!e, a"oided e"ery snare aid for hi!# *t ength, Frederic Barbarossa arri"ing at the i!%eria dignity, reEuested that the %o%e wou d crown hi! with his own hand# This *drian co!% ied with, and at the sa!e ti!e asked a fa"our of the e!%eror, which was, to %ut *rno d into his hands# The e!%eror "ery readi y de i"ered u% the unfortunate %reacher, who soon fe a !artyr to *drian's "engeance, being hanged, and his body burnt to ashes, at *%u ia# The sa!e fate attended se"era of his o d friends and co!%anions# Encenas, a ,%aniard, was sent to .o!e, to be brought u% in the .o!an catho ic faithB but ha"ing con"ersed with so!e of the refor!ed, and read se"era treatises which they had %ut into his hands, he beca!e a %rotestant# This, at ength, being known, one of his own re ations infor!ed against hi!, when he was burnt by order of the %o%e, and a conc a"e of cardina s# The brother of Encenas had been taken u% !uch about the sa!e ti!e, for ha"ing a ;ew Testa!ent, in the ,%anish anguage, in his %ossessionB but before the ti!e a%%ointed for his execution, he found !eans to esca%e out of %rison, and retired to Ger!any# Faninus, a earned ay!an, by reading contro"ersia books, beca!e of the refor!ed re igion# *n infor!ation being exhibited against hi! to the %o%e, he was a%%rehended, and cast into %rison# +is wife, chi dren, re ations and friends, "isited hi! in his confine!ent, and so far wrought u%on his !ind, that he renounced his faith, and obtained his re ease# But he was no sooner free fro! confine!ent, than his !ind fe t the hea"iest of chainsB the weight of a gui ty conscience# +is horrors were so great, that he found the! insu%%ortab e, ti he had returned fro! his a%ostacy, and dec ared hi!se f fu y con"inced of the errors of the church of .o!e# To !ake a!ends for his fa ing off, he now o%en y and strenuous y did a he cou d to !ake con"erts to %rotestantis!, and was %retty successfu in his endea"ours# These %roceedings occasioned his second i!%rison!ent, but he had his ife offered hi! if he wou d recant again# This %ro%osa he rejected with disdain, saying, that he scorned ife u%on such ter!s# Being asked why he wou d obstinate y %ersist in his o%inions and ea"e his wife and chi dren in distress, he re% ied, 8 sha not ea"e the! in distressB 8 ha"e reco!!ended the! to the care of an exce ent trustee# @hat trusteeT said the %erson who had asked the Euestion, with so!e sur%rise( to which Faninus answered, Jesus 9hrist is the trustee 8 !ean, and 8 think 8 cou d not co!!it the! to the care of a better# )n the day of execution he a%%eared re!arkab y cheerfu , which one obser"ing, said, it is strange you shou d a%%ear so !erry u%on such an occasion, when Jesus 9hrist hi!se f, just before his death, was in such agonies, that he sweated b ood and water# To which Faninus re% iedB 9hrist sustained a !anner of %angs and conf icts, with he and death, on our

accountsB and thus, by his sufferings, freed those who rea y be ie"e in hi! fro! the fear of the!# +e was then strang ed, and his body being burnt to ashes, they were scattered about by the wind# -o!inicus, a earned so dier, ha"ing read se"era contro"ersia writings, beca!e a Aea ous %rotestant, and retiring to P acentia, he %reached the gos%e in its ut!ost %urity, to a "ery considerab e congregation# *t the conc usion of his ser!on one day, he said, C8f the congregation wi attend to& !orrow, 8 wi gi"e the! a descri%tion of *nti&christ, and %aint hi! out in his %ro%er co ours#C * "ast concourse of %eo% e attended the next day, but just as -o!inicus was beginning his ser!on, a ci"i !agistrate went u% to the %u %it, and took hi! into custody# +e readi y sub!ittedB but as he went a ong with the !agistrate, !ade use of this ex%ression( 8 wonder the de"i hath et !e a one so ong# @hen he was brought to exa!ination, this Euestion was %ut to hi!( @i you renounce your doctrinesT To which he re% ied( My doctrinesS 8 !aintain no doctrines of !y ownB what 8 %reach are the doctrines of 9hrist, and for those 8 wi forfeit !y b ood, and e"en think !yse f ha%%y to suffer for the sake of !y .edee!er# E"ery !ethod was taken to !ake hi! recant fro! his faith, and e!brace the errors of the church of .o!eB but when %ersuasions and !enaces were found ineffectua , he was sentenced to death, and hanged in the !arket&% ace# Ga eacius, a %rotestant gent e!an, who resided near the cast e of ,t# *nge o, was a%%rehended on account of his faith# Great endea"ours being used by his friends he recanted, and subscribed to se"era of the su%erstitious doctrines %ro%agated by the church of .o!e# Beco!ing, howe"er, sensib e of his error, he %ub ic y renounced his recantation# Being a%%rehended for this, he was conde!ned to be burnt, and agreeab e to the order, was chained to a stake, where he was eft se"era hours before the fire was %ut to the faggots, in order that his wife, re ations, and friends, who surrounded hi!, !ight induce hi! to gi"e u% his o%inions# Ga eacius, howe"er, retained his constancy of !ind, and entreated the executioner to %ut fire to the wood that was to burn hi!# This at ength he did, and Ga eacius was soon consu!ed in the f a!es, which burnt with a!aAing ra%idity and de%ri"ed hi! of sensation in a few !inutes# ,oon after this gent e!an's death, a great nu!ber of %rotestants were %ut to death in "arious %arts of 8ta y, on account of their faith, gi"ing a sure %roof of their sincerity in their !artyrdo!s# An a&&ount of the Perse&utions of 8alabria. 8n the F5th century, !any of the @a denses of Prage a and -au%hiny, e!igrated to 9a abria, and sett ing so!e waste ands, by the %er!ission of the nob es of that country, they soon, by the !ost industrious cu ti"ation, !ade se"era wi d and barren s%ots a%%ear with a the beauties of "erdure and ferti ity# The 9a abrian ords were high y % eased with their new subjects and tenants, as they were honest, Euiet, and industriousB but the %riests of the country exhibited se"era negati"e co!% aints against the!B for not being ab e to accuse the! of anything bad which they did do, they founded accusations on what they did not do, and charged the!,

@ith not being .o!an catho ics# @ith not !aking any of their boys %riests# @ith not !aking any of their gir s nuns# @ith not going to !ass# @ith not gi"ing wax ta%ers to their %riests as offerings# @ith not going on %i gri!ages# @ith not bowing to i!ages# The 9a abrian ords, howe"er, Euieted the %riests, by te ing the! that these %eo% e were extre!e y har! essB that they ga"e no offence to the .o!an catho ics, and cheerfu y %aid the tithes to the %riests, whose re"enues were considerab y increased by their co!ing into the country, and who, of conseEuence, ought to be the ast %ersons to co!% ain of the!# Things went on to erab y we after this for a few years, during which the @a denses for!ed the!se "es into two cor%orate towns, annexing se"era "i ages to the jurisdiction of the!# *t ength, they sent to Gene"a for two c ergy!enB one to %reach in each town, as they deter!ined to !ake a %ub ic %rofession of their faith# 8nte igence of this affair being carried to the %o%e, Pius the Fourth, he deter!ined to exter!inate the! fro! 9a abria# To this end he sent cardina * exandrino, a !an of "ery "io ent te!%er and a furious bigot, together with two !onks, to 9a abria, where they were to act as inEuisitors# These authoriAed %ersons ca!e to ,t# =ist, one of the towns bui t by the @a denses, and ha"ing asse!b ed the %eo% e to d the!, that they shou d recei"e no injury or "io ence, if they wou d acce%t of %reachers a%%ointed by the %o%eB but if they wou d not, they shou d be de%ri"ed both of their %ro%erties and i"esB and that their intentions !ight be known, !ass shou d be %ub ic y said that afternoon, at which they were ordered to attend# The %eo% e of ,t# =ist, instead of attending !ass, f ed into the woods, with their fa!i ies, and thus disa%%ointed the cardina and his coadjutors# The cardina then %roceeded to 'a Garde, the other town be onging to the @a denses, where, not to be ser"ed as he had been at ,t# =ist, he ordered the gates to be ocked, and a a"enues guarded# The sa!e %ro%osa s were then !ade to the inhabitants of 'a Garde, as had %re"ious y been offered to those of ,t# =ist, but with this additiona %iece of artifice( the cardina assured the! that the inhabitants of ,t# =ist had i!!ediate y co!e into his %ro%osa s, and agreed that the %o%e shou d a%%oint the! %reachers# This fa sehood succeededB for the %eo% e of 'a Garde, thinking what the cardina had to d the! to be the truth, said they wou d exact y fo ow the exa!% e of their brethren at ,t# =ist# The cardina ha"ing gained his %oint by de uding the %eo% e of one town, sent for troo%s of so diers, with a "iew to !urder those of the other# +e, according y, des%atched the so diers into the woods, to hunt down the inhabitants of ,t# =ist ike wi d beasts, and ga"e the! strict orders to s%are neither age nor sex, but to ki a they ca!e near# The troo%s entered the woods, and !any fe a %rey to their ferocity, before the @a denses were %ro%er y a%%rised of their design# *t ength, howe"er, they deter!ined to se their i"es as dear as %ossib e, when se"era conf icts ha%%ened, in which the ha f&ar!ed @a denses %erfor!ed %rodigies of "a our, and !any were s ain on both sides# The greatest %art of the troo%s being ki ed in the different rencontres, the rest were co!%e ed to retreat, which so enraged the cardina , that he wrote to the "iceroy of ;a% es for reinforce!ents#

The "iceroy i!!ediate y ordered a %roc a!ation to be !ade throughout a the ;ea%o itan territories, that a out aws, deserters, and other %roscribed %ersons shou d be sure y %ardoned for their res%ecti"e offences, on condition of !aking a ca!%aign against the inhabitants of ,t# =ist, and continuing under ar!s ti those %eo% e were exter!inated# Many %ersons of des%erate fortunes, ca!e in u%on this %roc a!ation, and being for!ed into ight co!%anies, were sent to scour the woods, and %ut to death a they cou d !eet with of the refor!ed re igion# The "iceroy hi!se f ikewise joined the cardina , at the head of a body of regu ar forcesB and, in conjunction, they did a they cou d to harass the %oor %eo% e in the woods# ,o!e they caught and hanged u% u%on trees, cut down boughs and burnt the!, or ri%%ed the! o%en and eft their bodies to be de"oured by wi d beasts, or birds of %rey# Many they shot at a distance, but the greatest nu!ber they hunted down by way of s%ort# * few hid the!se "es in ca"es, but fa!ine destroyed the! in their retreatB and thus a these %oor %eo% e %erished, by "arious !eans, to g ut the bigoted !a ice of their !erci ess %ersecutors# The inhabitants of ,t# =ist were no sooner exter!inated, than those of 'a Garde engaged the attention of the cardina and "iceroy# 8t was offered, that if they shou d e!brace the .o!an catho ic %ersuasion, the!se "es and fa!i ies shou d not be injured, but their houses and %ro%erties shou d be restored, and none wou d be %er!itted to !o est the!B but, on the contrary, if they refused this !ercy, Qas it was ter!edR the ut!ost extre!ities wou d be used, and the !ost crue deaths the certain conseEuence of their non&co!% iance# ;otwithstanding the %ro!ises on one side, and !enaces on the other, these worthy %eo% e unani!ous y refused to renounce their re igion, or e!brace the errors of %o%ery# This exas%erated the cardina and "iceroy so !uch, that H1 of the! were ordered to be %ut i!!ediate y to the rack, as a terror to the rest# Those who were %ut to the rack were treated with such se"erity, that se"era died under the torturesB one 9har in, in %articu ar, was so crue y used, that his be y burst, his bowe s ca!e out, and he ex%ired in the greatest agonies# These barbarities, howe"er, did not answer the %ur%oses for which they were intendedB for those who re!ained a i"e after the rack, and those who had not fe t the rack, re!ained eEua y constant in their faith, and bo d y dec ared, that no tortures of body, or terrors of !ind, shou d e"er induce the! to renounce their God, or worshi% i!ages# ,e"era were then, by the cardina 's order, stri%%ed stark naked, and whi%%ed to death with iron rodsB and so!e were hacked to %ieces with arge kni"esB others were thrown down fro! the to% of a arge tower, and !any were co"ered o"er with %itch, and burnt a i"e# )ne of the !onks who attended the cardina , being natura y of a sa"age and crue dis%osition, reEuested of hi! that he !ight shed so!e of the b ood of these %oor %eo% e with his own handsB when his reEuest being granted, the barbarous !an took a arge shar% knife, and cut the throats of fourscore !en, wo!en, and chi dren, with as itt e re!orse as a butcher wou d ha"e ki ed so !any shee%# E"ery one of these bodies were then ordered to be Euartered, the Euarters % aced u%on stakes, and then fixed in different %arts of the country, within a circuit of H1 !i es#

The four %rinci%a !en of 'a Garde were hanged, and the c ergy!an was thrown fro! the to% of his church stee% e# +e was terrib y !ang ed, but not Euite ki ed by the fa B at which ti!e the "iceroy %assing by, said, is the dog yet i"ingT Take hi! u%, and gi"e hi! to the hogs, when, bruta as this sentence !ay a%%ear, it was executed according y# ,ixty wo!en were racked so "io ent y, that the cords %ierced their ar!s and egs Euite to the boneB when, being re!anded to %rison, their wounds !ortified, and they died in the !ost !iserab e !anner# Many others were %ut to death by "arious crue !eansB and if any .o!an catho ic, !ore co!%assionate than the rest, interceded for any of the refor!ed, he was i!!ediate y a%%rehended, and shared the sa!e fate as a fa"ourer of heretics# The "iceroy being ob iged to !arch back to ;a% es, on so!e affairs of !o!ent which reEuired his %resence, and the cardina being reca ed to .o!e, the !arEuis of Butane was ordered to %ut the finishing stroke to what they had begunB which he at ength effected, by acting with such barbarous rigour, that there was not a sing e %erson of the refor!ed re igion eft i"ing in a 9a abria# Thus were a great nu!ber of inoffensi"e and har! ess %eo% e de%ri"ed of their %ossessions, robbed of their %ro%erty, dri"en fro! their ho!es, and, at ength, !urdered by "arious !eans, on y because they wou d not sacrifice their consciences to the su%erstitions of others, e!brace ido atrous doctrines which they abhorred, and acce%t of teachers who! they cou d not be ie"e# Tyranny is of three kinds, "iA#, that which ens a"es the %erson, that which seiAes the %ro%erty, and that which %rescribes and dictates to the !ind# The two first sorts !ay be ter!ed ci"i tyranny, and ha"e been %ractised by arbitrary so"ereigns in a ages, who ha"e de ighted in tor!enting the %ersons, and stea ing the %ro%erties of their unha%%y subjects# But the third sort, "iA# %rescribing and dictating to the !ind, !ay be ca ed ecc esiastica tyranny( and this is the worst kind of tyranny, as it inc udes the other two sortsB for the .o!ish c ergy not on y do torture the bodies and seiAe the effects of those they %ersecute, but take the i"es, tor!ent the !inds, and, if %ossib e, wou d tyranniAe o"er the sou s of the unha%%y "icti!s# A&&ount of the Perse&utions in the Valleys of Piedmont. Many of the @a denses, to a"oid the %ersecutions to which they were continua y subjected in France, went and sett ed in the "a eys of Pied!ont, where they increased exceeding y, and f ourished "ery !uch for a considerab e ti!e# Though they were har! ess in their beha"iour, inoffensi"e in their con"ersation, and %aid tithes to the .o!an c ergy, yet the atter cou d not be contented, but wished to gi"e the! so!e disturbanceB they, according y, co!% ained to the archbisho% of Turin, that the @a denses of the "a eys of Pied!ont were heretics, for these reasons( F# That they did not be ie"e in the doctrines of the church of .o!e# /# That they !ade no offerings or %rayers for the dead# H# That they did not go to !ass# 5# That they did not confess, and recei"e abso ution#

0# That they did not be ie"e in %urgatory, or %ay !oney to get the sou s of their friends out of it# :%on these charges the archbisho% ordered a %ersecution to be co!!enced, and !any fe !artyrs to the su%erstitious rage of the %riests and !onks# *t Turin, one of the refor!ed had his bowe s torn out, and %ut in a basin before his face, where they re!ained in his "iew ti he ex%ired# *t .e"e , 9ate in Girard being at the stake, desired the executioner to gi"e hi! a stoneB which he refused, thinking that he !eant to throw it at so!ebodyB but Girard assuring hi! that he had no such design, the executioner co!% iedB when Girard, ooking earnest y at the stone, said, @hen it is in the %ower of a !an to eat and digest this so id stone, the re igion for which 8 a! about to suffer sha ha"e an end, and not before# +e then threw the stone on the ground, and sub!itted cheerfu y to the f a!es# * great !any !ore of the refor!ed were o%%ressed, or %ut to death, by "arious !eans, ti the %atience of the @a denses being tired out, they f ew to ar!s in their own defence, and for!ed the!se "es into regu ar bodies# Exas%erated at this, the bisho% of Turin %rocured a nu!ber of troo%s and sent against the!B but in !ost of the skir!ishes and engage!ents the @a denses were successfu , which %art y arose fro! their being better acEuainted with the %asses of the "a eys of Pied!ont than their ad"ersaries, and %art y fro! the des%eration with which they foughtB for they we knew, if they were taken, they shou d not be considered as %risoners of war, but tortured to death as heretics# *t ength, Phi i% the se"enth, duke of ,a"oy, and su%re!e ord of Pied!ont, deter!ined to inter%ose his authority, and sto% these b oody wars, which so great y disturbed his do!inions# +e was not wi ing to disob ige the %o%e, or affront the archbisho% of TurinB ne"erthe ess, he sent the! both !essages, i!%orting, that he cou d not any onger ta!e y see his do!inions o"errun with troo%s, who were directed by %riests instead of officers, and co!!anded by %re ates instead of genera sB nor wou d he suffer his country to be de%o%u ated, whi e he hi!se f had not been e"en consu ted u%on the occasion# The %riests, finding the reso ution of the duke, did a they cou d to %rejudice his !ind against the @a densesB but the duke to d the!, that though he was unacEuainted with the re igious tenets of these %eo% e, yet he had a ways found the! Euiet, faithfu , and obedient, and therefore he deter!ined they shou d be no onger %ersecuted# The %riests now had recourse to the !ost %a %ab e and absurd fa sehoods( they assured the duke that he was !istaken in the @a denses for they were a wicked set of %eo% e, and high y addicted to inte!%erance, unc eanness, b as%he!y, adu tery, incest, and !any other abo!inab e cri!esB and that they were e"en !onsters in nature, for their chi dren were born with b ack throats, with four rows of teeth, an bodies a o"er hairy# The duke was not so de"oid of co!!on sense as to gi"e credit to what the %riests said, though they affir!ed in the !ost so e!n !anner the truth of their assertions# +e, howe"er, sent twe "e "ery earned and sensib e gent e!en into the Pied!ontese "a eys, to exa!ine into the rea characters of the inhabitants# These gent e!en, after tra"e ing through a their towns and "i ages, and con"ersing with %eo% e of e"ery rank a!ong the @a denses returned to the

duke, and ga"e hi! the !ost fa"ourab e account of those %eo% eB affir!ing, before the faces of the %riests who "i ified the!, that they were har! ess, inoffensi"e, oya , friend y, industrious, and %ious( that they abhorred the cri!es of which they were accusedB and that, shou d an indi"idua , through his de%ra"ity, fa into any of those cri!es, he wou d, by their aws, be %unished in the !ost exe!% ary !anner# @ith res%ect to the chi dren, the gent e!en said, the %riests had to d the !ost gross and ridicu ous fa sities, for they were neither born with b ack throats, teeth in their !ouths, nor hair on their bodies, but were as fine chi dren as cou d be seen# C*nd to con"ince your highness of what we ha"e said, Qcontinued one of the gent e!enR, we ha"e brought twe "e of the %rinci%a !a e inhabitants, who are co!e to ask %ardon in the na!e of the rest, for ha"ing taken u% ar!s without your ea"e, though e"en in their own defence, and to %reser"e their i"es fro! their !erci ess ene!ies# *nd we ha"e ikewise brought se"era wo!en, with chi dren of "arious ages, that your highness !ay ha"e an o%%ortunity of %ersona y exa!ining the! as !uch as you % ease#C The duke, after acce%ting the a%o ogy of the twe "e de egates, con"ersing with the wo!en, and exa!ining the chi dren, gracious y dis!issed the!# +e then co!!anded the %riests, who had atte!%ted to !is ead hi!, i!!ediate y to ea"e the courtB and ga"e strict orders, that the %ersecution shou d cease throughout his do!inions# The @a denses had enjoyed %eace !any years, when Phi i%, the se"enth duke of ,a"oy, died, and his successor ha%%ened to be a "ery bigoted %a%ist# *bout the sa!e ti!e, so!e of the %rinci%a @a denses %ro%osed, that their c ergy shou d %reach in %ub ic, that e"ery one !ight know the %urity of their doctrines( for hitherto they had %reached on y in %ri"ate, and to such congregations as they we knew to consist of none but %ersons of the refor!ed re igion# )n hearing these %roceedings, the new duke was great y exas%erated, and sent a considerab e body of troo%s into the "a eys, swearing that if the %eo% e wou d not change their re igion, he wou d ha"e the! f ayed a i"e# The co!!ander of the troo%s soon found the i!%racticabi ity of conEuering the! with the nu!ber of !en he had with hi!, he, therefore, sent word to the duke, that the idea of subjugating the @a denses, with so s!a a force, was ridicu ousB that those %eo% e were better acEuainted with the country than any that were with hi!B that they had secured a the %asses, were we ar!ed, and reso ute y deter!ined to defend the!se "esB and, with res%ect to f aying the! a i"e, he said, that e"ery skin be onging to those %eo% e wou d cost hi! the i"es of a doAen of his subjects# Terrified at this infor!ation, the duke withdrew the troo%s, deter!ining to act not by force, but by stratage!# +e, therefore, ordered rewards for the taking of any of the @a denses, who !ight be found straying fro! their % aces of securityB and these, when taken, were either f ayed a i"e, or burnt# The @a denses had hitherto on y had the new Testa!ent and a few books of the ) d, in the @a densian tongueB but they deter!ined now to ha"e the sacred writings co!% ete in their own anguage# They, therefore, e!% oyed a ,wiss %rinter to furnish the! with a co!% ete edition of the ) d and ;ew Testa!ents in the @a densian tongue, which he did for the consideration of fifteen hundred crowns of go d, %aid hi! by those %ious %eo% e#

Po%e Pau the third, a bigoted %a%ist, ascending the %ontifica chair, i!!ediate y so icited the %ar ia!ent of Turin to %ersecute the @a denses, as the !ost %ernicious of a heretics# The %ar ia!ent readi y agreed, when se"era were sudden y a%%rehended and burnt by their order# *!ong these was Bartho o!ew +ector, a bookse er and stationer of Turin, who was brought u% a .o!an catho ic, but ha"ing read so!e treatises written by the refor!ed c ergy, he was fu y con"inced of the errors of the church of .o!eB yet his !ind was, for so!e ti!e, wa"ering, and he hard y knew what %ersuasion to e!brace# *t ength, howe"er, he fu y e!braced the refor!ed re igion, and was a%%rehended, as we ha"e a ready !entioned, and burnt by order of the %ar ia!ent of Turin# * consu tation was now he d by the %ar ia!ent of Turin, in which it was agreed to send de%uties to the "a eys of Pied!ont, with the fo owing %ro%ositions( F# That if the @a denses wou d co!e to the boso! of the church of .o!e, and e!brace the .o!an catho ic re igion, they shou d enjoy their houses, %ro%erties and ands, and i"e with their fa!i ies, without the east !o estation# /# That to %ro"e their obedience, they shou d send twe "e of their %rinci%a %ersons, with a their !inisters and schoo !asters, to Turin, to be dea t with at discretion# H# That the %o%e, the king of France, and the duke of ,a"oy, a%%ro"ed of, and authoriAed the %roceedings of the %ar ia!ent of Turin, u%on this occasion# 5# That if the @a denses of the "a eys of Pied!ont, refused to co!% y with these %ro%ositions, %ersecution shou d ensue, and certain death be their %ortion# To each of these %ro%ositions the @a denses nob y re% ied in the fo owing !anner, answering the! res%ecti"e y( F# That no considerations whate"er shou d !ake the! renounce their re igion# /# That they wou d ne"er consent to co!!it their best and !ost res%ectab e friends, to the custody and discretion of their worst and !ost in"eterate ene!ies# H# That they "a ued the a%%robation of the <ing of kings, who reigns in hea"en, !ore than any te!%ora authority# 5# That their sou s were !ore %recious than their bodies# These %ointed and s%irited re% ies great y exas%erated the %ar ia!ent of TurinB they continued, with !ore a"idity than e"er, to kidna% such @a denses as did not act with %ro%er %recaution, who were sure to suffer the !ost crue deaths# *!ong these, it unfortunate y ha%%ened, that they got ho d of Jeffery ?arnag e, !inister of *ngrogne, who! they co!!itted to the f a!es as a heretic# They then so icited a considerab e body of troo%s of the king of France, in order to exter!inate the refor!ed entire y fro! the "a eys of Pied!ontB but just as the troo%s were going to !arch, the %rotestant %rinces of Ger!any inter%osed, and threatened to send troo%s to assist the @a denses, if they shou d be attacked# The king of France, not caring to enter into a war, re!anded the troo%s, and sent word to the %ar ia!ent of Turin, that he cou d

not s%are any troo%s at %resent to act in Pied!ont# The !e!bers of the %ar ia!ent were great y "exed at this disa%%oint!ent, and the %ersecution gradua y ceased, for as they cou d on y %ut to death such of the refor!ed as they caught by chance, and as the @a denses dai y grew !ore cautious, their crue ty was ob iged to subside, for want of objects on who! to exercise it# *fter the @a denses had enjoyed a few years tranEui ity, they were again disturbed by the fo owing !eans( the %o%e's nuncio co!ing to Turin to the duke of ,a"oy u%on business, to d that %rince, he was astonished he had not yet either rooted out the @a denses fro! the "a eys of Pied!ont entire y, or co!%e ed the! to enter into the boso! of the church of .o!e# That he cou d not he % ooking u%on such conduct with a sus%icious eye, and that he rea y thought hi! a fa"ourer of those heretics, and shou d re%ort the affair according y to his ho iness the %o%e# ,tung by this ref ection, and unwi ing to be !isre%resented to the %o%e, the duke deter!ined to act with the greatest se"erity, in order to show his Aea , and to !ake a!ends for for!er neg ect by future crue ty# +e, according y, issued ex%ress orders for a the @a denses to attend !ass regu ar y on %ain of death# This they abso ute y refused to do, on which he entered the Pied!ontese "a eys, with a for!idab e body of troo%s, and began a !ost furious %ersecution, in which great nu!bers were hanged, drowned, ri%%ed o%en, tied to trees, and %ierced with %rongs, thrown fro! %reci%ices, burnt, stabbed, racked to death, crucified with their heads downwards, worried by dogs, Kc# These who f ed had their goods % undered, and their houses burnt to the ground( they were %articu ar y crue when they caught a !inister or a schoo !aster, who! they %ut to such exEuisite tortures, as are a !ost incredib e to concei"e# 8f any who! they took see!ed wa"ering in their faith, they did not %ut the! to death, but sent the! to the ga eys, to be !ade con"erts by dint of hardshi%s# The !ost crue %ersecutors, u%on this occasion, that attended the duke, were three in nu!ber, "iA# F# Tho!as 8nco!e , an a%ostate, for he was brought u% in the refor!ed re igion, but renounced his faith, e!braced the errors of %o%ery, and turned !onk# +e was a great ibertine, gi"en to unnatura cri!es, and sordid y so icitous for % under of the @a denses# /# 9orbis, a !an of a "ery ferocious and crue nature, whose business was to exa!ine the %risoners#DH# The %ro"ost of justice, who was "ery anxious for the execution of the @a denses, as e"ery execution %ut !oney in his %ocket# These three %ersons were un!ercifu to the ast degreeB and where"er they ca!e, the b ood of the innocent was sure to f ow# Exc usi"e of the crue ties exercised by the duke, by these three %ersons, and the ar!y, in their different !arches, !any oca barbarities were co!!itted# *t Pignero , a town in the "a eys, was a !onastery, the !onks of which, finding they !ight injure the refor!ed with i!%unity, began to % under the houses and %u down the churches of the @a denses# ;ot !eeting with any o%%osition, they seiAed u%on the %ersons of those unha%%y %eo% e, !urdering the !en, confining the wo!en, and %utting the chi dren to .o!an catho ic nurses# The .o!an catho ic inhabitants of the "a ey in ,t# Martin, ikewise, did a they cou d to tor!ent the neighbouring @a denses( they destroyed their churches, burnt their houses, seiAed their %ro%erties, sto e their catt e,

con"erted their ands to their own use, co!!itted their !inisters to the f a!es, and dro"e the @a denses to the woods, where they had nothing to subsist on but wi d fruits, roots, the bark of trees, Kc# ,o!e .o!an catho ic ruffians ha"ing seiAed a !inister as he was going to %reach, deter!ined to take hi! to a con"enient % ace, and burn hi!# +is %arishioners ha"ing inte igence of this affair, the !en ar!ed the!se "es, %ursued the ruffians, and see!ed deter!ined to rescue their !inisterB which the ruffians no sooner %ercei"ed than they stabbed the %oor gent e!an, and ea"ing hi! we tering in his b ood, !ade a %reci%itate retreat# The astonished %arishioners did a they cou d to reco"er hi!, but in "ainB for the wea%on had touched the "ita %arts, and he ex%ired as they were carrying hi! ho!e# The !onks of Pignero ha"ing a great inc ination to get the !inister of a town in the "a eys, ca ed ,t# Ger!ain, into their %ower, hired a band of ruffians for the %ur%ose of a%%rehending hi!# These fe ows were conducted by a treacherous %erson, who had for!er y been a ser"ant to the c ergy!an, and who %erfect y we knew a secret way to the house, by which he cou d ead the! without a ar!ing the neighbourhood# The guide knocked at the door, and being asked who was there, answered in his own na!e# The c ergy!an, not ex%ecting any injury fro! a %erson on who! he had hea%ed fa"ours, i!!ediate y o%ened the doorB but %ercei"ing the ruffians, he started back, and f ed to a back doorB but they rushed in, fo owed, and seiAed hi!# +a"ing !urdered a his fa!i y, they !ade hi! %roceed towards Pignero , goading hi! a the way with %ikes, ances, swords, Kc# +e was ke%t a considerab e ti!e in %rison, and then fastened to the stake to be burntB when two wo!en of the @a denses, who had renounced their re igion to sa"e their i"es, were ordered to carry fagots to the stake to burn hi!B and as they aid the! down, to say, Take these, thou wicked heretic, in reco!%ense for the %ernicious doctrines thou hast taught us# These words they both re%eated to hi! to which he ca ! y re% ied, 8 for!er y taught you we , but you ha"e since earned i # The fire was then %ut to the fagots, and he was s%eedi y consu!ed, ca ing u%on the na!e of the 'ord as ong as his "oice %er!itted# *s the troo%s of ruffians, be onging to the !onks, did great !ischief about the town of ,t# Ger!ain, !urdering and % undering !any of the inhabitants, the refor!ed of 'ucerne and *ngrogne, sent so!e bands of ar!ed !en to the assistance of their brethren of ,t# Ger!ain# These bodies of ar!ed !en freEuent y attacked the ruffians, and often %ut the! to the rout, which so terrified the !onks, that they eft the !onastery of Pignero for so!e ti!e, ti they cou d %rocure a body of regu ar troo%s to guard the!# The duke not thinking hi!se f so successfu as he at first i!agined he shou d be, great y aug!ented his forcesB ordered the bands of ruffians, be onging to the !onks, shou d join hi!B and co!!anded, that a genera jai &de i"ery shou d take % ace, %ro"ided the %ersons re eased wou d bear ar!s, and for! the!se "es into ight co!%anies, to assist in the exter!ination of the @a denses# The @a denses, being infor!ed of the %roceedings, secured as !uch of their %ro%erties as they cou d, and Euitting the "a eys, retired to the rocks and ca"es a!ong the * %sB for it is to be understood, that the "a eys of Pied!ont are situated at the foot of those %rodigious !ountains ca ed the * %s, or the * %ine hi s#

The ar!y now began to % under and burn the towns and "i ages where"er they ca!eB but the troo%s cou d not force the %asses to the * %s, which were ga ant y defended by the @a denses, who a ways re%u sed their ene!ies( but if any fe into the hands of the troo%s, they were sure to be treated with the !ost barbarous se"erity# * so dier ha"ing caught one of the @a denses, bit his right ear off, saying, 8 wi carry this !e!ber of that wicked heretic with !e into !y own country, and %reser"e it as a rarity# +e then stabbed the !an and threw hi! into a ditch# * %arty of the troo%s found a "enerab e !an, u%wards of a hundred years of age, together with his grand&daughter, a !aiden, of about eighteen, in a ca"e# They butchered the %oor o d !an in the !ost inhu!an !anner, and then atte!%ted to ra"ish the gir , when she started away and f ed fro! the!B but they %ursuing her, she threw herse f fro! a %reci%ice and %erished# The @a denses, in order the !ore effectua y to be ab e to re%e force by force, entered into a eague with the %rotestant %owers of Ger!any, and with the refor!ed of -au%hiny and Prage a# These were res%ecti"e y to furnish bodies of troo%sB and the @a denses deter!ined, when thus reinforced, to Euit the !ountains of the * %s, Qwhere they !ust soon ha"e %erished, as the winter was co!ing on,R and to force the duke's ar!y to e"acuate their nati"e "a eys# The duke of ,a"oy was now tired of the warB it had cost hi! great fatigue and anxiety of !ind, a "ast nu!ber of !en, and "ery considerab e su!s of !oney# 8t had been !uch !ore tedious and b oody than he ex%ected, as we as !ore ex%ensi"e than he cou d at first ha"e i!agined, for he thought the % under wou d ha"e discharged the ex%enses of the ex%editionB but in this he was !istaken, for the %o%e's nuncio, the bisho%s, !onks, and other ecc esiastics, who attended the ar!y and encouraged the war, sunk the greatest %art of the wea th that was taken under "arious %retences# For these reasons, and the death of his duchess, of which he had just recei"ed inte igence, and fearing that the @a denses, by the treaties they had entered into, wou d beco!e !ore %owerfu than e"er, he deter!ined to return to Turin with his ar!y, and to !ake %eace with the @a denses# This reso ution he executed, though great y against the wi of the ecc esiastics, who were the chief gainers, and the best % eased with re"enge# Before the artic es of %eace cou d be ratified, the duke hi!se f died, soon after his return to TurinB but on his death&bed he strict y enjoined his son to %erfor! what he intended, and to be as fa"ourab e as %ossib e to the @a denses# The duke's son, 9har es E!!anue , succeeded to the do!inions of ,a"oy, and ga"e a fu ratification of %eace to the @a denses, according to the ast injunctions of his father, though the ecc esiastics did a they cou d to %ersuade hi! to the contrary# An a&&ount of the Perse&utions in Veni&e. @hi e the state of ?enice was free fro! inEuisitors, a great nu!ber of %rotestants fixed their residence there, and !any con"erts were !ade by

the %urity of the doctrines they %rofessed, and the inoffensi"eness of the con"ersation they used# The %o%e being infor!ed of the great increase of %rotestantis!, in the year F0F/ sent inEuisitors to ?enice to !ake an inEuiry into the !atter, and a%%rehend such as they !ight dee! obnoxious %ersons# +ence a se"ere %ersecution began, and !any worthy %ersons were !artyred for ser"ing God with %urity, and scorning the tra%%ings of ido atry# ?arious were the !odes by which the %rotestants were de%ri"ed of ifeB but one %articu ar !ethod, which was first in"ented u%on this occasion, we sha describeB as soon as sentence was %assed, the %risoner had an iron chain which ran through a great stone fastened to his body# +e was then aid f at u%on a % ank, with his face u%wards, and rowed between two boats to a certain distance at sea, when the two boats se%arated, and he was sunk to the botto! by the weight of the stone# 8f any denied the jurisdiction of the inEuisitors at ?enice, they were sent to .o!e, where, being co!!itted %ur%ose y to da!% %risons, and ne"er ca ed to a hearing, their f esh !ortified, and they died !iserab y in jai # * citiAen of ?enice, *nthony .icetti, being a%%rehended as a %rotestant, was sentenced to be drowned in the !anner we ha"e a ready described# * few days %re"ious to the ti!e a%%ointed for his execution, his son went to see hi!, and begged hi! to recant, that his wife !ight be sa"ed, and hi!se f not eft father ess# To which the father re% ied, a good christian is bound to re inEuish not on y goods and chi dren, but ife itse f, for the g ory of his .edee!er( therefore 8 a! reso "ed to sacrifice e"ery thing in this transitory wor d, for the sake of sa "ation in a wor d that wi ast to eternity# The ords of ?enice ikewise sent hi! word, that if he wou d e!brace the .o!an catho ic re igion, they wou d not on y gi"e hi! his ife, but redee! a considerab e estate which he had !ortgaged, and free y %resent hi! with it# This, howe"er, he abso ute y refused to co!% y with, sending word to the nob es that he "a ued his sou beyond a other considerationsB and being to d that a fe ow&%risoner, na!ed Francis ,ega, had recanted, he answered, if he has forsaken God, 8 %ity hi!B but 8 sha continue steadfast in !y duty# Finding a endea"ours to %ersuade hi! to renounce his faith ineffectua , he was executed according to his sentence, dying cheerfu y, and reco!!ending his sou fer"ent y to the * !ighty# @hat .icetti had been to d concerning the a%ostacy of Francis ,ega, was abso ute y fa se, for he had ne"er offered to recant, but steadfast y %ersisted in his faith, and was executed, a few days after .icetti, in the "ery sa!e !anner# Francis ,%ino a, a %rotestant gent e!an of "ery great earning, being a%%rehended by order of the inEuisitors, was carried before their tribuna # * treatise on the 'ord's su%%er was then %ut into his hands and he was asked if he knew the author of it# To which he re% ied, 8 confess !yse f to be the author of it, and at the sa!e ti!e so e!n y affir!, that there is not a ine in it but what is authoriAed by, and consonant to, the ho y scri%tures# )n this confession he was co!!itted c ose %risoner to a dungeon for se"era days# Being brought to a second exa!ination, he charged the %o%e's egate, and the inEuisitors, with being !erci ess barbarians, and then re%resented the su%erstitions and ido atries %ractised by the church of .o!e in so g aring a

ight, that not being ab e to refute his argu!ents, they sent hi! back to his dungeon, to !ake hi! re%ent of what he had said# )n his third exa!ination, they asked hi! if he wou d recant his errorsS To which he answered, that the doctrines he !aintained were not erroneous, being %ure y the sa!e as those which 9hrist and his a%ost es had taught, and which were handed down to us in the sacred writings# The inEuisitors then sentenced hi! to be drowned, which was executed in the !anner a ready described# +e went to !eet death with the ut!ost serenity, see!ed to wish for disso ution, and dec aring, that the %ro ongation of his ife did but tend to retard that rea ha%%iness which cou d on y be ex%ected in the wor d to co!e# An a&&ount of se2eral remar able indi2iduals( who were martyred in different parts of Italy( on a&&ount of their reli1ion. John Mo ius was born at .o!e, of re%utab e %arents# *t twe "e years of age they % aced hi! in the !onastery of Gray Friars, where he !ade such a ra%id %rogress in arts, sciences, and anguages, that at eighteen years of age he was %er!itted to take %riest's orders# +e was then sent to Ferrara, where, after %ursuing his studies six years onger, he was !ade theo ogica reader in the uni"ersity of that city# +e now, unha%%i y, exerted his great ta ents to disguise the gos%e truths, and to "arnish o"er the errors of the church of .o!e# *fter so!e years residence in Ferrara, he re!o"ed to the uni"ersity of Bononia, where he beca!e a %rofessor# +a"ing read so!e treatises written by !inisters of the refor!ed re igion, he grew fu y sensib e of the errors of %o%ery, and soon beca!e a Aea ous %rotestant in his heart# +e now deter!ined to ex%ound, according y to the %urity of the gos%e , ,t# Pau 's e%ist e to the .o!ans, in a regu ar course of ser!ons# The concourse of %eo% e that continua y attended his %reaching was sur%rising, but when the %riests found the tenor of his doctrines, they des%atched an account of the affair to .o!eB when the %o%e sent a !onk, na!ed 9orne ius, to Bononia, to ex%ound the sa!e e%ist e, according to the tenets of the church of .o!e# The %eo% e, howe"er, found such a dis%arity between the two %reachers, that the audience of Mo ius increased, and 9orne ius was forced to %reach to e!%ty benches# 9orne ius wrote an account of his bad success to the %o%e, who i!!ediate y sent an order to a%%rehend Mo ius, who was seiAed u%on according y, and ke%t in c ose confine!ent# The bisho% of Bononia sent hi! word that he !ust recant, or be burntB but he a%%ea ed to .o!e, and was re!o"ed thither# *t .o!e he begged to ha"e a %ub ic tria , but that the %o%e abso ute y denied hi!, and co!!anded hi! to gi"e an account of his o%inions in writing, which he did under the fo owing heads( )rigina sin# Free&wi # The infa ibi ity of the church of .o!e# The infa ibi ity of the %o%e# Justification by faith# Purgatory# Transubstantiation# Mass# *uricu ar confession# Prayers for the dead# The host# Prayers for saints# Going on %i gri!ages# Extre!e unction# Perfor!ing ser"ice in an unknown tongue, Kc# Kc# * these he confir!ed fro! scri%ture authority# The %o%e, u%on this occasion, for %o itica reasons, s%ared hi! for the %resent, but soon after had

hi! a%%rehended, and %ut to deathB he being first hanged, and his body burnt to ashes, *# -# F00H# The year after, Francis Ga!ba, a 'o!bard, of the %rotestant %ersuasion, was a%%rehended, and conde!ned to death by the senate of Mi an# *t the % ace of execution, a !onk %resented a cross to hi!, to who! he said, My !ind is so fu of the rea !erits and goodness of 9hrist, that 8 want not a %iece of sense ess stick to %ut !e in !ind of hi!# For this ex%ression his tongue was bored through, and he was afterwards burnt# *# -# F000, * gerius, a student in the uni"ersity of Padua, and a !an of great earning, ha"ing e!braced the refor!ed re igion, did a he cou d to con"ert others# For these %roceedings he was accused of heresy to the %o%e, and being a%%rehended, was co!!itted to the %rison at ?enice# The %o%e, being infor!ed of * gerius's great earning, and sur%rising natura abi ities, thought it wou d be of infinite ser"ice to the church of .o!e, if he cou d induce hi! to forsake the %rotestant cause# +e, therefore, sent for hi! to .o!e, and tried, by the !ost %rofane %ro!ises, to win hi! to his %ur%ose# But finding his endea"ours ineffectua , he ordered hi! to be burnt, which sentence was executed according y# *# -# F00I, John * oysius, being sent fro! Gene"a to %reach in 9a abria, was there a%%rehended as a %rotestant, carried to .o!e, and burnt by order of the %o%eB and Ja!es Bo"e us, for the sa!e reason, was burnt at Messina# *# -# F0J1, %o%e Pius the Fourth, ordered a the %rotestants to be se"ere y %ersecuted throughout the 8ta ian states, when great nu!bers of e"ery age, sex, and condition, suffered !artyrdo!# 9oncerning the crue ties %ractised u%on this occasion, a earned and hu!ane .o!an catho ic thus s%oke of the!, in a etter to a nob e ord( C8 cannot, !y ord, forbear disc osing !y senti!ents, with res%ect to the %ersecution now carrying on( 8 think it crue and unnecessaryB 8 tre!b e at the !anner of %utting to death, as it rese!b es !ore the s aughter of ca "es and shee%, than the execution of hu!an beings# 8 wi re ate to your ordshi% a dreadfu scene, of which 8 was !yse f an eye&witness( se"enty %rotestants were coo%ed u% in one fi thy dungeon togetherB the executioner went in a!ong the!, %icked out one fro! a!ong the rest, b indfo ded hi!, ed hi! out to an o%en % ace before the %rison, and cut his throat with the greatest co!%osure# +e then ca ! y wa ked into the %rison again, b oody as he was, and with the knife in his hand se ected another, and des%atched hi! in the sa!e !annerB and this, !y ord, he re%eated ti the who e nu!ber were %ut to death# 8 ea"e it to your ordshi%'s fee ings to judge of !y sensations u%on this occasionB !y tears now wash the %a%er u%on which 8 gi"e you the recita # *nother thing 8 !ust !entionDthe %atience with which they !et death( they see!ed a resignation and %iety, fer"ent y %raying to God, and cheerfu y encountering their fate# 8 cannot ref ect without shuddering, how the executioner he d the b oody knife between his teethB what a dreadfu figure he a%%eared, a co"ered with b ood, and with what unconcern he executed his barbarous office#C * young Eng ish!an who ha%%ened to be at .o!e, was one day %assing by a church, when the %rocession of the host was just co!ing out# * bisho% carried the host, which the young !an %ercei"ing, he snatched it fro! hi!, threw it u%on the ground, and tra!% ed it under his feet, crying out, $e wretched ido aters, who neg ect the true God, to adore a !orse of bread#

This action so %ro"oked the %eo% e, that they wou d ha"e torn hi! to %ieces on the s%otB but the %riests %ersuaded the! to et hi! abide by the sentence of the %o%e# @hen the affair was re%resented to the %o%e, he was so great y exas%erated that he ordered the %risoner to be burnt i!!ediate yB but a cardina dissuaded hi! fro! this hasty sentence, saying, it was better to %unish hi! by s ow degrees, and to torture hi!, that they !ight find out if he had been instigated by any %articu ar %erson to co!!it so atrocious an act# This being a%%ro"ed, he was tortured with the !ost exe!% ary se"erity, notwithstanding which they cou d on y get these words fro! hi!, 8t was the wi of God that 8 shou d do as 8 did# The %o%e then %assed this sentence u%on hi!# F# That he shou d be ed by the executioner, naked to the !idd e, through the streets of .o!e# /# That he shou d wear the i!age of the de"i u%on his head# H# That his breeches shou d be %ainted with the re%resentation of f a!es# 5# That he shou d ha"e his right hand cut off# 0# That after ha"ing been carried about thus in %rocession, he shou d be burnt# @hen he heard this sentence %ronounced, he i!% ored God to gi"e hi! strength and fortitude to go through it# *s he %assed through the streets he was great y derided by the %eo% e, to who! he said so!e se"ere things res%ecting the .o!ish su%erstition# But a cardina , who attended the %rocession, o"erhearing hi!, ordered hi! to be gagged# @hen he ca!e to the church door, where he tra!% ed on the host, the hang!an cut off his right hand, and fixed it on a %o e# Then two tor!entors, with f a!ing torches, scorched and burnt his f esh a the rest of the way# *t the % ace of execution he kissed the chains that were to bind hi! to the stake# * !onk %resenting the figure of a saint to hi!, he struck it aside, and then being chained to the stake, fire was %ut to the fagots, and he was soon burnt to ashes# * itt e after the ast !entioned execution, a "enerab e o d !an, who had ong been a %risoner in the inEuisition, was conde!ned to be burnt, and brought out for execution# @hen he was fastened to the stake, a %riest he d a crucifix to hi!, on which he said C8f you do not take that ido fro! !y sight, you wi constrain !e to s%it u%on it#C The %riest rebuked hi! for this with great se"erityB but he bade hi! re!e!ber the first and second co!!and!ents, and refrain fro! ido atry, as God hi!se f had co!!anded# +e was then gagged, that he shou d not s%eak any !ore, and fire being %ut to the fagots, he suffered !artyrdo! in the f a!es# An A&&ount of the Perse&utions in the Marquisate of Salu&es. The MarEuisate of ,a uces, on the south side of the "a eys of Pied!ont, was in *# -# F0JF, %rinci%a y inhabited by %rotestants, when the !arEuis, who was %ro%rietor of it, began a %ersecution against the! at the instigation of the then %o%e# +e began by banishing the !inisters, and if any of the! refused to ea"e their f ocks, they were sure to be i!%risoned, and se"ere y torturedB howe"er, he did not %roceed so far as to %ut any to death#

,oon after the !arEuisate fe into the %ossession of the duke of ,a"oy, who sent circu ar etters to a the towns and "i ages, that he ex%ected the %eo% e shou d a confor! to go to !ass# The inhabitants of ,a uces, u%on recei"ing this etter, returned a genera e%ist e, in answer# The duke, after reading the etter, did not interru%t the %rotestants for so!e ti!eB but, at ength, he sent the! word, that they !ust either confor! to the !ass, or ea"e his do!inions in fifteen days# The %rotestants, u%on this unex%ected edict, sent a de%uty to the duke to obtain its re"ocation, or at east to ha"e it !oderated# But their re!onstrances were in "ain, and they were gi"en to understand that the edict was abso ute# ,o!e were weak enough to go to !ass, in order to a"oid banish!ent, and %reser"e their %ro%ertyB others re!o"ed, with a their effects, to different countriesB and !any neg ected the ti!e so ong, that they were ob iged to abandon a they were worth, and ea"e the !arEuisate in haste# Those, who unha%%i y staid behind, were seiAed, % undered, and %ut to death# An A&&ount of the Perse&utions in the Valleys of Piedmont( in the Se2enteenth 8entury. Po%e 9 e!ent the eighth, sent !issionaries into the "a eys of Pied!ont, to induce the %rotestants to renounce their re igionB and these !issionaries ha"ing erected !onasteries in se"era %arts of the "a eys, beca!e exceeding y troub eso!e to those of the refor!ed, where the !onasteries a%%eared, not on y as fortresses to curb, but as sanctuaries for a such to f y to, as had any ways injured the!# The %rotestants %etitioned the duke of ,a"oy against these !issionaries, whose inso ence and i &usage were beco!e into erab eB but instead of getting any redress, the interest of the !issionaries so far %re"ai ed, that the duke %ub ished a decree, in which he dec ared, that one witness shou d be sufficient in a court of aw against a %rotestant, and that any witness, who con"icted a %rotestant of any cri!e whate"er, shou d be entit ed to one hundred crowns# 8t !ay be easi y i!agined, u%on the %ub ication of a decree of this nature, that !any %rotestants fe !artyrs to %erjury and a"ariceB for se"era "i anous %a%ists wou d swear any thing against the %rotestants for the sake of the reward, and then f y to their own %riests for abso ution fro! their fa se oaths# 8f any .o!an catho ic, of !ore conscience than the rest, b a!ed these fe ows for their atrocious cri!es, they the!se "es were in danger of being infor!ed against and %unished as fa"ourers of heretics# The !issionaries did a they cou d to get the books of the %rotestants into their hands, in order to burn the!B when the %rotestants doing their ut!ost endea"ours to concea their books, the !issionaries wrote to the duke of ,a"oy, who, for the heinous cri!e of not surrendering their bib es, %rayer& books, and re igious treatises, sent a nu!ber of troo%s to be Euartered on the!# These !i itary gentry did great !ischief in the houses of the %rotestants, and destroyed such Euantities of %ro"isions, that !any fa!i ies were thereby ruined# To encourage, as !uch as %ossib e, the a%ostacy of the %rotestants, the duke of ,a"oy %ub ished a %roc a!ation wherein he said, CTo encourage the

heretics to turn catho ics, it is our wi and % easure, and we do hereby ex%ress y co!!and, that a such as sha e!brace the ho y .o!an catho ic faith, sha enjoy an exe!%tion, fro! a and e"ery tax for the s%ace of fi"e years, co!!encing fro! the day of their con"ersion#C The duke of ,a"oy ikewise estab ished a court, ca ed the counci for extir%ating the heretics# This court was to enter into inEuiries concerning the ancient %ri"i eges of the %rotestant churches, and the decrees which had been, fro! ti!e to ti!e, !ade in fa"our of the %rotestants# But the in"estigation of these things was carried on with the !ost !anifest %artia ityB o d charters were wrested to a wrong sense, and so%histry was used to %er"ert the !eaning of e"ery thing, which tended to fa"our the refor!ed# *s if these se"erities were not sufficient, the duke, soon after, %ub ished another edict, in which he strict y co!!anded, that no %rotestant shou d act as a schoo !aster, or tutor, either in %ub ic or %ri"ate, or dare to teach any art, science, or anguage, direct y or indirect y, to %ersons of any %ersuasion whate"er# This edict was i!!ediate y fo owed by another, which decreed, that no %rotestant shou d ho d any % ace of %rofit, trust, or honourB and to wind u% the who e, the certain token of an a%%roaching %ersecution ca!e forth in a fina edict, by which it was %ositi"e y ordered, that a %rotestants shou d di igent y attend !ass# The %ub ication of an edict, containing such an injunction, !ay be co!%ared to unfur ing the b oody f agB for !urder and ra%ine were sure to fo ow# )ne of the first objects that attracted the notice of the %a%ists, was Mr# ,ebastian Basan, a Aea ous %rotestant, who was seiAed by the !issionaries, confined, tor!ented for fifteen !onths, and then burnt# Pre"ious to the %ersecution, the !issionaries e!% oyed kidna%%ers to stea away the %rotestants' chi dren, that they !ight %ri"ate y be brought u% .o!an catho icsB but now they took away the chi dren by o%en force, and if they !et with any resistance, !urdered the %arents# To gi"e greater "igour to the %ersecution, the duke of ,a"oy ca ed a genera asse!b y of the .o!an catho ic nobi ity and gentry when a so e!n edict was %ub ished against the refor!ed, containing !any heads, and inc uding se"era reasons for extir%ating the %rotestants a!ong which were the fo owing( F# For the %reser"ation of the %a%a authority# /# That the church i"ings !ay be a under one !ode of go"ern!ent# H# To !ake a union a!ong a %arties# 5# 8n honour of a the saints, and of the cere!onies of the church of .o!e# This se"ere edict was fo owed by a !ost crue order, %ub ished on January /0, *# -# FJ00, under the duke's sanction, by *ndrew Gasta do, doctor of ci"i aws# This order set forth, CThat e"ery head of a fa!i y, with the indi"idua s of that fa!i y, of the refor!ed re igion, of what rank, degree, or condition soe"or, none exce%ted inhabiting and %ossessing estates in 'ucerne, ,t# Gio"anni, Bibiana, 9a!%ig ione, ,t# ,econdo, 'ucernetta, 'a Torre, Feni e, and Bricherassio, shou d, within three days after the %ub ication thereof, withdraw and de%art, and be withdrawn out of the said % aces, and trans ated into the % aces and i!its to erated by his highness during his % easureB %articu ar y Bobbio, *ngrogna, ?i aro?i aro, .orata, and the county of Bonetti#

C*nd a this to be done on %ain of death, and confiscation of house and goods, un ess within the i!ited ti!e they turned .o!an catho ics#C * f ight with such s%eed, in the !idst of winter, !ay be concei"ed as no agreeab e task, es%ecia y in a country a !ost surrounded by !ountains# The sudden order affected a , and things, which wou d ha"e been scarce y noticed at another ti!e, now a%%eared in the !ost cons%icuous ight# @o!en with chi d, or wo!en just ain&in, were not objects of %ity on this order for sudden re!o"a , for a were inc uded in the co!!andB and it unfortunate y ha%%ened, that the winter was re!arkab y se"ere and rigourous# The %a%ists, howe"er, dro"e the %eo% e fro! their habitations at the ti!e a%%ointed, without e"en suffering the! to ha"e sufficient c othes to co"er the!B and !any %erished in the !ountains through the se"erity of the weather, or for want of food# ,o!e, howe"er, who re!ained behind after the decree was %ub ished, !et with the se"erest treat!ent, being !urdered by the %o%ish inhabitants, or shot by the troo%s who were Euartered in the "a eys# * %articu ar descri%tion of these crue ties is gi"en in a etter, written by a %rotestant, who was u%on the s%ot, and who ha%%i y esca%ed the carnage# CThe ar!y Qsays heR ha"ing got footing, beca!e "ery nu!erous, by the addition of a !u titude of the neighbouring %o%ish inhabitants, who finding we were the destined %rey of the % underers, fe u%on us with an i!%etuous fury# Exc usi"e of the duke of ,a"oy's troo%s, and the %o%ish inhabitants, there were se"era regi!ents of French auxi iaries, so!e co!%anies be onging to the 8rish brigades, and se"era bands for!ed of out aws, s!ugg ers, and %risoners, who had been %ro!ised %ardon and iberty in this wor d, and abso ution in the next, for assisting to exter!inate the %rotestants fro! Pied!ont# CThis ar!ed !u titude being encouraged by the .o!an catho ic bisho%s and !onks, fe u%on the %rotestants in a !ost furious !anner# ;othing now was to be seen but the face of horror and des%air, b ood stained the f oors of the houses, dead bodies bestrewed the streets, groans and cries were heard fro! a %arts# ,o!e ar!ed the!se "es, and skir!ished with the troo%sB and !any, with their fa!i ies, f ed to the !ountains# 8n one "i age they crue y tor!ented F01 wo!en and chi dren after the !en were f ed, beheading the wo!en, and dashing out the brains of the chi dren# 8n the towns of ?i aro and Bobbio, !ost of those who refused to go to !ass, who were u%wards of fifteen years of age, they crucified with their heads downwardsB and the greatest nu!ber of those who were under that age were strang ed#C ,arah .astigno e des ?ignes, a wo!an of J1 years of age, being seiAed by so!e so diers, they ordered her to say a %rayer to so!e saints, which she refusing, they thrust a sick e into her be y, ri%%ed her u%, and then cut off her head# Martha 9onstantine, a handso!e young wo!an, was treated with great indecency and crue ty by se"era of the troo%s, who first ra"ished, and then ki ed her, by cutting off her breasts# These they fried, and set before so!e of their co!rades, who ate the! without knowing what they were# @hen they had done eating, the others to d the! what they had !ade a !ea of, in conseEuence of which a Euarre ensued, swords were drawn, and a batt e took % ace# ,e"era were ki ed in the fray, the greater %art of who! were

those concerned in the horrid !assacre of the wo!an, and who had %ractised such an inhu!an dece%tion on their co!%anions# ,o!e of the so diers seiAed a !an of Thrassiniere, and ran the %oints of their swords through his ears, and through his feet# They then tore off the nai s of his fingers and toes with red&hot %incers, tied hi! to the tai of an ass, and dragged hi! about the streetsB and, fina y fastened a cord round his head, which they twisted with a stick in so "io ent a !anner as to wring it fro! his body# Peter ,y!onds, a %rotestant, of about eighty years of age, was tied neck and hee s, and then thrown down a %reci%ice# 8n the fa the branch of a tree caught ho d of the ro%es that fastened hi!, and sus%ended hi! in the !idway, so that he anguished for se"era days, and at ength !iserab y %erished of hunger# Esay Garcino, refusing to renounce his re igion, was cut into s!a %iecesB the so diers, in ridicu e, saying, they had !inced hi!# * wo!an, na!ed *r!and, had e"ery i!b se%arated fro! each other, and then the res%ecti"e %arts were hung u%on a hedge# Two o d wo!en were ri%%ed o%en, and then eft in the fie ds u%on the snow where they %erishedB and a "ery o d wo!an, who was defor!ed, had her nose and hands cut off, and was eft, to b eed to death in that !anner# * great nu!ber of !en, wo!en, and chi dren, were f ung fro! the rocks, and dashed to %ieces# Magda en Bertino, a %rotestant wo!an of 'a Torre, was stri%%ed stark naked, her head tied between her egs, and thrown down one of the %reci%icesB and Mary .ay!ondet, of the sa!e town, had the f esh s iced fro! her bones ti she ex%ired# Magda en Pi ot, of ?i aro, was cut to %ieces in the ca"e of 9asto usB *nn 9harboniere had one end of a stake thrust u% her bodyB and the other being fixed in the ground, she was eft in that !anner to %erish, and Jacob Perrin the e der, of the church of ?i aro, and -a"id, his brother, were f ayed a i"e# *n inhabitant of 'a Torre, na!ed Gio"anni *ndrea Michia !, was a%%rended, with four of his chi dren, three of the! were hacked to %ieces before hi!, the so diers asking hi!, at the death of e"ery chi d, if he wou d renounce his re igion which he constant y refused# )ne of the so diers then took u% the ast and youngest by the egs, and %utting the sa!e Euestion to the father he re% ied as before, when the inhu!an brute dashed out the chi d's brains# The father, howe"er, at the sa!e !o!ent started fro! the!, and f ed( the so diers fired after hi!, but !issed hi!B and he, by the swiftness of his hee s, esca%ed, and hid hi!se f in the * %s# %urther Perse&utions in the Valleys of Piedmont( in the se2enteenth 8entury. Gio"anni Pe anchion, for refusing to turn %a%ist, was tied by one eg to the tai of a !u e, and dragged through the streets of 'ucerne, a!idst the acc a!ations of an inhu!an !ob, who ke%t stoning hi!, and crying out, +e is %ossessed with the de"i , so that, neither stoning, nor dragging hi! through the streets, wi ki hi!, for the de"i kee%s hi! a i"e# They then took hi! to the ri"er side, cho%%ed off his head, and eft that and his body unburied, u%on the bank of the strea!# Magda en, the daughter of Peter Fontaine, a beautifu chi d of ten years of age, was ra"ished and !urdered by the so diers# *nother gir of about the

sa!e age, they roasted a i"e at ?i a ;o"aB and a %oor wo!an, hearing the so diers were co!ing toward her house, snatched u% the crad e in which her infant son was as ee%, and f ed toward the woods# The so diers, howe"er, saw and %ursued her, when she ightened herse f by %utting down the crad e and chi d, which the so diers no sooner ca!e to, than they !urdered the infant, and continuing the %ursuit, found the !other in a ca"e, where they first ra"ished, and then cut her to %ieces# Jacob Miche ino, chief e der of the church of Bobbio, and se"era other %rotestants, were hung u% by !eans of hooks fixed in their be ies and eft to ex%ire in the !ost excruciating tortures# Gio"anni .ostagna , a "enerab e %rotestant, u%wards of fourscore years of age, had his nose and ears cut off, and s ices cut fro! the f eshy %arts of his body, ti he b ed to death# ,e"en %ersons, "iA# -anie ,e eagio and his wife, Gio"anni -urant, 'odwich -urant, Bartho o!ew -urant, -anie .e"e , and Pau .eynaud, had their !ouths stuffed with gun%owder, which being set fire to, their heads were b own to %ieces# Jacob Birone, a schoo !aster of .orata, for refusing to change his re igion, was stri%%ed Euite nakedB and after ha"ing been "ery indecent y ex%osed, had the nai s of his toes and fingers torn off with red&hot %incers, and ho es bored through his hands with the %oint of a dagger# +e then had a cord tied round his !idd e, and was ed through the streets with a so dier on each side of hi!# *t e"ery turning the so dier on his right hand side cut a gash in his f esh, and the so dier on his eft hand side struck hi! with a b udgeon, both saying, at the sa!e instant, @i you go to !assT wi you go to !assT +e sti re% ied in the negati"e to these interrogatories, and being at ength taken to the bridge, they cut off his head on the ba ustrades, and threw both that and his body into the ri"er# Pau Garnier, a "ery %ious %rotestant, had his eyes %ut out, was then f ayed a i"e, and being di"ided into four %arts, his Euarters were % aced on four of the %rinci%a houses of 'ucerne# +e bore a his sufferings with the !ost exe!% ary %atience, %raised God as ong as he cou d s%eak, and % ain y e"inced, what confidence and resignation a good conscience can ins%ire# -anie 9ardon, of .oca%%iata, being a%%rehended by so!e so diers, they cut his head off, and ha"ing fried his brains, ate the!# Two %oor o d b ind wo!en, of ,t# Gio"anni, were burnt a i"eB and a widow of 'a Torre, with her daughter, were dri"en into the ri"er, and there stoned to death# Pau Gi es, on atte!%ting to run away fro! so!e so diers, was shot in the neck( they then s it his nose, s iced his chin, stabbed hi!, and ga"e his carcase to the dogs# ,o!e of the 8rish troo%s ha"ing taken e e"en !en of Garcig iana %risoners, they !ade a furnace red hot, and forced the! to %ush each other in ti they ca!e to the ast !an, who! they %ushed in the!se "es# Michae Gonet, a !an of I1, was burnt to deathB Ba%tista )udri, another o d !an, was stabbedB and Bartho o!ew Frasche had ho es !ade in his hee s, through which ro%es being %ut, he was dragged by the! to the jai , where his wounds !ortified and ki ed hi!# Magda ene de a Piere being %ursued by so!e of the so diers, and taken, was thrown down a %reci%ice, and dashed to %ieces# Margaret .e"e a, and Mary

Pra"i erin, two "ery o d wo!en, were burnt a i"eB and Michae Be ino, with *nn Bochardno, were beheaded# The son and daughter of a counse or of Gio"anni were ro ed down a stee% hi together, and suffered to %erish in a dee% %it at the botto!# * trades!an's fa!i y, "iA( hi!se f, his wife, and an infant in her ar!s, were cast fro! a rock, and dashed to %iecesB and Jose%h 9hairet, and Pau 9arniero, were f ayed a i"e# 9y%riania Bustia, being asked if he wou d renounce his re igion and turn .o!an catho ic, re% ied, 8 wou d rather renounce ife, or turn dogB to which a %riest answered, For that ex%ression you sha both renounce ife, and be gi"en to the dogs# They, according y, dragged hi! to %rison, where he continued a considerab e ti!e without food, ti he was fa!ishedB after which they threw his cor%se into the street before the %rison, and it was de"oured by dogs in the !ost shocking !anner# Margaret ,aretta was stoned to death, and then thrown into the ri"erB *ntonio Bartina had his head c eft asunderB and Jose%h Pont was cut through the !idd e of his body# -anie Maria, and his who e fa!i y, being i of a fe"er, se"era %a%ist ruffians broke into his house, te ing hi! they were %ractica %hysicians, and wou d gi"e the! a %resent ease, which they did by knocking the who e fa!i y on the head# Three infant chi dren of a %rotestant, na!ed Peter Fine, were co"ered with snow, and stif edB an e der y widow, na!ed Judith, was beheaded, and a beautifu young wo!an was stri%%ed naked, and had a stake dri"en through her body, of which she ex%ired# 'ucy, the wife of Peter Besson, a wo!an far gone in her %regnancy, who i"ed in one of the "i ages of the Pied!ontese "a eys, deter!ined, if %ossib e, to esca%e fro! such dreadfu scenes as e"ery where surrounded her( she, according y took two young chi dren, one in each hand, and set off towards the * %s# But on the third day of the journey she was taken in abour a!ong the !ountains, and de i"ered of an infant, who %erished through the extre!e inc e!ency of the weather, as did the two other chi drenB for a three were found dead by her, and herse f just ex%iring, by the %erson to who! she re ated the abo"e %articu ars# Francis Gros, the son of a c ergy!an, had his f esh s ow y cut fro! his body into s!a %ieces, and %ut into a dish before hi!B two of his chi dren were !inced before his sightB and his wife was fastened to a %ost, that she !ight beho d a these crue ties %ractised on her husband and offs%ring# The tor!entors, at ength, being tired of exercising their crue ties, cut off the heads of both husband and wife, and then ga"e the f esh of the who e fa!i y to the dogs# The sieur Tho!as Margher f ed to a ca"e, when the so diers shut u% the !outh, and he %erished with fa!ine# Judith .e"e in, with se"en chi dren, were barbarous y !urdered in their bedsB and a widow of near fourscore years of age, was hewn to %ieces by so diers# Jacob .oseno was ordered to %ray to the saints, which he abso ute y refused to do( so!e of the so diers beat hi! "io ent y with b udgeons to !ake hi! co!% y, but he sti refusing, se"era of the! fired at hi! and odged a great !any ba s in his body# *s he was a !ost ex%iring, they cried to hi!, @i you ca u%on the saintsT @i you %ray to the saintsT To which he answered, ;oS

;oS ;oS when one of the so diers, with a broad sword, c o"e his head asunder, and %ut an end to his sufferings in this wor dB for which undoubted y, he is g orious y rewarded in the next# * so dier, atte!%ting to ra"ish a young wo!an, na!ed ,usanna GacEuin, she !ade a stout resistance, and in the strugg e %ushed hi! o"er a %reci%ice, when he was dashed to %ieces by the fa # +is co!rades, instead of ad!iring the "irtue of the young wo!an, and a%% auding her for so nob y defending her chastity, fe u%on her with their swords, and cut her to %ieces# Gio"anni Pu hus, a %oor %easant of 'a Torre, being a%%rehended as a %rotestant by the so diers, was ordered, by the !arEuis of Pianesta, to be executed in a % ace near the con"ent# @hen he ca!e to the ga ows, se"era !onks attended, and did a they cou d to %ersuade hi! to renounce his re igion# But he to d the! he ne"er wou d e!brace ido atry, and that he was ha%%y at being thought worthy to suffer for the na!e of 9hrist# They then %ut hi! in !ind of what his wife and chi dren, who de%ended u%on his abour, wou d suffer after his deceaseB to which he re% ied, 8 wou d ha"e !y wife and chi dren, as we as !yse f, to consider their sou s !ore than their bodies, and the next wor d before thisB and with res%ect to the distress 8 !ay ea"e the! in, God is !ercifu , and wi %ro"ide for the! whi e they are worthy of his %rotection# Finding the inf exibi ity of this %oor !an, the !onks cried,DTurn hi! off, turn hi! off, which the executioner did a !ost i!!ediate y, and the body being afterward cut down, was f ung into the ri"er# Pau 9 e!ent, an e der of the church of .ossana, being a%%rehended by the !onks of a neighbouring !onastery, was carried to the !arket&% ace of that town, where so!e %rotestants ha"ing just been executed by the so diers, he was shown the dead bodies, in order that the sight !ight inti!idate hi!# )n beho ding the shocking subjects, he said, ca ! y, $ou !ay ki the body, but you cannot %rejudice the sou of a true be ie"erB but with res%ect to the dreadfu s%ectac es which you ha"e here shown !e, you !ay rest assured, that God's "engeance wi o"ertake the !urderers of those %oor %eo% e, and %unish the! for the innocent b ood they ha"e s%i t# The !onks were so exas%erated at this re% y, that they ordered hi! to be hung u% direct yB and whi e he was hanging, the so diers a!used the!se "es in standing at a distance, and shooting at the body as at a !ark# -anie .a!baut, of ?i aro, the father of a nu!erous fa!i y, was a%%rehended, and, with se"era others, co!!itted to %rison, in the jai of Paysana# +ere he was "isited by se"era %riests, who with continua i!%ortunities did a they cou d to %ersuade hi! to renounce the %rotestant re igion, and turn %a%istB but this he %ere!%tori y refused, and the %riests finding his reso ution, %retended to %ity his nu!erous fa!i y, and to d hi! that he !ight yet ha"e his ife, if he wou d subscribe to the be ief of the fo owing artic es( F# The rea %resence in the host# /# Transubstantiation# H# Purgatory# 5# The %o%e's infa ibi ity# 0# That !asses said for the dead wi re ease sou s fro! %urgatory# J# That %raying to saints wi %rocure the re!ission of sins#

M# .a!baut to d the %riests, that neither his re igion, his understanding, nor his conscience, wou d suffer hi! to subscribe to any of the artic es, for the fo owing reasons( F# That to be ie"e the rea %resence in the host, is a shocking union of both b as%he!y and ido atry# /# That to fancy the words of consecration %erfor! what the %a%ists ca transubstantiation, by con"erting the wafer and wine into the rea and identica body and b ood of 9hrist, which was crucified, and which afterward ascended into hea"en, is too gross an absurdity for e"en a chi d to be ie"e, who was co!e to the east g i!!ering of reasonB and that nothing but the !ost b ind su%erstition cou d !ake the .o!an catho ics %ut a confidence in any thing so co!% ete y ridicu ous# H# That the doctrine of %urgatory was !ore inconsistent and absurd than a fairy ta e# 5# That the %o%e's being infa ib e was an i!%ossibi ity, and the %o%e arrogant y aid c ai! to what cou d be ong to God on y, as a %erfect being# 0# That saying !asses for the dead was ridicu ous, and on y !eant to kee% u% a be ief in the fab e of %urgatory, as the fate of a is fina y decided, on the de%arture of the sou fro! the body# J# That %raying to saints for the re!ission of sins, is !is% acing adorationB as the saints the!se "es ha"e occasion for an intercessor in 9hrist# Therefore, as God on y can %ardon our errors, we ought to sue to hi! a one for %ardon# The %riests were so high y offended at M# .a!baut's answers to the artic es to which they wou d ha"e had hi! subscribe, that they deter!ined to shake his reso ution by the !ost crue !ethod i!aginab e( they ordered one joint of his finger to be cut off e"ery day, ti a his fingers were goneB they then %roceeded in the sa!e !anner with his toesB afterward they a ternate y cut off, dai y, a hand and a footB but finding that he bore his sufferings with the !ost ad!irab e %atience, increased both in fortitude and resignation, and !aintained his faith with steadfast reso ution, and unshaken constancy, they stabbed hi! to the heart, and then ga"e his body to be de"oured by the dogs# Peter Gabrio a, a %rotestant gent e!an of considerab e e!inence, being seiAed by a troo% of so diers, and refusing to renounce his re igion, they hung a great nu!ber of itt e bags of gun%owder about his body, and then setting fire to the!, b ew hi! u%# *nthony, the son of ,a!ue 9atieris, a %oor du!b ad who was extre!e y inoffensi"e, was cut to %ieces by a %arty of the troo%sB and soon after the sa!e ruffians entered the house of Peter Moniriat, and cut off the egs of the who e fa!i y, ea"ing the! to b eed to death, as they were unab e to assist the!se "es, or to he % each other# -anie Benech being a%%rehended, had his nose s it, his ears cut off, and was then di"ided into Euarters, each Euarter being hung u%on a tree, and Mary Monino, had her jaw bones broke and was then eft to anguish ti she was fa!ished# Mary Pe anchion, a handso!e widow, be onging to the town of ?i aro, was seiAed by a %arty of the 8rish brigades, who ha"ing beat her crue y, and ra"ished her, dragged her to a high bridge which crossed the ri"er, and stri%%ed her naked in a !ost indecent !anner, hung her by the egs to the

bridge, with her head downwards towards the water, and then going into boats, they fired at her ti she ex%ired# Mary ;igrino, and her daughter who was an idiot, were cut to %ieces in the woods, and their bodies eft to be de"oured by wi d beasts( ,usanna Ba es, a widow of ?i aro, was i!!ured ti she %erished through hungerB and ,usanna 9a "io running away fro! so!e so diers and hiding herse f in a barn, they set fire to the straw and burnt her# Pau *r!and was hacked to %iecesB a chi d na!ed -anie Bertino was burntB -anie Michia ino had his tongue % ucked out, and was eft to %erish in that conditionB and *ndreo Bertino, a "ery o d !an, who was a!e, was !ang ed in a !ost shocking !anner, and at ength had his be y ri%%ed o%en, and his bowe s carried about on the %oint of a ha bert# 9onstantia Be ione, a %rotestant ady, being a%%rehended on account of her faith, was asked by a %riest if she wou d renounce the de"i and go to !assB to which she re% ied, C8 was brought u% in a re igion, by which 8 was a ways taught to renounce the de"i B but shou d 8 co!% y with your desire, and go to !ass, 8 shou d be sure to !eet hi! there in a "ariety of sha%es#C The %riest was high y incensed at what she said, and to d her to recant, or she shou d suffer crue y# The ady, howe"er, bo d y answered, that she "a ued not any sufferings he cou d inf ict, and in s%ite of a the tor!ents he cou d in"ent, she wou d kee% her conscience %ure and her faith in"io ate# The %riest then ordered s ices of her f esh to be cut off fro! se"era %arts of her body, which crue ty she bore with the !ost singu ar %atience, on y saying to the %riest, what horrid and asting tor!ents wi you suffer in he , for the trif ing and te!%orary %ains which 8 now endure# Exas%erated at this ex%ression, and wi ing to sto% her tongue, the %riest ordered a fi e of !usEueteers to draw u% and fire u%on her, by which she was soon des%atched, and sea ed her !artyrdo! with her b ood# * young wo!an na!ed Judith Mandon, for refusing to change her re igion, and e!brace %o%ery, was fastened to a stake, and sticks thrown at her fro! a distance, in the "ery sa!e !anner as that barbarous custo! which was for!er y %ractised on ,hro"e&Tuesday, of shying at rocks, as it was ter!ed# By this inhu!an %roceeding, the %oor creature's i!bs were beat and !ang ed in a terrib e !anner, and her brains were at ast dashed out by one of the b udgeons# -a"id Pag ia and Pau Genre, atte!%ting to esca%e to the * %s, with each his son, were %ursued and o"ertaken by the so diers in a arge % ain# +ere they hunted the! for their di"ersion, goading the! with their swords, and !aking the! run about ti they dro%%ed down with fatigue# @hen they found that their s%irits were Euite exhausted, and that they cou d not afford the! any !ore barbarous s%ort by running, the so diers hacked the! to %ieces, and eft their !ang ed bodies on the s%ot# * young !an of Bobbio, na!ed Michae Gre"e, was a%%rehended to the town of 'a Torre, and being ed to the bridge, was thrown o"er into the ri"er# *s he cou d swi! "ery we , he swa! down the strea!, thinking to esca%e, but the so diers and !ob fo owed on both sides the ri"er, and ke%t stoning hi!, ti recei"ing a b ow on one of his te!% es, he was stunned, and conseEuent y sunk and was drowned# -a"id *r!and was ordered to ay his head down on a b ock, when a so dier, with a arge ha!!er, beat out his brains# -a"id Baridona being a%%rehended

at ?i aro, was carried to 'a Torre, where, refusing to renounce his re igion, he was tor!ented by !eans of bri!stone !atches being tied between his fingers and toes, and set fire toB and afterward, by ha"ing his f esh % ucked off with red&hot %incers, ti he ex%iredB and Gio"anni Baro ina, with his wife, were thrown into a %oo of stagnant water, and co!%e ed, by !eans of %itchforks and stones, to duck down their heads ti they were suffocated# * nu!ber of so diers went to the house of Jose%h Garniero, and before they entered, fired in at the window, to gi"e notice of their a%%roach# * !usket ba entered one of Mrs# Garniero's breasts, as she was suck ing an infant with the other# )n finding their intentions, she begged hard that they wou d s%are the ife of the infant, which they %ro!ised to do, and sent it i!!ediate y to a .o!an catho ic nurse# They then took the husband and hanged hi! at his own door, and ha"ing shot the wife through the head, they eft her body we tering in its b ood, and her husband hanging on the ga ows# 8saiah Mondon, an e der y !an, and a %ious %rotestant, f ed fro! the !erci ess %ersecutors to a c eft in a rock, where he suffered the !ost dreadfu hardshi%sB for, in the !idst of the winter he was forced to ay on the bare stone, without any co"eringB his food was the roots he cou d scratch u% near his !iserab e habitationB and the on y way by which he cou d %rocure drink, was to %ut snow in his !outh ti it !e ted# +ere, howe"er, so!e of the inhu!an so diers found hi!, and after ha"ing beaten hi! un!ercifu y, they dro"e hi! towards 'ucerne, goading hi! with the %oints of their swords#D Being exceeding y weakened by his !anner of i"ing, and his s%irits exhausted by the b ows he had recei"ed, he fe down in the road# They again beat hi! to !ake hi! %roceed( when on his knees, he i!% ored the! to %ut hi! out of his !isery, by des%atching hi!# This they at ast agreed to doB and one of the! ste%%ing u% to hi! shot hi! through the head with a %isto , saying, there, heretic, take thy reEuest# Mary .e"o , a worthy %rotestant, recei"ed a shot in her back, as she was wa king a ong the street# ,he dro%%ed down with the wound, but reco"ering sufficient strength, she raised herse f u%on her knees, and ifting her hands towards hea"en, %rayed in a !ost fer"ent !anner to the * !ighty, when a nu!ber of so diers, who were near at hand, fired a who e "o ey of shot at her, !any of which took effect, and %ut an end to her !iseries in an instant# ,e"era !en, wo!en, and chi dren secreted the!se "es in a arge ca"e, where they continued for so!e weeks in safety# 8t was the custo! for two of the !en to go when it was necessary, and by stea th %rocure %ro"isions# These were, howe"er, one day watched, by which the ca"e was disco"ered, and soon after, a troo% of .o!an catho ics a%%eared before it# The %a%ists that asse!b ed u%on this occasion were neighbours and inti!ate acEuaintances of the %rotestants in the ca"eB and so!e of the! were e"en re ated to each other# The %rotestants, therefore, ca!e out, and i!% ored the!, by the ties of hos%ita ity, by the ties of b ood, and as o d acEuaintances and neighbours, not to !urder the!# But su%erstition o"erco!es e"ery sensation of nature and hu!anityB so that the %a%ists, b inded by bigotry, to d the! they cou d not show any !ercy to heretics, and, therefore, bade the! %re%are to die# +earing this, and knowing the fata obstinacy of the .o!an catho ics, the %rotestants a fe %rostrate, ifted their hands and hearts to hea"en, %rayed with great sincerity and fer"ency, and then bowing down, %ut their faces c ose to the ground, and %atient y

waited their fate, which was soon decided, for the %a%ists fe u%on the! with unre!itting fury, and ha"ing cut the! to %ieces, eft the !ang ed bodies and i!bs in the ca"e# Gio"anni ,a "agiot, %assing by a .o!an catho ic church, and not taking off his hat, was fo owed by so!e of the congregation, who fe u%on and !urdered hi!B and Jacob Barre and his wife, ha"ing been taken %risoners by the ear of ,t# ,econdo, one of the duke of ,a"oy's officers, he de i"ered the! u% to the so diery, who cut off the wo!an's breasts, and the !an's nose, and then shot the! both through the head# *nthony Guigo, a %rotestant, of a wa"ering dis%osition, went to Periero, with an intent to renounce his re igion and e!brace %o%ery# This design he co!!unicated to so!e %riests, who high y co!!ended it, and a day was fixed u%on for his %ub ic recantation# 8n the !ean ti!e, *nthony grew fu y sensib e of his %erfidy, and his conscience tor!ented hi! so !uch night and day, that he deter!ined not to recant, but to !ake his esca%e# This he effected, but being soon !issed and %ursued, he was taken# The troo%s on the way did a they cou d to bring hi! back to his design of recantationB but finding their endea"ours ineffectua , they beat hi! "io ent y on the road, when co!ing near a %reci%ice, he took an o%%ortunity of ea%ing down it, and was dashed to %ieces# * %rotestant gent e!an, of considerab e fortune, at Bobbio, being night y %ro"oked by the inso ence of a %riest, retorted with great se"erityB and a!ong other things, said, that the %o%e was *ntichrist, !ass ido atry, %urgatory a farce, and abso ution a cheat# To be re"enged, the %riest hired fi"e des%erate ruffians, who, the sa!e e"ening, broke into the gent e!an's house, and seiAed u%on hi! in a "io ent !anner# The gent e!an was terrib y frightened, fe on his knees, and i!% ored !ercyB but the des%erate ruffians des%atched hi! without the east hesitation# A 'arrati2e of the Piedmontese 9ar. The !assacres and !urders a ready !entioned to ha"e been co!!itted in the "a eys of Pied!ont, near y de%o%u ated !ost of the towns and "i ages# )ne % ace on y had not been assau ted, and that was owing to the difficu ty of a%%roaching itB this was the itt e co!!ona ty of .oras, which was situated u%on a rock# *s the work of b ood grew s ack in other % aces, the ear of 9hristo% e, one of the duke of ,a"oy's officers, deter!ined, if %ossib e, to !ake hi!se f !aster of itB and, with that "iew, detached three hundred !en to sur%rise it secret y# The inhabitants of .oras, howe"er, had inte igence of the a%%roach of these troo%s, when ca%tain Joshua Giana"e , a bra"e %rotestant officer, %ut hi!se f at the head of a s!a body of the citiAens, and waited in a!bush to attack the ene!y in a s!a defi e# @hen the troo%s a%%eared, and had entered the defi e, which was the on y % ace by which the town cou d be a%%roached, the %rotestants ke%t u% a s!art and we &directed fire against the!, and sti ke%t the!se "es concea ed behind bushes fro! the sight of the ene!y# * great nu!ber of the so diers were ki ed, and the re!ainder recei"ing a continued fire, and not seeing any to who! they !ight return it, thought %ro%er to retreat#

The !e!bers of this itt e co!!unity then sent a !e!oria to the !arEuis of Pianessa, one of the duke's genera officers, setting forth, CThat they were sorry, u%on any occasion, to be under the necessity of taking u% ar!sB but that the secret a%%roach of a body of troo%s, without any reason assigned, or any %re"ious notice sent of the %ur%ose of their co!ing, had great y a ar!ed the!B that as it was their custo! ne"er to suffer any of the !i itary to enter their itt e co!!unity, they had re%e ed force by force, and shou d do so againB but in a other res%ects, they %rofessed the!se "es dutifu , obedient, and oya subjects to their so"ereign, the duke of ,a"oy#C The !arEuis of Pianessa, that he !ight ha"e the better o%%ortunity of de uding and sur%rising the %rotestants of .oras, sent the! word in answer, CThat he was %erfect y satisfied with their beha"iour, for they had done right, and e"en rendered a ser"ice to their country, as the !en who had atte!%ted to %ass the defi e were not his troo%s, or sent by hi!, but a band of des%erate robbers, who had, for so!e ti!e, infested those %arts, and been a terror to the neighbouring country#C To gi"e a greater co our to his treachery, he then %ub ished an a!biguous %roc a!ation see!ing y fa"ourab e to the inhabitants# $et, the "ery day after this % ausib e %roc a!ation, and s%ecious conduct, the !arEuis sent 011 !en to %ossess the!se "es of .oras, whi e the %eo% e, as he thought, were u ed into %erfect security by his s%ecious beha"iour# 9a%tain Giana"e , howe"er, was not to be decei"ed so easi y( he, therefore, aid an a!buscade for this body of troo%s, as he had for the for!er, and co!%e ed hi! to retire with "ery considerab e oss# Though foi ed in these, two atte!%ts, the !arEuis Pianessa deter!ined on a third, which shou d be sti !ore for!idab eB but first he i!%rudent y %ub ished another %roc a!ation, disowning any know edge of the second atte!%t# ,oon after, 211 chosen !en were sent u%on the ex%edition, who, in s%ite of the fire fro! the %rotestants, forced the defi e, entered .oras, and began to !urder e"ery %erson they !et with, without distinction of age or sex# The %rotestant ca%tain Giana"e , at the head of a s!a body, though he had ost the defi e, deter!ined to dis%ute their %assage through a fortified %ass that ed to the richest and best %art of the town# +ere he was successfu , by kee%ing u% a continua fire, and by !eans of his !en being a co!% ete !arks!en# The .o!an catho ic co!!ander was great y staggered at this o%%osition, as he i!agined that he had sur!ounted a difficu ties# +e, howe"er, did his endea"ours to force the %ass, but being ab e to bring u% on y twe "e !en in front at a ti!e, and the %rotestants being secured by a breastwork, he found he shou d be baff ed by the handfu of !en who o%%osed hi!# Enraged at the oss of so !any of his troo%s, and fearfu of disgrace if he %ersisted in atte!%ting what a%%eared so i!%racticab e, he thought it the wisest thing to retreat# :nwi ing, howe"er, to withdraw his !en by the defi e at which he had entered, on account of the difficu ty and danger of the enter%rise, he deter!ined to retreat towards ?i aro, by another %ass ca ed Pia!%ra, which, though hard of access, was easy of descent# But in this he !et with a disa%%oint!ent, for ca%tain Giana"e ha"ing %osted his itt e band here, great y annoyed the troo%s as they %assed, and e"en %ursued their rear ti they entered the o%en country#

The !arEuis of Pianessa, finding that a his atte!%ts were frustrated, and that e"ery artifice he used was on y an a ar!&signa to the inhabitants of .oras, deter!ined to act o%en y, and therefore %roc ai!ed, that a!% e rewards shou d be gi"en to any one who wou d bear ar!s against the obstinate heretics of .oras, as he ca ed the!B and that any officer who wou d exter!inate the! shou d be rewarded in a %rince y !anner# This engaged ca%tain Mario, a bigoted .o!an catho ic, and a des%erate ruffian, to undertake the enter%rise# +e, therefore, obtained ea"e to raise a regi!ent in the fo owing six towns( 'ucerne, Borges, Fa!o as, Bobbio, Begna , and 9a"os# +a"ing co!% eted his regi!ent, which consisted of F111 !en, he aid his % an not to go by the defi es or the %asses, but to atte!%t gaining the su!!it of a rock, fro! whence he i!agined he cou d %our his troo%s into the town without !uch difficu ty or o%%osition# The %rotestants suffered the .o!an catho ic troo%s to gain a !ost the su!!it of the rock, without gi"ing the! any o%%osition, or e"er a%%earing in their sight( but when they had a !ost reached the to% they !ade a !ost furious attack u%on the!B one %arty kee%ing u% a we &directed and constant fire, and another %arty ro ing down huge stones# This sto%%ed the career of the %a%ist troo%s( !any were ki ed by the !usketry, and !ore by the stones, which beat the! down the %reci%ices# ,e"era fe sacrifices to their hurry, for by atte!%ting a %reci%itate retreat, they fe down, and were dashed to %iecesB and ca%tain Mario hi!se f narrow y esca%ed with his ife, for he fe fro! a craggy % ace into a ri"er which washed the foot of the rock# +e was taken u% sense ess, but afterwards reco"ered, though he was i of the bruises for a ong ti!eB and, at ength, he fe into a dec ine at 'ucerne, where he died# *nother body of troo%s was ordered fro! the ca!% at ?i aro, to !ake an atte!%t u%on .orasB but these were ikewise defeated, by !eans of the %rotestants' a!bush&fighting, and co!%e ed to retreat again to the ca!% at ?i aro# *fter each of these signa "ictories, ca%tain Giana"e !ade a suitab e discourse to his !en, causing the! to knee down, and return thanks to the * !ighty for his %ro"identia %rotectionB and usua y conc uded with the e e"enth %sa !, where the subject is % acing confidence in God# The !arEuis of Pianessa was great y enraged at being so !uch baff ed by the few inhabitants of .oras( he, therefore, deter!ined to atte!%t their ex%u sion in such a !anner as cou d hard y fai of success# @ith this "iew he ordered a the .o!an catho ic !i itia of Pied!ont to be raised and disci% ined# @hen these orders were co!% eted, he joined to the !i itia eight thousand regu ar troo%s, and di"iding the who e into three distinct bodies, he designed that three for!idab e attacks shou d be !ade at the sa!e ti!e, un ess the %eo% e of .oras, to who! he sent an account of his great %re%arations, wou d co!% y with the fo owing conditions( F# To ask %ardon for taking u% ar!s# /# To %ay the ex%enses of a the ex%editions sent against the!# H# To acknow edge the infa ibi ity of the %o%e# 5# To go to !ass# 0# To %ray to the saints# J# To wear beards# 2# To de i"er u% their !inisters# G# To de i"er u% their schoo !asters# I# To go to confession# F1# To %ay oans for the de i"ery of sou s fro! %urgatory# FF# To

gi"e u% ca%tain Giana"e at discretion# F/# To gi"e u% the e ders of their church at discretion# The inhabitants of .oras, on being acEuainted with these conditions, were fi ed with an honest indignation, and, in answer, sent word to the !arEuis, that sooner than co!% y with the! they wou d suffer three things, which, of a others, were the !ost obnoxious to !ankind, "iA# F# Their estates to be seiAed# /# Their houses to be burnt# H# The!se "es to be !urdered# Exas%erated at this !essage, the !arEuis sent the! this aconic e%ist e# $o the obstinate Hereti&s inhabitin1 ;oras. $ou sha ha"e your reEuest, for the troo%s sent against you ha"e strict injunctions to % under, burn, and ki # Pianessa# The three ar!ies were then %ut in !otion, and the attacks ordered to be !ade thus( the first by the rocks of ?i aroB the second by the %ass of Bagno B and the third by the defi e of 'ucerne# The troo%s forced their way by the su%eriority of nu!bers, and ha"ing gained the rocks, %ass, and defi e, began to !ake the !ost horrid de%redations, and exercise the greatest crue ties# Men they hanged, burnt, racked to death, or cut to %iecesB wo!en they ri%%ed o%en, crucified, drowned, or threw fro! the %reci%icesB and chi dren they tossed u%on s%ears, !inced, cut their throats, or dashed out their brains# )ne hundred and twenty&six suffered in this !anner, on the first day of their gaining the town# *greeab e to the !arEuis of Pianessa's orders, they ikewise % undered the estates, and burnt the houses of the %eo% e# ,e"era %rotestants, howe"er, !ade their esca%e, under the conduct of 9a%tain Giana"e , whose wife and chi dren were unfortunate y !ade %risoners, and sent under a strong guard to Turin# The !arEuis of Pianessa wrote a etter to ca%tain Giana"e , and re eased a %rotestant %risoner that he !ight carry it hi!# The contents were, that if the ca%tain wou d e!brace the .o!an catho ic re igion, he shou d be inde!nified for a his osses since the co!!ence!ent of the warB his wife and chi dren shou d be i!!ediate y re eased, and hi!se f honourab y %ro!oted in the duke of ,a"oy's ar!yB but if he refused to accede to the %ro%osa s !ade hi!, his wife and chi dren shou d be to %ut to deathB and so arge a reward shou d be gi"en to take hi!, dead or a i"e, that e"en so!e of his own confidentia friends shou d be te!%ted to betray hi!, fro! the greatness of the su!# To this e%ist e, the bra"e Giana"e sent the fo owing answer# My 'ord MarEuis, There is no tor!ent so great or death so crue , but what 8 wou d %refer to the abjuration of !y re igion( so that %ro!ises ose their effects, and !enaces on y strengthen !e in !y faith# @ith res%ect to !y wife and chi dren, !y ord, nothing can be !ore aff icting to !e than the thoughts of their confine!ent, or !ore dreadfu to !y

i!agination, than their suffering a "io ent and crue death# 8 keen y fee a the tender sensations of husband and %arentB !y heart is re% ete with e"ery senti!ent of hu!anityB 8 wou d suffer any tor!ent to rescue the! fro! dangerB 8 wou d die to %reser"e the!# But ha"ing said thus !uch, !y ord, 8 assure you that the %urchase of their i"es !ust not be the %rice of !y sa "ation# $ou ha"e the! in your %ower it is trueB but !y conso ation is, that your %ower is on y a te!%orary authority o"er their bodies( you !ay destroy the !orta %art, but their i!!orta sou s are out of your reach, and wi i"e hereafter to bear testi!ony against you for your crue ties# 8 therefore reco!!end the! and !yse f to God, and %ray for a refor!ation in your heart# Joshua Giana"e # This bra"e %rotestant officer, after writing the abo"e etter, retired to the * %s, with his fo owersB and being joined by a great nu!ber of other fugiti"e %rotestants, he harassed the ene!y by continua skir!ishes# Meeting one day with a body of %a%ist troo%s near Bibiana, he, though inferior in nu!bers, attacked the! with great fury, and %ut the! to the rout without the oss of a !an, though hi!se f was shot through the eg in the engage!ent, by a so dier who had hid hi!se f behind a treeB but Giana"e %ercei"ing fro! whence the shot ca!e, %ointed his gun to the % ace, and des%atched the %erson who had wounded hi!# 9a%tain Giana"e hearing that a ca%tain Jahier had co ected together a considerab e body of %rotestants, wrote hi! a etter, %ro%osing a junction of their forces# 9a%tain Jahier i!!ediate y agreed to the %ro%osa , and !arched direct y to !eet Giana"e # The junction being for!ed, it was %ro%osed to attack a town, Qinhabited by .o!an catho icsR ca ed Garcig iana# The assau t was gi"en with great s%irit, but a reinforce!ent of horse and foot ha"ing ate y entered the town, which the %rotestants knew nothing of, they were re%u sedB yet !ade a !aster y retreat, and on y ost one !an in the action# The next atte!%t of the %rotestant forces was u%on ,t# ,econdo, which they attacked with great "igour, but !et with a strong resistance fro! the .o!an catho ic troo%s, who had fortified the streets, and % anted the!se "es in the houses, fro! whence they %oured !usket ba s in %rodigious nu!bers# The %rotestants, howe"er, ad"anced, under co"er of a great nu!ber of % anks, which so!e he d o"er their heads, to secure the! fro! the shots of the ene!y fro! the houses, whi e others ke%t u% a we directed fireB so that the houses and entrench!ents were soon forced, and the town taken# 8n the town they found a %rodigious Euantity of % under, which had been taken fro! %rotestants at "arious ti!es, and different % aces, and which were stored u% in the warehouses, churches, dwe ing houses, Kc# This they re!o"ed to a % ace of safety, to be distributed, with as !uch justice as %ossib e, a!ong the sufferers# This successfu attack was !ade with such ski and s%irit, that it cost "ery itt e to the conEuering %arty, the %rotestants ha"ing on y F2 ki ed, and /J woundedB whi e the %a%ists suffered a oss of no ess than 501 ki ed and 0FF wounded#

Fi"e %rotestant officers, "iA# Giana"e , Jahier, 'aurentio, Geno et, and Benet, aid a % an to sur%rise BiEueras# To this end they !arched in fi"e res%ecti"e bodies, and by agree!ent were to !ake the attack at the sa!e ti!e# The ca%tains Jahier and 'aurentio %assed through two defi es in the woods, and ca!e to the % ace in safety, under co"ertB but the other three bodies !ade their a%%roaches through an o%en country, and, conseEuent y, were !ore ex%osed to an attack# The .o!an catho ics taking the a ar!, a great nu!ber of troo%s were sent to re ie"e BiEueras fro! 9a"ors, Bibiana, Feni e, 9a!%ig ione, and so!e other neighbouring % aces# @hen these were united, they deter!ined to attack the three %rotestant %arties, that were !arching through the o%en country# The %rotestant officers %ercei"ing the intent of the ene!y, and not being at a great distance fro! each other, joined their forces with the ut!ost ex%edition, and for!ed the!se "es in order of batt e# 8n the !ean ti!e, the ca%tains Jahier and 'aurentio had assau ted the town of BiEueras, and burnt a the out houses, to !ake their a%%roaches with the greater easeB but not being su%%orted as they ex%ected by the other three %rotestant ca%tains, they sent a !essenger, on a swift horse, towards the o%en country, to inEuire the reason# The !essenger soon returned and infor!ed the! that it was not in the %ower of the three %rotestant ca%tains to su%%ort their %roceedings, as they were the!se "es attacked by a "ery su%erior force in the % ain, and cou d scarce sustain the uneEua conf ict# The ca%tains Jahier and 'aurentio, on recei"ing this inte igence, deter!ined to discontinue the assau t on BiEueras, and to %roceed, with a %ossib e ex%edition, to the re ief of their friends on the % ain# This design %ro"ed to be of the !ost essentia ser"ice, for just as they arri"ed at the s%ot where the two ar!ies were engaged, the %a%ist troo%s began to %re"ai , and were on the %oint of f anking the eft wing, co!!anded by ca%tain Giana"e # The arri"a of these troo%s turned the sca e in fa"our of the %rotestantsB and the %a%ist forces, though they fought with the !ost obstinate intre%idity, were tota y defeated# * great nu!ber were ki ed and wounded on both sides, and the baggage, !i itary stores, Kc# taken by the %rotestants were "ery considerab e# 9a%tain Giana"e , ha"ing infor!ation that three hundred of the ene!y were to con"oy a great Euantity of stores, %ro"isions, Kc# fro! 'a Torre to the cast e of Mirabac, deter!ined to attack the! on the way# +e, according y, began the assau t at Ma bec, though with a "ery inadeEuate force# The contest was ong and b oody, but the %rotestants, at ength, were ob iged to yie d to the su%eriority of nu!bers, and co!%e ed to !ake a retreat, which they did with great regu arity, and but itt e oss# 9a%tain Giana"e ad"anced to an ad"antageous %ost, situated near the town of ?i aro, and then sent the fo owing infor!ation and co!!ands to the inhabitants# F# That he shou d attack the town in twenty&four hours# /# That with res%ect to the .o!an catho ics who had borne ar!s, whether they be onged to the ar!y or not, he shou d act by the aw of reta iation, and %ut the! to death, for the nu!erous de%redations, and !any crue !urders, they had co!!itted#

H# That a wo!en and chi dren, whate"er their re igion !ight be, shou d be safe# 5# That he co!!anded a !a e %rotestants to ea"e the town and join hi!# 0# That a a%ostates, who had, through weakness, abjured their re igion, shou d be dee!ed ene!ies, un ess they renounced their abjuration# J# That a who returned to their duty to God, and the!se "es, shou d be recei"ed as friends# The %rotestants, in genera , i!!ediate y eft the town, and joined ca%tain Giana"e with great satisfaction, and the few, who through weakness or fear, had abjured their faith, recanted their abjuration, and were recei"ed into the boso! of the church# *s the !arEuis of Pianessa had re!o"ed the ar!y, and enca!%ed in Euite a different %art of the country, the .o!an catho ics of ?i aro thought it wou d be fo y to atte!%t to defend the % ace with the s!a force they had# They, therefore, f ed with the ut!ost %reci%itation, ea"ing the town and !ost of their %ro%erty, to the discretion of the %rotestants# The %rotestant co!!anders ha"ing ca ed a counci of war, reso "ed to !ake an atte!%t u%on the town of 'a Torre# The %a%ists being a%%riAed of the design, detached so!e troo%s to defend a defi e, through which the %rotestants !ust !ake their a%%roachB but these were defeated, co!%e ed to abandon the %ass, and forced to retreat to 'a Torre# The %rotestants %roceeded on their !arch, and the troo%s of 'a Torre, on their a%%roach, !ade a furious sa y, were re%u sed with great oss, and co!%e ed to seek she ter in the town# The go"ernor now on y thought of defending the % ace, which the %rotestants began to attack in for!B but after !any bra"e atte!%ts, and furious assau ts, the co!!anders deter!ined to abandon the enter%rise for se"era reasons, %articu ar y, because they found the % ace itse f too strong, their own nu!ber too weak, and their cannon not adeEuate to the task of battering down the wa s# This reso ution taken, the %rotestant co!!anders began a !aster y retreat, and conducted it with such regu arity, that the ene!y did not choose to %ursue the!, or !o est their rear, which they !ight ha"e done, as they %assed the defi es# The next day they !ustered, re"iewed the ar!y, and found the who e to a!ount to four hundred and ninety&fi"e !en# They then he d a counci of war, and % anned an easier enter%rise( this was to !ake an attack on the co!!ona ty of 9ruso , a % ace, inhabited by a nu!ber of the !ost bigoted .o!an catho ics, and who had exercised, during the %ersecutions, the !ost unheard&of crue ties on the %rotestants# The %eo% e of 9ruso , hearing of the design against the!, f ed to a neighbouring fortress, situated on a rock, where the %rotestants cou d not co!e to the!, for a "ery few !en cou d render it inaccessib e to a nu!erous ar!y# Thus they secured their %ersons, but were in too !uch hurry to secure their %ro%erty, the %rinci%a %art of which, indeed, had been % undered fro! the %rotestants, and now ucki y fe again to the %ossession of the right owners# 8t consisted of !any rich and "a uab e artic es, and what, at that ti!e, was of !uch !ore conseEuence, "iA# a great Euantity of !i itary stores# The day after the %rotestants were gone with their booty, eight hundred troo%s arri"ed to the assistance of the %eo% e of 9ruso , ha"ing been des%atched fro! 'ucerne, BiEueras, 9a"ors, Kc# But finding the!se "es too

ate, and that %ursuit wou d be "ain, not to return e!%ty handed, they began to % under the neighbouring "i ages, though what they took was fro! their friends# *fter co ecting a to erab e booty, they began to di"ide it, but disagreeing about the different shares, they fe fro! words to b ows, did a great dea of !ischief, and then % undered each other# )n the "ery sa!e day in which the %rotestants were so successfu at 9ruso , so!e %a%ists !arched with a design to % under and burn the itt e %rotestant "i age of .oca%%iatta, but by the way they !et with the %rotestant forces be onging to the ca%tains Jahier and 'aurentio, who were %osted on the hi of *ngrognia# * tri"ia engage!ent ensued, for the .o!an catho ics, on the "ery first attack, retreated in great confusion, and were %ursued with !uch s aughter# *fter the %ursuit was o"er, so!e stragg ing %a%ist troo%s !eeting with a %oor %easant, who was a %rotestant, tied a cord round his head, and strained it ti his sku was Euite crushed# 9a%tain Giana"e and ca%tain Jahier concerted a design together to !ake an attack u%on 'ucerneB but ca%tain Jahier not bringing u% his forces at the ti!e a%%ointed, ca%tain Giana"e deter!ined to atte!%t the enter%rise hi!se f# +e, therefore, by a forced !arch, %roceeded towards that % ace during the who e night, and was c ose to it by break of day# +is first care was to cut the %i%es that con"eyed water into the town, and then to break down the bridge, by which a one %ro"isions fro! the country cou d enter# +e then assau ted the % aces and s%eedi y %ossessed hi!se f of two of the out %ostsB but finding he cou d not !ake hi!se f !aster of the % ace, he %rudent y retreated with "ery itt e oss, b a!ing, howe"er ca%tain Jahier, for the fai ure of the enter%rise# The %a%ists being infor!ed that ca%tain Giana"e was at *ngrognia with on y his own co!%any, deter!ined if %ossib e to sur%rise hi!# @ith this "iew, a great nu!ber of troo%s were detached fro! 'a Torre and other % aces( one %arty of these got on to% of a !ountain, beneath which he was %ostedB and the other %arty intended to %ossess the!se "es of the gate of ,t# Bartho o!ew# The %a%ists thought the!se "es sure of taking ca%tain Giana"e and e"ery one of his !en, as they consisted but of three hundred, and their own force was two thousand fi"e hundred# Their design, howe"er, was %ro"identia y frustrated, for one of the %o%ish so diers i!%rudent y b owing a tru!%et before the signa for attack was gi"en, ca%tain Giana"e took the a ar!, and %osted his itt e co!%any so ad"antageous y at the gate of ,t# Bartho o!ew, and at the defi e by which the ene!y !ust descend fro! the !ountains, that the .o!an catho ic troo%s fai ed in both attacks, and were re%u sed with "ery considerab e oss# ,oon after, ca%tain Jahier ca!e to *ngrognia, and joined his forces to those of ca%tain Giana"e , gi"ing sufficient reasons to excuse his before&!entioned fai ure# 9a%tain Jahier now !ade se"era secret excursions with great success, a ways se ecting the !ost acti"e troo%s, be onging both to Giana"e and hi!se f# )ne day he had %ut hi!se f at the head of forty&four !en, to %roceed u%on an ex%edition, when entering a % ain near )ssac, he was sudden y surrounded by a arge body of horse# 9a%tain Jahier and his !en fought des%erate y, though o%%ressed by odds, and ki ed the co!!ander&in& chief, three ca%tains, and fifty&se"en %ri"ate !en, of the ene!y# But ca%tain Jahier hi!se f being ki ed, with thirty&fi"e of his !en, the rest surrendered#

)ne of the so diers cut off ca%tain Jahier's head, and carrying it to Turin, %resented it to the duke of ,a"oy, who rewarded hi! with six hundred ducatoons# The death of this gent e!an was a signa oss to the %rotestants, as he was a rea friend to, and co!%anion of, the refor!ed church# +e %ossessed a !ost undaunted s%irit, so that no difficu ties cou d deter hi! fro! undertaking an enter%rise, or dangers terrify hi! in its execution# +e was %ious without affectation, and hu!ane without weaknessB bo d in a fie d, !eek in a do!estic ife, of a %enetrating genius, acti"e in s%irit, and reso ute in a his undertakings# To add to the aff iction of the %rotestants, ca%tain Giana"e was, soon after, wounded in such a !anner that he was ob iged to kee% his bed# They, howe"er, took new courage fro! !isfortunes, and deter!ining not to et their s%irits droo%, attacked a body of %o%ish troo%s with great intre%idityB the %rotestants were !uch inferior in nu!bers, but fought with !ore reso ution than the %a%ists, and at ength routed the! with considerab e s aughter# -uring the action, a sergeant na!ed Michae Bertino was ki edB when his son, who was c ose behind hi!, ea%ed into his % ace, and said, 8 ha"e ost !y fatherB but courage, fe ow so diers, God is a father to us a # ,e"era skir!ishes ikewise ha%%ened between the troo%s of 'a Torre and Tag iaretto, and the %rotestant forces, which in genera ter!inated in fa"our of the atter# * Protestant gent e!an, na!ed *ndrion, raised a regi!ent of horse, and took the co!!and of it hi!se f# The sieur John 'eger %ersuaded a great nu!ber of %rotestants to for! the!se "es into "o unteer co!%aniesB and an exce ent officer, na!ed Miche in, instituted se"era bands of ight troo%s# These being a joined to the re!ains of the "eteran %rotestant troo%s, Qfor great nu!bers had been ost in the "arious batt es, skir!ishes, sieges, Kc#R co!%osed a res%ectab e ar!y, which the officers thought %ro%er to enca!% near ,t# Gio"anni# The .o!an catho ic co!!anders, a ar!ed at the for!idab e a%%earance, and increased strength of the %rotestant forces, deter!ined, if %ossib e, to dis odge the! fro! their enca!%!ent# @ith this "iew, they co ected together a arge force, consisting of the %rinci%a %art of the garrisons of the .o!an catho ic towns, the draft fro! the 8rish brigades, a great nu!ber of regu ars sent by the !arEuis of Pianessa, the auxi iary troo%s, and the inde%endent co!%anies# These, ha"ing for!ed a junction, enca!%ed near the %rotestants, and s%ent se"era days in ca ing counci s of war, and dis%uting on the !ost %ro%er !ode of %roceeding# ,o!e were for % undering the country, in order to draw the %rotestants fro! their ca!%B others were for %atient y waiting ti they were attackedB and a third %arty were for assau ting the %rotestant ca!%, and trying to !ake the!se "es !asters of e"ery thing in it# The ast of the! %re"ai ed, and the !orning after the reso ution had been taken was a%%ointed to %ut it into execution# The .o!an catho ic troo%s were according y se%arated into four di"isions, three of which were to !ake an attack in different % acesB and the fourth to re!ain as a body of reser"e to act as occasion !ight reEuire# )ne of the .o!an catho ic officers, %re"ious to the attack, thus harangued his !en(

CFe ow&so diers, you are now going to enter u%on a great action, which wi bring you fa!e and riches# The !oti"es of your acting with s%irit are ikewise of the !ost i!%ortant natureB na!e y, the honour of showing your oya ty to your so"ereign, the % easure of s%i ing heretic b ood, and the %ros%ect of % undering the %rotestant ca!%# ,o, !y bra"e fe ows, fa on, gi"e no Euarter, ki a you !eet, and take a you co!e near#C *fter this inhu!an s%eech the engage!ent began, and the %rotestant ca!% was attacked in three % aces with inconcei"ab e fury# The fight was !aintained with great obstinacy and %erse"erance on both sides, continuing without inter!ission for the s%ace of four hoursB for the se"era co!%anies on both sides re ie"ed each other a ternate y, and by that !eans ke%t u% a continua fire during the who e action# -uring the engage!ent of the !ain ar!ies, a detach!ent was sent fro! the body of reser"e to attack the %ost of 9aste as, which, if the %a%ists had carried, it wou d ha"e gi"en the! the co!!and of the "a eys of Perosa, ,t# Martino, and 'ucerneB but they were re%u sed with great oss, and co!%e ed to return to the body of reser"e, fro! whence they had been detached# ,oon after the return of this detach!ent, the .o!an catho ic troo%s, being hard %ressed in the !ain batt e, sent for the body of reser"e to co!e to their su%%ort# These i!!ediate y !arched to their assistance, and for so!e ti!e onger he d the e"ent doubtfu , but at ength the "a our of the %rotestants %re"ai ed, and the %a%ists were tota y defeated, with the oss of u%wards of three hundred !en ki ed, and !any !ore wounded# @hen the cyndic of 'ucerne, who was indeed a %a%ist, but not a bigoted one, saw the great nu!ber of wounded !en brought into that city, he exc ai!ed, ahS 8 thought the wo "es used to de"our the heretics, but now 8 see the heretics eat the wo "es# This ex%ression being re%orted to M# Maro es, the .o!an catho ic co!!ander in chief at 'ucerne, he sent a "ery se"ere and threatening etter to the cyndic, who was so terrified, that the fright threw hi! into a fe"er, and he died in a few days# This great batt e was fought just before the har"est was got in, when the %a%ists, exas%erated at their disgrace, and reso "ed on any kind of re"enge, s%read the!se "es by night in detached %arties o"er the finest corn&fie ds of the %rotestants, and set the! on fire in sundry % aces# ,o!e of these stragg ing %arties, howe"er, suffered for their conductB for the %rotestants, being a ar!ed in the night by the b aAing of the fire a!ong the corn, %ursued the fugiti"es ear y in the !orning, and o"ertaking !any, %ut the! to death# The %rotestant ca%tain Be in, ikewise, by way of reta iation, went with a body of ight troo%s, and burnt the suburbs of 'a Torre, !aking his retreat afterward with "ery itt e oss# * few days after, ca%tain Be in, with a !uch stronger body of troo%s, attacked the town of 'a Torre itse f, and !aking a breach in the wa of the con"ent, his !en entered, dri"ing the garrison into the citade , and burning both town and con"ent# *fter ha"ing effected this, they !ade a regu ar retreat, as they cou d not reduce the citade for want of cannon# An A&&ount of the Perse&utions of Mi&hael de Molinos( a 'ati2e of Spain. Michae de Mo inos, a ,%aniard of a rich and honourab e fa!i y, entered, when young, into %riest's orders, but wou d not acce%t of any %refer!ent in

the church# +e %ossessed great natura abi ities, which he dedicated to the ser"ice of his fe ow&creatures, without any "iew of e!o u!ent to hi!se f# +is course of ife was %ious and unifor!B nor did he exercise those austerities which are co!!on a!ong the re igious orders of the church of .o!e# Being of a conte!% ati"e turn of !ind, he %ursued the track of the !ystica di"ines, and ha"ing acEuired great re%utation in ,%ain, and being desirous of %ro%agating his sub i!e !ode of de"otion, he eft his own country, and sett ed at .o!e# +ere he soon connected hi!se f with so!e of the !ost distinguished a!ong the iterati, who so a%%ro"ed of his re igious !axi!s, that they concurred in assisting hi! to %ro%agate the!B and, in a short ti!e, he obtained a great nu!ber of fo owers, who, fro! the sub i!e !ode of their re igion, were distinguished by the na!e of Luietists# 8n FJ20, Mo inos %ub ished a book entit ed C8 Guida ,%iritua e,C to which were subjoined reco!!endatory etters fro! se"era great %ersonages# )ne of these was by the archbisho% of .eggioB a second by the genera of the FranciscansB and a third by father Martin de Es%arsa, a Jesuit, who had been di"inity&%rofessor both at ,a a!anca and .o!e# ;o sooner was the book %ub ished, than it was great y read, and high y estee!ed, both in 8ta y and ,%ainB and this so raised the re%utation of the author, that his acEuaintance was co"eted by the !ost res%ectab e characters# 'etters were written to hi! fro! nu!bers of %eo% e, so that a corres%ondence was sett ed between hi!, and those who a%%ro"ed of his !ethod, in different %arts of Euro%e# ,o!e secu ar %riests, both at .o!e and ;a% es, dec ared the!se "es o%en y for it, and consu ted hi!, as a sort of orac e, on !any occasions# But those who attached the!se "es to hi! with the greatest sincerity, were so!e of the fathers of the )ratoryB in %articu ar three of the !ost e!inent, na!e y, 9a oredi, 9iceri, and Petrucci# Many of the cardina s a so courted his acEuaintance, and thought the!se "es ha%%y in being reckoned a!ong the nu!ber of his friends# The !ost distinguished of the! was the cardina d'Estrees, a !an of "ery great earning, who so high y a%%ro"ed of Mo inos' !axi!s, that he entered into a c ose connexion with hi!# They con"ersed together dai y, and notwithstanding the distrust a ,%aniard has natura y of a French!an, yet Mo inos, who was sincere in his %rinci% es, o%ened his !ind without reser"e to the cardina B and by this !eans a corres%ondence was sett ed between Mo inos and so!e distinguished characters in France# @hi st Mo inos was thus abouring to %ro%agate his re igious !ode, father Petrucci wrote se"era treatises re ati"e to a conte!% ati"e ifeB but he !ixed in the! so !any ru es for the de"otions of the .o!ish church, as !itigated that censure he !ight ha"e otherwise incurred# They were written chief y for the use of the nuns, and therefore the sense was ex%ressed in the !ost easy and fa!i iar sty e# Mo inos had now acEuired such re%utation, that the Jesuits and -o!inicans began to be great y a ar!ed, and deter!ined to %ut a sto% to the %rogress of this !ethod# To do this, it was necessary to decry the author of itB and as heresy is an i!%utation that !akes the strongest i!%ression at .o!e, Mo inos and his fo owers were gi"en out to be heretics# Books were a so written by so!e of the Jesuits against Mo inos and his !ethodB but they were a answered with s%irit by Mo inos#

These dis%utes occasioned such disturbance in .o!e, that the who e affair was taken notice of by the inEuisition# Mo inos and his book, and father Petrucci, with his treatises and etters, were brought under a se"ere exa!inationB and the Jesuits were considered as the accusers# )ne of the society had, indeed, a%%ro"ed of Mo inos' book but the rest took care he shou d not be again seen at .o!e# 8n the course of the exa!ination both Mo inos and Petrucci acEuitted the!se "es so we , that their books were again a%%ro"ed, and the answers which the Jesuits had written were censured as scanda ous# Petrucci's conduct on this occasion was so high y a%%ro"ed, that it not on y raised the credit of the cause, but his own e!o u!entB for he was soon after !ade bisho% of Jesis, which was a new dec aration !ade by the %o%e in their fa"our# Their books were now estee!ed !ore than e"er, their !ethod was !ore fo owed, and the no"e ty of it, with the new a%%robation gi"en after so "igorous an accusation by the Jesuits, a contributed to raise the credit, and increase the nu!ber of the %arty# The beha"iour of father Petrucci in his new dignity great y contributed to increase his re%utation, so that his ene!ies were unwi ing to gi"e hi! any further disturbanceB and, indeed, there was ess occasion gi"en for censure by his writings than those of Mo inos# ,o!e %assages in the atter were not so cautious y ex%ressed, but there was roo! to !ake exce%tions to the!B whi e, on the other hand, Petrucci so fu y ex% ained hi!se f, as easi y to re!o"e the objections !ade to so!e %arts of his etter# The great re%utation acEuired by Mo inos and Petrucci, occasioned a dai y increase of the Luietists# * who were thought sincere y de"out, or at east affected the re%utation of it, were reckoned a!ong the nu!ber# 8f these %ersons were obser"ed to beco!e !ore strict in their i"es and !enta de"otions, yet there a%%eared ess Aea in their who e de%ort!ent as to the exterior %arts of the church cere!onies# They were not so assiduous at !ass, nor so earnest to %rocure !asses to be said for their friendsB nor were they so freEuent y either at confession, or in %rocessions# Though the new a%%robation gi"en to Mo inos' book by the inEuisition had checked the %roceedings of his ene!iesB yet they were sti in"eterate against hi! in their hearts, and deter!ined if %ossib e to ruin hi!# They insinuated that he had i designs, and was, in his heart, an ene!y to the 9hristian re igion( that under %retence of raising !en to a sub i!e strain of de"otion, he intended to erase fro! their !inds a sense of the !ysteries of christianity# *nd because he was a ,%aniard, they ga"e out that he was descended fro! a Jewish or Maho!etan race, and that he !ight carry in his b ood, or in his first education, so!e seeds of those re igions which he had since cu ti"ated with no ess art than Aea # This ast ca u!ny gained but itt e credit at .o!e, though it was said an order was sent to exa!ine the registers of the % ace where Mo inos was ba%tised# Mo inos finding hi!se f attacked with great "igour, and the !ost unre enting !a ice, took e"ery necessary %recaution to %re"ent these i!%utations being credited# +e wrote a treatise, entit ed FreEuent and -ai y 9o!!union, which was ikewise a%%ro"ed by so!e of the !ost earned of the .o!ish c ergy# This was %rinted with his ,%iritua Guide, in the year FJ20B and in the %reface to it he dec ared, that he had not written it with any design to engage

hi!se f in !atters of contro"ersy, but that it was drawn fro! hi! by the earnest so icitations of !any %ious %eo% e# The Jesuits, fai ing, in their atte!%ts of crushing Mo inos' %ower in .o!e, a%% ied to the court of France, when, in a short ti!e, they so far succeeded, that an order was sent to cardina d'Estrees, co!!anding hi! to %rosecute Mo inos with a %ossib e rigour# The cardina , though so strong y attached to Mo inos, reso "ed to sacrifice a that is sacred in friendshi% to the wi of his !aster# Finding, howe"er, there was not sufficient !atter for an accusation against hi!, he deter!ined to su%% y that defect hi!se f# +e, therefore, went to the inEuisitors, and infor!ed the! of se"era %articu ars, not on y re ati"e to Mo inos, but a so Petrucci, both of who!, together with se"era of their friends, were %ut into the inEuisition# @hen they were brought before the inEuisitors, Qwhich was the beginning of the year FJG5R Petrucci answered the res%ecti"e Euestions %ut to hi! with so !uch judg!ent and te!%er, that he was soon dis!issedB and though Mo inos' exa!ination was !uch onger, it was genera y ex%ected he wou d ha"e been ikewise discharged( but this was not the case# Though the inEuisitors had not any just accusation against hi!, yet they strained e"ery ner"e to find hi! gui ty of heresy# They first objected to his ho ding a corres%ondence in different %arts of Euro%eB but of this he was acEuitted, as the !atter of that corres%ondence cou d not be !ade cri!ina # They then directed their attention to so!e sus%icious %a%ers found in his cha!berB but Mo inos so c ear y ex% ained their !eaning, that nothing cou d be !ade of the! to his %rejudice# *t ength, cardina d'Estrees, after %roducing the order sent hi! by the king of France for %rosecuting Mo inos, said, he cou d %ro"e against hi! !ore than was necessary to con"ince the! he was gui ty of heresy# To do this he %er"erted the !eaning of so!e %assages in Mo inos' books and %a%ers, and re ated !any fa se and aggra"ating circu!stances re ati"e to the %risoner# +e acknow edged he had i"ed with hi! under the a%%earance of friendshi%, but that it was on y to disco"er his %rinci% es and intentions( that he had found the! to be of a bad nature, and that dangerous conseEuences were ike y to ensueB but in order to !ake a fu disco"ery, he had assented to se"era things, which, in his heart, he detestedB and that, by these !eans, he saw into the secrets of Mo inos, but deter!ined not to take any notice, ti a %ro%er o%%ortunity shou d offer of crushing hi! and his fo owers# 8n conseEuence of d'Estrees' e"idence, Mo inos was c ose y confined by the inEuisition, where he continued for so!e ti!e, during which %eriod a was Euiet, and his fo owers %rosecuted their !ode without interru%tion# But on a sudden the Jesuits deter!ined to extir%ate the!, and the stor! broke out with the !ost in"eterate "ehe!ence# The count ?es%iniani and his ady, -on Pau o .occhi, confessor to the %rince Borghese, and so!e of his fa!i y, with se"era others, Qin a se"enty %ersonsR were %ut into the inEuisition, a!ong who! !any were high y estee!ed both for their earning and %iety# The accusation aid against the c ergy was, their neg ecting to say the bre"iaryB and the rest were accused of going to the co!!union without first attending confession# 8n a word, it was said, they neg ected a the exterior %arts of re igion, and ga"e the!se "es u% who y to so itude and inward %rayer#

The countess ?es%iniani exerted herse f in a "ery %articu ar !anner on her exa!ination before the inEuisitors# ,he said, she had ne"er re"ea ed her !ethod of de"otion to any !orta but her confessor, and that it was i!%ossib e they shou d know it without his disco"ering the secretB that, therefore it was ti!e to gi"e o"er going to confession, if %riests !ade this use of it, to disco"er the !ost secret thoughts intrusted to the!B and that, for the future, she wou d on y !ake her confession to God# Fro! this s%irited s%eech, and the great noise !ade in conseEuence of the countess's situation, the inEuisitors thought it !ost %rudent to dis!iss both her and her husband, est the %eo% e !ight be incensed, and what she said !ight essen the credit of confession# They were, therefore, both discharged, but bound to a%%ear whene"er they shou d be ca ed u%on# Besides those a ready !entioned, such was the in"eteracy of the Jesuits against the Luietists, that within the s%ace of a !onth u%wards of two hundred %ersons were %ut into the inEuisitionB and that !ethod of de"otion which had %assed in 8ta y as the !ost e e"ated to which !orta s cou d as%ire, was dee!ed heretica , and the chief %ro!oters of it confined in a wretched dungeon# 8n order, if %ossib e, to extir%ate Luietis!, the inEuisitors sent a circu ar etter to cardina 9ibo, as the chief !inister, to dis%erse it through 8ta y# 8t was addressed to a %re ates, infor!ing the!, that whereas !any schoo s and fraternities were estab ished in se"era %arts of 8ta y, in which so!e %ersons, under a %retence of eading %eo% e into the ways of the ,%irit, and to the %rayer of Euietness, insti ed into the! !any abo!inab e heresies, therefore a strict charge was gi"en to disso "e a those societies, and to ob ige the s%iritua guide to tread in the known %athsB and, in %articu ar, to take care none of that sort shou d be suffered to ha"e the direction of the nunneries# )rders were ikewise gi"en to %roceed, in the way of justice, against those who shou d be found gui ty of these abo!inab e errors# *fter this a strict inEuiry was !ade into a the nunneries in .o!eB when !ost of their directors and confessors were disco"ered to be engaged in this new !ethod# 8t was found that the 9ar!e ites, the nuns of the 9once%tion, and those of se"era other con"ents, were who y gi"en u% to %rayer and conte!% ation, and that, instead of their beads, and the other de"otions to saints, or i!ages, they were !uch a one, and often in the exercise of !enta %rayerB that when they were asked why they had aid aside the use of their beads, and their ancient for!s, their answer was, their directors had ad"ised the! so to do# 8nfor!ation of this being gi"en to the inEuisition, they sent orders that a books written in the sa!e strain with those of Mo inos and Petrucci, shou d be taken fro! the!, and that they shou d be co!%e ed to return to their origina for! of de"otion# The circu ar etter sent to cardina 9ibo, %roduced but itt e effect, for !ost of the 8ta ian bisho%s were inc ined to Mo inos' !ethod# 8t was intended that this, as we as a other orders fro! the inEuisitors, shou d be ke%t secretB but notwithstanding a their care, co%ies of it were %rinted, and dis%ersed in !ost of the %rinci%a towns in 8ta y# This ga"e great uneasiness to the inEuisitors, who use e"ery !ethod they can to concea their %roceedings fro! the know edge of the wor d# They b a!ed the cardina , and accused hi! of being the cause of itB but he retorted on the!, and his secretary aid the fau t on both#

-uring these transactions, Mo inos suffered great indignities fro! the officers of the inEuisitionB and the on y co!fort he recei"ed was, fro! being so!eti!es "isited by father Petrucci# Though he had i"ed in the highest re%utation in .o!e for so!e years, he was now as !uch des%ised, as he had been ad!ired, being genera y considered as one of the worst of heretics# The greater %art of Mo inos' fo owers, who had been % aced in the inEuisition, ha"ing abjured his !ode, were dis!issedB but a harder fate awaited Mo inos, their eader# *fter ying a considerab e ti!e in %rison, he was at ength brought again before the inEuisitors to answer to a nu!ber of artic es exhibited against hi! fro! his writings# *s soon as he a%%eared in court, a chain was %ut round his body, and a wax& ight in his hand, when two friars read a oud the artic es of accusation# Mo inos answered each with great steadiness and reso utionB and notwithstanding his argu!ents tota y defeated the force of a , yet he was found gui ty of heresy, and conde!ned to i!%rison!ent for ife# @hen he eft the court he was attended by a %riest, who had borne hi! the greatest res%ect# )n his arri"a at the %rison he entered the ce a otted for his confine!ent with great tranEui ityB and on taking ea"e of the %riest, thus addressed hi!( *dieu, father, we sha !eet again at the day of judg!ent, and then it wi a%%ear on which side the truth is, whether on !y side, or on yours# -uring his confine!ent, he was se"era ti!es tortured in the !ost crue !anner, ti , at ength, the se"erity of the %unish!ents o"er%owered his strength, and finished his existence# The death of Mo inos struck such an i!%ression on his fo owers, that the greater %art of the! soon abjured his !odeB and by the assiduity of the Jesuits, Luietis! was tota y extir%ated throughout the country#

CHAPTER VII.
An Account of the Persecutions in Bohemia under the Papacy. The .o!an %ontiffs ha"ing usur%ed a %ower o"er se"era churches were %articu ar y se"ere on the Bohe!ians, which occasioned the! to send two !inisters and four ay&brothers to .o!e, in the year I22, to obtain redress of the %o%e# *fter so!e de ay, their reEuest was granted, and their grie"ances redressed# Two things in %articu ar they were %er!itted to do, "iA# to ha"e di"ine ser"ice %erfor!ed in their own anguage, and to gi"e the cu% to the aity in the sacra!ent# The dis%utes, howe"er, soon broke out again, the succeeding %o%es exerting their who e %ower to i!%ose on the !inds of the Bohe!iansB and the atter, with great s%irit, ai!ing to %reser"e their re igious iberties# *# -# FH20, so!e Aea ous friends of the gos%e a%% ied to 9har es, king of Bohe!ia, to ca an econo!ica counci , for an inEuiry into the abuses that had cre%t into the church, and to !ake a fu and thorough refor!ation# The king, not knowing how to %roceed, sent to the %o%e for directions how to actB but the %ontiff was so incensed at this affair, that his on y re% y was, se"ere y %unish those rash and %rofane heretics# The !onarch, according y banished e"ery one who had been concerned in the a%% ication, and, to ob ige the

%o%e, aid a great nu!ber of additiona restraints u%on the re igious iberties of the %eo% e# The "icti!s of %ersecution, howe"er, were not so nu!erous in Bohe!ia, unti after the burning of John +uss and Jero! of Prague# These two e!inent refor!ers were conde!ned and executed at the instigation of the %o%e and his e!issaries, as the reader wi %ercei"e by the fo owing short sketch of their i"es#

John Huss. John +uss was born at +ussenitA, a "i age in Bohe!ia, about the year FHG1# +is %arents ga"e hi! the best education their circu!stances wou d ad!itB and ha"ing acEuired a to erab e know edge of the c assics at a %ri"ate schoo , he was re!o"ed to the uni"ersity of Prague, where he soon ga"e strong %roofs of his !enta %owers, and was re!arkab e for his di igence and a%% ication to study# 8n FHIG, +uss co!!enced bache or of di"inity, and was after successi"e y chosen %astor of the church of Beth ehe!, in Prague, and dean and rector of the uni"ersity# 8n these stations he discharged his duties with great fide ityB and beca!e, at ength, so cons%icuous for his %reaching, which was in confor!ity with the doctrines of @ick iffe, that it was not ike y he cou d ong esca%e the notice of the %o%e and his adherents, against who! he in"eighed with no s!a degree of as%erity# The Eng ish refor!ist @ick iffe, had so kind ed the ight of refor!ation, that it began to i u!ine the darkest corners of %o%ery and ignorance# +is doctrines s%read into Bohe!ia, and were we recei"ed by great nu!bers of %eo% e, but by none so %articu ar y as John +uss, and his Aea ous friend and fe ow& !artyr, Jero! of Prague# The archbisho% of Prague, finding the refor!ists dai y increasing, issued a decree to su%%ress the farther s%reading of @ick iffe's writings( but this had an effect Euite different to what he ex%ected, for it sti!u ated the friends of those doctrines to greater Aea , and a !ost the who e uni"ersity united to %ro%agate the!# Being strong y attached to the doctrines of @ick iffe, +uss o%%osed the decree of the archbisho%, who, howe"er, at ength, obtained a bu fro! the %o%e, gi"ing hi! co!!ission to %re"ent the %ub ishing of @ick iffe's doctrines in his %ro"ince# By "irtue of this bu , the archbisho% conde!ned the writings of @ick iffe( he a so %roceeded against four doctors, who had not de i"ered u% the co%ies of that di"ine, and %rohibited the!, notwithstanding their %ri"i eges, to %reach to any congregation# -r# +uss, with so!e other !e!bers of the uni"ersity, %rotested against these %roceedings, and entered an a%%ea fro! the sentence of the archbisho%# The affair being !ade known to the %o%e, he granted a co!!ission to cardina 9o onna, to cite John +uss to a%%ear %ersona y at the court of .o!e, to answer the accusations aid against hi!, of %reaching both errors and heresies# -r# +uss desired to be excused fro! a %ersona a%%earance, and was so great y fa"oured in Bohe!ia, that king @inces aus, the Eueen, the nobi ity, and the uni"ersity, desired the %o%e to dis%ense with such an a%%earanceB as a so that he wou d not suffer the kingdo! of Bohe!ia to ie under the accusation of heresy, but %er!it the! to %reach the gos%e with freedo! in their % aces of worshi%# Three %roctors a%%eared for -r# +uss before cardina 9o onna# They endea"oured to excuse his absence, and said, they were ready to answer in his beha f# But, the cardina dec ared +uss contu!acious, and exco!!unicated hi! according y# The %roctors a%%ea ed to the %o%e, and a%%ointed four cardina s to exa!ine the %rocess( these co!!issioners

confir!ed the for!er sentence, and extended the exco!!unication not on y to +uss but to a his friends and fo owers# Fro! this unjust sentence +uss a%%ea ed to a future counci , but without successB and, notwithstanding so se"ere a decree, and an ex%u sion in conseEuence fro! his church in Prague, he retired to +ussenitA, his nati"e % ace, where he continued to %ro!u gate his new doctrine, both fro! the %u %it and with the %en# The etters which he wrote at this ti!e were "ery nu!erousB and he co!%i ed a treatise in which he !aintained, that reading the book of %rotestants cou d not be abso ute y forbidden# +e wrote in defence of @ick iffe's book on the TrinityB and bo d y dec ared against the "ices of the %o%e, the cardina s, and c ergy, of those corru%t ti!es# +e wrote a so !any other books, a of which were %enned with a strength of argu!ent that great y faci itated the s%reading of his doctrines# 8n the !onth of ;o"e!ber, F5F5, a genera counci was asse!b ed at 9onstance, in Ger!any, in order, as was %retended, for the so e %ur%ose of deter!ining a dis%ute then %ending between three %ersons who contended for the %a%acyB but the rea !oti"e was, to crush the %rogress of the refor!ation# John +uss was su!!oned to a%%ear at this counci B and, to encourage hi!, the e!%eror sent hi! a safe&conduct( the ci"i ities, and e"en re"erence, which +uss !et with on his journey, were beyond i!agination# The streets, and, so!eti!es the "ery roads, were ined with %eo% e, who! res%ect, rather than curiosity, had brought together# +e was ushered into the town with great acc a!ations and it !ay be said, that he %assed through Ger!any in a kind of triu!%h# +e cou d not he % ex%ressing his sur%rise at the treat!ent he recei"ed( C8 thought Qsaid heR 8 had been an outcast# 8 now see !y worst friends are in Bohe!ia#C *s soon as +uss arri"ed at 9onstance, he i!!ediate y took odgings in a re!ote %art of the city# * short ti!e after his arri"a , ca!e one ,te%hen Pa etA, who was e!% oyed by the c ergy at Prague to !anage the intended %rosecution against hi!# Pa etA was afterward joined by Michae de 9assis, on the %art of the court of .o!e# These two dec ared the!se "es his accusers, and drew u% a set of artic es against hi!, which they %resented to the %o%e and the %re ates of the counci # @hen it was known that he was in the city, he was i!!ediate y arrested, and co!!itted %risoner to a cha!ber in the %a ace# This "io ation of co!!on aw and justice, was %articu ar y noticed by one of +uss' friends, who urged the i!%eria safe&conductB but the %o%e re% ied, he ne"er granted any safe& conduct, nor was he bound by that of the e!%eror# @hi e +uss was in confine!ent, the counci acted the %art of inEuisitors# They conde!ned the doctrines of @ick iffe, and e"en ordered his re!ains to be dug u% and burnt to ashesB which orders were strict y co!% ied with# 8n the !ean ti!e, the nobi ity of Bohe!ia and Po and strong y interceded for +ussB and so far %re"ai ed as to %re"ent his being conde!ned unheard, which had been reso "ed on by the co!!issioners a%%ointed to try hi!# @hen he was brought before the counci , the artic es exhibited against hi! were read( they were u%wards of forty in nu!ber, and chief y extracted fro! his writings#

*fter his exa!ination, he was taken fro! the court, and a reso ution was for!ed by the counci to burn hi! as a heretic if he wou d not retract# +e was then co!!itted to a fi thy %rison, where, in the dayti!e, he was so aden with fetters on his egs, that he cou d hard y !o"e, and e"ery night he was fastened by his hand to a ring against the wa s of the %rison# *fter continuing so!e days in this situation, !any nob e!en of Bohe!ia interceded in his beha f# They drew u% a %etition for his re ease, which was %resented to the counci by se"era of the !ost distinguished nob es of Bohe!iaB a few days after the %etition was %resented, four bisho%s and two ords were sent by the e!%eror to the %rison, in order to %re"ai on +uss to !ake a recantation# But he ca ed God to witness, with tears in his eyes, that he was not conscious of ha"ing %reached or written, against the truth of God, or the faith of his orthodox church# )n the 5th of Ju y, -r# +uss was brought for the ast ti!e before the counci # *fter a ong exa!ination he was desired to abjure, which he refused without the east hesitation# The bisho% of 'odi then %reached a sanguinary ser!on, concerning the destruction of heretics, the %ro ogue to his intended %unish!ent# *fter the c ose of the ser!on, his fate was deter!ined, his "indication was disregarded, and judg!ent %ronounced# +uss heard this sentence without the east e!otion# *t the c ose of it he kne t down, with his eyes ifted towards hea"en, and with a the !agnani!ity of a %ri!iti"e !artyr, thus exc ai!ed( CMay thy infinite !ercy, ) !y GodS %ardon this injustice of !ine ene!ies# Thou knowest the injustice of !y accusationsB how defor!ed with cri!es 8 ha"e been re%resentedB how 8 ha"e been o%%ressed with worth ess witnesses, and a fa se conde!nationB yet, ) !y GodS et that !ercy of thine, which no tongue can ex%ress, %re"ai with thee not to a"enge !y wrongs#C These exce ent sentences were estee!ed as so !any ex%ressions of treason, and tended to inf a!e his ad"ersaries# *ccording y, the bisho%s a%%ointed by the counci stri%%ed hi! of his %riest y gar!ents, degraded hi!, %ut a %a%er !itre on his head, on which was %ainted de"i s, with this inscri%tion, C* ring eader of heretics#C )ur heroic !artyr recei"ed this !ock !itre with an air of unconcern, which see!ed to gi"e hi! dignity rather than disgrace# * serenity, nay, e"en a joy a%%eared in his ooks, which indicated that his sou had cut off !any stages of a tedious journey in her way to the rea !s of e"er asting %eace# *fter the cere!ony of degradation was o"er, the bisho%s de i"ered -r# +uss to the e!%eror, who %ut hi! into the hands of the duke of Ba"aria# +is books were burnt at the gates of the churchB and on the Jth of Ju y, he was ed to the suburbs of 9onstance, to be burnt a i"e# )n his arri"a at the % ace of execution, he fe on his knees, sung se"era %ortions of the Psa !s, ooked steadfast y towards hea"en, and re%eated these words( C8nto thy hands, ) 'ordS do 8 co!!it !y s%irit( thou hast redee!ed !e, ) !ost good and !ercifu GodSC @hen the chain was %ut about hi! at the stake, he said, with a s!i ing countenance, CMy 'ord Jesus 9hrist was bound with a harder chain than this for !y sake, and why then shou d 8 be asha!ed of this rusty oneTC @hen the fagots were %i ed u% to his "ery neck, the duke of Ba"aria was so officious as to desire hi! to abjure# C;o, Qsaid +ussBR 8 ne"er %reached any doctrine of an e"i tendencyB and what 8 taught with !y i%s 8 now sea with

!y b ood#C +e then said to the executioner, C$ou are now going to burn a goose, Q+uss signifying goose in the Bohe!ian anguageBR but in a century you wi ha"e a swan who! you can neither roast nor boi #C 8f he were %ro%hetic, he !ust ha"e !eant Martin 'uther, who shone about a hundred years after, and who had a swan for his ar!s# The f a!es were now a%% ied to the fagots, when our !artyr sung a hy!n with so oud and cheerfu a "oice, that he was heard through a the crack ings of the co!bustib es, and the noise of the !u titude# *t ength his "oice was interru%ted by the se"erity of the f a!es, which soon c osed his existence# Jerom of Pra1ue. This refor!er, who was the co!%anion of -r# +uss, and !ay be said to be a co&!artyr with hi!, was born at Prague, and educated in that uni"ersity, where he %articu ar y distinguished hi!se f for his great abi ities and earning# +e ikewise "isited se"era other earned se!inaries in Euro%e, %articu ar y the uni"ersities of Paris, +eide burg, 9o ogn, and )xford# *t the atter % ace he beca!e acEuainted with the works of @ick iffe, and being a %erson of unco!!on a%% ication, he trans ated !any of the! into his nati"e anguage, ha"ing with great %ains, !ade hi!se f !aster of the Eng ish tongue# )n his return to Prague, he %rofessed hi!se f an o%en fa"ourer of @ick iffe, and finding that his doctrines had !ade considerab e %rogress in Bohe!ia, and that +uss was the %rinci%a %ro!oter of the!, he beca!e an assistant to hi! in the great work of refor!ation# )n the 5th of *%ri , F5F0, Jero! arri"ed at 9onstance, about three !onths before the death of +uss# +e entered the town %ri"ate y, and consu ting with so!e of the eaders of his %arty, who! he found there, was easi y con"inced he cou d not be of any ser"ice to his friends# Finding that his arri"a in 9onstance was %ub ic y known, and that the counci intended to seiAe hi!, he thought it !ost %rudent to retire# *ccording y, the next day he went to 8ber ing, an i!%eria town, about a !i e fro! 9onstance# Fro! this % ace he wrote to the e!%eror, and %ro%osed his readiness to a%%ear before the counci , if he wou d gi"e hi! a safe&conductB but this was refused# +e then a%% ied to the counci , but !et with an answer no ess unfa"ourab e than that fro! the e!%eror# *fter this, he set out on his return to Bohe!ia# +e had the %recaution to take with hi! a certificate, signed by se"era of the Bohe!ian nobi ity, then at 9onstance, testifying that he had used a %rudent !eans in his %ower to %rocure a hearing# Jero!, howe"er, did not thus esca%e# +e was seiAed at +irsaw, by an officer be onging to the duke of ,u tsbach, who, though unauthoriAed so to act, !ade itt e doubt of obtaining thanks fro! the counci for so acce%tab e a ser"ice# The duke of ,u tsbach, ha"ing Jero! now in his %ower, wrote to the counci for directions how to %roceed# The counci , after ex%ressing their ob igations to the duke, desired hi! to send the %risoner i!!ediate y to 9onstance# The e ector %a atine !et hi! on the way, and conducted hi! into the city, hi!se f riding on horseback, with a nu!erous retinue, who ed Jero! in

fetters by a ong chainB and i!!ediate y on his arri"a he was co!!itted to a oathso!e dungeon# Jero! was treated near y in the sa!e !anner as +uss had been, on y that he was !uch onger confined, and shifted fro! one %rison to another# *t ength, being brought before the counci , he desired that he !ight % ead his own cause, and excu %ate hi!se f( which being refused hi!, he broke out into the fo owing e egant exc a!ation( C@hat barbarity is thisS For three hundred and forty days ha"e 8 been confined in a "ariety of %risons# There is not a !isery, there is not a want, that 8 ha"e not ex%erienced# To !y ene!ies you ha"e a owed the fu est sco%e of accusation( to !e, you deny, the east o%%ortunity of defence# ;ot an hour wi you now indu ge !e in %re%aring for !y tria # $ou ha"e swa owed the b ackest ca u!nies against !e# $ou ha"e re%resented !e as a heretic, without knowing !y doctrineB as an ene!y to the faith, before you knew what faith 8 %rofessedB as a %ersecutor of %riests before you cou d ha"e an o%%ortunity of understanding !y senti!ents on that head# $ou are a genera counci ( in you centre a this wor d can co!!unicate of gra"ity, wisdo!, and sanctity( but sti you are !en, and !en are seducib e by a%%earances# The higher your character is for wisdo!, the greater ought your care to be not to de"iate into fo y# The cause 8 now % ead is not !y own cause( it is the cause of !en, it is the cause of christiansB it is a cause which is to affect the rights of %osterity, howe"er the ex%eri!ent is to be !ade in !y %erson#C This s%eech had not the east effectB Jero! was ob iged to hear the charge read, which was reduced under the fo owing heads(DF# That he was a derider of the %a%a dignityBD/# *n o%%oser of the %o%eBDH# *n ene!y to the cardina sBD5# * %ersecutor of the %re atesBDand 0# * hater of the christian re igion# The tria of Jero! was brought on the third day after his accusation and witnesses were exa!ined in su%%ort of the charge# The %risoner was %re%ared for his defence, which a%%ears a !ost incredib e, when we consider he had been three hundred and forty days shut u% in oathso!e %risons, de%ri"ed of day ight, and a !ost star"ed for want of co!!on necessaries# But his s%irit soared abo"e these disad"antages, under which a !an ess ani!ated wou d ha"e sunkB nor was he !ore at a oss for Euotations fro! the fathers and ancient authors than if he had been furnished with the finest ibrary# The !ost bigoted of the asse!b y were unwi ing he shou d be heard, knowing what effect e oEuence is a%t to ha"e on the !inds of the !ost %rejudiced# *t ength, howe"er, it was carried by the !ajority, that he shou d ha"e iberty to %roceed in his defence, which he began to such an exa ted strain of !o"ing e ocution, that the heart of obdurate Aea was seen to !e t, and the !ind of su%erstition see!ed to ad!it a ray of con"iction# +e !ade an ad!irab e distinction between e"idence as resting u%on facts, and as su%%orted by !a ice and ca u!ny# +e aid before the asse!b y the who e tenor of his ife and conduct# +e obser"ed that the greatest and !ost ho y !en had been known to differ in %oints of s%ecu ation, with a "iew to distinguish truth, not to kee% it concea ed# +e ex%ressed a nob e conte!%t of a his ene!ies, who wou d ha"e induced hi! to retract the cause of "irtue and truth# +e entered u%on a high enco!iu! of +ussB and dec ared he was

ready to fo ow hi! in the g orious track of !artyrdo!# +e then touched u%on the !ost defensib e doctrines of @ick iffeB and conc uded with obser"ing that it was far fro! his intention to ad"ance any thing against the state of the church of GodB that it was on y against the abuse of the c ergy he co!% ainedB and that he cou d not he % saying, it was certain y i!%ious that the %atri!ony of the church, which was origina y intended for the %ur%ose of charity and uni"ersa bene"o ence, shou d be %rostituted to the %ride of the eye, in feasts, fo%%ish "est!ents, and other re%roaches to the na!e and %rofession of christianity# The tria being o"er, Jero! recei"ed the sa!e sentence that had been %assed u%on his !artyred country!an# 8n conseEuence of this he was, in the usua sty e of %o%ish affectation, de i"ered o"er to the ci"i %ower( but as he was a ay!an, he had not to undergo the cere!ony of degradation# They had %re%ared a ca% of %a%er %ainted with red de"i s, which being %ut u%on his head, he said, C)ur 'ord Jesus 9hrist, when he suffered death for !e a !ost !iserab e sinner, did wear a crown of thorns u%on his head, and for +is sake wi 8 wear this ca%#C Two days were a owed hi! in ho%es that he wou d recantB in which ti!e the cardina of F orence used his ut!ost endea"ours to bring hi! o"er# But they a %ro"ed ineffectua # Jero! was reso "ed to sea the doctrine with his b oodB and he suffered death with the !ost distinguished !agnani!ity# 8n going to the % ace of execution he sung se"era hy!ns, and when he ca!e to the s%ot, which was the sa!e where +uss had been burnt, he kne t down, and %rayed fer"ent y# +e e!braced the stake with great cheerfu ness, and when they went behind hi! to set fire to the fagots, he said, C9o!e here, and kind e it before !y eyesB for if 8 had been afraid of it, 8 had not co!e to this % ace#C The fire being kind ed, he sung a hy!n, but was soon interru%ted by the f a!esB and the ast words he was heard to say these(DCThis sou in f a!es 8 offer#C The e egant Pogge, a earned gent e!an of F orence, secretary to two %o%es, and a Aea ous but ibera catho ic, in a etter to 'eonard *rotin, bore a!% e testi!ony of the extraordinary %owers and "irtues of Jero! who! he e!%hatica y sty es, * %rodigious !anS =is&a. The rea na!e of this Aea ous ser"ant of 9hrist was John de TrocAnow, that of Nisca is a Bohe!ian word, signifying one&eyed, as he had ost an eye# +e was a nati"e of Bohe!ia, of a good fa!i y and eft the court of @inces aus, to enter into the ser"ice of the king of Po and against the Teutonic knights# +a"ing obtained a badge of honour and a %urse of ducats for his ga antry, at the c ose of the war he returned to the court of @inces aus, to who! he bo d y a"owed the dee% interest he took in the b oody affront offered to his !ajesty's subjects at 9onstance in the affair of +uss# @inces aus a!ented it was not in his %ower to re"enge itB and fro! this !o!ent Nisca is said to ha"e for!ed the idea of asserting the re igious iberties of his country# 8n the year F5FG, the counci was disso "ed, ha"ing done !ore !ischief than good, and in the su!!er of that year a genera !eeting was he d of the friends of re igious refor!ation, at the cast e of @i grade, who, conducted by Nisca, re%aired to the e!%eror with ar!s in their hands, and offered to defend hi!

against his ene!ies# The king bid the! use their ar!s %ro%er y, and this stroke of %o icy first insured to Nisca the confidence of his %arty# @inces aus was succeeded by ,igis!ond, his brother, who rendered hi!se f odious to the .efor!ersB and re!o"ed a such as were obnoxious to his go"ern!ent# Nisca and his friends, u%on this, i!!ediate y f ew to ar!s, dec ared war against the e!%eror and the %o%e, and aid siege to Pi sen with 51,111 !en# They soon beca!e !asters of the fortress, and in a short ti!e a the south&west %art of Bohe!ia sub!itted, which great y increased the ar!y of the refor!ers# The atter ha"ing taken the %ass of Mu daw, after a se"ere conf ict of fi"e days and nights, the e!%eror beca!e a ar!ed, and withdrew his troo%s fro! the confines of Turkey, to !arch the! into Bohe!ia# *t Berne in Mora"ia, he ha ted, and sent des%atches to treat of %eace, as a %re i!inary to which, Nisca ga"e u% Pi sen and a the fortresses he had taken# ,igis!ond %roceeding in a !anner that c ear y !anifested he acted on the .o!an doctrine, that no faith was to be ke%t with heretics, and treating so!e of the authors of the ate disturbances with se"erity, the a ar!&be of re"o t was sounded fro! one end of Bohe!ia to the other# Nisca took the cast e of Prague by the %ower of !oney, and on the FIth of *ugust, F5/1, defeated the s!a ar!y the e!%eror had hasti y got together to o%%ose hi!# +e next took *usea by assau t, and destroyed the town with a barbarity that disgraced the cause in which he fought# @inter a%%roaching, Nisca fortified his ca!% on a strong hi about forty !i es fro! Prague, which he ca ed Mount Tabor, fro! whence he sur%rised a body of horse at !idnight, and !ade a thousand !en %risoners# ,hort y after, the e!%eror obtained %ossession of the strong fortress of Prague, by the sa!e !eans that Nisca had before done( it was soon b ockaded by the atter, and want began to threaten the e!%eror, who saw the necessity of a retreat# -eter!ined to !ake a des%erate effort, ,igis!ond attacked the fortified ca!% of Nisca on Mount Tabor, and carried it with great s aughter# Many other fortresses a so fe , and Nisca withdrew to a craggy hi , which he strong y fortified, and whence he so annoyed the e!%eror in his a%%roaches against the town of Prague, that he found he !ust either abandon the siege or defeat his ene!y# The !arEuis of Misnia was de%uted to effect this with a arge body of troo%s, but the e"ent was fata to the i!%eria istsB they were defeated, and the e!%eror ha"ing ost near y one third of his ar!y, retreated fro! the siege of Prague, harassed in his rear by the ene!y# 8n the s%ring of F5/F, Nisca co!!enced the ca!%aign, as before, by destroying a the !onasteries in his way# +e aid siege to the cast e of @isgrade, and the e!%eror co!ing to re ie"e it, fe into a snare, was defeated with dreadfu s aughter, and this i!%ortant fortress was taken# )ur genera had now eisure to attend to the work of refor!ation, but he was !uch disgusted with the gross ignorance and su%erstition of the Bohe!ian c ergy, who rendered the!se "es conte!%tib e in the eyes of the who e ar!y# @hen he saw any sy!%to!s of uneasiness in his ca!%, he wou d s%read a ar! in order to di"ert the!, and draw his !en into action# 8n one of these ex%editions, he enca!%ed before the town of .ubi, and whi e %ointing out the % ace for an assau t, an arrow shot fro! the wa struck hi! in the eye# *t Prague it was extracted, but, being barbed, it tore the eye out with it# * fe"er succeeded, and his ife was with difficu ty %reser"ed# +e was now tota y b ind, but sti desirous of attending the ar!y# The e!%eror ha"ing

su!!oned the states of the e!%ire to assist hi!, it was reso "ed, with their assistance, to attack Nisca in the winter, when !any of his troo%s de%arted ti the return of s%ring# The confederate %rinces undertook the siege of ,oisin, but at the a%%roach !ere y of the Bohe!ian genera , they retreated# ,igis!ond ne"erthe ess ad"anced with his for!idab e ar!y, consisting of F0,111 +ungarian horse and /0,111 infantry, we eEui%%ed for a winter ca!%aign# This ar!y s%read terror through a the east of Bohe!ia# @here"er ,igis!ond !arched, the !agistrates aid their keys at his feet, and were treated with se"erity or fa"our, according to their !erits in his cause# Nisca, howe"er, with s%eedy !arches, a%%roached, and the e!%eror reso "ed to try his fortune once !ore with that in"incib e chief# )n the FHth of January, F5//, the two ar!ies !et on a s%acious % ain near <a!nitA# Nisca a%%eared in the centre of his front ine, guarded, or rather conducted, by a horse!an on each side, ar!ed with a %o e&axe# +is troo%s ha"ing sung a hy!n with a deter!ined coo ness drew their swords, and waited for a signa # @hen his officers had infor!ed hi! that the ranks were a we c osed, he wa"ed his sabre round his head, which was the sign of batt e# This batt e is described as a !ost awfu sight# The extent of the % ain was one continued scene of disorder# The i!%eria ar!y f ed towards the confines of Mora"ia, the Taborites, without inter!ission, ga ing their rear# The ri"er 8g a, then froAen, o%%osed their f ight# The ene!y %ressing furious y, !any of the infantry, and in a !anner the who e body of the ca"a ry atte!%ted the ri"er# The ice ga"e way and not fewer than /111 were swa ed u% in the water# Nisca now returned to Tabor, aden with a the s%oi s and tro%hies which the !ost co!% ete "ictory cou d gi"e# Nisca now began again to %ay attention to the refor!ationB he forbid a the %rayers for the dead, i!ages, sacerdota "est!ents, fasts, and festi"a s# Priests were to be %referred according to their !erits, and no one to be %ersecuted for re igious o%inions# 8n e"ery thing Nisca consu ted the ibera !inded, and did nothing without genera concurrence# *n a ar!ing disagree!ent now arose at Prague between the !agistrates who were 9a ixtans, or recei"ers of the sacra!ents in both kinds, and the Taborites, nine of the chiefs of who! were %ri"ate y arraigned, and %ut to death# The %o%u ace, enraged, sacrificed the !agistrates, and the affair ter!inated without any %articu ar conseEuence# The 9a ixtans ha"ing sunk into conte!%t, Nisca was so icited to assu!e the crown of Bohe!iaB but this he nob y refused, and %re%ared for the next ca!%aign, in which ,igis!ond reso "ed to !ake his ast effort# @hi e the !arEuis of Misnia %enetrated into :%%er ,axony, the e!%eror %ro%osed to enter Mora"ia, on the side of +ungary# Before the !arEuis had taken the fie d, Nisca sat down before the strong town of *usig, situate on the E be# The !arEuis f ew to its re ief with a su%erior ar!y, and, after an obstinate engage!ent, was tota y defeated and *usig ca%itu ated# Nisca then went to the assistance of Proco%, a young genera who! he had a%%ointed to kee% ,igis!ond in check, and who! he co!%e ed to abandon the siege of PernitA, after aying eight weeks before it# Nisca, wi ing to gi"e his troo%s so!e res%ite fro! fatigue, now entered Prague, ho%ing his %resence wou d Eue any uneasiness that !ight re!ain after the ate disturbance( but he was sudden y attacked by the %eo% eB and he and his troo% ha"ing beaten off the citiAens effected a retreat to his ar!y,

who! he acEuainted with the treacherous conduct of the 9a ixtans# E"ery effort of address was necessary to a%%ease their "engefu ani!osity, and at night, in a %ri"ate inter"iew between .oEuesan, an ecc esiastic of great e!inence in Prague, and Nisca, the atter beca!e reconci ed, and the intended hosti ities were done away# Mutua y tired of the war, ,igis!ond sent to Nisca, reEuesting hi! to sheath his sword, and na!e his conditions# * % ace of congress being a%%ointed, Nisca, with his chief officers, set out to !eet the e!%eror# 9o!%e ed to %ass through a %art of the country where the % ague raged, he was seiAed with it at the cast e of Briscaw and de%arted this ife, )ctober J, F5/5# 'ike Moses, he died in "iew of the co!% etion of his abours, and was buried in the great church of 9Aas ow, in Bohe!ia, where a !onu!ent is erected to his !e!ory, with this inscri%tion on itDC+ere ies John Nisca, who, ha"ing defended his country against the encroach!ents of %a%a tyranny, rests in this ha owed % ace in des%ite of the %o%e#C *fter the death of Nisca, Proco% was defeated, and fe with the iberties of his country# *fter the death of +uss and Jero!, the %o%e, in conjunction with the counci of 9onstance, ordered the .o!an c ergy e"ery where, to exco!!unicate such as ado%ted their o%inions, or co!!isserated their fate# These orders occasioned great contentions between the %a%ists and refor!ed Bohe!ians, which was the cause of a "io ent %ersecution against the atter# *t Prague, the %ersecution was extre!e y se"ere, ti , at ength, the refor!ed being dri"en to des%eration, ar!ed the!se "es, attacked the senate&house, and threw twe "e senators, with the s%eaker, out of the senate&house windows, whose bodies fe u%on s%ears, which were he d u% by others of the refor!ed in the street, to recei"e the!# Being infor!ed of these %roceedings, the %o%e ca!e to F orence, and %ub ic y exco!!unicated the refor!ed Bohe!ians, exciting the e!%eror of Ger!any, and a kings, %rinces, dukes, Kc# to take u% ar!s, in order to extir%ate the who e raceB and %ro!ising, by way of encourage!ent, fu re!ission of a sins whate"er, to the !ost wicked %erson, if he did but ki one Bohe!ian %rotestant# This occasioned a b oody warB for se"era %o%ish %rinces undertook the extir%ation, or at east ex%u sion, of the %roscribed %eo% eB and the Bohe!ians, ar!ing the!se "es, %re%ared to re%e force by force, in the !ost "igorous and effectua !anner# The %o%ish ar!y %re"ai ing against the %rotestant forces at the batt e of 9uttenburgh, the %risoners of the refor!ed were taken to three dee% !ines near that town and se"era hundreds were crue y thrown into each, where they !iserab y %erished# * !erchant of Prague, going to Bres aw, in ,i esia, ha%%ened to odge in the sa!e inn with se"era %riests# Entering into con"ersation u%on the subject of re igious contro"ersy, he %assed !any enco!iu!s u%on the !artyred John +uss, and his doctrines# The %riests taking u!brage at this, aid an infor!ation against hi! the next !orning, and he was co!!itted to %rison as a heretic# Many endea"ours were used to %ersuade hi! to e!brace the .o!an catho ic faith, but he re!ained steadfast to the %ure doctrines of the refor!ed church# ,oon after his i!%rison!ent, a student of the uni"ersity was co!!itted to the sa!e jai B when, being %er!itted to con"erse with the !erchant, they !utua y co!forted each other# )n the day a%%ointed for

execution, when the jai er began to fasten ro%es to their feet, by which they were to be dragged through the streets, the student a%%eared Euite terrified, and offered to abjure his faith, and turn .o!an catho ic if he !ight be sa"ed# The offer was acce%ted, his abjuration was taken by a %riest, and he was set at iberty# * %riest a%% ying to the !erchant to fo ow the exa!% e of the student, he nob y said, C'ose no ti!e in ho%es of !y recantation, your ex%ectations wi be "ainB 8 sincere y %ity that %oor wretch, who has !iserab y sacrificed his sou for a few !ore uncertain years of a troub eso!e ifeB and, so far fro! ha"ing the east idea of fo owing his exa!% e, 8 g ory in the "ery thoughts of dying for the sake of 9hrist#C )n hearing these words, the %riest ordered the executioner to %roceed, and the !erchant being drawn through the city was brought to the % ace of execution, and there burnt# Piche , a bigoted %o%ish !agistrate, a%%rehended /5 %rotestants, a!ong who! was his daughter's husband# *s they a owned they were of the refor!ed re igion, he indiscri!inate y conde!ned the! to be drowned in the ri"er *bbis# )n the day a%%ointed for the execution, a great concourse of %eo% e attended, a!ong who! was Piche 's daughter# This worthy wife threw herse f at her father's feet, bedewed the! with tears, and in the !ost %athetic !anner, i!% ored hi! to co!!isserate her sorrow, and %ardon her husband# The obdurate !agistrate stern y re% ied, C8ntercede not for hi!, chi d, he is a heretic, a "i e heretic#C To which she nob y answered, C@hate"er his fau ts !ay be, or howe"er his o%inions !ay differ fro! yours, he is sti !y husband, a na!e which, at a ti!e ike this, shou d a one e!% oy !y who e consideration#C Piche f ew into a "io ent %assion and said, C$ou are !adS cannot you, after the death of this, ha"e a !uch worthier husbandTC C;o, sir, Qre% ied sheR !y affections are fixed u%on this, and death itse f sha not disso "e !y !arriage "ow#C Piche , howe"er, continued inf exib e, and ordered the %risoners to be tied with their hands and feet behind the!, and in that !anner be thrown into the ri"er# *s soon as this was %ut into execution, the young ady watched her o%%ortunity, ea%ed into the wa"es, and e!bracing the body of her husband, both sunk together into one watery gra"e# *n unco!!on instance of conjuga o"e in a wife, and of an in"io ab e attach!ent to, and %ersona affection for, her husband# The e!%eror Ferdinand, whose hatred to the Bohe!ian %rotestants was without bounds, not thinking he had sufficient y o%%ressed the!, instituted a high court of refor!ers, u%on the % an of the inEuisition, with this difference, that the refor!ers were to re!o"e fro! % ace to % ace, and a ways to be attended by a body of troo%s# These refor!ers consisted chief y of Jesuits, and fro! their decision, there was no a%%ea , by which it !ay be easi y conjectured, that it was a dreadfu tribuna indeed# This b oody court, attended by a body of troo%s, !ade the tour of Bohe!ia, to which they se do! exa!ined or saw a %risoner, suffering the so diers to !urder the %rotestants as they % eased, and then to !ake a re%ort of the !atter to the! afterward# The first "icti! of their crue ty was an aged !inister who! they ki ed as he ay sick in his bed, the next day they robbed, and !urdered another, and soon after shot a third, as he was %reaching in his %u %it#

* nob e!an and c ergy!an, who resided in a %rotestant "i age, hearing of the a%%roach of the high court of refor!ers and the troo%s, f ed fro! the % ace, and secreted the!se "es# The so diers, howe"er, on their arri"a , seiAed u%on a schoo !aster, asked hi! where the ord of that % ace and the !inister were concea ed, and where they had hid their treasures# The schoo !aster re% ied, he cou d not answer either of the Euestions# They then stri%%ed hi! naked, bound hi! with cords, and beat hi! !ost un!ercifu y with cudge s# This crue ty not extorting any confession fro! hi!, they scorched hi! in "arious %arts of his bodyB when, to gain a res%ite fro! his tor!ents, he %ro!ised to show the! where the treasures were hid# The so diers ga"e ear to this with % easure, and the schoo !aster ed the! to a ditch fu of stones, saying, Beneath these stones are the treasures ye seek for# Eager after !oney, they went to work, and soon re!o"ed those stones, but not finding what they sought after, beat the schoo !aster to death, buried hi! in the ditch, and co"ered hi! with the "ery stones he had !ade the! re!o"e# ,o!e of the so diers ra"ished the daughters of a worthy %rotestant before his face, and then tortured hi! to death# * !inister and his wife they tied back to back and burnt# *nother !inister they hung u%on a cross bea!, and !aking a fire under hi!, broi ed hi! to death# * gent e!an they hacked into s!a %ieces, and they fi ed a young !an's !outh with gun%owder, and setting fire to it, b ew his head to %ieces# *s their %rinci%a rage was directed against the c ergy, they took a %ious %rotestant !inister, and tor!ented hi! dai y for a !onth together, in the fo owing !anner, !aking their crue ty regu ar, syste!atic, and %rogressi"e# They % aced hi! a!idst the!, and !ade hi! the subject of their derision and !ockery, during a who e day's entertain!ent, trying to exhaust his %atience, but in "ain, for he bore the who e with true christian fortitude# They s%it in his face, %u ed his nose, and %inched hi! in !ost %arts of his body# +e was hunted ike a wi d beast, ti ready to ex%ire with fatigue# They !ade hi! run the gaunt et between two ranks of the!, each striking hi! with a twig# +e was beat with their fists# +e was beat with ro%es# They scourged hi! with wires# +e was beat with cudge s# They tied hi! u% by the hee s with his head downwards, ti the b ood started out of his nose, !outh, Kc# They hung hi! by the right ar! ti it was dis ocated, and then had it set again# The sa!e was re%eated with his eft ar!# Burning %a%ers di%%ed in oi , were % aced between his fingers and toes# +is f esh was torn with red&hot %incers# +e was %ut to the rack# They %u ed off the nai s of his right hand# The sa!e re%eated with his eft hand# +e was bastinadoed on his feet# * s it was !ade in his right ear# The sa!e re%eated on his eft ear# +is nose was s it# They whi%%ed hi! through the town u%on an ass# They !ade se"era incisions in his f esh# They %u ed off the toe nai s of his right foot# The sa!e re%eated with his eft foot# +e was tied u% by the oins, and sus%ended for a considerab e ti!e# The teeth of his u%%er jaw were %u ed out# The sa!e was re%eated with his ower jaw# Boi ing ead was %oured u%on his fingers# The sa!e re%eated with his toes# * knotted cord was twisted about his forehead in such a !anner as to force out his eyes# -uring the who e of these horrid crue ties, %articu ar care was taken that his wounds shou d not !ortify, and not to injure hi! !orta y ti the ast day, when the forcing out of his eyes %ro"ed his death#

8nnu!erab e were the other !urders and de%redations co!!itted by those unfee ing brutes, and shocking to hu!anity were the crue ties which they inf icted on the %oor Bohe!ian %rotestants# The winter being far ad"anced, howe"er, the high court of refor!ers, with their inferna band of !i itary ruffians, thought %ro%er to return to PragueB but on their way, !eeting with a %rotestant %astor, they cou d not resist the te!%tation of feasting their barbarous eyes with a new kind of crue ty, which had just suggested itse f to the diabo ica i!agination of one of the so diers# This was to stri% the !inister naked, and a ternate y to co"er hi! with ice and burning coa s# This no"e !ode of tor!enting a fe ow&creature was i!!ediate y %ut into %ractice, and the unha%%y "icti! ex%ired beneath the tor!ents, which see!ed to de ight his inhu!an %ersecutors# * secret order was soon after issued by the e!%eror, for a%%rehending a nob e!en and gent e!en, who had been %rinci%a y concerned in su%%orting the %rotestant cause, and in no!inating Frederic e ector Pa atine of the .hine, to be king of Bohe!ia# These, to the nu!ber of fifty, were a%%rehended in one night, and at one hour, and brought fro! the % aces where they were taken, to the cast e of Prague, and the estates of those who were absent fro! the kingdo! were confiscated, the!se "es were !ade out aws, and their na!es fixed u%on a ga ows, as !arks of %ub ic igno!iny# The high court of refor!ers then %roceeded to try the fifty, who had been a%%rehended, and two a%ostate %rotestants were a%%ointed to exa!ine the!# These exa!inants asked a great nu!ber of unnecessary and i!%ertinent Euestions, which so exas%erated one of the nob e!en, who was natura y of a war! te!%er, that he exc ai!ed o%ening his breast at the sa!e ti!e, C9ut here, search !y heart, you sha find nothing but the o"e of re igion and ibertyB those were the !oti"es for which 8 drew !y sword, and for those 8 a! wi ing to suffer death#C *s none of the %risoners wou d change their re igion, or acknow edge they had been in error, they were a %ronounced gui tyB but the sentence was referred to the e!%eror# @hen that !onarch had read their na!es, and an account of the res%ecti"e accusations against the!, he %assed judg!ent on a , but in a different !anner, as his sentences were of four kinds, "iA# death, banish!ent, i!%rison!ent for ife, and i!%rison!ent during % easure# Twenty being ordered for execution, were infor!ed they !ight send for Jesuits, !onks, or friars, to %re%are for the awfu change they were to undergoB but that no %rotestants shou d be %er!itted to co!e near the!# This %ro%osa they rejected, and stro"e a they cou d to co!fort and cheer each other u%on the so e!n occasion# )n the !orning of the day a%%ointed for the execution, a cannon was fired as a signa to bring the %risoners fro! the cast e to the %rinci%a !arket& % ace, in which scaffo ds were erected, and a body of troo%s were drawn u% to attend the tragic scene# The %risoners eft the cast e with as !uch cheerfu ness as if they had been going to an agreeab e entertain!ent, instead of a "io ent death# Exc usi"e of so diers, Jesuits, %riests, executioners, attendants, Kc# a %rodigious concourse of %eo% e attended, to see the exit of these de"oted !artyrs, who were executed in the fo owing order# 'ord ,chi ik was about fifty years of age, and was %ossessed of great natura and acEuired abi ities# @hen he was to d he was to be Euartered, and his

%arts scattered in different % aces, he s!i ed with great serenity, saying, The oss of a se%u chre is but a trif ing consideration# * gent e!an who stood by, crying, courage, !y ordB he re% ied, 8 ha"e God's fa"our, which is sufficient to ins%ire any one with courage( the fear of death does not troub e !eB for!er y 8 ha"e faced hi! in fie ds of batt e to o%%ose *ntichristB and now dare face hi! on a scaffo d, for the sake of 9hrist# +a"ing said a short %rayer, he to d the executioner he was ready, who cut off his right hand and his head, and then Euartered hi!# +is hand and head were % aced u%on the high tower of Prague, and his Euarters distributed in different %arts of the city# 'ord ?iscount @inces aus, who had attained the age of se"enty years, was eEua y res%ectab e for earning, %iety, and hos%ita ity# +is te!%er was so re!arkab y %atient, that when his house was broke o%en, his %ro%erty seiAed, and his estates confiscated, he on y said, with great co!%osure, The 'ord hath gi"en, and the 'ord hath taken away# Being asked why he cou d engage in so dangerous a cause as that of atte!%ting to su%%ort the e ector Pa atine Frederic against the %ower of the e!%eror, he re% ied, 8 acted strict y according to the dictates of !y conscience, and, to this day, dee! hi! !y king# 8 a! now fu of years, and wish to ay down ife, that 8 !ay not be a witness of the farther e"i s which are to attend !y country# $ou ha"e ong thirsted for !y b ood, take it, for God wi be !y a"enger# Then a%%roaching the b ock, he stroked his ong grey beard, and said, ?enerab e hairs, the greater honour now attends ye, a crown of !artyrdo! is your %ortion# Then aying down his head, it was se"ered fro! his body at one stroke, and % aced u%on a %o e in a cons%icuous %art of the city# 'ord +arant was a !an of good sense, great %iety, and !uch ex%erience gained by tra"e , as he had "isited the %rinci%a % aces in Euro%e, *sia, and *frica# +ence he was free fro! nationa %rejudices and had co ected !uch know edge# The accusations against this nob e!an, were, his being a %rotestant and ha"ing taken an oath of a egiance to Frederic, e ector Pa atine of the .hine, as king of Bohe!ia# @hen he ca!e u%on the scaffo d he said, C8 ha"e tra"e ed through !any countries, and tra"ersed "arious barbarous nations, yet ne"er found so !uch crue ty as at ho!e# 8 ha"e esca%ed innu!erab e %eri s both by sea and and, and sur!ounted inconcei"ab e difficu ties, to suffer innocent y in !y nati"e % ace# My b ood is ikewise sought by those for who! 8, and !y forefathers, ha"e haAarded our estatesB but, * !ighty GodS forgi"e the!, for they know not what they do#C +e then went to the b ock, knee ed down, and exc ai!ed with great energy, into thy hands, ) 'ordS 8 co!!end !y s%iritB in thee ha"e 8 a ways trustedB recei"e !e, therefore, !y b essed .edee!er# The fata stroke was then gi"en, and a %eriod %ut to the te!%orary %ains of this ife# 'ord Frederic de Bi e suffered as a %rotestant, and a %ro!oter of the ate warB he !et his fate with serenity, and on y said, he wished we to the friends who! he eft behind, forga"e the ene!ies who caused his death, denied the authority of the e!%eror in that country, acknow edged Frederic to be the on y true king of Bohe!ia, and ho%ed for sa "ation in the !erits of his b essed .edee!er# 'ord +enry )tto, when he first ca!e u%on the scaffo d, see!ed great y confounded, and said, with so!e as%erity, as if addressing hi!se f to the

e!%eror, CThou tyrant Ferdinand, your throne is estab ished in b oodB but if you ki !y body, and dis%erse !y !e!bers, they sha sti rise u% in judg!ent against you#C +e then was si ent, and ha"ing wa ked about for so!e ti!e, see!ed to reco"er his fortitude, and growing ca !, said to a gent e!an who stood near, 8 was, a few !inutes since, great y disco!%osed, but now 8 fee !y s%irits re"i"eB God be %raised for affording !e such co!fortB death no onger a%%ears as the king of terrors, but see!s to in"ite !e to %artici%ate of so!e unknown joys# <nee ing before the b ock, he said, * !ighty GodS to thee 8 co!!end !y sou , recei"e it for the sake of 9hrist, and ad!it it to the g ory of thy %resence# The executioner %ut this nob e!an to considerab e %ain, by !aking se"era strokes before he se"ered the head fro! the body# The ear of .ugenia was distinguished for his su%erior abi ities, and unaffected %iety# )n the scaffo d he said, C@e who drew our swords, fought on y to %reser"e the iberties of the %eo% e, and to kee% our consciences sacred( as we were o"erco!e, 8 a! better % eased at the sentence of death, than if the e!%eror had gi"en !e ifeB for 8 find that it % eases God to ha"e his truth defended, not by our swords, but by our b ood#C +e then went bo d y to the b ock, saying, 8 sha now be s%eedi y with 9hrist, and recei"ed the crown of !artyrdo! with great courage# ,ir Gas%ar <a% itA was GJ years of age# @hen he ca!e to the % ace of execution, he addressed the %rinci%a officer thus( CBeho d a !iserab e ancient !an, who hath often entreated God to take hi! out of this wicked wor d, but cou d not unti now obtain his desire, for God reser"ed !e ti these years to be a s%ectac e to the wor d and a sacrifice to hi!se fB therefore God's wi be done#C )ne of the officers to d hi!, in consideration of his great age, that if he wou d on y ask %ardon, he wou d i!!ediate y recei"e it# C*sk %ardon, Qexc ai!ed heR 8 wi ask %ardon of God, who! 8 ha"e freEuent y offendedB but not of the e!%eror, to who! 8 ne"er ga"e any offence shou d 8 sue for %ardon, it !ight be just y sus%ected 8 had co!!itted so!e cri!e for which 8 deser"ed this conde!nation# ;o, no, as 8 die innocent, and with a c ear conscience, 8 wou d not be se%arated fro! this nob e co!%any of !artyrs(C so saying, he cheerfu y resigned his neck to the b ock# Proco%ius -orAecki on the scaffo d said, C@e are now under the e!%eror's judg!entB but in ti!e he sha be judged, and we sha a%%ear as witnesses against hi!#C Then taking a go d !eda fro! his neck, which was struck when the e ector Frederic was crowned king of Bohe!ia, he %resented it to one of the officers, at the sa!e ti!e uttering these words, C*s a dying !an, 8 reEuest, if e"er king Frederic is restored to the throne of Bohe!ia, that you wi gi"e hi! this !eda # Te hi!, for his sake, 8 wore it ti death, and that now 8 wi ing y ay down !y ife for God and !y king#C +e then cheerfu y aid down his head and sub!itted to the fata b ow# -ionysius ,er"ius was brought u% a .o!an catho ic, but had e!braced the refor!ed re igion for so!e years# @hen u%on the scaffo d the Jesuits used their ut!ost endea"ours to !ake hi! recant, and return to his for!er faith, but he %aid not the east attention to their exhortations# <nee ing down he said, they !ay destroy !y body, but cannot injure !y sou , that 8 co!!end to !y .edee!erB and then %atient y sub!itted to !artyrdo!, being at that ti!e fifty&six years of age#

?a entine 9ockan, was a %erson of considerab e fortune and e!inence, %erfect y %ious and honest, but of trif ing abi itiesB yet his i!agination see!ed to grow bright, and his facu ties to i!%ro"e on death's a%%roach, as if the i!%ending danger refined the understanding# Just before he was beheaded, he ex%ressed hi!se f with such e oEuence, energy, and %recision, as great y a!aAed those who knew his for!er deficiency in %oint of ca%acity# Tobias ,teffick was re!arkab e for his affabi ity and serenity of te!%er# +e was %erfect y resigned to his fate, and a few !inutes before his death s%oke in this singu ar !anner, C8 ha"e recei"ed, during the who e course of !y ife, !any fa"ours fro! GodB ought 8 not therefore cheerfu y to take one bitter cu%, when he thinks %ro%er to %resent itT )r rather, ought 8 not to rejoice, that it is his wi 8 shou d gi"e u% a corru%ted ife for that of i!!orta itySC -r# Jessenius, an ab e student of %hysic, was accused of ha"ing s%oken disres%ectfu words of the e!%eror, of treason in swearing a egiance to the e ector Frederic, and of heresy in being a %rotestant( for the first accusation he had his tongue cut outB for the second he was beheadedB and for the third, and ast, he was Euartered, and the res%ecti"e %arts ex%osed on %o es# 9hristo%her 9hober, as soon as he ste%%ed u%on the scaffo d said, '8 co!e in the na!e of God, to die for his g oryB 8 ha"e fought the good fight, and finished !y courseB so, executioner, do your office#' The executioner obeyed, and he instant y recei"ed the crown of !artyrdo!# ;o %erson e"er i"ed !ore res%ected, or died !ore a!ented, than John ,hu tis# The on y words he s%oke, before recei"ing the fata stroke, were, CThe righteous see! to die in the eyes of foo s, but they on y go to rest# 'ord JesusS thou hast %ro!ised that those who co!e to thee sha not be cast off# Beho d, 8 a! co!eB ook on !e, %ity !e, %ardon !y sins, and recei"e !y sou #C Maxi!i ian +ostia ick was fa!ed for his earning, %iety, and hu!anity# @hen he first ca!e on the scaffo d, he see!ed exceeding y terrified at the a%%roach of death# The officer taking notice of his agitation, he said, C*hS sir, now the sins of !y youth crowd u%on !y !indB but 8 ho%e God wi en ighten !e, est 8 s ee% the s ee% of death, and est !ine ene!ies say, we ha"e %re"ai ed#C ,oon after he said, C8 ho%e !y re%entance is sincere, and wi be acce%ted, in which case the b ood of 9hrist wi wash !e fro! !y cri!es#C +e then to d the officer he shou d re%eat the song of ,i!eonB at the conc usion of which the executioner !ight do his duty# +e, according y, said, 'ordS now ettest thou thy ser"ant de%art in %eace, according to thy word, for !ine eyes ha"e seen thy sa "ationB at which words his head was struck off at one b ow# @hen John <utnaur ca!e to the % ace of execution, a Jesuit said to hi!, CE!brace the .o!an catho ic faith, which a one can sa"e and ar! you against the terrors of death#C To which he re% ied, C$our su%erstitious faith 8 abhor, it eads to %erdition, and 8 wish for no other ar!s against the terrors of death, than a good conscience#C The Jesuit turned away, saying, sarcastica y, The %rotestants are i!%enetrab e rocks# $ou are !istaken, said <utnaur, it is 9hrist that is the rock, and we are fir! y fixed u%on hi!# This %erson not being born inde%endent, but ha"ing acEuired a fortune by a !echanica e!% oy!ent, was ordered to be hanged#DJust before he was turned off, he said, C8 die, not for ha"ing co!!itted any cri!e, but for

fo owing the dictates of !y own conscience, and defending !y country and re igion#C ,i!eon ,ussickey was father&in& aw to <utnaur, and ike hi!, was ordered to be executed on a ga ows# +e went cheerfu y to death and a%%eared i!%atient to be executed, saying, CE"ery !o!ent de ays !e fro! entering into the kingdo! of 9hrist#C ;athanie @odnianskey was hanged for ha"ing su%%orted the %rotestant cause, and the e ection of Frederic to the crown of Bohe!ia# *t the ga ows, the Jesuits did a in their %ower to induce hi! to renounce his faith# Finding their endea"ours ineffectua , one of the! said, 8f you wi not abjure your heresy, at east re%ent of your rebe ionS To which @odnianskey re% ied, C$ou take away our i"es under a %retended charge of rebe ionB and, not content with that, seek to destroy our sou sB g ut yourse "es with b ood, and be satisfiedB but ta!%er not with our consciences#C @odnianskey's own son then a%%roached the ga ows, and said to his father, C,ir, if ife shou d be offered to you on condition of a%ostacy, 8 entreat you to re!e!ber 9hrist, and reject such %ernicious o"ertures#C To this the father re% ied, C8t is "ery acce%tab e, !y son, to be exhorted to constancy by youB but sus%ect !e notB rather endea"our to confir! in their faith your brothers, sisters, and chi dren, and teach the! to i!itate that constancy of which 8 sha ea"e the! an exa!% e#C +e had no sooner conc uded these words than he was turned off, recei"ing the crown of !artyrdo! with great fortitude# @inces aus GisbitAkey, during his who e confine!ent, had great ho%es of ife gi"en hi!, which !ade his friends fear for the safety of his sou # +e, howe"er, continued steadfast in his faith, %rayed fer"ent y at the ga ows, and !et his fate with singu ar resignation# Martin Foster was an ancient cri%% eB the accusations against who! were, being charitab e to heretics, and ending !oney to the e ector Frederic# +is great wea th, howe"er, see!s to ha"e been his %rinci%a cri!eB and that he !ight be % undered of his treasures, was the occasion of his being ranked in this i ustrious ist of !artyrs#

CHAPTER VIII.
GENERAL PERSECUTIONS IN GERMANY.
The genera %ersecutions in Ger!any were %rinci%a y occasioned by the doctrines and !inistry of Martin 'uther# 8ndeed, the %o%e was so terrified at the success of that courageous refor!er, that he deter!ined to engage the e!%eror, 9har es the Fifth, at any rate, in the sche!e to atte!%t their extir%ation# To this endB F# +e ga"e the e!%eror two hundred thousand crowns in ready !oney# /# +e %ro!ised to !aintain twe "e thousand foot, and fi"e thousand horse, for the s%ace of six !onths, or during a ca!%aign# H# +e a owed the e!%eror to recei"e one&ha f the re"enues of the c ergy of the e!%ire during the war# 5# +e %er!itted the e!%eror to % edge the abbey ands for fi"e hundred thousand crowns, to assist in carrying on hosti ities against the %rotestants#

Thus %ro!%ted and su%%orted, the e!%eror undertook the extir%ation of the %rotestants, against who!, indeed, he was %articu ar y enraged hi!se fB and, for this %ur%ose, a for!idab e ar!y was raised in Ger!any, ,%ain and 8ta y# The %rotestant %rinces, in the !ean ti!e, for!ed a %owerfu confederacy, in order to re%e the i!%ending b ow# * great ar!y was raised, and the co!!and gi"en to the e ector of ,axony, and the andgra"e of +esse# The i!%eria forces were co!!anded by the e!%eror of Ger!any in %erson, and the eyes of a Euro%e were turned on the e"ent of the war# *t ength the ar!ies !et, and a des%erate engage!ent ensued, in which the %rotestants were defeated, and the e ector of ,axony, and andgra"e of +esse, both taken %risoners# This fata b ow was succeeded by a horrid %ersecution, the se"erities of which were such, that exi e !ight be dee!ed a !i d fate, and concea !ent in a dis!a wood %ass for ha%%iness# 8n such ti!es a ca"e is a %a ace, a rock a bed of down, and wi d roots de icacies# Those who were taken ex%erienced the !ost crue tortures the inferna i!aginations cou d in"entB and, by their constancy e"inced that a rea christian can sur!ount e"ery difficu ty, and des%ise e"er danger to acEuire a crown of !artyrdo!# +enry ?oes and John Esch, being a%%rehended as %rotestants, were brought to exa!inationB when ?oes, answering for hi!se f and the other, ga"e the fo owing answers to so!e Euestions asked by a %riest, who exa!ined the! by order of the !agistracy# Priest. @ere you not both, so!e years ago, *ugustine friarsT Voes. $es# Priest. +ow ca!e you to Euit the boso! of the church of .o!eT Voes. )n account of her abo!inations# Priest. 8n what do you be ie"eT Voes. 8n the ) d and ;ew Testa!ents# Priest. -o you be ie"e in the writings of the fathers, and the decrees of the counci sT Voes. $es, if they agree with ,cri%ture# Priest. -id not Martin 'uther seduce you bothT Voes. +e seduced us e"en in the "ery sa!e !anner as 9hrist seduced the a%ost esB that is, he !ade us sensib e of the frai ty of our bodies, and the "a ue of our sou s# This exa!ination was sufficientB they were both conde!ned to the f a!es, and soon after, suffered with that !an y fortitude which beco!es christians, when they recei"e a crown of !artyrdo!# +enry ,ut%hen, an e oEuent and %ious %reacher, was taken out of his bed in the !idd e of the night, and co!%e ed to wa k barefoot a considerab e way, so that his feet were terrib y cut# +e desired a horse, but his conductors said, in derision, * horse for a hereticS no no, heretics !ay go barefoot# @hen he arri"ed at the % ace of his destination, he was conde!ned to be burntB but, during the execution, !any indignities were offered hi!, as those who attended not content with what he suffered in the f a!es, cut and s ashed hi! in a !ost terrib e !anner# Many were !urdered at +a eB Midd eburg being taken by stor! a the %rotestants were %ut to the sword, and great nu!bers were burned at ?ienna#

*n officer being sent to %ut a !inister to death, %retended, when he ca!e to the c ergy!an's house, that his intentions were on y to %ay hi! a "isit# The !inister, not sus%ecting the intended crue ty, entertained his su%%osed guest in a "ery cordia !anner# *s soon as dinner was o"er, the officer said to so!e of his attendants, CTake this c ergy!an, and hang hi!#C The attendants the!se "es were so shocked, after the ci"i ity they had seen, that they hesitated to %erfor! the co!!ands of their !asterB and the !inister said, CThink what a sting wi re!ain on your conscience, for thus "io ating the aws of hos%ita ity#C The officer, howe"er, insisted u%on being obeyed, and the attendants, with re uctance, %erfor!ed the execrab e office of executioners# Peter ,%eng er, a %ious di"ine, of the town of ,cha et, was thrown into the ri"er, and drowned# Before he was taken to the banks of the strea! which was to beco!e his gra"e, they ed hi! to the !arket&% ace, that his cri!es !ight be %roc ai!edB which were, not going to !ass, not !aking confession, and not be ie"ing in transubstantiation# *fter this cere!ony was o"er, he !ade a !ost exce ent discourse to the %eo% e, and conc uded with a kind of hy!n, of a "ery edifying nature# * %rotestant gent e!an being ordered to ose his head for not renouncing his re igion, went cheerfu y to the % ace of execution# * friar ca!e to hi!, and said these words in a ow tone of "oice, C*s you ha"e a great re uctance %ub ic y to abjure your faith, whis%er your confession in !y ear, and 8 wi abso "e your sins#C To this the gent e!an oud y re% ied, CTroub e !e not, friar, 8 ha"e confessed !y sins to God, and obtained abso ution through the !erits of Jesus 9hrist#C Then turning to the executioner, he said, C'et !e not be %estered with these !en, but %erfor! your duty#C )n which his head was struck off at a sing e b ow# @o fgang ,cuch, and John +ug in, two worthy !inisters, were burned, as was 'eonard <eyser, a student of the uni"ersity of @erte!berghB and George 9ar%enter, a Ba"arian, was hanged for refusing to recant %rotestantis!# The %ersecutions in Ger!any ha"ing subsided !any years, again broke out in FJH1, on account of the war between the e!%eror and the king of ,weden, for the atter was a %rotestant %rince, and conseEuent y the %rotestants of Ger!any es%oused his cause, which great y exas%erated the e!%eror against the!# The i!%eria ists ha"ing aid siege to the town of Passewa k, Qwhich was defended by the ,wedesR took it by stor!, and co!!itted the !ost horrid crue ties on the occasion# They %u ed down the churches, burnt the houses, %i aged the %ro%erties, !assacred the !inisters, %ut the garrison to the sword, hanged the towns!en, ra"ished the wo!en, s!othered the chi dren, Kc# Kc# * !ost b oody tragedy was transacted at Magdeburg, in the year FJHF# The genera s Ti y and Pa%%enhei!, ha"ing taken that %rotestant city by stor!, u%wards of /1,111 %ersons, without distinction of rank, sex, or age, were s ain during the carnage, and J,111 were drowned in atte!%ting to esca%e o"er the ri"er E be# *fter this fury had subsided, the re!aining inhabitants were stri%%ed naked, se"ere y scourged, had their ears cro%%ed, and being yoked together ike oxen were turned adrift#

The town of +oxter was taken by the %o%ish ar!y, and a the inhabitants as we as the garrison, were %ut to the swordB when the houses being set on fire, the bodies were consu!ed in the f a!es# *t Gri%henburg, when the i!%eria forces %re"ai ed, they shut u% the senators in the senate&cha!ber, and surrounding it by ighted straw suffocated the!# Franhenda surrendered u%on artic es of ca%itu ation, yet the inhabitants were as crue y used as at other % aces, and at +eide burg, !any were shut u% in %rison and star"ed# The crue ties used by the i!%eria troo%s, under count Ti y in ,axony, are thus enu!erated# +a f strang ing, and reco"ering the %ersons again re%eated y# .o ing shar% whee s o"er the fingers and toes# Pinching the thu!bs in a "ice# Forcing the !ost fi thy things down the throat, by which !any were choked# Tying cords round the head so tight that the b ood gushed out of the eyes, nose, ears, and !outh# Fastening burning !atches to the fingers, toes, ears, ar!s, egs, and e"en tongue# Putting %owder in the !outh and setting fire to it, by which the head was shattered to %ieces# Tying bags of %owder to a %arts of the body, by which the %erson was b own u%# -rawing cords backwards and forwards through the f eshy %arts# Making incisions with bodkins and kni"es in the skin# .unning wires through the nose, ears, i%s, Kc# +anging %rotestants u% by the egs, with their heads o"er a fire, by which they were s!oked dried# +anging u% by one ar! ti it was dis ocated# +anging u%on hooks by the ribs# Forcing %eo% e to drink ti they burst# Baking !any in hot o"ens# Fixing weights to the feet, and drawing u% se"era with %u eys# +anging, stif ing, roasting, stabbing, frying, racking, ra"ishing, ri%%ing o%en, breaking the bones, ras%ing off the f esh, tearing with wi d horses, drowning, strang ing, burning, broi ing, crucifying, i!!uring, %oisoning, cutting off tongues, nose, ears, Kc# sawing off the i!bs, hacking to %ieces, and drawing by the hee s through the streets# The enor!ous crue ties wi be a %er%etua stain on the !e!ory of count Ti y, who not on y %er!itted, but e"en co!!anded the troo%s to %ut the! in %ractice# @here"er he ca!e, the !ost horrid barbarities, and crue de%redations ensued( fa!ine and conf agration !arked his %rogress( for he destroyed a the %ro"isions he cou d not take with hi!, and burnt a the towns before he eft the!B so that the fu resu t of his conEuests were !urder, %o"erty, and deso ation# *n aged and %ious di"ine they stri%%ed naked, tied hi! on his back u%on a tab e, and fastened a arge fierce cat u%on his be y# They then %ricked and tor!ented the cat in such a !anner, that the creature with rage tore his be y o%en, and knawed his bowe s# *nother !inister, and his fa!i y, were seiAed by these inhu!an !onstersB when they ra"ished his wife and daughter before his faceB stuck his infant son u%on the %oint of a ance, and then surrounding hi! with his who e ibrary of books, they set fire to the!, and he was consu!ed in the !idst of the f a!es# 8n +esse&9asse so!e of the troo%s entered an hos%ita , in which were %rinci%a y !ad wo!en, when stri%%ing a the %oor wretches naked, they !ade the! run about the streets for their di"ersion, and then %ut the! a to death#

8n Po!erania, so!e of the i!%eria troo%s entering a s!a town, seiAed u%on a the young wo!en, and gir s of u%wards of ten years, and then % acing their %arents in a circ e, they ordered the! to sing %sa !s, whi e they ra"ished their chi dren, or e se they swore they wou d cut the! to %ieces afterward# They then took a the !arried wo!en who had young chi dren, and threatened, if they did not consent to the gratification of their usts, to burn their chi dren before their faces in a arge fire, which they had kind ed for that %ur%ose# * band of count Ti y's so diers !eeting a co!%any of !erchants be onging to Basi , who were returning fro! the great !arket of ,trasburg, they atte!%ted to surround the!( a esca%ed, howe"er, but ten, ea"ing their %ro%erties behind# The ten who were taken begged hard for their i"esB but the so diers !urdered the! saying, $ou !ust die because you are heretics, and ha"e got no !oney# The sa!e so diers !et with two countesses, who, together with so!e young adies, the daughters of one of the!, were taking an airing in a andau# The so diers s%ared their i"es, but treated the! with the greatest indecency, and ha"ing stri%%ed the! a stark naked, bade the coach!an dri"e on# By !eans and !ediation of Great Britain, %eace was at ength restored to Ger!any, and the %rotestants re!ained un!o ested for se"era years, ti so!e new disturbances broke out in the Pa atinate which were thus occasioned# The great church of the +o y Ghost, at +eide burg, had, for !any years, been shared eEua y by the %rotestants and .o!an catho ics in this !anner( the %rotestants %erfor!ed di"ine ser"ice in the na"e or body of the churchB and the .o!an catho ics ce ebrated !ass in the choir# Though this had been the custo! ti!e i!!e!oria , the e ector Pa atinate, at ength, took it into his head not to suffer it any onger, dec aring, that as +eide burg was the % ace of his residence, and the church of the +o y Ghost the cathedra of his %rinci%a city, di"ine ser"ice ought to be %erfor!ed on y according to the rites of the church of which he was a !e!ber# +e then forbade the %rotestants to enter the church, and %ut the %a%ists in %ossession of the who e# The aggrie"ed %eo% e a%% ied to the %rotestant %owers for redress, which so !uch exas%erated the e ector, that he su%%ressed the +eide burg catechis!# The %rotestant %owers, howe"er, unani!ous y agreed to de!and satisfaction, as the e ector, by this conduct, had broke an artic e of the treaty of @est%ha iaB and the courts of Great Britain, Prussia, +o and, Kc#, sent de%uties to the e ector, to re%resent the injustice of his %roceedings, and to threaten, un ess he changed his beha"iour to the %rotestants in the Pa atinate, that they wou d treat their .o!an catho ic subjects with the greatest se"erity# Many "io ent dis%utes took % ace between the Protestant %owers and those of the e ector, and these were great y aug!ented by the fo owing incidentB the coach of the -utch !inister standing before the door of the resident sent by the %rince of +esse, the host was by chance carrying to a sick %ersonB the coach!an took not the east notice, which those who attended the host obser"ing, %u ed hi! fro! his box, and co!%e ed hi! to knee ( this "io ence to the do!estic of a %ub ic !inister, was high y resented by a the %rotestant de%utiesB and sti !ore to heighten these differences,

the %rotestants %resented to the de%uties three additiona artic es of co!% aint# F# That !i itary executions were ordered against a %rotestant shoe!akers who shou d refuse to contribute to the !asses of ,t# 9ris%in# /# That the %rotestants were forbid to work on %o%ish ho ydays e"en in har"est ti!e, under "ery hea"y %ena ties, which occasioned great incon"eniences, and considerab y %rejudiced %ub ic business# H# That se"era %rotestant !inisters had been dis%ossessed of their churches, under %retence of their ha"ing been origina y founded and bui t by .o!an 9atho ics# The %rotestant de%uties, at ength beca!e so serious, as to inti!ate to the e ector, that force of ar!s shou d co!%e hi! to do the justice he denied to their re%resentations# This !enace brought hi! to reason, as he we knew the i!%ossibi ity of carrying on a war against the %owerfu states who threatened hi!# +e, therefore, agreed, that the body of the church of the +o y Ghost shou d be restored to the %rotestants# +e restored the +eide burg catechis!, %ut the %rotestant !inisters again in %ossession of the churches of which they had been dis%ossessed, a owed the %rotestants to work on %o%ish ho ydays, and, ordered, that no %erson shou d be !o ested for not knee ing when the host %assed by# These things he did through fearB but to show his resent!ent to his %rotestant subjects, in other circu!stances where %rotestant states had no right to interfere, he tota y abandoned +eide burg, re!o"ing a the courts of justice to Manhei!, which was entire y inhabited by .o!an catho ics# +e ikewise bui t a new %a ace there, !aking it his % ace of residenceB and, being fo owed by the .o!an catho ics of +eide burg, Manhei! beca!e a f ourishing % ace# 8n the !ean ti!e the %rotestants of +eide burg sunk into %o"erty and !any of the! beca!e so distressed, as to Euit their nati"e country, and seek an asy u! in %rotestant states# * great nu!ber of these co!ing into Eng and, in the ti!e of Eueen *nne, were cordia y recei"ed there, and !et with a !ost hu!ane assistance, both by %ub ic and %ri"ate donations# 8n F2H/, abo"e H1,111 %rotestants were, contrary to the treaty of @est%ha ia, dri"en fro! the archbisho%ric of ,a tAburg# They went away to the de%th of winter, with scarce c othes to co"er the!, and without %ro"isions, not ha"ing %er!ission to take any thing with the!# The cause of these %oor %eo% e not being %ub ic y es%oused by such states as cou d obtain the! redress, they e!igrated to "arious %rotestant countries, and sett ed in % aces where they cou d enjoy the free exercise of their re igion, without hurting their consciences, and i"e free fro! the tra!!e s of %o%ish su%erstition, and the chains of %a%a tyranny# An A&&ount of the Perse&utions in the 'etherlands. The ight of the gos%e ha"ing successfu y s%read o"er the ;ether ands, the %o%e instigated the e!%eror to co!!ence a %ersecution against the %rotestantsB when !any thousand fe !artyrs to su%erstitious !a ice and barbarous bigotry, a!ong who! the !ost re!arkab e were the fo owing( @ende inuta, a %ious %rotestant widow, was a%%rehended on account of her re igion, when se"era !onks, unsuccessfu y, endea"oured to %ersuade her

to recant# *s they cou d not %re"ai , a .o!an catho ic ady of her acEuaintance desired to be ad!itted to the dungeon in which she was confined, and %ro!ised to exert herse f strenuous y towards inducing the %risoner to abjure the refor!ed re igion# @hen she was ad!itted to the dungeon, she did her ut!ost to %erfor! the task she had undertakenB but finding her endea"ours ineffectua , she said, -ear @ende inuta, if you wi not e!brace our faith, at east kee% the things which you %rofess secret within your own boso!, and stri"e to %ro ong your ife# To which the widow re% ied, Mada! you know not what you sayB for with the heart we be ie"e to righteousness, but with the tongue confession is !ade unto sa "ation# *s she %ositi"e y refused to recant, her goods were confiscated, and she was conde!ned to be burnt# *t the % ace of execution a !onk he d a cross to her, and bade her kiss and worshi% God# To which she answered, C8 worshi% no wooden god, but the eterna God who is in hea"en#C ,he was then executed, but through the before&!entioned .o!an catho ic ady, the fa"our was granted, that she shou d be strang ed before fire was %ut to the fagots# Two %rotestant c ergy!en were burnt at 9o enB a trades!an of *ntwer%, na!ed ;icho as, was tied u% in a sack, thrown into the ri"er, and drownedB and Pistorius, a earned student, was carried to the !arket of a -utch "i age in a foo 's coat, and co!!itted to the f a!es# ,ixteen %rotestants ha"ing recei"ed sentence to be beheaded, a %rotestant !inister was ordered to attend the execution# This gent e!an %erfor!ed the function of his office with great %ro%riety, exhorted the! to re%entance, and ga"e the! co!fort in the !ercies of their .edee!er# *s soon as the sixteen were beheaded, the !agistrate cried out to the executioner, CThere is another stroke re!aining yetB you !ust behead the !inisterB he can ne"er die at a better ti!e than with such exce ent %rece%ts in his !outh, and such audab e exa!% es before hi!#C +e was according y beheaded, though e"en !any of the .o!an catho ics the!se "es re%robated this %iece of treacherous and unnecessary crue ty# George ,cherter, a !inister of ,a tAburg, was a%%rehended and co!!itted to %rison for instructing his f ock in the know edge of the gos%e # @hi e he was in confine!ent he wrote a confession of his faithB soon after which he was conde!ned, first to be beheaded, and afterward to be burnt to ashes# 8n his way to the % ace of execution he said to the s%ectators, CThat you !ay know 8 die a true christian, 8 wi gi"e you a sign#C This was indeed "erified in a !ost singu ar !annerB for after his head was cut off, the body ying a short s%ace of ti!e with the be y to the ground, it sudden y turned u%on the back, when the right foot crossed o"er the eft, as did a so the right ar! o"er the eft( and in this !anner it re!ained ti it was co!!itted to the f a!es# 8n 'ou"iana, a earned !an, na!ed Percina , was !urdered in %risonB and Justus 8ns%arg was beheaded, for ha"ing 'uther's ser!ons in his %ossession# Gi es Ti e!an, a cut er of Brusse s, was a !an of great hu!anity and %iety# *!ong others he was a%%rehended as a %rotestant, and !any endea"ours were !ade by the !onks to %ersuade hi! to recant# +e had once, by accident, a fair o%%ortunity of esca%ing fro! %rison and being asked why he did not a"ai hi!se f of it, he re% ied, C8 wou d not do the kee%ers so !uch injury, as they !ust ha"e answered for !y absence, had 8 gone away#C @hen he was sentenced to be burnt, he fer"ent y thanked God for granting hi! an o%%ortunity, by !artyrdo!, to g orify his na!e# Percei"ing, at the % ace of

execution, a great Euantity of fagots, he desired the %rinci%a %art of the! !ight be gi"en to the %oor, saying, a s!a Euantity wi suffice to consu!e !e# The executioner offered to strang e hi! before the fire was ighted, but he wou d not consent, te ing hi! that he defied the f a!es and, indeed, he ga"e u% the ghost with such co!%osure a!idst the! that he hard y see!ed sensib e of their effects# 8n the year F05H and F055, the %ersecution was carried on throughout a F anders, in a !ost "io ent and crue !anner# ,o!e were conde!ned to %er%etua i!%rison!ent, others to %er%etua banish!ent but !ost were %ut to death either by hanging, drowning, i!!uring, burning, the rack, or burying a i"e# John de Boscane, a Aea ous %rotestant, was a%%rehended on account of his faith, in the city of *ntwer%# )n his tria , he steadfast y %rofessed hi!se f to be of the refor!ed re igion, which occasioned his i!!ediate conde!nation# The !agistrate, howe"er, was afraid to %ut hi! to death %ub ic y, as he was %o%u ar through his great generosity, and a !ost uni"ersa y be o"ed for his inoffensi"e ife, and exe!% ary %iety# * %ri"ate execution being deter!ined on, an order was gi"en to drown hi! in %rison# The executioner, according y, %ut hi! in a arge tubB but Boscane strugg ing, and getting his head abo"e the water, the executioner stabbed hi! with a dagger in se"era % aces, ti he ex%ired# John de Buisons, another %rotestant, was, about the sa!e ti!e, secret y a%%rehended, and %ri"ate y executed at *ntwer%# The nu!ber of %rotestants being great in that city, and the %risoner !uch res%ected, the !agistrates feared an insurrection, and for that reason ordered hi! to be beheaded in %rison# *# -# F0JG, three %ersons were a%%rehended in *ntwer%, na!ed ,cob ant, +ues, and 9oo!ans# -uring their confine!ent they beha"ed with great fortitude and cheerfu ness, confessing that the hand of God a%%eared in what had befa en the!, and bowing down before the throne of his %ro"idence# 8n an e%ist e to so!e worthy %rotestants, they ex%ress the!se "es in the fo owing wordsB ,ince it is the wi of the * !ighty that we shou d suffer for his na!e, and be %ersecuted for the sake of his gos%e , we %atient y sub!it, and are joyfu u%on the occasionB though the f esh !ay rebe against the s%irit, and hearken to the counci of the o d ser%ent, yet the truths of the gos%e sha %re"ent such ad"ice fro! being taken, and 9hrist sha bruise the ser%ent's head# @e are not co!fort ess to confine!ent, for we ha"e faithB we fear not aff iction, for we ha"e ho%eB and we forgi"e our ene!ies, for we ha"e charity# Be not under a%%rehensions for us, we are ha%%y in confine!ent through the %ro!ises of God, g ory in our bonds, and exu t in being thought worthy to suffer for the sake of 9hrist# @e desire not to be re eased, but to be b essed with fortitude, we ask not iberty, but the %ower of %erse"eranceB and wish for no change in our condition, but that which % aces a crown of !artyrdo! u%on our heads# ,cob ant was first brought to his tria B when, %ersisting in the %rofession of his faith, he recei"ed sentence of death# )n his return to %rison, he earnest y reEuested the jai er not to %er!it any friar to co!e near hi!B saying, CThey can do !e no good, but !ay great y disturb !e# 8 ho%e !y sa "ation is a ready sea ed in hea"en, and that the b ood of 9hrist, in which 8 fir! y %ut !y trust, hath washed !e fro! !y iniEuities# 8 a! now going to throw off

this !ant e of c ay, to be c ad in robes of eterna g ory, by whose ce estia brightness 8 sha be freed fro! a errors# 8 ho%e 8 !ay be the ast !artyr to %a%a tyranny, and the b ood a ready s%i t found sufficient to Euench the thirst of %o%ish crue tyB that the church of 9hrist !ay ha"e rest here, as his ser"ants wi hereafter#C )n the day of execution, he took a %athetic ea"e of his fe ow&%risoners# *t the stake he fer"ent y said the 'ord's Prayer, and sung the fortieth %sa !B then co!!ending his sou to God, he was burnt a i"e# +ues, soon after, died in %risonB u%on which occasion 9oo!ans wrote thus to his friends, C8 a! now de%ri"ed of !y friends and co!%anionsB ,cob ant is !artyred, and +ues dead, by the "isitation of the 'ordB yet 8 a! not a one, 8 ha"e with !e the God of *braha!, of 8saac, and of JacobB he is !y co!fort, and sha be !y reward# Pray unto God to strengthen !e to the end, as 8 ex%ect e"ery hour to be freed fro! this tene!ent of c ay#C )n his tria he free y confessed hi!se f of the refor!ed re igion, answered with a !an y fortitude to e"ery charge against hi!, and %ro"ed the scri%tura %art of his answers fro! the gos%e # The judge to d hi! the on y a ternati"es were, recantation or deathB and conc uded by saying, C@i you die for the faith you %rofessTC To which 9oo!ans re% ied, C8 a! not on y wi ing to die, but to suffer the !ost excruciating tor!ents for itB after which !y sou sha recei"e its confir!ation fro! God hi!se f, in the !idst of eterna g ory#C Being conde!ned, he went cheerfu y to the % ace of execution, and died with the !ost !an y fortitude, and christian resignation# @i ia! ;assau fe a sacrifice to treachery, being assassinated in the fifty& first year of his age, by Be taAar Gerard, a nati"e of Franche 9o!%te, in the %ro"ince of Burgundy# This !urderer, in ho%es of a reward here and hereafter, for ki ing an ene!y to the king of ,%ain and an ene!y to the catho ic re igion, undertook to destroy the %rince of )range# +a"ing %rocured fire ar!s, he watched hi! as he %assed through the great ha of his %a ace to dinner, and de!anded a %ass%ort# The %rincess of )range, obser"ing that the assassin s%oke with a ho ow and confused "oice, asked who he wasT saying, she did not ike his countenance# The %rince answered, it was one that de!anded a %ass%ort, which he shou d %resent y ha"e# ;othing farther %assed before dinner, but on the return of the %rince and %rincess through the sa!e ha , after dinner was o"er, the assassin, standing concea ed as !uch as %ossib e by one of the %i ars, fired at the %rince, the ba s entering at the eft side, and %assing through the right, wounding in their %assage the sto!ach and "ita %arts# )n recei"ing the wounds, the %rince on y said, 'ord, ha"e !ercy u%on !y sou , and u%on these %oor %eo% e, and then ex%ired i!!ediate y# The a!entations throughout the :nited Pro"inces were genera , on account of the death of the %rince of )rangeB and the assassin who was i!!ediate y taken, recei"ed sentence to be %ut to death in the !ost exe!% ary !anner, yet such was his enthusias!, or fo y that when his f esh was torn by red&hot %incers, he coo y said, 8f 8 was at iberty, 8 wou d co!!it such an action o"er again# The %rince of )range's funera was the grandest e"er seen in the 'ow 9ountries, and %erha%s the sorrow for his death the !ost sincere, as he eft behind hi! the character he honest y deser"ed, "iA# that of Father of his %eo% e#

To conc ude, !u titudes were !urdered in different %arts of F andersB in the city of ?a ence, in %articu ar, fifty&se"en of the %rinci%a inhabitants were butchered in one day, for refusing to e!brace the .o!ish su%erstitionB and great nu!bers were suffered to anguish in confine!ent, ti they %erished through the inc e!ency of their dungeons#

CHAPTER IX.
AN ACCOUNT OF THE PERSECUTIONS IN LITHUANIA AND POLAND.
The %ersecutions in 'ithuania began in FJ5G, and were carried on with great se"erity by the 9ossacks and Tartars# The crue ty of the 9ossacks was !uch, that e"en the Tartars, at ast, grew asha!ed of it, and rescued so!e of the intended "icti!s fro! their hands# The barbarities exercised were these( skinning a i"e, cutting off hands, taking out the bowe s, cutting the f esh o%en, %utting out the eyes, beheading, sca %ing, cutting off feet, boring the shin bones, %ouring !e ted ead into the f esh, hanging, stabbing, and sending to %er%etua banish!ent# The .ussians, taking ad"antage of the de"astations which had been !ade in the country, and of its inca%abi ity of defence, entered it with a considerab e ar!y, and, ike a f ood, bore down a before the!# E"ery thing they !et with was an object of destructionB they raAed cities, de!o ished cast es, ruined fortresses, sacked towns, burnt "i ages, and !urdered %eo% e# The !inisters of the gos%e were %ecu iar y !arked out as the objects of their dis% easure, though e"ery worthy christian was iab e to the effects of their crue ty# *s 'ithuania reco"ered itse f after one %ersecution, succeeding ene!ies again destroyed it# The ,wedes, the Prussians, and the 9our anders, carried fire and sword through it, and continua ca a!ities, for so!e years, attended that unha%%y district# 8t was then attacked by the %rince of Transy "ania, who had in his ar!y, exc usi"e of his own Transy "anians, +ungarians, Mo da"ians, ,er"ians, @a achians, Kc# These, as far as they %enetrated, wasted the country, destroyed the churches, rif ed the nobi ity, burnt the houses, ens a"ed the hea thy, and !urdered the sick# * c ergy!an, who wrote an account of the !isfortunes of 'ithuania, in the se"enteenth century, says, C8n consideration of these extre!ities, we cannot but adore the judg!ent of God %oured u%on us for our sins, and de% ore our sad condition# 'et us ho%e for a de i"erance fro! his !ercy, and wish for restitution in his bene"o ence# Though we are brought ow, though we are wasted, troub ed, and terrified, yet his co!%assion is greater than our ca a!ities, and his goodness su%erior to our aff ictions# )ur neighbours hate us at %resent, as !uch as our !ore distant ene!ies did beforeB they %ersecute the re!nant of us sti re!aining, de%ri"e us of our few churches eft, banish our %reachers, abuse our schoo !asters, treat us with conte!%t, and o%%ress us in the !ost o%%robrious !anner# 8n a our aff ictions the truth of the gos%e shone a!ong us, and ga"e us co!fortB and we on y wished for the grace of Jesus 9hrist, Qnot on y to ourse "es, but to soften the hearts of our ene!iesR and the sy!%athy of our fe ow christians#C The %rotestants of Po and were %ersecuted in a dreadfu !anner# The !inisters in %articu ar were treated with the !ost unexa!% ed barbarityB

so!e ha"ing their tongues cut out, because they had %reached the gos%e truthsB others being de%ri"ed of their sight on account of their ha"ing read the bib eB and great nu!bers were cut to %ieces for not recanting# Pri"ate %ersons were %ut to death by "arious !ethodsB the !ost crue being usua y %referred# @o!en were !urdered without the east regard to their sexB and the %ersecutors e"en went so far as to cut off the heads of sucking babes, and fasten the! to the breasts of the !others# E"en the so e!nity of the gra"e did not exe!%t the bodies of %rotestants fro! the !a ice of %ersecutorsB for they sacri egious y dug u% the bodies of !any e!inent %ersons, and either cut the! to %ieces, and ex%osed the! to be de"oured by birds and beasts, or hung the! u% in cons%icuous or %ub ic % aces# The city of 'esna %articu ar y suffered in this %ersecutionB for being besieged and taken, the inhabitants were a %ut to the sword#

CHAPTER X.
AN ACCOUNT OF THE PERSECUTIONS IN CHINA AND SEVERAL OTHER COUNTRIES.
9hristianity was first estab ished in 9hina by three 8ta ian !issionaries, ca ed .oger the ;ea%o itan, Pasis of Bo ogne, and Matthew .icci of MaAerata, in the !arEuisate of *ncona# These entered 9hina about the beginning of the sixteenth century, being we circu!stanced to %erfor! their i!%ortant co!!ission with success, as they had %re"ious y studied the 9hinese anguage# These three !issionaries were "ery assiduous to the discharge of their dutyB but .oger and Pasis returning to Euro%e in a few years, the who e abour fe u%on .icci, who ai!ed to estab ish christianity with a degree of Aea that was indefatigab e# .icci, though !uch dis%osed to indu ge his con"erts as far as %ossib e, !ade great hesitation at their cere!onies, which see!ed to a!ount to ido atry# *t ength, after eighteen years consideration, he began to soften his o%inion, and to erated a the %arts of those custo!s which were ordered by the aws of the e!%ire, but strict y enjoined his 9hinese christians to o!it the rest# This was the condition of christianity in 9hina, when the christian church estab ished there was go"erned on y by .icci, who, by his !oderation, !ade innu!erab e con"erts# 8n FJH1, howe"er, his tranEui ity was disturbed by the arri"a of so!e new !issionaries, these being unacEuainted with the 9hinese custo!s, !anners, and anguage, and with the argu!ents on which .icci's to eration was founded, were astonished when they saw christian con"erts %rostrate before 9onfucius and the tab es of their ancestors, and conde!ned the custo! according y# * war! contro"ersy now ensued between .icci, seconded by his con"erts, and the new !issionariesB and the atter wrote an account of the who e affair to the %o%e, and the society for the %ro%agation of the christian faith# The society soon %ronounced, that the cere!onies were ido atrous and into erab e, and the %o%e confir!ed the sentence# 8n this both the society and the %o%e were excusab e, as the !atter had been !isre%resented to the!B for the ene!ies of .icci had affir!ed the ha s, in which the

cere!onies were %erfor!ed, to be te!% es, and the cere!onies the!se "es ido atrous sacrifices# The sentence abo"e !entioned was sent o"er to 9hina, but treated with conte!%t, and !atters re!ained as they were for so!e ti!e# *t ength, a true re%resentation of the !atter was sent o"er, setting forth, that the 9hinese custo!s and cere!onies a uded to were entire y free fro! ido atry, being !ere y %o itica , and tending on y to the %eace and we fare of the e!%ire# The %o%e, finding that he had !ade hi!se f ridicu ous, by confir!ing an absurd sentence u%on a fa se re%ort, wanted to get rid of the affair, and therefore referred the re%resentation to the inEuisition, which re"ersed the sentence i!!ediate y, at the %ri"ate desire of the %o%e, as !ay be natura y su%%osed# The christian church, for a these di"isions, f ourished in 9hina ti the death of the first Tartar e!%eror, whose successor was a !inor# -uring this !inority of the young e!%eror 9ang&hi, the regents and nob es cons%ired to extir%ate the christian re igion# The execution of this design was begun with ex%edition, and carried on with se"erity, so that e"ery christian teacher in 9hina, as we as those who %rofessed the faith, were struck with a!aAe!ent# John *da! ,cha , a Ger!an ecc esiastic, and one of the %rinci%a s of the !ission, was thrown into a dungeon in the year FJJ5, being then in the se"enty&fourth year of his age, and narrow y esca%ed with his ife# The ensuing year, "iA# FJJ0, the !inisters of state %ub ic y and unani!ous y reso "ed, and !ade a decree s%ecifying, "iA# F# That the christian doctrines were fa se# /# That they were dangerous to the interest of the e!%ire# H# That they shou d not be %ractised under %ain of death# The %ub ication of this decree occasioned a furious genera %ersecution, in which so!e were %ut to death, !any were ruined, and a were, in so!e !anner, o%%ressed# This decree was genera , and the %ersecution uni"ersa according y throughout the e!%ireB for, %re"ious to this, the christians had been %artia y %ersecuted at different ti!es, and in different %ro"inces# Four years after, "iA# FJJI, the young e!%eror was dec ared of age, and took the reins of go"ern!ent u%on hi!se f, when the %ersecution i!!ediate y ceased by his order# An a&&ount of the Perse&utions in Japan. 9hristianity was first introduced into the ido atrous e!%ire of Ja%an by so!e Portuguese !issionaries in the year of our 'ord F00/, and their endea"ours in !aking con"erts to the ight of the gos%e !et with a degree of success eEua to their !ost sanguine wishes# This continued ti the year FJFJ, when the !issionaries being accused of ha"ing concerned the!se "es in %o itics, and for!ed a % an to sub"ert the go"ern!ent, and dethrone the e!%eror, great jea ousies subsisted ti FJ//, when the court ordered a dreadfu %ersecution to co!!ence against both foreign and nati"e christians# ,uch was the rage of this %ersecution, that, during the first four years, no ess than /1,021 christians were !assacred# The %ub ic %rofession of christianity was %rohibited under %ain of death, and the churches were shut u% by an ex%ress edict#

Many who were infor!ed against, as %ri"ate y %rofessing christianity, suffered !artyrdo! with great herois!# The %ersecution continued !any years, when the re!nant of the innu!erab e christians, with which Ja%an abounded, to the nu!ber of H2,111 sou s, retired to the town and cast e of ,iniabara, in the is and of =inio, where they deter!ined to !ake a stand, to continue in their faith, and to defend the!se "es to the "ery ast extre!ity# The Ja%anese ar!y %ursued the christians, and aid siege to the % ace# The christians defended the!se "es with great bra"ery, and he d out against the besiegers for the s%ace of three !onths, but were at ength co!%e ed to surrender, when !en, wo!en and chi dren, were indiscri!inate y !urderedB and christianity, in their !artyrdo!s, entire y extir%ated fro! Ja%an# This e"ent took % ace on the F/th of *%ri , FJHG, since which %eriod no christians but the -utch are a owed to and in the e!%ire, and e"en they are ob iged to conduct the!se "es with the greatest %recaution, and to carry on their co!!erce with the ut!ost circu!s%ection# An a&&ount of the Perse&utions a1ainst the 8hristians in Abyssinia( or "thiopia. Towards the conc usion of the fifteenth century, and soon after the disco"ery of the 9a%e of Good +o%e, so!e Portuguese !issionaries !ade a "oyage to *byssinia, and were indefatigab e in %ro%agating the .o!an catho ic doctrine a!ong the *byssinians, who %rofessed christianity before the arri"a of the !issionaries# The %riests, e!% oyed in this !ission, gained such an inf uence at court, that the e!%eror consented to abo ish the estab ished rites of the Ethio%ian church, and to ad!it those of .o!e# +e soon after consented to recei"e a %atriarch fro! .o!e, and to acknow edge the %o%e's su%re!acy# Many of the !ost %owerfu ords, and a !ajority of the %eo% e who %rofessed the %ri!iti"e christianity, as first estab ished in *byssinia, o%%osed these inno"ations, and took u% ar!s against the e!%eror#DThus, by the artifices of the court of .o!e, and its e!issaries, a !ost furious ci"i war was begun, and the who e e!%ire thrown into co!!otion# This war was carried on through se"era reigns, its continuance being abo"e F11 years, and the court constant y siding with the .o!an catho ics, the %ri!iti"e christians of *byssinia were se"ere y %ersecuted, and !u titudes %erished by the !ost inhu!an !eans# An a&&ount of the Perse&utions a1ainst the 8hristians in $ur ey. Maho!et, Qthe i!%ostorR in the infancy of his new re igion, to erated christianity through a %o itica !oti"e, as he was sensib e, that e"en in those ear y ti!es it had se"era %owerfu es%ousers a!ong the %rinces, who were his cote!%oraries# *s a %roof that this was his so e "iew, as soon as he found his doctrine was estab ished on a !ore %er!anent situation, he a tered his forbearance to a syste! of the !ost rigid and barbarous %ersecutionB which diabo ica % an he has %articu ar y reco!!ended to his !isguided fo owers, in that %art of his * coran, entit ed The 9ha%ter of the ,wordB and as %roofs of the b ind Aea his fo owers ha"e ado%ted fro! his inferna tenets, the !any b oody batt es of the Turks with the who e of the %rofessors of 9hrist's

gos%e , and their crue !assacres of the! at "arious %eriods, sufficient y e"ince# 9onstantine was, in the year F50H, besieged in 9onstantino% e, by Maho!et the ,econd, with an ar!y of H11,111 !en, when, after a b oody siege of about six week, on the /Ith of May, F50H, it fe into the hands of the infide s, after being an i!%eria christian city for so!e centuriesB and the Turks ha"e, to this day, retained %ossession of it, as we as of the adjoining suburb of Pera# )n entering 9onstantino% e, the Turks exercised on the wretched christians the !ost unre!itting barbarity, destroying the! by e"ery !ethod the !ost he ish crue ty cou d in"ent, or the !ost unfee ing heart cou d %ractise( so!e they roasted a i"e on s%its, others they f ayed a i"e, and in that horrid !anner eft to ex%ire with hungerB !any were sawed asunder, and others torn to %ieces by horses#DFor fu three days and nights the Turks were stri"ing to exceed each other in the exercise of their shocking carnage, and sa"age barbarityB !urdering, without distinction of age or sex, a they !et, and brutish y "io ating the chastity of wo!en, of e"ery distinction and age# -uring the year F0/I, ,o y!an the First retook Buda fro! the christians, and showed the !ost horrib e %ersecution of the inhabitantsB so!e had their eyes torn out, others their hands, ears, and noses cut off, and the chi dren their %ri"ities, the "irgins were def owered, the !atrons had their breasts cut off, and such as were %regnant had their wo!bs ri%%ed o%en, and their unborn babes thrown into the f a!es# ;ot content with this, he re%eated these horrid exa!% es a the way on his !arch to ?ienna, which he ineffectua y besieged, during which, this diabo ica barbarian, ha"ing !ade a body of christians %risoners, he sent three of the! into the city to re ate the great strength of his ar!y, and the rest he ordered to be torn i!b fro! i!b by wi d horses in sight of their christian brethren, who cou d on y a!ent by their cries and tears their dreadfu fate# 8n !any % aces the tender chi dren were in sight of their wretched %arents torn to %ieces by beasts, others dragged at horses' hee s, so!e fa!ished with hunger, and others buried u% to their necks in earth, and in that !anner eft to %erish# 8n short, were we to re ate the innu!erab e !assacres and de% orab e tragedies acted by the infide s, the %articu ars wou d at east !ake a "o u!e of the!se "es, and fro! their horrid si!i arity be not on y shocking, but disgusting to the reader# Perse&utions and >ppressions in Geor1ia and Min1relia. The Georgians, are christians, and being "ery handso!e %eo% e, the Turks and Persians %ersecute the! by the !ost crue !ode of taxation e"er in"ented, na!e y, in ieu of !oney, they co!%e the! to de i"er u% their chi dren for the fo owing %ur%oses# The fe!a es to increase the nu!ber of concubines in their serag ios, to ser"e as !aids of honour to su tanas, the adies of bashaws, Kc#, and to be so d to !erchants of different nations, by who! the %rice is %ro%ortioned to the beauty of the %urchased fair one# The !a es are used as !utes and eunuchs in the serag io, as c erks in the offices of state, and as so diers in the ar!y#

To the west of Georgia is Mingre ia, a country ikewise inhabited by christians, who are %ersecuted and o%%ressed in the sa!e !anner as the Georgians by the Turks and Persians, their chi dren being extorted fro! the!, or they !urdered for refusing to consent to the sa e# An A&&ount of the Perse&utions in the States of #arbary. 8n * giers the christians are treated with %articu ar se"erityB as the * gerines are so!e of the !ost %erfidious, as we as the !ost crue of a the inhabitants of Barbary# By %aying a !ost exorbitant fine, so!e christians are a owed the tit e of Free christians, and these are %er!itted to dress in the fashion of their res%ecti"e countries, but the christian s a"es are ob iged to wear a coarse gray suit and a sea!an's ca%# The %unish!ents a!ong the * gerines are "arious, "iA# F# 8f they join any of the nati"es in o%en rebe ion, they are strang ed with a bowstring, or hanged on an iron hook# /# 8f they s%eak against Maho!et, they !ust either turn Maho!etan, or be i!%a ed a i"e# H# 8f they turn christians again, after ha"ing changed to the Maho!etan %ersuasion, they are roasted a i"e, or thrown fro! the city wa s, and caught u%on arge shar% hooks, where they hang in a !iserab e !anner se"era days, and ex%ire in the !ost exEuisite tortures# 5# 8f they ki a Turk, they are burnt# 0# Those christians who atte!%t to esca%e fro! s a"ery, and are retaken, suffer death in the fo owing !anner, which is eEua y singu ar and bruta ( the cri!ina is hung naked on a high ga ows, by two hooks, the one fastened Euite through the %a ! of one hand, and the other through the so e of the o%%osite foot, where he is eft ti death re ie"es hi! fro! his crue sufferings# )ther %unish!ents, for trif ing cri!es co!!itted by the christians, are eft to the discretion of the res%ecti"e judges, who being usua y of !a icious and "indicti"e dis%ositions, decree the! in the !ost inhu!an !anner# 8n Tunis, if a christian s a"e is caught in atte!%ting to esca%e, his i!bs are a broken, and if he !urders his !aster, he is fastened to the tai of a horse, and dragged about the streets ti he ex%ires# Morocco and FeA conjoint y for! an e!%ire, and are together the !ost considerab e of the Barbary states# 8n this e!%ire christian s a"es are treated with the greatest crue ty( the rich ha"e exorbitant ranso!s fixed u%on the!B the %oor are hard worked, and ha f star"ed so!eti!es !urdered by the e!%eror, or their !asters, for !ere a!use!ent# An A&&ount of the Perse&utions in Spanish Ameri&a. The b oody tenets of the .o!an catho ic %ersuasion, and the crue dis%osition of the "otaries of that church, cannot be !ore a!% y dis% ayed or tru y de%icted, than by gi"ing an authentic and si!% e narrati"e of the horrid barbarities exercised by the ,%aniards on the innocent and unoffending nati"es of *!erica# 8ndeed, the barbarities were such, that they wou d scarce seen credib e fro! their enor!ity, and the "icti!s so !any, that they wou d start e be ief by their nu!bers, if the facts were not indis%utab y ascertained, and the circu!stances ad!itted by their own writers, so!e of who! ha"e e"en g oried in their inhu!anity, and, as .o!an catho ics, dee!ed these

atrocious actions !eritorious, which wou d !ake a %rotestant shudder to re ate# The @est 8ndies, and the "ast continent of *!erica, were disco"ered by that ce ebrated na"igator, 9hristo%her 9o u!bus, in F5I/# This distinguished co!!ander anded first in the arge is and of ,t# -o!ingo, or +is%anio a, which was at that ti!e exceeding y %o%u ous, but this %o%u ation was of "ery itt e conseEuence, the inoffensi"e inhabitants being !urdered by !u titudes, as soon as the ,%aniards gained a %er!anent footing on the is and# B ind su%erstition, b oody bigotry, and cra"ing a"arice, rendered that, in the course of years, a dis!a desert, which, at the arri"a of the ,%aniards, see!ed to a%%ear as an earth y %aradiseB so that at %resent there is scarce a re!nant of the ancient nati"es re!aining# The nati"es of Guate!a a, a country of *!erica, were used with great barbarity# They were for!er y acti"e and "a iant, but fro! i usage and o%%ression, grew s othfu , and so dis%irited, that they not on y tre!b ed at the sight of fire&ar!s, but e"en at the "ery ooks of a ,%aniard# ,o!e were so % unged into des%air, that after returning ho!e fro! abouring hard for their crue task!asters, and recei"ing on y conte!%tuous anguage and stri%es for their %ains, they ha"e sunk down in their cabins, with a fu reso ution to %refer death to such s a"eryB and, in the bitterness of their anguish, ha"e refused a sustenance ti they %erished# By re%eated barbarities, and the !ost execrab e crue ties, the "indicti"e and !erci ess ,%aniards not on y de%o%u ated +is%anio a, Porto&.ico, 9uba, Ja!aica, and the Baha!a is ands, but destroyed abo"e F/,111,111 of sou s u%on the continent of *!erica, in the s%ace of forty years# The crue !ethods by which they !assacred and butchered the %oor nati"es, were innu!erab e, and of the !ost diabo ica nature# The ,%aniards stri%%ed a arge and "ery %o%u ous town of a its inhabitants, who! they dro"e to the !ines, ea"ing a the chi dren behind the!, without the east idea of %ro"iding for their subsistence, by which inhu!an %roceeding six thousand he % ess infants %erished# @hene"er the %eo% e of any town had the re%utation of being rich, an order was i!!ediate y sent that e"ery %erson in it shou d turn .o!an catho ics( if this was not direct y co!% ied with, the town was instant y % undered, and the inhabitants !urderedB and if it was co!% ied with, a %retence was soon after !ade to stri% the inhabitants of their wea th# )ne of the ,%anish go"ernors seiAed u%on a "ery worthy and a!iab e 8ndian %rince, and in order to extort fro! hi! where his treasures were concea ed, caused his feet to be burnt ti the !arrow dro%%ed fro! his bones, and he ex%ired through the extre!ity of the tor!ents he underwent# 8n the inter"a , between the years F0F5 and F0//, the go"ernor of Terra Fir!a %ut to death, and destroyed, G11,111 of the inhabitants of that country# Between the years F0/H and F0HH, fi"e hundred thousand nati"es of ;icaragua were trans%orted to Peru, where they a %erished by incessant abour in the !ines# 8n the s%ace of twe "e years, fro! the first anding of 9orteA on the continent of *!erica, to the entire reduction of the %o%u ous e!%ire of Mexico, the a!aAing nu!ber of 5,111,111 of Mexicans %erished, through the un%ara e ed barbarity of the ,%aniards# To co!e to %articu ars, the city of

9ho u a, consisted of H1,111 houses, by which its great %o%u ation !ay be i!agined# The ,%aniards seiAed on a the inhabitants, who refusing to turn .o!an catho ics, as they did not know the !eaning of the re igion they were ordered to e!brace, the ,%aniards %ut the! a to death, cutting to %ieces the ower sort of %eo% e, and burning those of distinction#

CHAPTER XI.
AN ACCOUNT OF THE PERSECUTIONS IN GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND PRIOR TO THE REIGN OF QUEEN MARY I.
Gi das, the !ost ancient British writer extant, who i"ed about the ti!e that the ,axons eft the is and of Great Britain, has drawn a !ost shocking instance of the barbarity of those %eo% e# The ,axons, on their arri"a , being heathens ike the ,cots and Picts, destroyed the churches and !urdered the c ergy where"er they ca!e( but they cou d not destroy christianity, for those who wou d not sub!it to the ,axon yoke, went and resided beyond the ,e"ern# ;either ha"e we the na!es of those christian sufferers trans!itted to us, es%ecia y those of the c ergy# The !ost dreadfu instance of barbarity under the ,axon go"ern!ent, was the !assacre of the !onks of Bangor, *# -# 0GJ# These !onks were in a res%ects different fro! those !en who bear the sa!e na!e at %resent# 8n the eighth century, the -anes, a ro"ing crew of barbarians, anded in different %arts of Britain, both in Eng and and ,cot and# *t first they were re%u sed, but in *# -# G02, a %arty of the! anded so!ewhere near ,outha!%ton, and not on y robbed the %eo% e, but burnt down the churches, and !urdered the c ergy# 8n *# -# GJG, these barbarians %enetrated into the centre of Eng and, and took u% their Euarters at ;ottingha!B but the Eng ish, under their king Ethe frid, dro"e the! fro! their %osts, and ob iged the! to retire to ;orthu!ber and# 8n G21, another body of these barbarians anded at ;orfo k, and engaged in batt e with the Eng ish at +ertford# ?ictory dec ared in fa"our of the %agans, who took Ed!und, king of the East *ng es, %risoner, and after treating hi! with a thousand indignities, transfixed his body with arrows, and then beheaded hi!# 8n Fifeshire, in ,cot and, they burnt !any of the churches, and a!ong the rest that be onging to the 9u dees, at ,t# *ndrews# The %iety of these !en !ade the! objects of abhorrence to the -anes, who, where"er they went sing ed out the christian %riests for destruction, of who! no ess than /11 were !assacred in ,cot and# 8t was !uch the sa!e in that %art of 8re and now ca ed 'einster, there the -anes !urdered and burnt the %riests a i"e in their own churchesB they carried destruction a ong with the! where"er they went, s%aring neither age nor sex, but the c ergy were the !ost obnoxious to the!, because they ridicu ed their ido atry, and %ersuaded their %eo% e to ha"e nothing to do with the!# 8n the reign of Edward 888# the church of Eng and was extre!e y corru%ted with errors and su%erstitionB and the ight of the gos%e of 9hrist was great y

ec i%sed and darkened with hu!an in"entions, burthenso!e cere!onies, and gross ido atry# The fo owers of @ick iffe, then ca ed 'o ards, were beco!e extre!e y nu!erous, and the c ergy were so "exed to see the! increase whate"er %ower or inf uence they !ight ha"e to !o est the! in an underhand !anner, they had no authority by aw to %ut the! to death# +owe"er, the c ergy e!braced the fa"ourab e o%%ortunity, and %re"ai ed u%on the king to suffer a bi to be brought into %ar ia!ent, by which a 'o ards who re!ained obstinate, shou d be de i"ered o"er to the secu ar %ower, and burnt as heretics# This act was the first in Britain for the burning of %eo% e for their re igious senti!entsB it %assed in the year F51F, and was soon after %ut into execution# The first %erson who suffered in conseEuence of this crue act was @i ia! ,antree, or ,awtree, a %riest, who was burnt to death in ,!ithfie d# ,oon after this, ord 9obha!, in conseEuence of his attach!ent to the doctrines of @ick iffe, was accused of heresy, and being conde!ned to be hanged and burnt, was according y executed in 'onco n's&8nn Fie ds, *# -# F5FI# The next !an who suffered under this b oody statute was Tho!as Brad ey, a tai or, and a ay!anB and a etter ha"ing been tendered hi!, which he refused, he was dec ared an obstinate heretic, and tied to the stake in ,!ithfie dB where he was burnt a i"e, rejoicing in the 'ord his God# The next %erson we read of who was tried u%on this abo!inab e statute, was @i ia! Thor%e, a !an of so!e know edge, who adhered to a the doctrines taught by @ick iffe# +e was brought !any ti!es before archbisho% *runde , and at ast co!!itted a c ose %risoner, where he died, but in what !anner cannot now be ascertained# *bout this ti!e HJ %ersons, deno!inated 'o ards, suffered death in ,t# Gi es', for no other reason than %rofessing their attach!ent to the doctrines of @ick iffe# They were hung on gibbets, and fagots being % aced under the!, as soon as they were sus%ended, fire was set to the!, so that they were burnt whi e hanging# )n y one of their na!es has been trans!itted to us, which is that of ,ir .oger *rcher who! they distinguished fro! the rest by stri%%ing hi! stark naked, and executing hi! in that indecent !anner# Much about the sa!e ti!e one .ichard Turning was burnt a i"e in ,!ithfie d, and suffered with a that constancy, fortitude, and resignation, which ha"e so !uch distinguished the %ri!iti"e christians# 8n F5/G, *braha!, a !onk of 9o chester, Mi burn @hite, a %riest and John @ade, a %riest, were a three a%%rehended on a charge of heresy# ,oon after, father *braha! suffered at 9o chester, and with hi! John @haddonB both of who! died in a constant adherence to the truth of the gos%e # Mi burn @hite and John @ade suffered a so about the sa!e ti!e in 'ondon# 8n the year F5HF, .ichard 8 "edon, a woo &co!ber, and a citiAen of 'ondon, was brought before the archbisho%, and being dec ared an obstinate heretic, was burnt a i"e on Tower&hi , for no other reason than that he e!braced and %rofessed the doctrines of @ick iffe# 8n the year F5HF, Tho!as Bag ey, a %riest, who had a i"ing near Ma den, in Essex, was brought before the bisho% of 'ondon, and being dec ared an obstinate heretic, was conde!ned and burnt a i"e in ,!ithfie d#

8n the year F5H1, .ichard @ick, a %riest, was burnt a i"e on Tower&hi , for %reaching the doctrines of @ick iffe# 8n F551, so!e of the greatest %ersons in the kingdo! were conde!ned to %er%etua i!%rison!ent for heresy, as being 'o ardsBDa!ong who! was the dutchess of G oucester, who had ong been a fo ower of @ick iffe# 8t was otherwise, howe"er, with .oger )n y, a %riest, who being conde!ned as an obstinate heretic, was burnt a i"e in ,!ithfie d# 8n *ugust, F52H, one Tho!as Granter was a%%rehended to 'ondonB he was accused of %rofessing the doctrines of @ick iffe, for which he was conde!ned as an obstinate heretic# This %ious !an being brought to the sheriff's house, on the !orning of the day a%%ointed for his execution, desired a itt e refresh!ent, and ha"ing ate so!e, he said to the %eo% e %resent, C8 eat now a "ery good !ea , for 8 ha"e a strange conf ict to engage with before 8 go to su%%erBC and ha"ing eaten, he returned thanks to God for the bounties of his a &gracious %ro"idence, reEuesting that he !ight be instant y ed to the % ace of execution, to bear testi!ony to the truth of those %rinci% es which he had %rofessed# *ccording y he was chained to a stake on Tower&hi , where he was burnt a i"e, %rofessing the truth with his ast breath# *%ri /Gth, F5I5, Joan Boughton, a ady of considerab e rank, was burnt in ,!ithfie d for %rofessing the doctrines of @ick iffe# This ady was a widow, and no ess than G1 years of age# 8n F5IG, the king being then at 9anterbury, a %riest was brought before hi!, accused of heresy, who was i!!ediate y ordered to be burnt a i"e# 8n the year F5II, one Badra!, a %ious !an, was brought before the bisho% of ;orwich, ha"ing been accused by so!e of the %riests, with ho ding the doctrines of @ick iffe# +e confessed he did be ie"e e"ery thing that was objected against hi!# For this, he was conde!ned as an obstinate heretic, and a warrant was granted for his executionB according y he was brought to the stake at ;orwich, where he suffered with great constancy# 8n F01J, one @i ia! Ti frey, a %ious !an, was burnt a i"e at *!ersha!, in a c ose ca ed ,toney%rat, and at the sa!e ti!e, his daughter, Joan 9 arke, a !arried wo!an, was ob iged to ight the fagots that were to burn her father# This year a so one father .oberts, a %riest, was con"icted of being a 'o ard before the bisho% of 'inco n, and burnt a i"e at Buckingha!# 8n F012, one Tho!as ;orris was burnt a i"e for the testi!ony of the truth of the gos%e , at ;orwich# This !an was a %oor, inoffensi"e, har! ess %erson, but his %arish %riest con"ersing with hi! one day conjectured he was a 'o ard# 8n conseEuence of this su%%osition he ga"e infor!ation to the bisho%, and ;orris was a%%rehended# 8n F01G, one 'awrence Gua e, who had been ke%t in %rison two years, was burnt a i"e at ,a isbury, for denying the rea %resence in the sacra!ent# 8t a%%eared, that this !an ke%t a sho% in ,a isbury and entertained so!e 'o ards in his houseB for which he was infor!ed against to the bisho%B but he abode by his first testi!ony, and was conde!ned to suffer as a heretic# * %ious wo!an was burnt at 9hi%%en ,udburne, by order of the chance or, -r# @hittenha!# *fter she had been consu!ed in the f a!es, and the %eo% e were returning ho!e, a bu broke oose fro! a butcher and sing ing out the chance or fro! a the rest of the co!%any, he gored hi! through the body,

and on his horns carried his entrai s# This was seen by a the %eo% e, and it is re!arkab e, that the ani!a did not !edd e with any other %erson whate"er# )ctober FG, F0FF, @i ia! ,ucc ing and John Bannister, who had for!er y recanted, returned again to the %rofession of the faith, and were burnt a i"e in ,!ithfie d# 8n the year F0F2, one John Brown, Qwho had recanted before in the reign of +enry ?88# and borne a fagot round ,t# Pau 's,R was conde!ned by -r# @onha!an, archbisho% of 9anterbury, and burnt a i"e at *shford# Before he was chained to the stake, the archbisho% @onha!an, and $ester, bisho% of .ochester, caused his feet to be burnt in a fire ti a the f esh ca!e off, e"en to the bones# This was done in order to !ake hi! again recant, but he %ersisted in his attach!ent to the truth to the ast# Much about this ti!e one .ichard +unn, a !erchant tai or of the city of 'ondon, was a%%rehended, ha"ing refused to %ay the %riest his fees for the funera of a chi dB and being con"eyed to the 'o ards' Tower, in the %a ace of 'a!beth, was there %ri"ate y !urdered by so!e of the ser"ants of the archbisho%# ,e%te!ber /5, F0FG, John ,ti incen, who had before recanted, was a%%rehended, brought before .ichard FitA&Ja!es, bisho% of 'ondon, and on the /0th of )ctober was conde!ned as a heretic# +e was chained to the stake in ,!ithfie d a!idst a "ast crowd of s%ectators, and sea ed his testi!ony to the truth with his b ood# +e dec ared that he was a 'o ard, and that he had a ways be ie"ed the o%inions of @ick iffeB and a though he had been weak enough to recant his o%inions, yet he was now wi ing to con"ince the wor d that he was ready to die for the truth# 8n the year F0FI, Tho!as Mann was burnt in 'ondon, as was one .obert 9e in, a % ain honest !an for s%eaking against i!age worshi% and %i gri!ages# Much about this ti!e, was executed in ,!ithfie d, in 'ondon, Ja!es Brewster, a nati"e of 9o chester# +is senti!ents were the sa!e as the rest of the 'o ards, or those who fo owed the doctrines of @ick iffeB but notwithstanding the innocence of his ife, and the regu arity of his !anners, he was ob iged to sub!it to %a%a re"enge# -uring this year, one 9hristo%her, a shoe!aker, was burnt a i"e at ;ewbury, in Berkshire, for denying those %o%ish artic es which we ha"e a ready !entioned# This !an had got so!e books in Eng ish, which were sufficient to render hi! obnoxious to the .o!ish c ergy# 8n F0/F, Tho!as Bernard was burnt a i"e at ;orwich, for denying the rea %resence# *bout the beginning of the year F0//, Mr# @rigsha!, a g o"erB Mr 'angda e, a hosierB Tho!as Bond, .obert +archets, and @i ia! *rcher, shoe!aker, with Mrs# ,!ith, a widow, were a%%rehended on *sh @ednesday and co!!itted to %rison# *fter exa!ination, the bisho% of 'itchfie d dec ared the! to be heretics, and they were a conde!ned and burnt a i"e at 9o"entry# .obert ,i ks, who had been conde!ned in the bisho%'s court as a heretic, !ade his esca%e out of %rison, but was taken two years afterward, and brought back to 9o"entry, where he was burnt a i"e#DThe sheriffs a ways seiAed the goods of the !artyrs for their own use, so that their wi"es and chi dren were eft to star"e#

8n F0H/, Tho!as +arding, who with his wife, had been accused of heresy, was brought before the bisho% of 'inco n, and conde!ned for denying the rea %resence in the sacra!ent# +e was then chained to a stake, erected for the %ur%ose, at 9hesha! in the Pe , near Bote yB and when they had set fire to the fagots, one of the s%ectators dashed out his brains with a bi et# The %riests to d the %eo% e, that whoe"er brought fagots to burn heretics wou d ha"e an indu gence to co!!it sins for forty days# -uring the atter end of this year, @orha!, archbisho% of 9anterbury, a%%rehended one +itten, a %riest at MaidstoneB and after he had been ong tortured in %rison, and se"era ti!es exa!ined by the archbisho%, and Fisher, bisho% of .ochester, he was conde!ned as a heretic, and burnt a i"e before the door of his own %arish church# Tho!as Bi ney, %rofessor of ci"i aw at 9a!bridge, was brought before the bisho% of 'ondon, and se"era other bisho%s, in the 9ha%ter house, @est!inster, and being se"era ti!es threatened with the stake and f a!es, he was weak enough to recantB but he re%ented se"ere y afterward# For this he was brought before the bisho% a second ti!e, and conde!ned to death# Before he went to the stake he confessed his adherence to those o%inions which 'uther he dB and, when at it, he s!i ed, and said, C8 ha"e had !any stor!s in this wor d, but now !y "esse wi soon be on shore in hea"en#C +e stood un!o"ed in the f a!es, crying out, CJesus, 8 be ie"eBC and these were the ast words he was heard to utter# * few weeks after Bi ney had suffered, .ichard Byfie d was cast into %rison, and endured so!e whi%%ing, for his adherence to the doctrines of 'uther( this Mr# Byfie d had been so!e ti!e a !onk, at Barnes, in ,urry, but was con"erted by reading Tinda 's "ersion of the ;ew Testa!ent# The sufferings this !an underwent for the truth were so great, that it wou d reEuire a "o u!e to contain the!# ,o!eti!es he was shut u% in a dungeon, where he was a !ost suffocated, by the offensi"e and horrid s!e of fi th and stagnated water# *t other ti!es he was tied u% by the ar!s, ti a !ost a his joints were dis ocated# +e was whi%%ed at the %ost se"era ti!es, ti scarce any f esh was eft on his backB and a this was done to !ake hi! recant# +e was then taken to the 'o ard's Tower in 'a!beth %a ace, where he was chained by the neck to the wa , and once e"ery day beaten in the !ost crue !anner by the archbisho%'s ser"ants# *t ast he was conde!ned, degraded, and burnt in ,!ithfie d# The next %erson that suffered was John Tewkesbury# This was a % ain si!% e !an, who had been gui ty of no other offence against what was ca ed the ho y !other church, than that of reading Tinda 's trans ation of the ;ew Testa!ent# *t first he was weak enough to abjure, but afterwards re%ented, and acknow edged the truth# For this he was brought before the bisho% of 'ondon, who conde!ned hi! as an obstinate heretic# +e suffered great y during the ti!e of his i!%rison!ent, so that when they brought hi! out to execution he was a !ost dead# +e was conducted to the stake in ,!ithfie d, where he was burned, dec aring his utter abhorrence of %o%ery, and %rofessing a fir! be ief that his cause was just in the sight of God# Much about this ti!e ?a entine Treest, and his wife, were a%%rehended in $orkshire, and ha"ing been exa!ined by the archbisho%, were dee!ed as obstinate heretics, and burnt#

The next %erson that suffered in this reign, was Ja!es Baynha!, a re%utab e citiAen in 'ondon, who had !arried the widow of a gent e!an in the Te!% e# @hen chained to the stake he e!braced the fagots, and said C)h, ye %a%ists, beho dS ye ook for !irac esB here now !ay you see a !irac eB for in this fire 8 fee no !ore %ain than if 8 were in bedB for it is as sweet to !e as a bed of roses#C Thus he resigned his sou into the hands of his .edee!er# ,oon after the death of this !artyr, one Traxna , an inoffensi"e country!an, was burned a i"e at Bradford in @i tshire, because he wou d not acknow edge the rea %resence in the sacra!ent, nor own the %a%a su%re!acy o"er the consciences of !en# 8n the year F0HH, John Frith, a noted !artyr, died for the truth# @hen brought to the stake in ,!ithfie d, he e!braced the fagots, and exhorted a young !an na!ed *ndrew +ewit, who suffered with hi!, to trust his sou to that God who had redee!ed it# Both these sufferers endured !uch tor!ent, for the wind b ew the f a!es away fro! the!, so that they were abo"e two hours in agony before they ex%ired# *t the atter end of this year, Mr# Tho!as Bennet, a schoo &!aster, was a%%rehended at Exeter, and being brought before the bisho%, refused to recant his o%inions, for which he was de i"ered o"er to the secu ar %ower, and burned a i"e near that city# 8n the year F0HG, one 9o ins, a !ad!an, suffered death with his dog in ,!ithfie d# The circu!stances were as fo ow( 9o ins ha%%ened to be in church when the %riest e e"ated the hostB and 9o ins, in derision of the sacrifice of the Mass, ifted u% his dog abo"e his head# For this cri!e 9o ins, who ought to ha"e been sent to a !adhouse, or whi%%ed at the cart's tai , was brought before the bisho% of 'ondonB and a though he was rea y !ad, yet such was the force of %o%ish %ower, such the corru%tion in church and state, that the %oor !ad!an, and his dog, were both carried to the stake in ,!ithfie d, where they were burned to ashes, a!idst a "ast crowd of s%ectators# There were so!e other %ersons who suffered the sa!e year, of who! we sha take notice in the order they ie before us# )ne 9owbridge suffered at )xfordB and a though he was re%uted to be a !ad!an, yet he showed great signs of %iety when he was fastened to the stake, and after the f a!es were kind ed around hi!# *bout the sa!e ti!e one Purder"e was %ut to death, for saying %ri"ate y to a %riest, after he had drunk the wine, C+e b essed the hungry %eo% e with the e!%ty cha ice#C *t the sa!e ti!e was conde!ned @i ia! 'etton, a !onk of great age, in the county of ,uffo k, who was burned at ;orwich for s%eaking against an ido that was carried in %rocessionB and for asserting, that the sacra!ent shou d be ad!inistered in both kinds# ,o!e ti!e before the burning of these !en, ;icho as Peke was executed at ;orwichB and when the fire was ighted, he was so scorched that he was as b ack as %itch# -r# .eading standing before hi!, with -r# +earne and -r# ,%ragwe , ha"ing a ong white wand in his hand, struck hi! u%on the right shou der, and said, CPeke, recant, and be ie"e in the ,acra!ent#C To this he answered, C8 des%ise thee and it a soBC and with great "io ence he s%it b ood, occasioned by the anguish of his sufferings# -r# .eading granted forty days indu gence for the sufferer, in order that he !ight recant his o%inions# But he

%ersisted in his adherence to the truth, without %aying any regard to the !a ice of his ene!iesB and he was burned a i"e, rejoicing that 9hrist had counted hi! worthy to suffer for his na!e's sake# )n Ju y /G, F051, or F05F, Qfor the chrono ogy differsR Tho!as 9ro!we , ear of Essex, was brought to a scaffo d on Tower&hi , where he was executed with so!e striking instances of crue ty# +e !ade a short s%eech to the %eo% e, and then !eek y resigned hi!se f to the axe# 8t is, we think, with great %ro%riety, that this nob e!an is ranked a!ong the !artyrsB for a though the accusations %referred against hi! did not re ate to any thing in re igion, yet had it not been for his Aea to de!o ish %o%ery, he !ight ha"e to the ast retained the king's fa"our# To this !ay be added, that the %a%ists % otted his destruction, for he did !ore towards %ro!oting the refor!ation, than any !an in that age, exce%t the good -r# 9ran!er# ,oon after the execution of 9ro!we , -r# 9uthbert Barnes, Tho!as Garnet, and @i ia! Jero!e, were brought before the ecc esiastica court of the bisho% of 'ondon, and accused of heresy# Being before the bisho% of 'ondon, -r# Barnes was asked whether the saints %rayed for usT To this he answered, that he wou d ea"e that to GodB but Qsaid heR 8 wi %ray for you# )n the FHth of Ju y, F05F, these !en were brought fro! the Tower to ,!ithfie d, where they were a chained to one stakeB and there suffered death with a constancy that nothing ess than a fir! faith in Jesus 9hrist cou d ins%ire# )ne Tho!as ,o!!ers, an honest !erchant, with three others, was thrown into %rison, for reading so!e of 'uther's booksB and they were conde!ned to carry those books to a fire in 9hea%sideB there they were to throw the! in the f a!esB but ,o!!ers threw his o"er, for which he was sent back to the Tower, where he was stoned to death# -readfu %ersecutions were at this ti!e carried on at 'inco n, under -r# 'ong and, the bisho% of that diocess# *t Buckingha!, Tho!as Bainard, and Ja!es Moreton, the one for reading the 'ord's %rayer in Eng ish, and the other for reading ,t# Ja!es' e%ist es in Eng ish, were both conde!ned and burnt a i"e# *nthony Parsons, a %riest, together with two others, were sent to @indsor, to be exa!ined concerning heresyB and se"era artic es were tendered to the! to subscribe, which they refused# This was carried on by the bisho% of ,a isbury, who was the !ost "io ent %ersecutor of any in that age, exce%t Bonner# @hen they were brought to the stake, Parsons asked for so!e drink, which being brought hi!, he drank to his fe ow&sufferers, saying, CBe !erry, !y brethren, and ift u% your hearts to GodB for after this shar% breakfast 8 trust we sha ha"e a good dinner in the kingdo! of 9hrist, our 'ord and .edee!er#C *t these words Eastwood, one of the sufferers, ifted u% his eyes and hands to hea"en, desiring the 'ord abo"e to recei"e his s%irit# Parsons %u ed the straw near to hi!, and then said to the s%ectators, This is God's ar!our, and now 8 a! a christian so dier %re%ared for batt e( 8 ook for no !ercy but through the !erits of 9hristB he is !y on y ,a"iour, in hi! do 8 trust for sa "ationB and soon after the fires were ighted, which burned their bodies, but cou d not hurt their %recious and i!!orta sou s# Their constancy triu!%hed o"er crue ty, and their sufferings wi be he d in e"er asting re!e!brance#

8n F05J, one ,aitees, a %riest, was, by order of bisho% Gardiner, hanged in ,outhwark, without a counci %rocessB and a that was a eged against hi! was, that of reading Tinda 's ;ew Testa!ent# This year one <irby was burned in 8%swich, for the testi!ony of the truth, for denying the rea %resence in the sacra!ent# @hen this !artyr was brought to the stake, he said to one Mr# @ingfie d, who attended hi!, C*hS Mr# @ingfie d, be at !y death, and you sha say, there standeth a christian sufferer in the fire#C

CHAPTER XII.
AN ACCOUNT OF THE PERSECUTION IN SCOTLAND DURING THE REIGN OF KING HENRY VIII.
The first %erson we !eet with who suffered in ,cot and on the score of re igion, was one Patrick +a!i ton, a gent e!an of an inde%endent fortune, and descended fro! a "ery ancient and honourab e fa!i y# +a"ing acEuired a ibera education, and being desirous of farther i!%ro"ing hi!se f in usefu know edge, he eft ,cot and, and went to the uni"ersity of @irte!berg, in Ger!any, in order to finish his studies# -uring his residence here, he beca!e inti!ate y acEuainted with those e!inent ights of the gos%e , Martin 'uther and Phi i% Me ancthonB fro! whose writings and doctrines he strong y attached hi!se f to the %rotestant re igion# The archbisho% of ,t# *ndrews Qwho was a rigid %a%istR hearing of Mr# +a!i ton's %roceedings, caused hi! to be seiAed, and being brought before hi!, after a short exa!ination re ati"e to his re igious %rinci% es, he co!!itted hi! a %risoner to the cast e, at the sa!e ti!e ordering hi! to be confined in the !ost oathso!e %art of the %rison# The next !orning Mr# +a!i ton was brought before the bisho%, and se"era others, for exa!ination, when the %rinci%a artic es exhibited against hi! were, his %ub ic y disa%%ro"ing of %i gri!ages, %urgatory, %rayers to saints, for the dead, Kc# These artic es Mr# +a!i ton acknow edged to be true, in conseEuence of which he was i!!ediate y conde!ned to be burntB and that his conde!nation !ight ha"e the greater authority, they caused it to be subscribed by a those of any note who were %resent, and to !ake the nu!ber as considerab e as %ossib e, e"en ad!itted the subscri%tion of boys who were sons of the nobi ity# ,o anxious was this bigoted and %ersecuting %re ate for the destruction of Mr# +a!i ton, that he ordered his sentence to be %ut in execution on the afternoon of the "ery day it was %ronounced# +e was according y ed to the % ace a%%ointed for the horrid tragedy, and was attended by a %rodigious nu!ber of s%ectators# The greatest %art of the !u titude wou d not be ie"e it was intended he shou d be %ut to death, but that it was on y done to frighten hi!, and thereby bring hi! o"er to e!brace the %rinci% es of the .o!ish re igion# But they soon found the!se "es !istaken# @hen he arri"ed at the stake, he knee ed down, and, for so!e ti!e, %rayed with great fer"ency# *fter this he was fastened to the stake, and the fagots % aced round hi!# * Euantity of gun%owder ha"ing been % aced under his

ar!s was first set on fire which scorched his eft hand and one side of his face, but did no !ateria injury, neither did it co!!unicate with the fagots# 8n conseEuence of this, !ore %owder and co!bustib e !atter were brought, which being set on fire took effect, and the fagots being kind ed, he ca ed out, with an audib e "oice, C'ord Jesus, recei"e !y s%iritS +ow ong sha darkness o"erwhe ! this rea !T *nd how ong wi t thou suffer the tyranny of these !enTC The fire burning s ow %ut hi! to great tor!entB but he bore it with christian !agnani!ity# @hat ga"e hi! the greatest %ain was, the c a!our of so!e wicked !en set on by the friars, who freEuent y cried, CTurn, thou hereticB ca u%on our adyB say, ,a "e .egina, Kc#C To who! he re% ied, C-e%art fro! !e, and troub e !e not, ye !essengers of ,atan#C )ne 9a!%be , a friar, who was the ring eader, sti continuing to interru%t hi! by o%%robrious anguageB he said to hi!, C@icked !an, God forgi"e thee#C *fter which, being %re"ented fro! farther s%eech by the "io ence of the s!oke, and the ra%idity of the f a!es, he resigned u% his sou into the hands of +i! who ga"e it# This steadfast be ie"er in 9hrist suffered !artyrdo! in the year F0/2# )ne +enry Forest, a young inoffensi"e Benedictine, being charged with s%eaking res%ectfu y of the abo"e Patrick +a!i ton, was thrown into %risonB and, in confessing hi!se f to a friar, owned that he thought +a!i ton a good !anB and that the artic es for which he was sentenced to die, !ight be defended# This being re"ea ed by the friar, it was recei"ed as e"idenceB and the %oor Benedictine was sentenced to be burnt# @hi st consu tation was he d, with regard to the !anner of his execution, John 'indsay, one of the archbisho%'s gent e!en, offered his ad"ice, to burn friar Forest in so!e ce arB for, said be, the s!oke of Patrick +a!i ton hath infected a those on who! it b ew# This ad"ice was taken, and the %oor "icti! was rather suffocated than burnt# The next who fe "icti!s for %rofessing the truth of the gos%e , were -a"id ,tratton and ;or!an Gour ay# @hen they arri"ed at the fata s%ot, they both knee ed down, and %rayed for so!e ti!e with great fer"ency# They then arose, when ,tratton, addressing hi!se f to the s%ectators, exhorted the! to ay aside their su%erstitious and ido atrous notions, and e!% oy their ti!e in seeking the true ight of the gos%e # +e wou d ha"e said !ore, but was %re"ented by the officers who attended# Their sentence was then %ut into execution, and they cheerfu y resigned u% their sou s to that God who ga"e the!, ho%ing, through the !erits of the great .edee!er, for a g orious resurrection to ife i!!orta # They suffered in the year F0H5# The !artyrdo!s of the two before&!entioned %ersons, were soon fo owed by that of Mr# Tho!as Forret, who, for a considerab e ti!e, had been dean of the .o!ish churchB <i or and Be"erage, two b acks!ithsB -uncan ,i!son, a %riestB and .obert Forrester, a gent e!an# They were a burnt together, on the 9ast e&hi at Edinburgh, the ast day of February, F0HG# The year fo owing the !artyrdo!s of the before&!entioned %ersons, "iA# F0HI, two others were a%%rehended on a sus%icion of heresyB na!e y, Jero! .usse , and * exander <ennedy, a youth about eighteen years of age# These two %ersons, after being so!e ti!e confined in %rison, were brought before the archbisho% for exa!ination# 8n the course of which, .usse , being

a "ery sensib e !an, reasoned earned y against his accusersB whi e they in return !ade use of "ery o%%robrious anguage# The exa!ination being o"er, and both of the! dee!ed heretics, the archbisho% %ronounced the dreadfu sentence of death, and they were i!!ediate y de i"ered o"er to the secu ar %ower in order for execution# The next day they were ed to the % ace a%%ointed for the! to sufferB in their way to which, .usse , seeing his fe ow&sufferer ha"e the a%%earance of ti!idity in his countenance, thus addressed hi!( CBrother, fear notB greater is he that is in us, than he that is in the wor d# The %ain that we are to suffer is short, and sha be ightB but our joy and conso ation sha ne"er ha"e an end# 'et us, therefore, stri"e to enter into our Master and ,a"iour's joy, by the sa!e straight way which he hath taken before us# -eath cannot hurt us, for it is a ready destroyed by +i!, for whose sake we are now going to suffer#C @hen they arri"ed at the fata s%ot, they both knee ed down and %rayed for so!e ti!eB after which being fastened to the stake, and the fagots ighted, they cheerfu y resigned their sou s into the hands of +i! who ga"e the!, in fu ho%es of an e"er asting reward in the hea"en y !ansions# 8n F05H, the archbisho% of ,t# *ndrews !ade a "isitation into "arious %arts of his diocese, where se"era %ersons were infor!ed against at Perth for heresy# *!ong these the fo owing were conde!ned to die, "iA# @i ia! *nderson, .obert 'a!b, Ja!es Fin ayson, Ja!es +unter, Ja!es .a"e eson, and +e en ,tark# The accusations aid against these res%ecti"e %ersons were as fo ow( The four first were accused of ha"ing hung u% the i!age of ,t# Francis, nai ing ra!'s horns on his head, and fastening a cow's tai to his ru!%B but the %rinci%a !atter on which they were conde!ned was, ha"ing rega ed the!se "es with a goose on fast day# Ja!es .a"e eson was accused of ha"ing orna!ented his house with the three crowned diade! of Peter, car"ed in wood, which the archbisho% concei"ed to be done in !ockery to his cardina 's ca%# +e en ,tark was accused of not ha"ing accusto!ed herse f to %ray to the ?irgin Mary, !ore es%ecia y during the ti!e she was in chi d bed# )n these res%ecti"e accusations they were a found gui ty, and i!!ediate y recei"ed sentence of deathB the four !en for eating the goose to be hangedB Ja!es .a"e eson to be burntB and the wo!an, with her sucking infant, to be %ut into a sack and drowned# The four !en, with the wo!an and chi d, suffered at the sa!e ti!e, but Ja!es .a"e eson was not executed ti so!e days after# Besides the abo"e&!entioned %ersons, !any others were crue y %ersecuted, so!e being banished, and others confined in oathso!e dungeons# *!ong who! were Mr# John <nox, the ce ebrated ,cottish refor!istB and John .ogers, a %ious and earned !an, who was !urdered in %rison, and his body thrown o"er the wa s into the streetB after which a re%ort was s%read, that he had !et with his death in atte!%ting to !ake his esca%e#

An A&&ount of the Life( Sufferin1s( and death of Mr. Geor1e 9ishart( who was stran1led and afterward burned( in S&otland( for professin1 the $ruth of the Gospel. Mr# George @ishart was born in ,cot and, and after recei"ing a gra!!atica education at a %ri"ate schoo , he eft that % ace, and finished his studies at the uni"ersity of 9a!bridge# 8n order to i!%ro"e hi!se f as !uch as %ossib e in the know edge of iterature, he tra"e ed into "arious %arts abroad, where he distinguished hi!se f for his great earning and abi ities, both in %hi oso%hy and di"inity# *fter being so!e ti!e abroad he returned to Eng and, and took u% his residence at 9a!bridge, where he was ad!itted a !e!ber of Bennet co ege# +a"ing taken u% his degrees, he entered into ho y orders, and ex%ounded the gos%e in so c ear and inte igib e a !anner, as high y to de ight his nu!erous auditors# Being desirous of %ro%agating the true gos%e in his own country he eft 9a!bridge in F055, and on his arri"a in ,cot and he first %reached at Montrose, and afterwards at -undee# 8n this ast % ace he !ade a %ub ic ex%osition of the e%ist e to the .o!ans, which he went through with such grace and freedo!, as great y a ar!ed the %a%ists# 8n conseEuence of this, Qat the instigation of cardina Beaton, the archbisho% of ,t# *ndrewsR one .obert Mi n, a %rinci%a !an at -undee, went to the church where @ishart %reached, and in the !idd e of his discourse %ub ic y to d hi! not to troub e the town any !ore, for he was deter!ined not to suffer it# This sudden rebuff great y sur%rised @ishart, who, after a short %ause, ooking sorrowfu y on the s%eaker and the audience, said, CGod is !y witness, that 8 ne"er !inded your troub e but your co!fortB yea, your troub e is !ore grie"ous to !e than it is to yourse "es( but 8 a! assured, to refuse God's word, and to chase fro! you his !essenger, sha not %reser"e you fro! troub e, but sha bring you into it( for God sha send you !inisters that sha fear neither burning nor banish!ent# 8 ha"e offered you the word of sa "ation# @ith the haAard of !y ife, 8 ha"e re!ained a!ong youB now you yourse "es refuse !eB and 8 !ust ea"e !y innocence to be dec ared by !y God# 8f it be ong %ros%erous with you, 8 a! not ed by the s%irit of truth( but if un ooked&for troub e co!e u%on you, acknow edge the cause and turn to God, who is gracious and !ercifu # But if you turn not at the first warning, he wi "isit you with fire and sword#C *t the c ose of this s%eech he eft the %u %it, and retired# *fter this he went into the west of ,cot and, where he %reached God's word, which was g ad y recei"ed by !any# * short ti!e after this, Mr# @ishart recei"ed inte igence, that the % ague was broke out in -undee# 8t began four days after he was %rohibited fro! %reaching there, and raged so extre!e y, that it was a !ost beyond credit how !any died in the s%ace of twenty&four hours# This being re ated to hi!, he, notwithstanding the i!%ortunity of his friends to detain hi!, deter!ined to go there, saying, CThey are now in troub es, and need co!fort# Perha%s

this hand of God wi !ake the! now to !agnify and re"erence the word of God, which before they ight y estee!ed#C +ere he was with joy recei"ed by the god y# +e chose the eastgate for the % ace of his %reachingB so that the hea thy were within, and the sick without the gate# +e took his text fro! these words, +e sent his word and hea ed the!, Kc# 8n this ser!on he chief y dwe t u%on the ad"antage and co!fort of God's word, the judg!ents that ensue u%on the conte!%t or rejection of it, the freedo! of God's grace to a his %eo% e, and the ha%%iness of those of his e ect, who! he takes to hi!se f out of this !iserab e wor d# The hearts of his hearers were so raised by the di"ine force of this discourse, as not to regard death, but to judge the! the !ore ha%%y who shou d then be ca ed, not knowing whether he shou d ha"e such co!fort again with the!# *fter this the % ague abatedB though, in the !idst of it, @ishart constant y "isited those that ay in the greatest extre!ity, and co!forted the! by his exhortations# @hen he took his ea"e of the %eo% e of -undee, he said, CThat God had a !ost %ut an end to that % ague, and that he was now ca ed to another % ace#C +e went fro! thence to MontroseB where he so!eti!es %reached, but s%ent !ost of his ti!e in %ri"ate !editation and %rayer# 8t is said, that before he eft -undee, and whi e he was engaged in the abours of o"e to the bodies, as we as to the sou s, of those %oor aff icted %eo% e, cardina Beaton engaged a des%erate %o%ish %riest, ca ed John @eighton, to ki hi!B the atte!%t to execute which was as fo ows( one day, after @ishart had finished his ser!on, and the %eo% e de%arted, a %riest stood waiting at the botto! of the stairs, with a naked dagger in his hand under his gown#DBut Mr# @ishart ha"ing a shar%, %iercing eye, and seeing the %riest as he ca!e fro! the %u %it, said to hi!, CMy friend, what wou d you ha"eTC and i!!ediate y c a%%ing his hand u%on the dagger, took it fro! hi!# The %riest being terrified, fe on his knees, confessed his intention, and cra"ed %ardon# * noise being hereu%on raised, and it co!ing to the ears of those who were sick, they cried, C-e i"er the traitor to us, we wi take hi! by forceBC and they burst in at the gate# But @ishart, taking the %riest in his ar!s, said, C@hatsoe"er hurts hi! sha hurt !eB for he hath done !e no !ischief, but !uch good, by teaching !ore heedfu ness for the ti!e to co!e#C By this conduct he a%%eased the %eo% e and sa"ed the ife of the wicked %riest# ,oon after his return to Montrose, the cardina again cons%ired his death, causing a etter to be sent to hi! as if it had been fro! his fa!i iar friend, the 'aird of <ennier, in which he was desired with a %ossib e s%eed to co!e to hi!, as he was taken with a sudden sickness# 8n the !ean ti!e the cardina had %ro"ided sixty !en ar!ed to ie in wait within a !i e and a ha f of Montrose, in order to !urder hi! as he %assed that way# The etter co!ing to @ishart's hand by a boy, who a so brought hi! a horse for the journey# @ishart, acco!%anied by so!e honest !en, his friends, set forwardB but so!ething %articu ar striking his !ind by the way, he returned back, which they wondering at, asked hi! the causeB to who! he said, C8 wi not goB 8 a! forbidden of GodB 8 a! assured there is treason# 'et so!e of you go to yonder % ace, and te !e what you find#C @hich doing, they !ade the disco"eryB and hasti y returning, they to d Mr# @ishartB whereu%on he said, C8

know 8 sha end !y ife by that b ood&thirsty !an's hands, but it wi not be in this !anner#C * short ti!e after this he eft Montrose, and %roceeded to Edinburgh in order to %ro%agate the gos%e in that city# By the way he odged with a faithfu brother, ca ed Ja!es @atson of 8nner&Goury# 8n the !idd e of the night he got u%, and went into the yard, which two !en hearing they %ri"ate y fo owed hi!# @hi e in the yard, he fe on his knees, and %rayed for so!e ti!e with the greatest fer"ency, after which he arose, and returned to his bed# Those who attended hi!, a%%earing as though they were ignorant of a , ca!e and asked hi! where he had beenT But he wou d not answer the!# The next day they i!%ortuned hi! to te the!, saying, CBe % ain with us, for we heard your !ourning, and saw your gestures#C )n this he, with a dejected countenance, said, C8 had rather you had been in your beds#C But they sti %ressing u%on hi! to know so!ething, he said, C8 wi te youB 8 a! assured that !y warfare is near at an end, and therefore %ray to God with !e, that 8 shrink not when the batt e waxeth !ost hot#C ,oon after, cardina Beaton, archbisho% of ,t# *ndrews, being infor!ed that Mr# @ishart was at the house of Mr# 9ockburn, of )r!iston, in East 'othian, he a%% ied to the regent to cause hi! to be a%%rehendedB with which, after great %ersuasion, and !uch against his wi , he co!% ied# 8n conseEuence of this the cardina i!!ediate y %roceeded to the tria of @ishart, against who! no ess than eighteen artic es were exhibited# Mr# @ishart answered the res%ecti"e artic es with great co!%osure of !ind, and in so earned and c ear a !anner, as great y sur%rised !ost of those who were %resent# *fter the exa!ination was finished, the archbisho% endea"oured to %re"ai on Mr# @ishart to recantB but he was too fir! y fixed in his re igious %rinci% es, and too !uch en ightened with the truth of the gos%e , to be in the east !o"ed# )n the !orning of his execution there ca!e to hi! two friars fro! the cardina B one of who! %ut on hi! a b ack inen coat, and the other brought se"era bags of gun%owder, which they tied about different %arts of his body# *s soon as he arri"ed at the stake, the executioner %ut a ro%e round his neck, and a chain about his !idd eB u%on which he fe on his knees and thus exc ai!ed( C) thou ,a"iour of the wor d, ha"e !ercy u%on !eS Father of hea"en, 8 co!!end !y s%irit into Thy ho y hands#C *fter this he %rayed for his accusers, saying, C8 beseech thee, Father of hea"en, forgi"e the! that ha"e, fro! ignorance or an e"i !ind, forged ies of !e( 8 forgi"e the! with a !y heart# 8 beseech 9hrist to forgi"e the!, that ha"e ignorant y conde!ned !e#C +e was then fastened to the stake, and the fagots being ighted, i!!ediate y set fire to the %owder that was tied about hi!, and which b ew into a f a!e and s!oke# The go"ernor of the cast e, who stood so near that he was singed with the f a!e, exhorted our !artyr, in a few words, to be of good cheer, and to ask the %ardon of God for his offences# To which he re% ied, CThis f a!e occasions troub e to !y body, indeed, but it hath in nowise broken !y s%irit# But he who now so %roud y ooks down u%on !e fro! yonder ofty % ace

Q%ointing to the cardina R sha , ere ong, be as igno!inious y thrown down, as now he %roud y o s at his ease#C @hich %rediction was soon after fu fi ed# The executioner then %u ed the ro%e which was tied about his neck with great "io ence, so that he was soon strang edB and the fire getting strength, burnt with such ra%idity that in ess than an hour his body was tota y consu!ed# The next %erson who fe a !artyr to %o%ish bigotry, was one *da! @a ace, of @inton, in East&'othian, who ha"ing obtained a true know edge of the gos%e of 9hrist, s%ent the greater %art of his ti!e in endea"ouring to %ro%agate it a!ong his fe ow&creatures# +is conduct being noticed by so!e bigoted %a%ists, an infor!ation was aid against hi! for heresy, on which he was a%%rehended, and co!!itted to %rison# *fter exa!ination, sentence of death was %assed u%on hi! as hereticB and he was i!!ediate y de i"ered o"er to the secu ar %ower, in order for execution# 8n the e"ening of the sa!e day, @a ace was "isited by se"era .o!ish %riests, who endea"oured to %re"ai on hi! to recantB but he stood so steadfast in the faith he %rofessed, and used such forcib e argu!ents in "indication of the gos%e , that they eft hi! with so!e wrath, saying, C+e was too abandoned to recei"e any i!%ression#C The next !orning he was conducted to the 9ast e&hi at Edinburgh, when, being chained to the stake, and the fagots ighted, he cheerfu y resigned u% his sou into the hands of hi! who ga"e it, in fu assurance of recei"ing a crown of g ory in the hea"en y !ansions# The ast who suffered !artyrdo! in ,cot and, for the cause of 9hrist, was one @a ter Mi , who was burnt at Edinburgh in the year F00G# This %erson, in his younger years, had tra"e ed into Ger!any, and on his return was insta ed a %riest of the church of 'unan in *ngus, but, on an infor!ation of heresy, in the ti!e of cardina Beaton, he was forced to abandon his charge and abscond# But he was soon a%%rehended, and co!!itted to %rison# Being interrogated by ,ir *ndrew ) i%hant, whether he wou d recant his o%inions, he answered in the negati"e, saying, +e wou d sooner forfeit ten thousand i"es, than re inEuish a %artic e of those hea"en y %rinci% es he had recei"ed fro! the suffrages of his b essed .edee!er# 8n conseEuence of this, sentence of conde!nation was i!!ediate y %assed on hi!, and he was conducted to %rison in order for execution the fo owing day# This steadfast be ie"er in 9hrist was eighty&two years of age, and exceeding y infir!B fro! whence it was su%%osed, that he cou d scarce y be heard# +owe"er, when he was taken to the % ace of execution, he ex%ressed his re igious senti!ents with such courage, and at the sa!e ti!e co!%osure of !ind, as astonished e"en his ene!ies# *s soon as he was fastened to the stake, and the fagots ighted, he addressed the s%ectators as fo ows( The cause why 8 suffer this day is not for any cri!e, Qthough 8 acknow edge !yse f a !iserab e sinnerR but on y for the defence of the truth as it is in Jesus 9hristB and 8 %raise God who hath ca ed !e, by his !ercy, to sea the truth with !y ifeB which, as 8 recei"ed it fro! hi!, so 8 wi ing y and joyfu y offer it u% to his g ory# Therefore, as you wou d esca%e eterna death, be no

onger seduced by the ies of the seat of *ntichrist( but de%end so e y on Jesus 9hrist, and his !ercy, that you !ay be de i"ered fro! conde!nation# *nd then added, CThat he trusted he shou d be the ast who wou d suffer death in ,cot and u%on a re igious account#C Thus did this %ious christian cheerfu y gi"e u% his ife, in defence of the truth of 9hrist's gos%e , not doubting but he shou d be !ade a %artaker of his hea"en y kingdo!#

CHAPTER XII.
PERSECUTIONS IN ENGLAND DURING THE REIGN OF QUEEN MARY.
The %re!ature death of that ce ebrated young !onarch, Edward the ,ixth, occasioned the !ost extraordinary and wonderfu occurrences, which had e"er existed fro! the ti!es of our b essed 'ord and ,a"iour's incarnation in hu!an sha%e# This !e ancho y e"ent beca!e s%eedi y a subject of genera regret# The succession to the British throne was soon !ade a !atter of contentionB and the scenes which ensued were a de!onstration of the serious aff iction which the kingdo! was in"o "ed in# *s his oss to the nation was !ore and !ore unfo ded, the re!e!brance of his go"ern!ent was !ore and !ore the basis of gratefu reco ection# The "ery awfu %ros%ect, which was soon %resented to the friends of Edward's ad!inistration, under the direction of his counse ors and ser"ants, was a conte!% ation which the ref ecting !ind was co!%e ed to regard with !ost a ar!ing a%%rehensions# The ra%id a%%roaches which were !ade towards a tota re"ersion of the %roceedings of the young king's reign, denoted the ad"ances which were thereby re%resented to an entire re"o ution in the !anage!ent of %ub ic affairs both in church and state# * ar!ed for the condition in which the kingdo! was ike y to be in"o "ed by the king's death, an endea"our to %re"ent the conseEuences, which were but too % ain y foreseen, was %roducti"e of the !ost serious and fata effects# The king, in his ong and ingering aff iction, was induced to !ake a wi , by which he beEueathed the Eng ish crown to ady Jane, the daughter of the duke of ,uffo k, who had been !arried to the ord Gui ford, the son of the duke of ;orthu!ber and, and was the grand&daughter of the second sister of king +enry, by 9har es, duke of ,uffo k# By this wi , the succession of Mary and E iAabeth, his two sisters, was entire y su%erseded, fro! an a%%rehension of the returning syste! of %o%eryB and the king's counci , with the chief of the nobi ity, the ord&!ayor of the city of 'ondon, and a !ost a the judges and the %rinci%a awyers of the rea !, subscribed their na!es to this regu ation, as a sanction to the !easure# 'ord chief justice +a e, though a true %rotestant and an u%right judge, a one dec ined to unite his na!e in fa"our of the ady Jane, because he had a ready signified his o%inion, that Mary was entit ed to assu!e the reins of go"ern!ent# )thers objected to Mary's being % aced on the throne, on account of their fears that she !ight !arry a foreigner, and thereby bring the crown into considerab e danger# +er %artia ity to %o%ery a so eft itt e doubt on the !inds of any, that she wou d be induced to re"i"e the dor!ant interests of the %o%e, and change the re igion which had been used both in the days of her father, king +enry, and

in those of her brother Edward( for in a his ti!e she had !anifested the greatest stubbornness and inf exibi ity of te!%er, as !ust be ob"ious fro! her etter to the ords of the counci , whereby she %ut in her c ai! to the crown, on her brother's decease# @hen this ha%%ened, the nob es, who had associated to %re"ent Mary's succession, and had been instru!enta in %ro!oting, and, %erha%s, ad"ising the !easures of Edward, s%eedi y %roceeded to %roc ai! ady Jane Gray, to be Eueen of Eng and, in the city of 'ondon and "arious other %o%u ous cities of the rea !# Though young, she %ossessed ta ents of a "ery su%erior nature, and her i!%ro"e!ents under a !ost exce ent tutor had gi"en her !any "ery great ad"antages# +er reign was of on y fi"e days continuance, for Mary, ha"ing succeeded by fa se %ro!ises in obtaining the crown, s%eedi y co!!enced the execution of her a"owed intention of extir%ating and burning e"ery %rotestant# ,he was crowned at @est!inister in the usua for!, and her e e"ation was the signa for the co!!ence!ent of the b oody %ersecution which fo owed# +a"ing obtained the sword of authority, she was not s%aring in its exercise# The su%%orters of 'ady Jane Gray were destined to fee its force# The duke of ;orthu!ber and was the first who ex%erienced her sa"age resent!ent# @ithin a !onth after his confine!ent in the Tower, he was conde!ned, and brought to the scaffo d, to suffer as a traitor# Fro! his "arious cri!es, resu ting out of a sordid and inordinate a!bition, he died un%itied and un a!ented# The changes, which fo owed with ra%idity, uneEui"oca y dec ared, that the Eueen was disaffected to the %resent state of re igion#D-r# Poynet was dis% aced to !ake roo! for Gardiner to be bisho% of @inchester, to who! she a so ga"e the i!%ortant office of ord&chance or# -r# .id ey was dis!issed fro! the see of 'ondon, and Bonne introduced# J# ,tory was %ut out of the bisho%ric of 9hichester, to ad!it -r# -ay# J# +oo%er was sent %risoner to the F eet, and -r# +eath %ut into the see of @orcester# Mi es 9o"erda e was a so exc uded fro! Exeter, and -r# ?esie % aced in that diocess# -r# Tonsta was a so %ro!oted to the see of -urha!# CThese things being !arked and %ercei"ed, great hea"iness and disco!fort grew !ore and !ore to a good !en's heartsB but to the wicked great rejoicing# They that cou d disse!b e took no great care how the !atter wentB but such, whose consciences were joined with the truth, %ercei"ed a ready coa s to be kind ed, which after shou d be the destruction of !any a true christian#C $he words and beha2iour of the lady Jane upon the S&affold. The next "icti! was the a!iab e ady Jane Gray, who, by her acce%tance of the crown at the earnest so icitations of her friends, incurred the i!% acab e resent!ent of the b oody Mary# @hen she first !ounted the scaffo d, she s%ake to the s%ectators in this !anner( Good %eo% e, 8 a! co!e hither to die, and by a aw 8 a! conde!ned to the sa!e# The fact against the Eueen's highness was un awfu , and the consenting thereunto by !e( but, touching the %rocure!ent and desire thereof by !e, or on !y beha f, 8 do wash !y hands thereof in innocency before God, and the face of you, good christian %eo% e, this day( and therewith she wrung her hands, wherein she had her book# Then said she, 8 %ray you a , good christian %eo% e, to bear !e

witness, that 8 die a good christian wo!an, and that 8 do ook to be sa"ed by no other !ean, but on y by the !ercy of God in the b ood of his on y ,on Jesus 9hrist( and 8 confess, that when 8 did know the word of God, 8 neg ected the sa!e, o"ed !yse f and the wor d, and therefore this % ague and %unish!ent is ha%%i y and worthi y ha%%ened unto !e for !y sinsB and yet 8 thank God, that of his goodness he hath thus gi"en !e a ti!e and a res%ite to re%ent and now, good %eo% e, whi e 8 a! a i"e, 8 %ray you assist !e with your %rayers# *nd then, knee ing down, she turned to Feckenha!, saying, ,ha 8 say this %sa !T and he said, $ea# Then she said the %sa ! of Miserere !ei -eus, in Eng ish, in a !ost de"out !anner throughout to the endB and then she stood u%, and ga"e her !aid, Mrs# E en, her g o"es and handkerchief, and her book to Mr# BrugesB and then she untied her gown, and the executioner %ressed u%on her to he % her off with it( but she, desiring hi! to et her a one, turned towards her two gent ewo!en, who he %ed her off therewith, and a so with her frowes, %aaft, and neckerchief, gi"ing to her a fair handkerchief to %ut about her eyes# Then the executioner knee ed down, and asked her forgi"eness who! she forga"e !ost wi ing y# Then he desired her to stand u%on the straw, which doing, she saw the b ock# Then she said, 8 %ray you des%atch !e Euick y# Then she knee ed down, saying, @i you take it off before 8 ay !e downT *nd the executioner said, ;o !ada!# Then she tied a handkerchief about her eyes, and fee ing for the b ock, she said, @hat sha 8 doT @here is itT @here is itT )ne of the standers&by guiding her thereunto, she aid her head u%on the b ock, and then stretched forth her body, and said, 'ord, into thy hands 8 co!!end !y s%iritB and so finished her ife, in the year of our 'ord F005, the F/th day of February, about the F2th year of her age# Thus died the 'ady JaneB and on the sa!e day the ord Gui ford, her husband, one of the duke of ;orthu!ber and's sons, was ikewise beheaded, two innocents in co!%arison of the! that sat u%on the!# For they were both "ery young, and ignorant y acce%ted that which others had contri"ed, and by o%en %roc a!ation consented to take fro! others, and gi"e to the!# Touching the conde!nation of this %ious ady, it is to be noted, that Judge Morgan, who ga"e sentence against her, soon after he had conde!ned her, fe !ad, and in his ra"ing cried out continua y, to ha"e the ady Jane taken away fro! hi!, and so he ended his ife# )n the /Fst day of the sa!e !onth, +enry, duke of ,uffo k, was beheaded on Tower&hi , the fourth day after his conde!nation( about which ti!e !any gent e!en and yeo!en were conde!ned, whereof so!e were executed at 'ondon, and so!e in the country# 8n the nu!ber of who! was the ord Tho!as Gray, brother to the said duke, being a%%rehended not ong after in ;orth&@a es, and executed for the sa!e# ,ir ;icho as Throg!orton, a so, "ery narrow y esca%ed# John ;o1ers( Vi&ar of St. Sepul&hre?s( and ;eader of St. Paul?s( London. John .ogers was educated at 9a!bridge, and was afterward !any years cha% ain to the !erchants ad"enturers at *ntwer% in Brabant# +ere he !et with the ce ebrated !artyr @i ia! Tinda , and Mi es 9o"erda e, both "o untary exi es fro! their country for their a"ersion to %o%ish su%erstition and ido atry# They were the instru!ents of his con"ersionB and he united

with the! in that trans ation of the Bib e into Eng ish, entit ed CThe Trans ation of Tho!as Matthew#C Fro! the scri%tures he knew that un awfu "ows !ay be awfu y brokenB hence he !arried, and re!o"ed to @ittenberg in ,axony, for the i!%ro"e!ent of earningB and he there earned the -utch anguage, and recei"ed the charge of a congregation, which he faithfu y executed for !any years# )n king Edward's accession, he eft ,axony, to %ro!ote the work of refor!ation in Eng andB and, after so!e ti!e, ;icho as .id ey, then bisho% of 'ondon, ga"e hi! a %rebend in ,t# Pau 's 9athedra , and the dean and cha%ter a%%ointed hi! reader of the di"inity esson there# +ere he continued unti Eueen Mary's succession to the throne, when the gos%e and true re igion were banished, and the *ntichrist of .o!e, with his su%erstition and ido atry, introduced# The circu!stance of Mr# .ogers ha"ing %reached at Pau 's cross, after Eueen Mary arri"ed at the Tower, has been a ready stated# +e confir!ed in his ser!on the true doctrine taught in <ing Edward's ti!e, and exhorted the %eo% e to beware of the %esti ence of %o%ery, ido atry, and su%erstition# For this he was ca ed to account, but so ab y defended hi!se f, that, for that ti!e, he was dis!issed# The %roc a!ation of the Eueen, howe"er, to %rohibit true %reaching, ga"e his ene!ies a new hand e against hi!# +ence he was again su!!oned before the counci , and co!!anded to kee% his house# +e did so, though he !ight ha"e esca%edB and though he %ercei"ed the state of the true re igion to be des%erate# C+e knew he cou d not want a i"ing in Ger!anyB and he cou d not forget a wife and ten chi dren, and to seek !eans to succour the!#C But a these things were insufficient to induce hi! to de%art and, when once ca ed to answer in 9hrist's cause, he stout y defended it, and haAarded his ife for that %ur%ose# *fter ong i!%rison!ent in his own house, the rest ess Bonner, bisho% of 'ondon, caused hi! to be co!!itted to ;ewgate, there to be odged a!ong thie"es and !urderers# *fter Mr# .ogers had been ong and strait y i!%risoned, and odged in ;ewgate a!ong thie"es, often exa!ined, and "ery uncharitab y entreated, and at ength unjust y and !ost crue y conde!ned by ,te%hen Gardiner, bisho% of @inchester( the 5th of February, in the year of our 'ord F000, being Monday in the !orning, he was sudden y warned by the kee%er of ;ewgates's wife, to %re%are hi!se f for the fireB who, being then sound as ee%, cou d scarce be awaked# *t ength being raised and awaked, and bid to !ake haste, Then said he, if it be so, 8 need not tie !y %oints# *nd so was had down, first to bisho% Bonner to be degraded( which being done, he cra"ed of Bonner but one %etitionB and Bonner asking what that shou d beT Mr# .ogers re% ied, that he !ight s%eak a few words with his wife before his burning# But that cou d not be obtained of hi!# @hen the ti!e ca!e, that he shou d be brought out of ;ewgate to ,!ithfie d, the % ace of his execution, Mr# @oodroofe, one of the sheriffs, first ca!e to Mr# .ogers, and asked hi!, if he wou d re"oke his abo!inab e doctrine, and the e"i o%inion of the sacra!ent of the a tar# Mr# .ogers answered that which 8 ha"e %reached 8 wi sea with !y b ood# Then Mr# @oodroofe said, Thou art an heretic# That sha be known, Euoth Mr# .ogers, at the day of judg!ent#DC@e , said Mr# @oodroofe, 8 wi ne"er %ray for thee# But 8 wi %ray for you, said Mr# .ogersB and so was brought the sa!e day, the 5th of February, by the sheriffs, towards ,!ithfie d, saying the

%sa ! Miserere by the way, a the %eo% e wonderfu y rejoicing at his constancy with great %raises and thanks to God for the sa!e# *nd here, in the %resence of Mr# .ochester, co!%tro er of the Eueen's househo d, sir .ichard ,outhwe , both the sheriffs, and a great nu!ber of %eo% e he was burnt to ashes, washing his hands in the f a!e as he was burning# * itt e before his burning, his %ardon was brought if he wou d ha"e recantedB but he utter y refused it# +e was the first !artyr of a the b essed co!%any that suffered in Lueen Mary's ti!e that ga"e the first ad"enture u%on the fire# +is wife and chi dren, being e e"en in nu!ber, ten ab e to go, and one sucking at her breast, !et hi! by the way, as he went towards ,!ithfie d( this sorrowfu sight of his own f esh and b ood cou d nothing !o"e hi! but that he constant y and cheerfu y took his death with wonderfu %atience, in the defence and Euarre of the gos%e of 9hrist#C $he ;e2. Mr. Lawren&e Saunders. Mr# ,aunders after %assing so!e ti!e in the schoo of Eaton, was chosen to go to <ing's co ege in 9a!bridge, where he continued three years, and %rofited in know edge and earning "ery !uch for that ti!e short y after he Euitted the uni"ersity, and went to his %arents, but soon returned to 9a!bridge again to his study, where he began to add to the know edge of the 'atin, the study of the Greek and +ebrew tongues, and ga"e hi!se f u% to the study of the ho y scri%tures, the better to Eua ify hi!se f for the office of %reacher# 8n the beginning of king Edward's reign, when God's true re igion was introduced, after icense obtained, he began to %reach, and was so we iked of the! who then had authority, that they a%%ointed hi! to read a di"inity ecture in the co ege of Fothringha!# The co ege of Fothringha! being disso "ed, he was % aced to be a reader in the !inster at 'itchfie d# *fter a certain s%ace, he de%arted fro! 'itchfie d to a benefice in 'eicestershire, ca ed 9hurch& angton, where he he d a residence, taught di igent y, and ke%t a ibera house# Thence he was order y ca ed to take a benefice in the city of 'ondon, na!e y, * &ha ows in Bread&street#D*fter this he %reached at ;ortha!%ton, nothing !edd ing with the state, but bo d y uttering his conscience against the %o%ish doctrines which were ike y to s%ring u% again in Eng and, as a just % ague for the itt e o"e which the Eng ish nation then bore to the b essed word of God, which had been so % entifu y offered unto the!# The Eueen's %arty, who were there, and heard hi!, were high y dis% eased with hi! for his ser!on, and for it ke%t hi! a!ong the! as a %risoner# But %art y for o"e of his brethren and friends, who were chief actors for the Eueen a!ong the!, %art y because there was no aw broken by his %reaching, they dis!issed hi!# ,o!e of his friends, %ercei"ing such fearfu !enacing, counse ed hi! to f y out of the rea !, which he refused to do# But seeing he was with "io ence ke%t fro! doing good in that % ace, he returned towards 'ondon, to "isit his f ock# 8n the afternoon of ,unday, )ct# F0, F005, as he was reading in his church to exhort his %eo% e, the bisho% of 'ondon interru%ted hi!, by sending an officer for hi!#

+is treason and sedition the bisho%'s charity was content to et s i% unti another ti!e, but a heretic he !eant to %ro"e hi!, and a those, he said, who taught and be ie"ed that the ad!inistration of the sacra!ents, and a orders of the church, are the !ost %ure, which co!e the nearest to the order of the %ri!iti"e church# *fter !uch ta k concerning this !atter, the bisho% desired hi! to write what he be ie"ed of transubstantiation# 'aurence ,aunders did so, saying, CMy 'ord, you seek !y b ood, and you sha ha"e it( 8 %ray God that you !ay be so ba%tised in it that you !ay e"er after oathe b ood&sucking, and beco!e a better !an#C :%on being c ose y charged with contu!acy, the se"ere re% ies of Mr# ,aunders to the bisho%, Qwho had before, to get the fa"our of +enry ?888# written and set forth in %rint, a book of true obedience, wherein he had o%en y dec ared Eueen Mary to be a bastardR so irritated hi!, that he exc ai!ed, 9arry away this frenAied foo to %rison# *fter this good and faithfu !artyr had been ke%t in %rison one year and a Euarter, the bisho%s at ength ca ed hi!, as they did his fe ow&%risoners, o%en y to be exa!ined before the Eueen's counci # +is exa!ination being ended, the officers ed hi! out of the % ace, and staid unti the rest of his fe ow&%risoners were ikewise exa!ined, that they !ight ead the! a together to %rison# *fter his exco!!unication and de i"ery o"er to the secu ar %ower, he was brought by the sheriff of 'ondon to the 9o!%ter, a %rison in his own %arish of Bread&street, at which he rejoiced great y, both because he found there a fe ow&%risoner, Mr# 9ard!aker, with who! he had !uch christian and co!fortab e discourseB and because out of %rison, as before in his %u %it, he !ight ha"e an o%%ortunity of %reaching to his %arishioners# The 5th of February, Bonner, bisho% of 'ondon, ca!e to the %rison to degrade hi!B the day fo owing, in the !orning the sheriff of 'ondon de i"ered hi! to certain of the Eueen's guard, who were a%%ointed to carry hi! to the city of 9o"entry, there to be burnt# @hen they had arri"ed at 9o"entry, a %oor shoe!aker, who used to ser"e hi! with shoes, ca!e to hi!, and said, ) !y good !aster, God strengthen and co!fort you# Good shoe!aker, Mr# ,aunders re% ied, 8 desire thee to %ray for !e, for 8 a! the !ost unfit !an for this high office, that e"er was a%%ointed to itB but !y gracious God and dear Father is ab e to !ake !e strong enough# The next day, being the Gth of February, F000, he was ed to the % ace of execution, in the %ark, without the cityB he went in an o d gown and a shirt, bare&footed, and oftenti!es fe f at on the ground, and %rayed# @hen he was co!e nigh to the % ace, the officer, a%%ointed to see the execution done, said to Mr# ,aunders, that he was one of the! who !arried the Eueen's rea !, but if he wou d recant, there was %ardon for hi!# C;ot 8,C re% ied the ho y !artyr, Cbut such as you ha"e injured the rea !# The b essed gos%e of 9hrist is what 8 ho dB that do 8 be ie"e, that ha"e 8 taught, and that wi 8 ne"er re"okeSC Mr# ,aunders then s ow y !o"ed towards the fire, sank to the earth and %rayedB he then rose u%, e!braced the stake, and freEuent y said, C@e co!e, thou cross of 9hristS we co!e e"er asting ifeSC Fire was then %ut to the fagots, and, he was o"erwhe !ed by the dreadfu f a!es, and sweet y s e%t in the 'ord Jesus#

$he history( imprisonment( and e4aminations( of Mr. John Hooper( #ishop of 9or&ester and Glou&ester. John +oo%er, student and graduate in the uni"ersity of )xford, was stirred with such fer"ent desire to the o"e and know edge of the scri%tures, that he was co!%e ed to re!o"e fro! thence, and was retained in the house of ,ir Tho!as *runde , as his steward, ti ,ir Tho!as had inte igence of his o%inions and re igion, which he in no case did fa"our, though he exceeding y fa"oured his %erson and condition, and wished to be his friend# Mr# +oo%er now %rudent y eft ,ir Tho!as' house and arri"ed at Paris, but in a short ti!e returned into Eng and, and was retained by Mr# ,ent ow, ti the ti!e that he was again !o ested and sought for, when he %assed through France to the higher %arts of Ger!anyB where, co!!encing acEuaintance with earned !en, he was by the! free and o"ing y entertained, both at Basi , and es%ecia y at Nurich, by Mr# Bu inger, who was his singu ar friendB here a so he !arried his wife, who was a Burgonian, and a%% ied "ery studious y to the +ebrew tongue# *t ength, when God saw it good to stay the b oody ti!e of the six artic es, and to gi"e us king Edward to reign o"er this rea !, with so!e %eace and rest unto the church, a!ongst !any other Eng ish exi es, who then re%aired ho!eward, Mr# +oo%er a so, !o"ed in conscience, thought not to absent hi!se f, but seeing such a ti!e and occasion, offered to he % forward the 'ord's work, to the utter!ost of his abi ity# @hen Mr# +oo%er had taken his farewe of Mr# Bu inger, and his friends in Nurich, he re%aired again into Eng and in the reign of king Edward the ,ixth, and co!ing to 'ondon, used continua y to %reach, !ost ti!es twice, or at east once a day# 8n his ser!ons, according to his accusto!ed !anner, he corrected sin, and shar% y in"eighed against the iniEuity of the wor d and the corru%t abuses of the church# The %eo% e in great f ocks and co!%anies dai y ca!e to hear his "oice, as the !ost !e odious sound and tune of )r%heus' har%, inso!uch, that oftenti!es when he was %reaching, the church wou d be so fu , that none cou d enter further than the doors thereof# 8n his doctrine, he was earnest, in tongue e oEuent, in the scri%tures, %erfect, in %ains indefatigab e, in his ife exe!% ary# +a"ing %reached before the king's !ajesty, he was soon after !ade bisho% of G oucester# 8n that office he continued two years, and beha"ed hi!se f so we , that his "ery ene!ies cou d find no fau t with hi!, and after that he was !ade bisho% of @orcester# -r# +oo%er executed the office of a !ost carefu and "igi ant %astor for the s%ace of two years and !ore, so ong as the state of re igion in king Edward's ti!e was sound and f ourishing# *fter he had been cited to a%%ear before Bonner and -r# +eath, he was ed to the 9ounci , accused fa se y of owing the Eueen !oney, and in the next year, F005, he wrote an account of his se"ere treat!ent during near eighteen !onths' confine!ent to the F eet, and after his third exa!ination, January /G, F000, at ,t# Mary )"ery's, he, with the .e"# Mr# .ogers, was conducted to the 9o!%ter in ,outhwark, there to re!ain ti the next day at nine o'c ock, to see whether they wou d recant# 9o!e, brother .ogers, said

-r# +oo%er, !ust we two take this !atter first in hand, and begin to fry in these fagotsT $es, -octor, said Mr# .ogers, by God's grace# -oubt not, said -r# +oo%er, but God wi gi"e us strengthB and the %eo% e so a%% auded their constancy, that they had !uch ado to %ass# January /I, bisho% +oo%er was degraded and conde!ned, and the .e"# Mr# .ogers was treated in ike !anner# *t dark, -r# +oo%er was ed through the city to ;ewgateB notwithstanding this secrecy, !any %eo% e ca!e forth to their doors with ights, and sa uted hi!, %raising God for his constancy# -uring the few days he was in ;ewgate, he was freEuent y "isited by Bonner and others, but without a"ai # *s 9hrist was te!%ted, so they te!%ted hi!, and then !a icious y re%orted that he had recanted# The % ace of his !artyrdo! being fixed at G oucester, he rejoiced "ery !uch, ifting u% his eyes and hands to hea"en, and %raising God that he saw it good to send hi! a!ong the %eo% e o"er who! he was %astor, there to confir! with his death the truth which he had before taught the!# )n Feb# 2th, he ca!e to G oucester, about fi"e o'c ock, and odged at one 8ngra!'s house# *fter his first s ee%, he continued in %rayer unti !orningB and a the day, exce%t a itt e ti!e at his !ea s, and when con"ersing with such as the guard kind y %er!itted to s%eak to hi!, he s%ent in %rayer# ,ir *nthony <ingston, at one ti!e -octor +oo%er's good friend, was a%%ointed by the Eueen's etters to attend at his execution# *s soon as he saw the bisho% he burst into tears# @ith tender entreaties he exhorted hi! to i"e# CTrue it is,C said the bisho%, Cthat death is bitter, and ife is sweet( but a asS consider that the death to co!e is !ore bitter, and the ife to co!e is !ore sweet#C The sa!e day a b ind boy obtained ea"e to be brought into -r# +oo%er's %resence# The sa!e boy, not ong before, had suffered i!%rison!ent at G oucester for confessing the truth# C*hS %oor boy,C said the bisho%, Cthough God hath taken fro! thee thy outward sight, for what reason he best knoweth, yet he hath endued thy sou with the eye of know edge and of faith# God gi"e thee grace continua y to %ray unto hi!, that thou ose not that sight, for then wou dst thou indeed be b ind both in body and sou #C @hen the !ayor waited u%on hi! %re%aratory to his execution, he ex%ressed his %erfect obedience, and on y reEuested that a Euick fire !ight ter!inate his tor!ents# *fter he had got u% in the !orning, he desired that no !an shou d be suffered to co!e into the cha!ber, that he !ight be so itary ti the hour of execution# *bout eight o'c ock, on February I, F000, he was ed forth, and !any thousand %ersons were co ected, as it was !arket&day# * the way, being strait y charged not to s%eak, and beho ding the %eo% e who !ourned bitter y for hi!, he wou d so!eti!es ift u% his eyes towards hea"en, and ook "ery cheerfu y u%on such as he knew( and he was ne"er known, during the ti!e of his being a!ong the!, to ook with so cheerfu and ruddy a countenance as he did at that ti!e# @hen he ca!e to the % ace a%%ointed where he shou d die, he s!i ing y behe d the stake and %re%aration !ade for hi!, which was near unto the great e !&tree o"er against the co ege of %riests, where he used to %reach# ;ow, after he had entered into %rayer, a box was brought and aid before hi! u%on a stoo , with his %ardon fro! the Eueen, if he wou d turn# *t the

sight whereof he cried, 8f you o"e !y sou away with it# The box being taken away, ord 9handois said, ,eeing there is no re!edy, des%atch hi! Euick y# 9o!!and was now gi"en that the fire shou d be kind ed# But because there were not !ore green fagots than two horses cou d carry, it kind ed not s%eedi y, and was a %retty whi e a so before it took the reeds u%on the fagots# *t ength it burned about hi!, but the wind ha"ing fu strength at that % ace, and being a owering co d !orning, it b ew the f a!e fro! hi!, so that he was in a !anner itt e !ore than touched by the fire# @ithin a s%ace after, a few dry fagots were brought, and a new fire kind ed with fagots, Qfor there were no !ore reedsR and those burned at the nether %arts, but had s!a %ower abo"e, because of the wind, sa"ing that it burnt his hair, and scorched his skin a itt e# 8n the ti!e of which fire, e"en as at the first f a!e, he %rayed, saying !i d y, and not "ery oud, but as one without %ain, ) Jesus, ,on of -a"id, ha"e !ercy u%on !e, and recei"e !y sou S *fter the second fire was s%ent, he wi%ed both his eyes with his hands, and beho ding the %eo% e, he said with an indifferent oud "oice, For God's o"e, good %eo% e, et !e ha"e !ore fireS and a this whi e his nether %arts did burnB but the fagots were so few, that the f a!e on y singed his u%%er %arts# The third fire was kind ed within a whi e after, which was !ore extre!e than the other two# 8n this fire he %rayed with a oud "oice, 'ord Jesus, ha"e !ercy u%on !eS 'ord Jesus recei"e !y s%iritS *nd these were the ast words he was heard to utter# But when he was b ack in the !outh, and his tongue so swo en that he cou d not s%eak, yet his i%s went ti they were shrunk to the gu!s( and he knocked his breast with his hands unti one of his ar!s fe off, and then knocked sti with the other, whi e the fat, water, and b ood dro%%ed out at his fingers' ends, unti by renewing the fire, his strength was gone, and his hand c a"e fast in knocking to the iron u%on his breast# Then i!!ediate y bowing forwards, he yie ded u% his s%irit# $he life and &ondu&t of )r. ;owland $aylor of Hadley. -r# .ow and Tay or, "icar of +ad ey, in ,uffo k, was a !an of e!inent earning, and had been ad!itted to the degree of doctor of the ci"i and canon aw# +is attach!ent to the %ure and uncorru%ted %rinci% es of christianity reco!!ended hi! to the fa"our and friendshi% of -r# 9ran!er, archbisho% of 9anterbury, with who! he i"ed a considerab e ti!e, ti through his interest he obtained the i"ing of +ad ey# -r# Tay or %ro!oted the interest of the great .edee!er, and the sou s of !ankind, both by his %reaching and exa!% e, during the ti!e of king Edward ?8# but on his de!ise, and the succession of Eueen Mary to the throne, he esca%ed not the c oud that burst on so !any besideB for two of his %arishioners, Foster, an attorney, and 9 ark, a trades!an, out of b ind Aea , reso "ed that !ass shou d be ce ebrated, in a its su%erstitious for!s, in the %arish church of +ad ey, on Monday before EasterB this -r# Tay or, entering the church, strict y forbadeB but 9 ark forced the -octor out of the church, ce ebrated !ass, and i!!ediate y infor!ed the ord&chance or, bisho% of @inchester of his beha"iour, who su!!oned hi! to a%%ear, and answer the co!% aints that were a eged against hi!#

The doctor u%on the recei%t of the su!!ons, cheerfu y %re%ared to obey the sa!eB and rejected the ad"ice of his friends to f y beyond sea# @hen Gardiner saw -r# Tay or, he, according to his co!!on custo!, re"i ed hi!# -r# Tay or heard his abuse %atient y, and when the bisho% said, +ow darest thou ook !e in the faceS knowest thou not who 8 a!T -r# Tay or re% ied, $ou are -r# ,te%hen Gardiner, bisho% of @inchester, and ord&chance or, and yet but a !orta !an# But if 8 shou d be afraid of your ord y ooks, why fear ye not God, the 'ord of us a T @ith what countenance wi you a%%ear before the judg!ent&seat of 9hrist, and answer to your oath !ade first unto king +enry the Eighth, and afterward unto king Edward the ,ixth, his sonT * ong con"ersation ensued, in which -r# Tay or was so %ious y co ected and se"ere u%on his antagonist, that he exc ai!ed, Thou art a b as%he!ous hereticS Thou indeed b as%he!ist the b essed sacra!ent, Qhere he %ut off his ca%R and s%eakest against the ho y !ass, which is !ade a sacrifice for the Euick and the dead# The bisho% afterward co!!itted hi! into the king's bench# @hen -r# Tay or ca!e there, he found the "irtuous and "igi ant %reacher of God's word, Mr# BradfordB who eEua y thanked God that he had %ro"ided hi! with such a co!fortab e fe ow&%risonerB and they both together %raised God, and continued in %rayer, reading and exhorting one another# *fter that -r# Tay or had ain so!e ti!e in %rison, he was cited to a%%ear in the arches of Bow&church# -r# Tay or being conde!ned, was co!!itted to the 9 ink, and the kee%ers were charged to treat hi! rough yB at night he was re!o"ed to the Pou try 9o!%ter# @hen -r# Tay or had ain in the 9o!%ter about a week, on the 5th of February, Bonner ca!e to degrade hi!, bringing with hi! such orna!ents as a%%ertained to the !assing !u!!eryB but the -octor refused these tra%%ings ti they were forced u%on hi!# The night after he was degraded, his wife ca!e with John +u , his ser"ant, and his son Tho!as, and were by the gent eness of the kee%ers %er!itted to su% with hi!# *fter su%%er, wa king u% and down, he ga"e God thanks for his grace, that had so ca ed hi! and gi"en hi! strength to abide by his ho y word and turning to his son Tho!as, he exhorted hi! to %iety and fi ia obedience in the !ost earnest !anner# -r# Tay or, about two o'c ock in the !orning, was con"eyed to the @oo %ack, * dgate, and had an affecting inter"iew with his wife and daughter, and a fe!a e or%han he had brought u% who had waited a night in ,t# Boto %h's %orch, to see hi! %ass, before being de i"ered to the sheriff of Essex# )n co!ing out of the gates, John +u , his good ser"ant, stood at the rai s with Tho!as, Q-r# Tay or's son#R This, said he, is !y own son# Then he ifted u% his eyes to hea"en, and %rayed for his son and b essed hi!# *t 9he !sford the sheriff of ,uffo k !et the!, there to recei"e hi!, and to carry hi! into ,uffo k# Being at su%%er, the sheriff of Essex "ery earnest y besought hi! to return to the %o%ish re igion, thinking with fair words to %ersuade hi!# @hen they had a drunk to hi!, and the cu% was co!e to hi!, he said, Mr# ,heriff, and !y !asters a , 8 hearti y thank you for your good wi # 8 ha"e hearkened to your words, and !arked we your counse s# *nd to be % ain with you, 8 %ercei"e that 8 ha"e been decei"ed !yse f, and

a! ike to decei"e a great !any in +ad ey of their ex%ectations# *t these words they a rejoiced, but the -octor had a !eaning "ery re!ote fro! theirs# +e a uded to the disa%%oint!ent that the wor!s wou d ha"e in not being ab e to feast u%on his %ort y and good y body, which they wou d ha"e done if, instead of being burnt, he had been buried# @hen the sheriff and his co!%any heard hi! s%eak thus, they were a!aAed, !ar"e ing at the constant !ind that cou d thus without fear !ake a jest of the crue tor!ents and death now at hand, %re%ared for hi!# *t 9he !sford he was de i"ered to the sheriff of ,uffo k, and by hi! conducted to +ad ey# @hen -r# Tay or had arri"ed at * dha!&9o!!on, the % ace where he shou d suffer, seeing a great !u titude of %eo% e, he asked, @hat % ace is this, and what !eaneth it that so !uch %eo% e are gathered hitherT 8t was answered, 8t is * dha!&9o!!on, the % ace where you !ust sufferB and the %eo% e are co!e to ook u%on you# Then he said, Thanked be God, 8 a! e"en at ho!eB and he a ighted fro! his horse and with both hands rent the hood fro! his head# +is head had been notched and c i%%ed ike as a !an wou d c i% a foo 'sB which cost the good bisho% Bonner had bestowed u%on hi!# But when the %eo% e saw his re"erend and ancient face, with a ong white beard, they burst out with wee%ing tears, and cried, saying, God sa"e thee, good -r# Tay orS Jesus 9hrist strengthen thee, and he % theeS the +o y Ghost co!fort theeS with such other ike good wishes# @hen he had %rayed, he went to the stake and kissed it, and set hi!se f into a %itch barre , which they had %ut for hi! to stand in, and stood with his back u%right against the stake, with his hands fo ded together, and his eyes towards hea"en, and continua y %rayed# They then bound hi! with the chains, and ha"ing set u% the fagots, one @arwick crue y cast a fagot at hi! which struck hi! on his head, and cut his face, so that the b ood ran down# Then said -r# Tay or, ) friend, 8 ha"e har! enough, what needed thatT ,ir John ,he ton standing by, as -r# Tay or was s%eaking, and saying the %sa ! Miserere in Eng ish, struck hi! on the i%s( $ou kna"e, said he, s%eak 'atin( 8 wi !ake thee# *t ast they kind ed the fireB and -r# Tay or ho ding u% both his hands, ca ing u%on God, and said, Mercifu Father of hea"enS for Jesus 9hrist, !y ,a"iour's sake, recei"e !y sou into thy handsS ,o he stood sti without either crying or !o"ing, with his hands fo ded together, ti ,oyce, with a ha berd struck hi! on the head ti his brains fe out, and the cor%se fe down into the fire# Thus rendered u% this !an of God his b essed sou into the hands of his !ercifu Father, and to his !ost dear ,a"iour Jesus 9hrist, who! he !ost entire y o"ed, faithfu y and earnest y %reached, obedient y fo owed in i"ing, and constant y g orified in death# Martyrdom of $om ins( Py1ot( @ni1ht( Lawren&e( Hunter( and Hi1bed. Tho!as To!kins was by trade a wea"er in ,horeditch, ti he was su!!oned before the inhu!an Bonner, and confined with !any others, who renounced the errors of %o%ery, in a %rison in that tyrant's house at Fu ha!# :nder his confine!ent, he was treated by the bisho% not on y unbeco!ing a %re ate, but e"en a !anB for the sa"age, because To!kins wou d not assent

to the doctrine of transubstantiation, bruised hi! in the face, and % ucked off the greatest %art of the hair of his beard# )n another occasion, this scanda to hu!anity, in the %resence of !any who ca!e to "isit at Fu ha!, took this %oor honest !an by the fingers, and he d his hand direct y o"er the f a!e of a wax cand e ha"ing three or four wicks, su%%osing that, being terrified by the s!art and %ain of the fire, he wou d ea"e off the defence of the doctrine which he had recei"ed# To!kins thinking no otherwise, but there %resent y to die, began to co!!end hi!se f unto the 'ord, saying, ) 'ord, into thy hands 8 co!!end !y s%irit, Kc# * the ti!e that his hand was burning the sa!e To!kins afterward re%orted to one Ja!es +inse, that his s%irit was so ra%t, that he fe t no %ain# 8n which burning he ne"er shrank ti the "eins shrank, and the sinews burst and the water s%urted into Mr# +ar%sfie d's face( inso!uch that Mr# +ar%sfie d, !o"ed with %ity, desired the bisho% to stay, saying, that he had tried hi! enough# *fter undergoing two exa!inations, and refusing to swer"e fro! his duty and be ief, he was co!!anded to a%%ear before the bisho%# *greeab y to this !andate, being brought before the b oody tribuna of bisho%s, and %ressed to recant his errors and return to the !other church, he !aintained his fide ity, nor wou d swer"e in the east fro! the artic es he had signed with his own hand# +a"ing therefore dec ared hi! an obstinate heretic, they de i"ered hi! u% to the secu ar %ower, and he was burned in ,!ithfie d, March FJth, F000, triu!%hant in the !idst of the f a!es, and adding to the nob e co!%any of !artyrs, who had %receded hi! through the %ath of the fiery tria to the rea !s of i!!orta g ory# @i ia! +unter had been trained to the doctrines of the refor!ation fro! his ear iest youth, being descended fro! re igious %arents, who carefu y instructed hi! in the %rinci% es of the true re igion# +unter, then nineteen years of age, refusing to recei"e the co!!union at !ass, was threatened to be brought before the bisho%B to who! this "a iant young !artyr was conducted by a constab e# Bonner caused @i ia! to be brought into a cha!ber, where he began to reason with hi!, %ro!ising hi! security and %ardon if he wou d recant# ;ay, he wou d ha"e been content if he wou d ha"e gone on y to recei"e and to confession, but @i ia! wou d not do so for a the wor d# :%on this the bisho% co!!anded his !en to %ut @i ia! in the stocks in his gate&house, where he sat two days and nights, with a crust of brown bread and a cu% of water on y, which he did not touch# *t the two days' end, the bisho% ca!e to hi!, and finding hi! steadfast in the faith, sent hi! to the con"ict %rison, and co!!anded the kee%er to ay irons u%on hi! as !any as he cou d bear# +e continued in %rison three Euarters of a year, during which ti!e he had been before the bisho% fi"e ti!es, besides the ti!e when he was conde!ned in the consistory in ,t# Pau 's, February Ith, at which ti!e his brother, .obert +unter, was %resent# Then the bisho%, ca ing @i ia!, asked hi! if he wou d recant, and finding he was unchangeab e, he %ronounced sentence u%on hi!, that he shou d go fro! that % ace to ;ewgate for a ti!e, and thence to Brentwood, there to be burned# *bout a !onth afterward, @i ia! was sent down to Brentwood, where he was to be executed# )n co!ing to the stake, he kne t down and read the

0Fst %sa !, ti he ca!e to these words, CThe sacrifice of God is a contrite s%iritB a contrite and a broken heart, ) God, thou wi t not des%ise#C ,teadfast in refusing the Eueen's %ardon, if he wou d beco!e an a%ostate, at ength one .ichard Ponde, a bai iff, ca!e, and !ade the chain fast about hi!# @i ia! now cast his %sa ter into his brother's hand, who said @i ia!, think on the ho y %assion of 9hrist, and be not afraid of death# Beho d, answered @i ia!, 8 a! not afraid# Then he ifted u% his hands to hea"en, and said, 'ord, 'ord, 'ord, recei"e !y s%irit and casting down his head again into the s!othering s!oke, he yie ded u% his ife for the truth, sea ing it with his b ood to the %raise of God# *bout the sa!e ti!e @i ia! Pygot, ,te%hen <night, and .e"# John 'awrence, were burnt as heretics, by order of the infa!ous Bonner# Tho!as +igbed and Tho!as 9auston shared the sa!e fate# )r. ;obert %arrar. This worthy and earned %re ate, the bisho% of ,t# -a"id's in @a es, ha"ing in the for!er reign, as we as since the accession of Mary, been re!arkab y Aea ous to %ro!oting the refor!ed doctrines, and ex% oding the errors of %o%ish ido atry, was su!!oned, a!ong others, before the %ersecuting bisho% of @inchester, and other co!!issioners set a%art for the abo!inab e work of de"astation and !assacre# +is %rinci%a accusers and %ersecutors, on a charge of %rP!unire in the reign of Edward ?8# were George 9onstantine @a ter, his ser"antB Tho!as $oung, chanter of the cathedra , afterward bisho% of Bangor, Kc# -r# Farrar ab y re% ied to the co%ies of infor!ation aid against hi!, consisting of fifty& six artic es# The who e %rocess of this tria was ong and tedious# -e ay succeeded de ay, and after that -r# Farrar had been ong unjust y detained in custody under sureties, in the reign of king Edward, because he had been %ro!oted by the duke of ,o!erset, whence after his fa he found fewer friends to su%%ort hi! against such as wanted his bisho%ric by the co!ing in of Eueen Mary, he was accused and exa!ined not for any !atter of %rP!unire, but for his faith and doctrineB for which he was ca ed before the Bisho% of @inchester with bisho% +oo%er, Mr# .ogers, Mr# Bradford, Mr# ,aunders and others, Feb# 5, F000B on which day he wou d a so with the! ha"e been conde!ned, but his conde!nation was deferred, and he sent to %rison again, where he continued ti Feb# F5, and then was sent into @a es to recei"e sentence# +e was six ti!es brought u% before +enry Morgan, bisho% of ,t# -a"id's, who de!anded if he wou d abjureB fro! which he Aea ous y dissented, and a%%ea ed to cardina Po eB notwithstanding which, the bisho%, %roceeding in his rage, %ronounced hi! a heretic exco!!unicate, and surrendered hi! to the secu ar %ower# -r# Farrar, being conde!ned and degraded, was not ong after brought to the % ace of execution in the town of 9ar!athen, in the !arket&% ace of which, on the south side of the !arket&cross, March H1, F000, being ,aturday next before Passion&,unday, he !ost constant y sustained the tor!ents of the fire# 9oncerning his constancy, it is said that one .ichard Jones, a knight's son, co!ing to -r# Farrar a itt e before his death, see!ed to a!ent the %ainfu ness of the death he had to sufferB to who! the bisho% answered,

That if he saw hi! once stir in the %ains of his burning, he ought then gi"e no credit to his doctrineB and as he said, so did he !aintain his %ro!ise, %atient y standing without e!otion, ti one .ichard Gra"e with a staff struck hi! down# ;awlins 9hite. .aw ins @hite was by his ca ing and occu%ation a fisher!an, i"ing and continuing in the said trade for the s%ace of twenty years at east, in the town of 9ardiff, where he bore a "ery good na!e a!ongst his neighbours# Though the good !an was a together un earned, and witha "ery si!% e, yet it % eased God to re!o"e hi! fro! error and ido atry to a know edge of the truth, through the b essed refor!ation in Edward's reign# +e had his son taught to read Eng ish, and after the itt e boy cou d read %retty we , his father e"ery night after su%%er, su!!er and winter, !ade the boy read a %ortion of the ho y scri%tures, and now and then a %art of so!e other good book# @hen he had continued in his %rofession the s%ace of fi"e years, king Edward died, u%on whose decease Eueen Mary succeeded and with her a kind of su%erstition cre%t in# @hite was taken by the officers of the town, as a !an sus%ected of heresy, brought before the bisho% ' andaff, and co!!itted to %rison in 9he%stow, and at ast re!o"ed to the cast e of 9ardiff, where he continued for the s%ace of one who e year# Being brought before the bisho% in his cha%e , he counse ed hi! by threats and %ro!ises# But as .aw ins wou d in nowise recant his o%inions, the bisho% to d hi! % ain y, that he !ust %roceed against hi! by aw, and conde!n hi! as a heretic# Before they %roceeded to this extre!ity, the bisho% %ro%osed that %rayer shou d be said for his con"ersion# CThis,C said @hite, Cis ike a god y bisho%, and if your reEuest be god y and right, and you %ray as you ought, no doubt God wi hear youB %ray you, therefore, to your God, and 8 wi %ray to !y God#C *fter the bisho% and his %arty had done %raying, he asked .aw ins if he wou d now re"oke# C$ou find,C said the atter, Cyour %rayer is not granted, for 8 re!ain the sa!eB and God wi strengthen !e in su%%ort of this truth#C *fter this, the bisho% tried what saying !ass wou d doB but .aw ins ca ed a the %eo% e to witness that he did not bow down to the host# Mass being ended .aw ins was ca ed for againB to who! the bisho% used !any %ersuasionsB but the b essed !an continued so steadfast to his for!er %rofession, that the bisho%'s discourse was to no %ur%ose#DThe bisho% now caused the definiti"e sentence to be read, which being ended, .aw ins was carried again to 9ardiff, to a oathso!e %rison in the town, ca ed 9ock!are , where he %assed his ti!e in %rayer, and in singing of %sa !s# 8n about three weeks, the order ca!e fro! town for his execution# @hen he ca!e to the % ace, where his %oor wife and chi dren stood wee%ing, the sudden sight of the! so %ierced his heart, that the tears trick ed down his face# Being co!e to the a tar of his sacrifice, in going towards the stake, he fe down u%on his knees, and kissed the groundB and in rising again, a itt e earth sticking on his face, he said these words, Earth unto earth, and dust unto dustB thou art !y !other, and unto thee 8 sha return# @hen a things were ready, direct y o"er against the stake, in the face of .aw ins @hite, there was a standing erected, whereon ste%t u% a %riest,

addressing hi!se f to the %eo% e, but, as he s%oke of the .o!ish doctrines of the sacra!ents, .aw ins cried out, *h, thou wicked hy%ocrite, dost thou %resu!e to %ro"e thy fa se doctrine by scri%tureT 'ook in the text that fo owethB did not 9hrist say, C-o this in re!e!brance of !eTC Then so!e that stood by cried out, %ut fireS set on fireS which being done, the straw and reeds cast u% a great and sudden f a!e# 8n which f a!e this good !an bathed his hands so ong, unti such ti!e as the sinews shrank, and the fat dro%%ed away, sa"ing that once he did, as it were, wi%e his face with one of the!# * this whi e, which was so!ewhat ong, he cried with a oud "oice, ) 'ord, recei"e !y s%iritS unti he cou d not o%en his !outh# *t ast the extre!ity of the fire was so "ehe!ent against his egs, that they were consu!ed a !ost before the rest of his body was hurt, which !ade the who e body fa o"er the chain into the fire sooner than it wou d ha"e done# Thus died this good o d !an for his testi!ony of God's truth, and is now rewarded, no doubt, with the crown of eterna ife# $he ;e2. Mr. Geor1e Marsh. George Marsh, born in the %arish of -eane, in the county of 'ancaster, recei"ed a good education and trade fro! his %arentsB about his /0th year he !arried, and i"ed, b essed with se"era chi dren, on his far! ti his wife died# +e then went to study at 9a!bridge, and beca!e the curate of the .e"# Mr# 'awrence ,aunders, in which duty he constant y and Aea ous y set forth the truth of God's word, and the fa se doctrines of the !odern *ntichrist# Being confined by -r# 9o es, the bisho% of 9hester, within the %recincts of his own house, he was ke%t fro! any intercourse with his friends during four !onths( his friends and !other, earnest y wished hi! to ha"e f own fro! Cthe wrath to co!eBC but Mr# Marsh thought that such a ste% wou d i agree with that %rofession he had during nine years o%en y !ade# +e, howe"er, secreted hi!se f, but he had !uch strugg ing, and in secret %rayer begged that God wou d direct hi!, through the ad"ice of his best friends, for his own g ory and to what was best# *t ength, deter!ined, by a etter he recei"ed, bo d y to confess the faith of 9hrist, he took ea"e of his !other&in& aw and other friends, reco!!ending his chi dren to their care and de%arted for ,!ethehi s, whence he was, with others, conducted to 'athu!, to undergo exa!ination before the Ear of -erby, ,ir @i ia! ;ores Mr# ,herburn, the %arson of Gra%na , and others# The "arious Euestions %ut to hi! he answered with a good conscience, but when Mr# ,herburn interrogated hi! u%on his be ief of the sacra!ent of the a tar, Mr# Marsh answered ike a true Protestant, that the essence of the bread and wine was not at a changed, hence, after recei"ing dreadfu threats fro! so!e, and fair words fro! others, for his o%inions, he was re!anded to ward, where he ay two nights without any bed#D)n Pa ! ,unday he underwent a second exa!ination, and Mr# Marsh !uch a!ented that his fear shou d at a ha"e induced hi! to %re"aricate, and to seek his safety, so ong as he did not o%en y deny 9hristB and he again cried !ore earnest y to God for strength that he !ight not be o"erco!e by the subt eties of those who stro"e to o"erru e the %urity of his faith# +e underwent three exa!inations before -r# 9o es, who, finding hi! steadfast in the Protestant faith, began to read his sentenceB but he was

interru%ted by the 9hance or, who %rayed the bisho% to stay before it was too ate# The %riest then %rayed for Mr# Marsh, but the atter, u%on being again so icited to recant, said he durst not deny his ,a"iour 9hrist, est he ose his e"er asting !ercy, and so obtain eterna death# The bisho% then %roceeded in the sentence# +e was co!!itted to a dark dungeon, and ay de%ri"ed of the conso ation of any one, Qfor a were afraid to re ie"e or co!!unicate with hi!R ti the day a%%ointed ca!e that he shou d suffer# The sheriffs of the city, *!ry and 9ou%er, with their officers, went to the north gate, and took out Mr# George Marsh, who wa ked a the way with the book in his hand, ooking u%on the sa!e, whence the %eo% e said, This !an does not go to his death as a thief, nor as one that deser"eth to die# @hen he ca!e to the % ace of execution without the city, near ,%itta & Boughton, Mr# 9awdry, de%uty 9ha!ber ain of 9hester, showed Mr# Marsh a writing under a great sea , saying, that it was a %ardon for hi! if he wou d recant# +e answered, That he wou d g ad y acce%t the sa!e did it not tend to % uck hi! fro! God# *fter that, he began to s%eak to the %eo% e, showing the cause of his death, and wou d ha"e exhorted the! to stick unto 9hrist, but one of the sheriffs %re"ented hi!# <nee ing down, he then said his %rayers, %ut off his c othes unto his shirt, and was chained to the %ost, ha"ing a nu!ber of fagots under hi!, and a thing !ade ike a firkin, with %itch and tar in it, o"er his head# The fire being unski fu y !ade, and the wind dri"ing it in eddies, he suffered great extre!ity, which notwithstanding he bore with 9hristian fortitude# @hen he had been a ong ti!e tor!ented in the fire without !o"ing, ha"ing his f esh so broi ed and %uffed u%, that they who stood before hi! cou d not see the chain wherewith he was fastened, and therefore su%%osed that he had been dead, sudden y he s%read abroad his ar!s, saying# Father of hea"en ha"e !ercy u%on !eS and so yie ded his s%irit into the hands of the 'ord# :%on this, !any of the %eo% e said he was a !artyr and died g orious y %atient# This caused the bisho% short y after to !ake a ser!on in the cathedra church, and therein he affir!ed, that the said Marsh was a heretic, burnt as such, and was a firebrand in he #DMr# Marsh suffered *%ri /5, F000# Mr. 9illiam %lower. @i ia! F ower, otherwise Branch, was born at ,now&hi , in the county of 9a!bridge, where he went to schoo so!e years, and then ca!e to the abbey of E y# *fter he had re!ained a whi e he beca!e a %rofessed !onk, was !ade a %riest in the sa!e house, and there ce ebrated and sang !ass# *fter that, by reason of a "isitation, and certain injunctions by the authority of +enry ?888 he took u%on hi! the habit of a secu ar %riest, and returned to ,now&hi , where he was born, and taught chi dren about ha f a year# +e then went to 'udgate, in ,uffo k, and ser"ed as a secu ar %riest about a Euarter of a yearB fro! thence to ,toni andB at ength to Tewksbury, where he !arried a wife, with who! he e"er after faithfu y and honest y continued( after !arriage he resided at Tewksbury about two years, and fro! thence went to Bros ey, where he %ractised %hysic and surgeryB but de%arting fro! those %arts, he ca!e to 'ondon, and fina y sett ed at 'a!beth, where he and his wife dwe t together( howe"er, he was genera y abroad, exce%ting

once or twice in a !onth, to "isit and see his wife# Being at ho!e u%on Easter ,unday !orning, he ca!e o"er the water fro! 'a!beth into ,t# Margaret's church at @est!insterB when seeing a %riest, na!ed John 9e tha!, ad!inistering and gi"ing the sacra!ent of the a tar to the %eo% e, and being great y offended in his conscience with the %riest for the sa!e, he struck and wounded hi! u%on the head, and a so u%on the ar! and hand, with his wood knife, the %riest ha"ing at the sa!e ti!e in his hand a cha ice with the consecrated host therein, which beca!e s%rink ed with b ood# Mr# F ower, for this injudicious Aea , was hea"i y ironed, and %ut into the gatehouse at @est!insterB and afterward su!!oned before bisho% Bonner and his ordinary, where the bisho%, after he had sworn hi! u%on a book, !inistered artic es and interrogations to hi!# *fter exa!ination, the bisho% began to exhort hi! again to return to the unity of his !other the catho ic church, with !any fair %ro!ises# These Mr# F ower steadfast y rejecting, the bisho% ordered hi! to a%%ear in the sa!e % ace in the afternoon, and in the !ean ti!e to consider we his for!er answerB but he, neither a%o ogiAing for ha"ing struck the %riest, nor swer"ing fro! his faith, the bisho% assigned hi! the next day, *%ri /1th, to recei"e sentence, if he wou d not recant# The next !orning, the bisho% according y %roceeded to the sentence, conde!ning and exco!!unicating hi! for a heretic, and after %ronouncing hi! to be degraded, co!!itted hi! to the secu ar %ower# *%ri /5, ,t# Mark's e"e, he was brought to the % ace of !artyrdo!, in ,t# Margaret's churchyard, @est!inster, where the fact was co!!itted( and there co!ing to the stake, he %rayed to * !ighty God, !ade a confession of his faith, and forga"e a the wor d# This done, his hand was he d u% against the stake, and struck off, his eft hand being fastened behind hi!# Fire was then set to hi! and he burning therein, cried with it oud "oice, ) thou ,on of God, ha"e !ercy u%on !eS ) thou ,on of God, recei"e !y sou S three ti!esB his s%eech being now taken fro! hi!, he s%oke no !ore, but notwithstanding he ifted u% the stu!% with his other ar! as ong as he cou d# Thus he endured the extre!ity of the fire, and was crue y tortured for the few fagots that were brought being insufficient to burn hi!, they were co!%e ed to strike hi! down into the fire, where ying a ong u%on the ground, his ower %art was consu!ed in the fire, whi st his u%%er %art was itt e injured, his tongue !o"ing in his !outh for a considerab e ti!e# $he ;e2. John 8ardma er and John 9arne. May H1, F000, the .e"# John 9ard!aker, otherwise ca ed Tay or, %rebendary of the church of @e s, and John @arne, u%ho sterer, of ,t# John's, @a brook, suffered together in ,!ithfie d# Mr# 9ard!aker, who first was an obser"ant friar before the disso ution of the abbeys, afterward was a !arried !inister, and in <ing Edward's ti!e a%%ointed to be reader in ,t# Pau 'sB being a%%rehended in the beginning of Lueen Mary's reign, with -r# Bar ow, bisho% of Bath, he was brought to 'ondon, and %ut in the F eet %rison, <ing Edward's aws being yet in force# 8n Mary's reign, when brought before the bisho% of @inchester, the atter offered the! the Eueen's !ercy, if they wou d recant#

*rtic es ha"ing been %referred against Mr# John @arne, he was exa!ined u%on the! by Bonner, who earnest y exhorted hi! to recant his o%inions# To who! he answered, 8 a! %ersuaded that 8 a! in the right o%inion, and 8 see no cause to recantB for a the fi thiness and ido atry ies in the church of .o!e# The bisho% then, seeing that a his fair %ro!ises and terrib e threatenings cou d not %re"ai , %ronounced the definiti"e sentence of conde!nation, and ordered the H1th of May, F000, for the execution of John 9ard!aker and John @arne, who were brought by the sheriffs to ,!ithfie d# Being co!e to the stake, the sheriffs ca ed Mr# 9ard!aker aside, and ta ked with hi! secret y, during which Mr# @arne %rayed, was chained to the stake, and had wood and reeds set about hi!# The %eo% e were great y aff icted, thinking that Mr# 9ard!aker wou d recant at the burning of Mr# @arne# *t ength Mr# 9ard!aker de%arted fro! the sheriffs, and ca!e towards the stake, kne t down, and !ade a ong %rayer in si ence to hi!se f# +e then arose u%, %ut off his c othes to his shirt, and went with a bo d courage unto the stake and kissed itB and taking Mr# @arne by the hand, he hearti y co!forted hi!, and was bound to the stake, rejoicing# The %eo% e seeing this so sudden y done, contrary to their %re"ious ex%ectation, cried out, God be %raisedS the 'ord strengthen thee, 9ard!akerS the 'ord Jesus recei"e thy s%iritS *nd this continued whi e the executioner %ut fire to the!, and both had %assed through the fire to the b essed rest and %eace a!ong God's ho y saints and !artyrs, to enjoy the crown of triu!%h and "ictory %re%ared for the e ect so diers and warriors of 9hrist Jesus in his b essed kingdo!, to who! be g ory and !ajesty for e"er# *!en# John Simpson and John Ardeley. John ,i!%son and John *rde ey were conde!ned on the sa!e day with Mr# 9ard!aker and John @arne, which was the /0th of May# They were short y after sent down fro! 'ondon to Essex, where they were burnt in one day, John ,i!%son at .ochford, and John *rde ey at .ai ey, g orifying God in his be o"ed ,on, and rejoicing that they were accounted worthy to suffer# $homas Hau es( $homas 9atts( $homas )s!ond( 9illiam #amford( and 'i&holas 8hamberlain. Mr# Tho!as +aukes, with six others, were conde!ned on the Ith of February, F000# 8n education he was eruditeB in %erson, co!e y and of good statureB in !anners, a gent e!an, and a sincere 9hristian# * itt e before death, se"era of Mr# +'s# friends, terrified by the shar%ness of the %unish!ent he was going to suffer, %ri"ate y desired that in the !idst of the f a!es he wou d show the! so!e token, whether the %ains of burning were so great that a !an !ight not co ected y endure it# This he %ro!ised to doB and it was agreed, that if the rage of the %ain !ight he suffered, then he shou d ift u% his hands abo"e his head towards hea"en, before he ga"e u% the ghost# ;ot ong after, Mr# +aukes was ed away to the % ace a%%ointed for s aughter, by ord .ich, and being co!e to the stake, !i d y and %atient y %re%ared hi!se f for the fire, ha"ing a strong chain cast about his !idd e, with a

!u titude of %eo% e on e"ery side co!%assing hi! about# :nto who! after he had s%oken !any things, and %oured out his sou unto God, the fire was kind ed# @hen he had continued ong in it, and his s%eech was taken away by "io ence of the f a!e, his skin drawn together, and his fingers consu!ed with the fire, so that it was thought that he was gone, sudden y and contrary to a ex%ectation, this good !an being !indfu of his %ro!ise, reached u% his hands burning in f a!es o"er his head to the i"ing God, and with great rejoicings as it see!ed, struck or c a%%ed the! three ti!es together# * great shout fo owed this wonderfu circu!stance, and then this b essed !artyr of 9hrist, sinking down in the fire, ga"e u% his s%irit, June F1, F000# Tho!as @atts, of Bi ericay, in Essex, of the diocess of 'ondon, was a inen dra%er# +e had dai y ex%ected to be taken by God's ad"ersaries, and this ca!e to %ass on the 0th of *%ri , F000, when he was brought before ord .ich, and other co!!issioners at 9he !sford, and accused for not co!ing to the church# Being consigned o"er to the b oody bisho%, who ga"e hi! se"era hearings, and, as usua , !any argu!ents, with !uch entreaty, that he wou d be a disci% e of antichrist, but his %reaching a"ai ed not, and he resorted to his ast re"engeDthat of conde!nation# *t the stake, after he had kissed it, he s%ake to ord .ich, charging hi! to re%ent, for the 'ord wou d re"enge his death# Thus did this good !artyr offer his body to the fire, in defence of the true gos%e of the ,a"iour# Tho!as )s!ond, @i ia! Ba!ford, and ;icho as 9ha!ber ain, a of the town of 9oxha , being sent u% to be exa!ined, Bonner, after se"era hearings, %ronounced the! obstinate heretics, and de i"ered the! to the sheriffs, in whose custody they re!ained ti they were de i"ered to the sheriff of Essex county, and by hi! were executed# 9ha!ber ain at 9o chester, the F5th of JuneB Tho!as )s!ond at Maningtree, and @i ia! Ba!ford, a ias But er, at +arwich, the F0th of June, F000B a dying fu of the g orious ho%e of i!!orta ity# ;e2. John #radford( and John Leaf an apprenti&e. .e"# John Bradford was born at Manchester, in 'ancashireB he was a good 'atin scho ar, and afterward beca!e a ser"ant of ,ir John +arrington, knight# +e continued se"era years in an honest and thri"ing wayB but the 'ord had e ected hi! to a better function# +ence he de%arted fro! his !aster, Euitting the Te!% e, at 'ondon, for the uni"ersity of 9a!bridge, to earn, by God's aw, how to further the bui ding of the 'ord's te!% e# 8n a few years after, the uni"ersity ga"e hi! the degree of !aster of arts, and he beca!e a fe ow of Pe!broke +a # Martin Bucer first urged hi! to %reach, and when he !odest y doubted his abi ity, Bucer was wont to re% y, 8f thou hast not fine wheat bread, yet gi"e the %oor %eo% e bar ey bread, or whatsoe"er e se the 'ord hath co!!itted unto thee# -r# .id ey, that worthy bisho% of 'ondon, and g orious !artyr of 9hrist, first ca ed hi! to take the degree of a deacon and ga"e hi! a %rebend in his cathedra church of ,t# Pau # 8n this %reaching office Mr# Bradford di igent y aboured for the s%ace of three years# ,har% y he re%ro"ed sin, sweet y he %reached 9hrist crucified, ab y he

dis%ro"ed heresies and errors, earnest y he %ersuaded to god y ife# *fter the death of b essed king Edward ?8# Mr# Bradford sti continued di igent in %reaching, ti he was su%%ressed by Eueen Mary# *n act now fo owed of the b ackest ingratitude, and at which a Pagan wou d b ush# 8t has been recited, that a tu!u t was occasioned by Mr# Bourne's Qthen bisho% of BathR %reaching at ,t# Pau 's 9rossB the indignation of the %eo% e % aced his ife in i!!inent dangerB indeed a dagger was thrown at hi!# 8n this situation he entreated Mr# Bradford, who stood behind hi!, to s%eak in his % ace, and assuage the tu!u t# The %eo% e we co!ed Mr# Bradford, and the atter afterward ke%t c ose to hi!, that his %resence !ight %re"ent the %o%u ace fro! renewing their assau ts# The sa!e ,unday in the afternoon, Mr# Bradford %reached at Bow church in 9hea%side, and re%ro"ed the %eo% e shar% y for their seditious !isde!eanor# ;otwithstanding this conduct, within three days after, he was sent for to the tower of 'ondon, where the Eueen then was, to a%%ear before the counci # There he was charged with this act of sa"ing Mr# Bourne, which was ca ed seditious, and they a so objected against hi! for %reaching# Thus he was co!!itted, first to the Tower, then to other %risons, and, after his conde!nation, to the Pou try 9o!%ter, where he %reached twice a day continua y, un ess sickness hindered hi!# ,uch was his credit with the kee%er of the king's Bench, that he %er!itted hi! in an e"ening to "isit a %oor, sick %erson near the ,tee &yard, u%on his %ro!ise to return in ti!e, and in this he ne"er fai ed# The night before he was sent to ;ewgate, he was troub ed in his s ee% by foreboding drea!s, that on Monday after he shou d be burned in ,!ithfie d# 8n the afternoon the kee%er's wife ca!e u% and announced this dreadfu news to hi!, but in hi! it excited on y thankfu ness to God# *t night, ha f a doAen friends ca!e, with who! he s%ent a the e"ening in %rayer and god y exercises# @hen he was re!o"ed to ;ewgate, a wee%ing crowd acco!%anied hi!, and a ru!or ha"ing been s%read that he was to suffer at four the next !orning, an i!!ense !u titude attended# *t nine o'c ock Mr# Bradford was brought into ,!ithfie d# The crue ty of the sheriff deser"es noticeB for his brother&in& aw, .oger Beswick, ha"ing taken hi! by the hand as he %assed, Mr# @oodroffe, with his staff, cut his head o%en# Mr# Bradford, being co!e to the % ace, fe f at on the ground, secret y !aking his %rayers to * !ighty God# Then, rising again, and %utting off his c othes unto the shirt, he went to the stake, and there suffered with a young !an of twenty years of age, whose na!e was John 'eaf, an a%%rentice to Mr# +u!%hry Gaudy, ta ow&chand er, of 9hrist&church, 'ondon# :%on Friday before Pa ! ,unday, he was co!!itted to the 9o!%ter in Bread&street, and afterward exa!ined and conde!ned by the b oody bisho%# 8t is re%orted of hi!, that, when the bi of his confession was read unto hi!, instead of %en, he took a %in, and %ricking his hand, s%rink ed the b ood u%on the said bi , desiring the reader thereof to show the bisho% that he had sea ed the sa!e bi with his b ood a ready# They both ended this !orta ife, Ju y F/th, F000, ike two a!bs, without any a teration of their countenances, ho%ing to obtain that %riAe they had ong run forB to which !ay * !ighty God conduct us a , through the !erits of 9hrist our ,a"iourS @e sha conc ude this artic e with !entioning, that Mr#

,heriff @oodroffe, it is said, within ha f a year after, was struck on the right side with a %a sy and for the s%ace of eight years after, Qti his dying dayR he was unab e to turn hi!se f in his bedB thus he beca!e at ast a fearfu object to beho d# The day after Mr# Bradford and John 'eaf suffered in ,!ithfie d, @i ia! Minge, %riest, died in %rison at Maidstone# @ith as great constancy and bo dness he yie ded u% his ife in %rison, as if it had % eased God to ha"e ca ed hi! to suffer by fire, as other god y !en had done before at the stake, and as he hi!se f was ready to do, had it % eased God to ha"e ca ed hi! to this tria # ;e2. John #land( ;e2. John %ran esh( 'i&holas Shetterden( and Humphrey Middleton. These 9hristian %ersons were a burnt at 9anterbury for the sa!e cause# Frankesh and B and were !inisters and %reachers of the word of God, the one being %arson of *desha!, and the other "icar of .o "indon# Mr# B and was cited to answer for his o%%osition to antichristianis!, and underwent se"era exa!inations before -r# +ar%sfie d, archdeacon of 9anterbury, and fina y on the /0th of June, F000, again withstanding the %ower of the %o%e, he was conde!ned, and de i"ered to the secu ar ar!# )n the sa!e day were conde!ned, John Frankesh, ;icho as ,hetterden, +u!%hrey Midd eton, Thacker, and 9ocker, of who! Thacker on y recanted# Being de i"ered to the secu ar %ower, Mr# B and, with the three for!er, were a burnt together at 9anterbury, Ju y F/, F000, at two se"era stakes, but in one fire, when they, in the sight of God and his ange s, and before !en, ike true so diers of Jesus 9hrist, ga"e a constant testi!ony to the truth of his ho y gos%e # 'i&holas Hall and 8hristopher 9aid. The sa!e !onth of Ju y, ;icho as +a , brick ayer, and 9hristo%her @aid, inendra%er, of -artford, suffered death, conde!ned by Maurice, bisho% of .ochester, about the ast day of June, F000# *t the sa!e ti!e three others were conde!ned, whose na!es were Joan Beach, widow, John +ar%o , of .ochester, and Margery Po ey# )iri& 8ar2er and John Launder. The //d of Ju y, F000, -irick 9ar"er, brewer, of Brighthe !stone, aged forty, was burnt at 'ewes# *nd the day fo owing John 'aunder, husband!an, aged twenty&fi"e, of Godstone, ,urry, was burnt at ,tening# -irick 9ar"er was a !an who! the 'ord had b essed as we with te!%ora riches as with his s%iritua treasures# *t his co!ing into the town of 'ewes to be burnt, the %eo% e ca ed to hi!, beseeching God to strengthen hi! in the faith of Jesus 9hristB and, as he ca!e to the stake, he kne t down, and %rayed earnest y# Then his book was thrown into the barre , and when he had stri%%ed hi!se f, he went into it# *s soon as he was in, he took the book, and threw it a!ong the %eo% e, u%on which the sheriff co!!anded, in the na!e of the king and Eueen, on %ain of death, to throw in the book again#D*nd i!!ediate y the ho y !artyr began to address the %eo% e# *fter he had

%rayed awhi e, he said, C) 'ord !y God, thou hast written, he that wi not forsake wife, chi dren, house, and e"ery thing that he hath, and take u% thy cross and fo ow thee, is not worthy of theeSDbut thou, 'ord, knowest that 8 ha"e forsaken a to co!e unto thee 'ord ha"e !ercy u%on !e, for unto thee 8 co!!end !y s%iritS and !y sou doth rejoice in theeSC These were the ast words of this faithfu ser"ant of 9hrist before enduring the fire# *nd when the fire ca!e to hi!, he cried, C) 'ord ha"e !ercy u%on !eSC and s%rang u% in the fire, ca ing u%on the na!e of Jesus, ti he ga"e u% the ghost# Tho!as 8"eson, of Godstone, in the county of ,urry, car%enter, was burnt about the sa!e !onth at 9hichester# John * eworth, who died in %rison at .eading, Ju y, F000, had been i!%risoned for the sake of the truth of the gos%e # Ja!es *bbes# This young !an wandered about to esca%e a%%rehension, but was at ast infor!ed against, and brought before the bisho% of ;orwich, who inf uenced hi! to recantB to secure hi! further in a%ostasy, the bisho% afterward ga"e hi! a %iece of !oneyB but the interference of Pro"idence is here re!arkab e# This bribe ay so hea"i y u%on his conscience, that he returned, threw back the !oney, and re%ented of his conduct# 'ike Peter, he was contrite, steadfast in the faith, and sea ed it with his b ood at Bury, *ugust /, F000, %raising and g orifying God# John )enley( Gent.( John 'ewman( and Patri& Pa& in1ham. Mr# -en ey and ;ew!an were returning one day to Maidstone, the % ace of their abode, when they were !et by E# Tyrre , EsE# a bigoted justice of the %eace in Essex, and a crue %ersecutor of the %rotestants# +e a%%rehended the! !ere y on sus%icion# )n the 0th of Ju y, F000, they were conde!ned, and consigned to the sheriffs, who sent Mr# -en ey to :xbridge, where he %erished, *ugust the Gth, F000# @hi e suffering in agony, and singing a %sa !, -r# ,tory inhu!an y ordered one of the tor!entors to throw a fagot at hi!, which cut his face se"ere y, caused hi! to cease singing, and to raise his hands to his face# Just as -r# ,tory was re!arking in jest that he had s%oi ed a good song, the %ious !artyr again chanted, s%read his hands abroad in the f a!es, and through 9hrist Jesus resigned his sou into the hands of his Maker# Mr# Packingha! suffered at the sa!e town on the /Gth of the sa!e !onth# Mr# ;ew!an, %ewterer, was burnt at ,affron @a don, in Essex, *ug# HF, for the sa!e cause, and .ichard +ook about the sa!e ti!e %erished at 9hichester# 9. 8o er( 9. Hooper( H. Lauren&e( ;. 8olliar( ;. 9ri1ht and 9. Stere. These %ersons a of <ent, were exa!ined at the sa!e ti!e with Mr# B and and ,hetterden, by Thornton, bisho% of -o"er, -r# +ar%sfie d, and others# These six !artyrs and witnesses of the truth were consigned to the f a!es in 9anterbury, at the end of *ugust, F000# E iAabeth @arne, widow of John @arne, u%ho sterer, !artyr, was burnt at ,tratford& e&bow, near 'ondon, at the end of *ugust, F000# George Tankerfie d, of 'ondon, cook, born at $ork, aged /2, in the reign of Edward ?8# had been a %a%istB but the crue ty of b oody Mary !ade hi! sus%ect the truth of those doctrines which were enforced by fire and torture#

Tankerfie d was i!%risoned in ;ewgate about the end of February, F000, and on *ug# /J, at ,t# * ban's, he bra"ed the excruciating fire, and joyfu y died for the g ory of his .edee!er# .e"# .obert ,!ith was first in the ser"ice of ,ir T# ,!ith, %ro"ost of EtonB and was afterward re!o"ed to @indsor, where he had a c erkshi% of ten %ounds a year# +e was conde!ned, Ju y F/, F000, and suffered *ug# G, at :xbridge# +e doubted not but that God wou d gi"e the s%ectators so!e token in su%%ort of his own causeB this actua y ha%%enedB for, when he was near y ha f burnt, and su%%osed to be dead, he sudden y rose u%, !o"ed the re!aining %arts of his ar!s and %raised GodB then, hanging o"er the fire, he sweet y s e%t in the 'ord Jesus# Mr# ,te%hen +arwood and Mr# Tho!as Fust suffered about the sa!e ti!e with ,!ith and Tankerfie d, with who! they were conde!ned# Mr# @i ia! +a e, a so, of Thor%, in Essex, was sent to Barnet, where about the sa!e ti!e he joined the e"er&b essed co!%any of Martyrs# George <ing, Tho!as 'eyes, and John @ade, fa ing sick in 'o ard's Tower, were re!o"ed to different houses, and died# Their bodies were thrown out in the co!!on fie ds as unworthy of buria , and ay ti the faithfu con"eyed the! away by night# Joan 'ashford, daughter&in& aw of John and E iAabeth @arne, !artyr, was the ast of the ten conde!ned before a uded toB her !artyrdo! took % ace in F00J, of which we sha s%eak in its date# Mr# @i ia! *ndrew of +orse ey, Essex, was i!%risoned in ;ewgate for heresyB but God chose to ca hi! to hi!se f by the se"ere treat!ent he endured in ;ewgate, and thus to !ock the sanguinary ex%ectations of his 9atho ic %ersecutors# +is body was thrown into the o%en air, but his sou was recei"ed into the e"er asting !ansions of his hea"en y 9reator# $he ;e2. ;obert Samuel. This gent e!an was !inister of Bradford, ,uffo k, where he industrious y taught the f ock co!!itted to his charge, whi e he was o%en y %er!itted to discharge his duty# +e was first %ersecuted by Mr# Foster, of 9o%dock, near 8%swich, a se"ere and bigoted %ersecutor of the fo owers of 9hrist, according to the truth in the Gos%e # ;otwithstanding Mr# ,a!ue was ejected fro! his i"ing, he continued to exhort and instruct %ri"ate yB nor wou d he obey the order for %utting away his wife, who! he had !arried in king Edward's reignB but ke%t her at 8%swich, where Foster, by warrant, sur%rised hi! by night with her# *fter being i!%risoned in 8%swich jai , he was taken before -r# +o%ton, bisho% of ;orwich, and -r# -unnings, his chance or, two of the !ost sanguinary a!ong the bigots of those days# To inti!idate the worthy %astor, he was in %rison chained to a %ost in such a !anner that the weight of his body was su%%orted by the %oints of his toes( added to this his a owance of %ro"ision was reduced to a Euantity so insufficient to sustain nature, that he was a !ost ready to de"our his own f esh# Fro! this dreadfu extre!ity there was e"en a degree of !ercy in ordering hi! to the fire# Mr# ,a!ue suffered *ugust HF, F000# @i ia! * en, a abouring ser"ant to Mr# +oughton of ,o!erton suffered not ong after Mr# ,a!ue , at @a singha!#

.oger 9oo, was an aged !an, and brought before the bisho% of ;orwich for contu!acy, by who! he was conde!ned *ug# F/, F000, and suffered in the fo owing !onth at $oxford, in ,uffo k# Tho!as 9obb, was a butcher at +a"erhi , and conde!ned by -unnings, the furious chance or of ;orwich# Mr# 9obb suffered at Thetford, ,e%t# F000# G. 8atmer( ;. Streater( A. #urward( G. #rodbrid1e( and J. $utty. These fi"e worthies, denying the rea %resence in the eucharist, were brought before -r# Thornton, bisho% of -o"er, and conde!ned as heretics# They suffered in one fire, ,e%t# J, F000, at 9anterbury, enduring a things for their faith in 9hrist Jesus# *bout the sa!e ti!e @i ia! G owd, 9orne ius Bungey, @i ia! @o sey, and .obert Pygot, suffered !artyrdo!# #ishop ;idley and #ishop Latimer. These re"erend %re ates suffered )ctober F2, F000, at )xford, on the sa!e day @o sey and Pygot %erished at E y# Pi ars of the church and acco!% ished orna!ents of hu!an nature, they were the ad!iration of the rea !, a!iab y cons%icuous in their i"es, and g orious in their deaths# -r# .id ey was born in ;orthu!ber and, was first taught gra!!ar at ;ewcast e, and afterward re!o"ed to 9a!bridge, where his a%titude in education raised hi! gradua y ti he ca!e to be the head of Pe!broke co ege, where he recei"ed the tit e of -octor of -i"inity# +a"ing returned fro! a tri% to Paris, he was a%%ointed 9ha% ain to +enry ?888# and Bisho% of .ochester, and was afterwards trans ated to the see of 'ondon in the ti!e of Edward ?8# +is tenacious !e!ory, extensi"e erudition, i!%ressi"e oratory, and indefatigab e Aea in %reaching, drew after hi! not on y his own f ock, but %ersons fro! a Euarters, desirous of god y exhortation or re%roof# +is tender treat!ent of -r# +eath, who was a %risoner with hi! during one year, in Edward's reign, e"ident y %ro"es that he had no 9atho ic crue ty in his dis%osition# 8n %erson he was erect and we %ro%ortionedB in te!%er forgi"ingB in se f&!ortification se"ere# +is first duty in the !orning was %ri"ate %rayer( he re!ained in his study ti F1 o'c ock, and then attended the dai y %rayer used in his house# -inner being done, he sat about an hour, con"ersing % easant y, or % aying at chess# +is study next engaged his attention, un ess business or "isits occurredB about fi"e o'c ock %rayers fo owedB and after he wou d recreate hi!se f at chess for about an hour, then retire to his study ti e e"en o'c ock, and %ray on his knees as in the !orning# 8n brief, he was a %attern of god iness and "irtue, and such he endea"ored to !ake !en where"er he ca!e# +is attenti"e kindness was dis% ayed %articu ar y to o d Mrs# Bonner, !other of -r# Bonner, the crue bisho% of 'ondon# -r# .id ey, when at his !anor at Fu ha!, a ways in"ited her to his house, % aced her at the head of his tab e, and treated her ike his own !otherB he did the sa!e by Bonner's sister and other re ati"esB but when -r# .id ey was under %ersecution, Bonner %ursued a conduct dia!etrica y o%%osite, and wou d ha"e sacrificed -r# .id ey's sister and her husband, Mr# George ,hi%side, had not Pro"idence de i"ered hi! by the !eans of -r# +eath, bisho% of @orcester# -r# .id ey was first in

%art con"erted by reading Bertra!'s book on the sacra!ent, and by his conferences with archbisho% 9ran!er and Peter Martyr# @hen Edward ?8# was re!o"ed fro! the throne, and the b oody Mary succeeded, bisho% .id ey was i!!ediate y !arked as an object of s aughter# +e was first sent to the Tower, and afterward, at )xford, was consigned to the co!!on %rison of Bocardo, with archbisho% 9ran!er and Mr# 'ati!er# Being se%arated fro! the!, he was % aced in the house of one 8rish, where he re!ained ti the day of his !artyrdo!, fro! F005, ti )ctober FJ, F000# 8t wi easi y be su%%osed that the con"ersations of these chiefs of the !artyrs were e aborate, earned, and instructi"e# ,uch indeed they were, and eEua y beneficia to a their s%iritua co!forts# Bisho% .id ey's etters to "arious 9hristian brethren in bonds in a %arts, and his dis%utations with the !itred ene!ies of 9hrist, a ike %ro"e the c earness of his head and the integrity of his heart# 8n a etter to Mr# Grinda , Qafterward archbisho% of 9anterbury,R he !entions with affection those who had %receded hi! in dying for the faith, and those who were ex%ected to sufferB he regrets that %o%ery is re&estab ished in its fu abo!ination, which he attributes to the wrath of God, !ade !anifest in return for the ukewar!ness of the c ergy and the %eo% e in just y a%%reciating the b essed ight of the refor!ation# Bisho% 'ati!er was the son of +ugh 'ati!er, of Turke son, in 'eicestershire, a husband!an of re%ute, with who! he re!ained ti he was four years o d# +is %arents, finding hi! of acute %arts, ga"e hi! a good education, and then sent hi! at fourteen to the uni"ersity of 9a!bridge, where he entered into the study of the schoo di"inity of that day, and was fro! %rinci% e a Aea ous obser"er of the .o!ish su%erstitions of the ti!e# 8n his oration when he co!!enced bache or of di"inity, he in"eighed against the refor!er Me ancthon, and o%en y dec ai!ed against good Mr# ,tafford, di"inity ecturer in 9a!bridge# Mr# Tho!as Bi ney, !o"ed by a brother y %ity towards Mr# 'ati!er, begged to wait u%on hi! in his study, and to ex% ain to hi! the groundwork of his QMr# Bi ney'sR faith# This b essed inter"iew effected his con"ersion( the %ersecutor of 9hrist beca!e his Aea ous ad"ocate, and before -r# ,tafford died he beca!e reconci ed to hi!# )nce con"erted, he beca!e eager for the con"ersion of others, and co!!enced %ub ic %reacher, and %ri"ate instructer in the uni"ersity# +is ser!ons were so %ointed against the absurdity of %raying in the 'atin tongue, and withho ding the orac es of sa "ation fro! the %eo% e who were to be sa"ed by be ief in the!, that he drew u%on hi!se f the %u %it ani!ad"ersions of se"era of the resident friars and heads of houses, who! he subseEuent y si enced by his se"ere criticis!s and e oEuent argu!ents# This was at 9hrist!as, F0/I# *t ength -r# @est %reached against Mr# 'ati!er at Barwe *bbey, and %rohibited hi! fro! %reaching again in the churches of the uni"ersity, notwithstanding which, he continued during three years to ad"ocate o%en y the cause of 9hrist, and e"en his ene!ies confessed the %ower of those ta ents he %ossessed# Mr# Bi ney re!ained here so!e ti!e with Mr# 'ati!er, and thus the % ace where they freEuent y wa ked together obtained the na!e of +eretics' +i # Mr# 'ati!er at this ti!e traced out the innocence of a %oor wo!an, accused by her husband of the !urder of her chi d# +a"ing %reached before king +enry ?888# at @indsor, he obtained the unfortunate !other's %ardon# This,

with !any other bene"o ent acts, ser"ed on y to excite the s% een of his ad"ersaries# +e was su!!oned before 9ardina @o sey for heresy, but being a strenuous su%%orter of the king's su%re!acy, in o%%osition to the %o%e's, by fa"our of ord 9ro!we and -r# Buts, Qthe king's %hysician,R he obtained the i"ing of @est <ingston, in @i tshire# For his ser!ons here against %urgatory, the i!!acu acy of the ?irgin, and the worshi% of i!ages, he was cited to a%%ear before @arha!, archbisho% of 9anterbury, and John, bisho% of 'ondon# +e was reEuired to subscribe certain artic es, ex%ressi"e of his confor!ity to the accusto!ed usagesB and there is reason to think, after re%eated week y exa!inations, that he did subscribe, as they did not see! to in"o "e any i!%ortant artic e of be ief# Guided by Pro"idence, he esca%ed the subt e nets of his %ersecutors, and at ength, through the %owerfu friends before !entioned, beca!e bisho% of @orcester, in which function he Eua ified or ex% ained away !ost of the %a%a cere!onies he was for for!'s sake under the necessity of co!% ying with# +e continued in this acti"e and dignified e!% oy!ent so!e years, ti the co!ing in of the ,ix *rtic es, when, to %reser"e an unsu ied conscience, he, as we as -r# ,haxton, bisho% of ,a isbury, resigned# +e re!ained a %risoner in the Tower ti the coronation of Edward ?8# when he was again ca ed to the 'ord's har"est in ,ta!ford, and !any other % aces( he a so %reached at 'ondon in the con"ocation house, and before the young kingB indeed he ectured twice e"ery ,unday, regard ess of his great age Qthen abo"e sixty&se"en years,R and his weakness through a bruise recei"ed fro! the fa of a tree# 8ndefatigab e in his %ri"ate studies, he rose to the! in winter and in su!!er at two o'c ock in the !orning# By the strength of his own !ind, or of so!e inward ight fro! abo"e, he had a %ro%hetic "iew of what was to ha%%en to the church in Mary's reign, asserting that he was doo!ed to suffer for the truth, and that @inchester, then in the Tower, was %reser"ed for that %ur%ose# ,oon after Eueen Mary was %roc ai!ed, a !essenger was sent to su!!on Mr# 'ati!er to town, and there is reason to be ie"e it was wished that he shou d !ake his esca%e# )n entering ,!ithfie d, he jocose y said, that the % ace had ong groaned for hi!# *fter being exa!ined by the counci , he was co!!itted to the Tower, where his cheerfu ness is dis% ayed in the fo owing anecdote# Being ke%t without fire in se"ere frosty weather, his aged fra!e suffered so !uch, that he to d the ieutenant's !an, that if he did not ook better after hi! he shou d decei"e his !aster# The ieutenant, thinking he !eant to effect his esca%e, ca!e to hi!, to know what he !eant by this s%eechB which Mr# 'ati!er re% ied to, by saying, C$ou, Mr# 'ieutenant, doubt ess su%%ose 8 sha burnA but, exce%t you et !e ha"e so!e fire, 8 sha decei"e your ex%ectation, for here it is ike y 8 sha be star2ed with &old#C Mr# 'ati!er, after re!aining a ong ti!e in the Tower, was trans%orted to )xford, with 9ran!er and .id ey, the dis%utations at which % ace ha"e been a ready !entioned in a for!er %art of this work# +e re!ained i!%risoned ti )ctober, and the %rinci%a objects of a his %rayers were threeDthat he !ight stand faithfu to the doctrine he had %rofessed, that God wou d restore his gos%e to Eng and once again, and %reser"e the 'ady E iAabeth to be EueenB a which ha%%ened# @hen he stood at the stake without the Bocardo& gate, )xford, with -r# .id ey, and fire was %utting to the %i e of fagots, he raised his eyes benignant y towards hea"en, and said, CGod is faithfu , who doth not suffer us to be te!%ted abo"e our strength#C +is body was forcib y

%enetrated by the fire, and the b ood f owed abundant y fro! the heartB as if to "erify his constant desire that his heart's b ood !ight be shed in defence of the gos%e # +is %o e!ica and friend y etters are asting !onu!ents of his integrity and ta ents# 8t has been before said, that %ub ic dis%utation took % ace in *%ri , F005, new exa!inations took % ace in )ct# F000, %re"ious to the degradation and conde!nation of 9ran!er, .id ey, and 'ati!er# @e now draw to the conc usion of the i"es of the two ast# -r# .id ey, the night before execution, was "ery facetious, had hi!se f sha"ed, and ca ed his su%%er a !arriage feastB he re!arked u%on seeing Mrs# 8rish Qthe kee%er's wifeR wee%, Cthough !y breakfast wi be so!ewhat shar%, !y su%%er wi be !ore % easant and sweet#C The % ace of death was on the north side of the town o%%osite Ba io 9o ege(D-r# .id ey was dressed in a b ack gown furred, and Mr# 'ati!er had a ong shroud on, hanging down to his feet# -r# .id ey, as he %assed Bocardo, ooked u% to see -r# 9ran!er, but the atter was then engaged in dis%utation with a friar#D @hen they ca!e to the stake, -r# .id ey e!braced 'ati!er fer"ent y, and bid hi! be of good heart# +e then kne t by the stake, and after earnest y %raying together, they had a short %ri"ate con"ersation# -r# ,!ith then %reached a short ser!on against the !artyrs, who wou d ha"e answered hi!, but were %re"ented by -r# Marsha , the "ice&chance or# -r# .id ey then took off his gown and ti%%et, and ga"e the! to his brother&in& aw, Mr# ,hi%side# +e ga"e away a so !any trif es to his wee%ing friends, and the %o%u ace were anxious to get e"en a frag!ent of his gar!ents# Mr# 'ati!er ga"e nothing, and fro! the %o"erty of his garb, was soon stri%%ed to his shroud, and stood "enerab e and erect, fear ess of death# -r# .id ey being unc othed to his shirt, the s!ith % aced an iron chain about their waists, and -r# .id ey bid hi! fasten it secure yB his brother ha"ing tied a bag of gun%owder about his neck, ga"e so!e a so to Mr# 'ati!er# -r# .id ey then reEuested of 'ord @i ia!s, of Fa!e, to ad"ocate with the Eueen the cause of so!e %oor !en to who! he had, when bisho%, granted eases, but which the %resent bisho% refused to confir!# * ighted fagot was now aid at -r# .id ey's feet, which caused Mr# 'ati!er to say, CBe of good cheer, .id eyB and % ay the !an# @e sha this day, by God's grace, ight u% such a cand e in Eng and, as, 8 trust, wi ne"er be %ut out#C @hen -r# .id ey saw the f a!e a%%roaching hi!, he exc ai!ed, C8nto thy hands, ) 'ord, 8 co!!end !y s%iritSC and re%eated often, C'ord recei"e !y s%iritSC Mr# 'ati!er, too, ceased not to say, C) Father of hea"en recei"e !y sou SC E!bracing the f a!e, he bathed his hands in it, and soon died, a%%arent y with itt e %ainB but -r# .id ey, by the i &adjust!ent of the fagots, which were green, and % aced too high abo"e the furAe was burnt !uch downwards# *t this ti!e, %iteous y entreating for !ore fire to co!e to hi!, his brother&in& aw i!%rudent y hea%ed the fagots u% o"er hi!, which caused the fire !ore fierce y to burn his i!bs, whence he itera y ea%ed u% and down under the fagots, exc ai!ing that he cou d not burnB indeed, his dreadfu extre!ity was but too % ain, for after his egs were Euite consu!ed, he showed his body and shirt unsinged by the f a!e# 9rying u%on God for !ercy, a !an with a bi %u ed the fagots down, and when the f a!es arose, he bent hi!se f towards that sideB at ength the gun%owder was ignited, and then he ceased to !o"e, burning on the other side, and fa ing down at Mr# 'ati!er's feet o"er the chain that had hitherto su%%orted hi!#

E"ery eye shed tears at the aff icting sight of these sufferers, who were a!ong the !ost distinguished %ersons of their ti!e in dignity, %iety, and %ub ic esti!ation# They suffered )ctober FJ, F000# 8n the fo owing !onth died ,te%hen Gardiner, bisho% of @inchester and 'ord 9hance or of Eng and# This %a%istica !onster was born at Bury, in ,uffo k, and %art y educated at 9a!bridge# *!bitious, crue , and bigoted, he ser"ed any causeB be first es%oused the king's %art in the affair of *nne Bo eyn( u%on the estab ish!ent of the .efor!ation, he dec ared the su%re!acy of the Po%e an execrab e tenet, and when Eueen Mary ca!e to the crown, he entered into a her %a%istica bigoted "iews, and beca!e a second ti!e bisho% of @inchester# 8t is conjectured it was his intention to ha"e !o"ed the sacrifice of 'ady E iAabeth, but when he arri"ed at this %oint, it % eased God to re!o"e hi!# 8t was on the afternoon of the day when those faithfu so diers of 9hrist, .id ey and 'ati!er, %erished, that Gardiner sat down with a joyfu heart to dinner# ,carce y had he taken a few !outhfu s, when he was seiAed with i ness, and carried to his bed, where he ingered fifteen days in great tor!ent, unab e in any wise to e"acuate, and burnt with a de"ouring fe"er, that ter!inated in death# Execrated by a good 9hristians, we %ray the Father of Mercies, that he !ay recei"e that !ercy abo"e he ne"er i!%arted be ow# Mr. John 9ebb( Geor1e ;oper( and Gre1ory Par er. These !artyrs, after being brought before the bisho% of -o"er and -r# +ar%sfie d, were fina y exa!ined, )ctober H, F000, adjudged to be heretics, and at 9anterbury, ter!inated their existence# @!# @ise!an, c othworker of 'ondon, died in 'o ard's Tower, -ec# FH, F000, not without sus%icion of being !ade way with, for his o"e of the gos%e # 8n -ece!ber, died Ja!es Gore, at 9o chester, i!%risoned for the sa!e cause# Mr. John Philpot. This !artyr was the son of a knight, born in +a!%shire, and brought u% at ;ew 9o ege, )xford, where he se"era years studied the ci"i aw, and beca!e e!inent in the +ebrew tongue# +e was a scho ar and a gent e!an, Aea ous in re igion, fear ess in dis%osition, and a detester of f attery# *fter "isiting 8ta y, he returned to Eng and, affairs in <ing Edward's days wearing a !ore %ro!ising as%ect# -uring this reign he continued to be archdeacon of @inchester under -r# Poinet, who succeeded Gardiner# :%on the accession of Mary, a con"ocation was su!!oned, in which Mr# Phi %ot defended the .efor!ation against his ordinary, Gardiner, Qagain !ade bisho% of @inchester,R and soon was conducted to Bonner and other co!!issioners for exa!ination, )ct# /, F000, after being eighteen !onths i!%risoned# :%on his de!anding to see the co!!ission, -r# ,tory crue y obser"ed, C8 wi s%end both !y gown and !y coat, but 8 wi burn theeS 'et hi! be in 'o ard's tower, Qa wretched %rison,R for 8 wi swee% the <ing's Bench and a other %risons of these hereticsSC :%on Mr# Phi %ot's second exa!ination, it was inti!ated to hi!, that -r# ,tory had said that the 'ord 9hance or had co!!anded that he shou d be !ade way with# 8t is easy to forete the resu t of this inEuiryB he was co!!itted to Bonner's coa &house, where he joined

co!%any with a Aea ous !inister of Essex, who had been induced to sign a bi of recantationB but afterward, stung by his conscience, he asked the bisho% to et hi! see the instru!ent again, when he tore it to %iecesB which induced Bonner in a fury to strike hi! re%eated y, and tear away %art of his beard# Mr# Phi %ot had a %ri"ate inter"iew with Bonner the sa!e night, and was then re!anded to his bed of straw ike other %risoners, in the coa & house# *fter se"en exa!inations, Bonner ordered hi! to be set in the stocks, and on the fo owing ,unday se%arated hi! fro! his fe ow&%risoners as a sower of heresy, and ordered hi! u% to a roo! near the batt e!ents of ,t# Pau 's, eight feet by thirteen, on the other side of 'o ard's tower, and which cou d be o"er ooked by any one in the bisho%'s outer ga ery# +ere Mr# Phi %ot was searched, but ha%%i y he was successfu in secreting so!e etters containing his exa!inations# 8n the e e"enth in"estigation before "arious bisho%s, and Mr# Morgan, of )xford, the atter was so dri"en into a corner by the c ose %ressure of Mr# Phi %ot's argu!ents, that he said to hi!, C8nstead of the s%irit of the gos%e which you boast to %ossess, 8 think it is the s%irit of the buttery, which your fe ows ha"e had, who were drunk before their death, and went 8 be ie"e drunken to it#C To this unfounded and brutish re!ark, Mr# Phi %ot indignant y re% ied, C8t a%%eareth by your co!!unication, that you are better acEuainted with that s%irit than the s%irit of GodB wherefore 8 te thee, thou %ainted wa and hy%ocrite, in the na!e of the i"ing God, whose truth 8 ha"e to d thee, that God sha rain fire and bri!stone u%on such b as%he!ers as thou artSC +e was then re!anded by Bonner, with an order not to a ow hi! his Bib e nor cand e ight# -ece!ber 5th, Mr# Phi %ot had his next hearing, and this was fo owed by two !ore, !aking in a , fourteen conferences, %re"ious to the fina exa!ination in which he was conde!nedB such were the %erse"erance and anxiety of the 9atho ics, aided by the argu!entati"e abi ities of the !ost distinguished of the %a%a bisho%s, to bring hi! into the %a e of their church# Those exa!inations, which were "ery ong and earned, were a written down by Mr# Phi %ot, and a stronger %roof of the i!beci ity of the 9atho ic doctors, cannot, to an unbiassed !ind, be exhibited# -ece!ber FJth, in the consistory of ,t# Pau 's bisho% Bonner, after aying so!e trif ing accusations to his charge such as secreting %owder to !ake ink, writing so!e %ri"ate etters, Kc# %roceeded to %ass the awfu sentence u%on hi!, after he and the other bisho%s had urged hi! by e"ery induce!ent to recant# +e was afterward conducted to ;ewgate, where the a"aricious 9atho ic kee%er oaded hi! with hea"y irons, which by the hu!anity of Mr# Macha! were ordered to be taken off# -ece!ber F2th, Mr# Phi %ot recei"ed inti!ation that he was to die next day, and the next !orning about eight o'c ock, he joyfu y !et the sheriffs, who were to attend hi! to the % ace of execution# :%on entering ,!ithfie d the ground was so !uddy, that two officers offered to carry hi! to the stake, but he re% ied, C@ou d you !ake !e a %o%eT 8 a! content to finish !y journey on foot#C *rri"ed at the stake, he said, C,ha 8 disdain to suffer at the stake, when !y .edee!er did not refuse to suffer the !ost "i e death u%on the 9ross for !eTC +e then !eek y recited the c"ii# and c"iii# Psa !s, and when he had finished his %rayers, was bound to the %ost, and fire a%% ied to the %i e# )n -ece!ber FGth, F000, %erished this i ustrious !artyr, re"erenced by !an, and g orified in hea"enS +is etters arising out of the cause for which he suffered, are e egant, nu!erous, and e aborate#

;e2. $. 9hittle( #. Green( $. #rown( J. $udson( J. "nt( Isabel $ooster( and Joan Lashford. These se"en %ersons were su!!oned before Bonner's consistory, and the artic es of the .o!ish church tendered for their a%%robation# Their refusa subjected the! to the sentence of conde!nation, and on January /2, F00J, they underwent the dreadfu sentence of b ood in ,!ithfie d# Mr# Bart et Green was conde!ned the next day# Mr# Tho!as Brown, born at +iston, E y, but afterward of ,t# Bride's, 'ondon, was %resented by the %arish constab e to Bonner, for absenting hi!se f fro! church# This faithfu so dier of 9hrist suffered on the sa!e day with the %receding# Mr# John Tudson, of 8%swich by birth, was a%%renticed in 'ondon to a Mr# Goodyear, of ,t# Mary Boto %h# +e was conde!ned January F0, F00J, and consigned to the secu ar %ower, which co!% eted the fiery tyranny of the aw, January /2, to the g ory of God, and the i!!orta sa "ation of the !eek sufferer# ,ubseEuent y, John +unt, 8sabe a Forster, and Joan @arne, were conde!ned and executed# John Lomas( A1nes Snoth( Anne 9ri1ht( Joan Sole( and Joan 8atmer. These fi"e !artyrs suffered together, January HF, F00J# John 'o!as was a young !an of Tenterden# +e was cited to a%%ear at 9anterbury, and was exa!ined January F2# +is answers being ad"erse to the ido atrous doctrine of the %a%acy, he was conde!ned on the fo owing day, and suffered January HF# *gnes ,noth, widow, of ,!arden Parish, was se"era ti!es su!!oned before the 9atho ic Pharisees, and rejecting abso ution, indu gences, transubstantiation, and auricu ar confession, she was adjudged worthy to suffer death, and endured !artyrdo!, January HF, with *nne @right and Joan ,o e, who were % aced in si!i ar circu!stances, and %erished at the sa!e ti!e, with eEua resignation# Joan 9at!er, the ast of this hea"en y co!%any, of the %arish +ithe, was the wife of the !artyr George 9at!er# ,e do! in any country, for %o itica contro"ersy, ha"e four wo!en been ed to execution, whose i"es were irre%roachab e, and who! the %ity of sa"ages wou d ha"e s%ared# @e cannot but re!ark here that, when the Protestant %ower first gained the ascendency o"er the 9atho ic su%erstition, and so!e degree of force in the aws was necessary to enforce unifor!ity, whence so!e bigoted %eo% e suffered %ri"ation in their %erson or goods, we read of few burnings, sa"age crue ties, or %oor wo!en brought to the stake, but it is the nature of error to resort to force instead of argu!ent, and to si ence truth by taking away existence, of which the .edee!er hi!se f is an instance# The abo"e fi"e %ersons were burnt at two stakes in one fire, singing hosannahs to the g orified ,a"iour, ti the breath of ife was extinct# ,ir John ;orton, who was %resent, we%t bitter y at their un!erited sufferings# Ar&hbishop 8ranmer.

-r# Tho!as 9ran!er was descended fro! an ancient fa!i y, and was born at the "i age of *rse acton, in the county of ;ortha!%ton# *fter the usua schoo education he was sent to 9a!bridge, and was chosen fe ow of Jesus 9o ege# +ere he !arried a gent e!an's daughter, by which he forfeited his fe owshi%, and beca!e a reader in Buckingha! co ege, % acing his wife at the -o %hin inn, the and ady of which was a re ation of hers, whence arose the id e re%ort that he was an ost er# +is ady short y after dying in chi dbed, to his credit he was re&chosen a fe ow of the co ege before !entioned# 8n a few years after, he was %ro!oted to be -i"inity 'ecturer, and a%%ointed one of the exa!iners o"er those who were ri%e to beco!e Bache ors or -octors in -i"inity# 8t was his %rinci% e to judge of their Eua ifications by the know edge they %ossessed of the ,cri%tures, rather than of the ancient fathers, and hence !any %o%ish %riests were rejected, and others rendered !uch i!%ro"ed# +e was strong y so icited by -r# 9a%on to be one of the fe ows on the foundation of 9ardina @o sey's co ege, )xford, of which he haAarded the refusa # @hi e he continued in 9a!bridge, the Euestion of +enry ?888#'s di"orce with 9atharine was agitated# *t that ti!e, on account of the % ague, -r# 9ran!er re!o"ed to the house of a Mr# 9ressy, at @a tha! *bbey, whose two sons were then educating under hi!# The affair of di"orce, contrary to the king's a%%robation, had re!ained undecided abo"e two or three years, fro! the intrigues of the canonists and ci"i ians, and though the cardina s 9a!%eius and @o sey were co!!issioned fro! .o!e to decide the Euestion, they %ur%ose y %rotracted the sentence# 8t ha%%ened that -r# Gardiner QsecretaryR and -r# Fox, defenders of the king in the abo"e suit, ca!e to the house of Mr# 9ressy to odge, whi e the king re!o"ed to Greenwich# *t su%%er, a con"ersation ensued with -r# 9ran!er, who suggested that the Euestion, whether a !an !ay !arry his brother's wife or not, cou d be easi y and s%eedi y decided by the word of God, and this as we in the Eng ish courts as in those of any foreign nation# The king, uneasy at the de ay, sent for -r# Gardiner and -r# Foxe, to consu t the!, regretting that a new co!!ission !ust be sent to .o!e, and the suit be end ess y %rotracted# :%on re ating to the king the con"ersation which had %assed on the %re"ious e"ening with -r# 9ran!er, his !ajesty sent for hi!, and o%ened the tenderness of conscience u%on the near affinity of the Eueen# -r# 9ran!er ad"ised that the !atter shou d be referred to the !ost earned di"ines of 9a!bridge and )xford, as he was unwi ing to !edd e in an affair of such weightB but the king enjoined hi! to de i"er his senti!ents in writing, and to re%air for that %ur%ose to the Ear of @i tshire's, who wou d acco!!odate hi! with books, and e"ery thing reEuisite for the occasion# This -r# 9ran!er i!!ediate y did, and in his dec aration, not on y Euoted the authority of the ,cri%tures, of genera counci s and the ancient writers, but !aintained that the bisho% of .o!e had no authority whate"er to dis%ense with the word of God# The king asked hi! if he wou d stand by this bo d dec arationB to which re% ying in the affir!ati"e, he was de%uted a!bassador to .o!e, in conjunction with the Ear of @i tshire, -r# ,tokes ey, -r# 9arne, -r# Bennet, and others, %re"ious to which, the !arriage was discussed in !ost of the uni"ersities of 9hristendo! and at .o!eB when the %o%e %resented his toe to be kissed, as custo!ary, the Ear of @i tshire and his %arty refused# 8ndeed, it is affir!ed, that a s%anie of the Ear 's, attracted by

the g itter of the %o%e's toe, !ade a sna% at it, whence his ho iness drew in his sacred foot, and kicked at the offender with the other# :%on the %o%e de!anding the cause of their e!bassy, the Ear %resented -r# 9ran!er's book, dec aring that his earned friends had co!e to defend it# The %o%e treated the e!bassy honourab y, and a%%ointed a day for the discussion, which he de ayed, as if afraid of the issue of the in"estigation# The Ear returned, and -r# 9ran!er, by the king's desire, "isited the e!%eror, and was successfu in bringing hi! o"er to his o%inion# :%on the -octor's return to Eng and, -r# @arha!, archbisho% of 9anterbury, ha"ing Euitted this transitory ife, -r# 9ran!er was deser"ed y, and by -r# @arha!'s desire, e e"ated to that e!inent station# 8n this function, it !ay be said that he fo owed c ose y the charge of ,t# Pau # -i igent in duty, he rose at fi"e in the !orning, and continued in study and %rayer ti nine( between then and dinner, he de"oted to te!%ora affairs# *fter dinner, if any suitors wanted hearing, he wou d deter!ine their business with such an affabi ity, that e"en the defau ters were scarce y dis% eased# Then he wou d % ay at chess for an hour, or see others % ay, and at fi"e o'c ock he heard the 9o!!on Prayer read, and fro! this ti su%%er he took the recreation of wa king# *t su%%er his con"ersation was i"e y and entertainingB again he wa ked or a!used hi!se f ti nine o'c ock, and then entered his study# +e ranked high in fa"our with king +enry and e"er had the %urity and the interest of the Eng ish church dee% y at heart# +is !i d and forgi"ing dis%osition is recorded in the fo owing instanceD*n ignorant %riest, in the country, had ca ed 9ran!er an ost er, and s%oken "ery derogatory of his earning# 'ord 9ro!we recei"ing infor!ation of it, the !an was sent to the f eet, and his case was to d to the archbisho% by a Mr# 9hertsey, a grocer, and a re ation of the %riest's# +is grace, ha"ing sent for the offender, reasoned with hi!, and so icited the %riest to Euestion hi! on any earned subject# This the !an, o"erco!e by the bisho%'s good nature, and knowing his own g aring inca%acity, dec ined, and entreated his forgi"eness, which was i!!ediate y granted, with a charge to e!% oy his ti!e better when he returned to his %arish# 9ro!we was !uch "exed at the enity dis% ayed, but the bisho% was e"er !ore ready to recei"e injury than to reta iate in any other !anner than by good ad"ice and good offices# *t the ti!e that 9ran!er was raised to be archbisho%, he was king's cha% ain, and archdeacon of TauntonB he was a so constituted by the %o%e, %enitentiary genera of Eng and# 8t was considered by the king that 9ran!er wou d be obseEuiousB hence the atter !arried the king to *nne Bo eyn, %erfor!ed her coronation, stood godfather to E iAabeth, the first chi d, and di"orced the king fro! 9atharine# Though 9ran!er recei"ed a confir!ation of his dignity fro! the %o%e, he a ways %rotested against acknow edging any other authority than the king's, and he %ersisted in the sa!e inde%endent senti!ents when before Mary's co!!issioners in F000# )ne of the first ste%s after the di"orce was to %re"ent %reaching throughout his diocess, but this narrow !easure had rather a %o itica "iew than a re igious one, as there were !any who in"eighed against the king's conduct# 8n his new dignity 9ran!er agitated the Euestion of su%re!acy, and by his %owerfu and just argu!ents induced the %ar ia!ent to Crender to 9Psar the things which are 9Psar's#C -uring 9ran!er's residence in Ger!any, F0HF, he beca!e

acEuainted with )ssiander, at ;urenburgh, and !arried his niece, but eft her with hi! whi e on his return to Eng andB after a season he sent for her %ri"ate y, and she re!ained with hi! ti the year F0HI, when the ,ix *rtic es co!%e ed hi! to return her to her friends for a ti!e# 8t shou d be re!e!bered that )ssiander, ha"ing obtained the a%%robation of his friend 9ran!er, %ub ished the aborious work of the +ar!ony of the Gos%e s in F0H2# 8n F0H5 the archbisho% co!% eted the dearest wish of his heart, the re!o"a of e"ery obstac e to the %erfection of the .efor!ation, by the subscri%tion of the nob es and bisho%s to the king's so e su%re!acy# )n y bisho% Fisher and ,ir Tho!as More !ade objectionB and their agree!ent not to o%%ose the succession, 9ran!er was wi ing to consider as sufficient, but the !onarch wou d ha"e no other than an entire concession# ;ot ong after, Gardiner, in a %ri"ate inter"iew with the king, s%oke ini!ica y of 9ran!er, Qwho! he !a icious y hatedR for assu!ing the tit e of Pri!ate of a Eng and, as derogatory to the su%re!acy of the king, this created !uch jea ousy against 9ran!er, and his trans ation of the Bib e was strong y o%%osed by ,tokes ey, bisho% of 'ondon# 8t is said, u%on the de!ise of Eueen 9atharine, that her successor *nne Bo eyn rejoicedDa esson this to show how sha ow is the hu!an judg!entS since her own execution took % ace in the s%ring of the fo owing year, and the king, on the day fo owing the beheading of this sacrificed ady, !arried the beautifu Jane ,ey!our, a !aid of honour to the ate Eueen# 9ran!er was e"er the friend of *nne Bo eyn, but it was dangerous to o%%ose the wi of the carna tyrannica !onarch# 8n F0HG, the ho y ,cri%tures were o%en y ex%osed to sa eB and the % aces of worshi% o"erf owed e"ery where to hear its ho y doctrines ex%ounded# :%on the king's %assing into a aw the fa!ous ,ix *rtic es, which went near y again to estab ish the essentia tenets of the .o!ish creed, 9ran!er shone forth with a the ustre of a 9hristian %atriot, in resisting the doctrines they contained, and in which he was su%%orted by the bisho%s of ,aru!, @orcester, E y, and .ochester, the two for!er of who! resigned their bisho%rics# The king, though now in o%%osition to 9ran!er, sti re"ered the sincerity that !arked his conduct# The death of 'ord 9ro!we in the Tower, in F051, the good friend of 9ran!er, was a se"ere b ow to the wa"ering %rotestant cause, but e"en now 9ran!er, when he saw the tide direct y ad"erse to the truth, bo d y waited on the king in %erson, and by his !an y and heartfe t % eading, caused the book of *rtic es to be %assed on his side, to the great confusion of his ene!ies, who had conte!% ated his fa as ine"itab e# 9ran!er now i"ed in as sec uded a !anner as %ossib e, ti the rancour of @inchester %referred so!e artic es against hi!, re ati"e to the dangerous o%inion he taught in his fa!i y, joined to other treasonab e charges# These the king de i"ered hi!se f to 9ran!er, and be ie"ing fir! y the fide ity and assertions of innocence of the accused %re ate, he caused the !atter to be dee% y in"estigated, and @inchester and -r# 'enden, with Thornton and Barber, of the bisho%'s househo d, were found by the %a%ers to be the rea cons%irators# The !i d forgi"ing 9ran!er wou d ha"e interceded for a re!ission of %unish!ent, had not +enry, % eased with the subsidy "oted by %ar ia!ent, et the! be dischargedB these nefarious !en, howe"er, again renewing their % ots against 9ran!er, fe "icti!s to +enry's resent!ent, and Gardiner fore"er ost his confidence# ,ir G# Gostwick soon after aid charges

against the archbisho%, which +enry Euashed, and the %ri!ate was wi ing to forgi"e# 8n F055, the archbisho%'s %a ace at 9anterbury was burnt, and his brother&in& aw with others %erished in it# These "arious aff ictions !ay ser"e to reconci e us to an hu!b e stateB for of what ha%%iness cou d this great and good !an boastT since his ife was constant y harassed either by %o itica , re igious, or natura crosses# *gain the in"eterate Gardiner aid high charges against the !eek archbisho% and wou d ha"e sent hi! to the towerB but the king was his friend, ga"e hi! his signet that he wou d defend hi!, and in the counci not on y dec ared the bisho% one of the best affected !en in his rea !, but shar% y rebuked his accusers for their ca u!ny# * %eace ha"ing been !ade, +enry, and the French king +enry the Great, were unani!ous to ha"e the !ass abo ished in their kingdo!, and 9ran!er set about this great workB but the death of the Eng ish !onarch, in F05J, sus%ended the %rocedure, and king Edward his successor continued 9ran!er in the sa!e functions, u%on whose coronation he de i"ered a charge that wi e"er honour his !e!ory, for its %urity, freedo!, and truth# -uring this reign he %rosecuted the g orious refor!ation with unabated Aea , e"en in the year F00/, when he was seiAed with a se"ere ague, fro! which it % eased God to restore hi! that he !ight testify by his death the truth of that seed he had di igent y sown# The death of Edward, in F00H, ex%osed 9ran!er to a the rage of his ene!ies# Though the archbisho% was a!ong those who su%%orted Mary's accession, he was attainted at the !eeting of %ar ia!ent, and in ;o"e!ber adjudged gui ty of high treason at Gui dha , and degraded fro! his dignities# +e sent an hu!b e etter to Mary, ex% aining the cause of his signing the wi in fa"or of Edward, and in F005 he wrote to the counci , who! he %ressed to obtain a %ardon fro! the Eueen, by a etter de i"ered to -r# @eston, but which the atter o%ened, and on seeing its contents, base y returned# Treason was a charge Euite ina%% icab e to 9ran!er, who su%%orted the Eueen's rightB whi e others, who had fa"oured 'ady Jane, u%on %aying a s!a fine were dis!issed# * ca u!ny was now s%read against 9ran!er, that he co!% ied with so!e of the %o%ish cere!onies to ingratiate hi!se f with the Eueen, which he dared %ub ic y to disa"ow, and justified his artic es of faith# The acti"e %art which the %re ate had taken in the di"orce of Mary's !other had e"er rank ed dee% y in the heart of the Eueen, and re"enge for!ed a %ro!inent feature in the death of 9ran!er# @e ha"e in this work, noticed the %ub ic dis%utations at )xford, in which the ta ents of 9ran!er, .id ey, and 'ati!er, shone so cons%icuous y, and tended to their conde!nation#DThe first sentence was i ega , inas!uch as the usur%ed %ower of the %o%e had not yet been re&estab ished by aw# Being ke%t in %rison ti this was effected, a co!!ission was des%atched fro! .o!e, a%%ointing -r# Brooks to sit as the re%resentati"e of his +o iness, and -rs# ,tory and Martin as those of the Eueen# 9ran!er was wi ing to bow to the authority of -rs# ,tory and Martin, but against that of -r# Brooks he %rotested# ,uch were the re!arks and re% ies of 9ran!er, after a ong exa!ination, that -r# Brooks obser"ed, C@e co!e to exa!ine you, and !ethinks you exa!ine us#C Being sent back to confine!ent, he recei"ed a citation to a%%ear at .o!e within eighteen days, but this was i!%racticab e, as he was i!%risoned in Eng andB and as he stated, e"en had he been at

iberty, he was too %oor to e!% oy an ad"ocate# *bsurd as it !ust a%%ear, 9ran!er was conde!ned at .o!e, and February F5, F00J, a new co!!ission was a%%ointed by which, Third y, bisho% of E y, and Bonner, of 'ondon, were de%uted to sit in judg!ent at 9hrist&church, )xford# By "irtue of this instru!ent, 9ran!er was gradua y degraded, by %utting !ere rags on hi! to re%resent the dress of an archbisho%B then stri%%ing hi! of his attire, they took off his own gown, and %ut an o d worn one u%on hi! instead# This he bore un!o"ed, and his ene!ies, finding that se"erity on y rendered hi! !ore deter!ined, tried the o%%osite course, and % aced hi! in the house of the dean of 9hrist&church, where he was treated with e"ery indu gence# This %resented such a contrast to the three years hard i!%rison!ent he had recei"ed, that it threw hi! off his guard# +is o%en, generous nature was !ore easi y to be seduced by a ibera conduct than by threats and fetters# @hen satan finds the christian %roof against one !ode of attack, he tries anotherB and what for! is so seducti"e as s!i es, rewards, and %ower, after a ong, %ainfu i!%rison!entT Thus it was with 9ran!er( his ene!ies %ro!ised hi! his for!er greatness if he wou d but recant, as we as the Eueen's fa"our, and this at the "ery ti!e they knew that his death was deter!ined in counci # To soften the %ath to a%ostacy, the first %a%er brought for his signature was concei"ed in genera ter!sB this one signed, fi"e others were obtained as ex% anatory of the first, ti fina y he %ut his hand to the fo owing detestab e instru!ent(D C8, Tho!as 9ran!er, ate archbisho% of 9anterbury, do renounce, abhor, and detest a !anner of heresies and errors of 'uther and Nuing ius, and a other teachings which are contrary to sound and true doctrine# *nd 8 be ie"e !ost constant y in !y heart, and with !y !outh 8 confess one ho y and catho ic church "isib e, without which there is no sa "ationB and therefore 8 acknow edge the bisho% of .o!e to be su%re!e head on earth, who! 8 acknow edge to be the highest bisho% and %o%e, and 9hrist's "icar, unto who! a christian %eo% e ought to be subject# C*nd as concerning the sacra!ents, 8 be ie"e and worshi% in the sacra!ent of the a tar the body and b ood of 9hrist, being contained !ost tru y under the for!s of bread and wineB the bread, through the !ighty %ower of God being turned into the body of our ,a"iour Jesus 9hrist, and the wine into his b ood# C*nd in the other six sacra!ents, a so, Qa ike as in thisR 8 be ie"e and ho d as the uni"ersa church ho deth, and the church of .o!e judgeth and deter!ineth# CFurther!ore, 8 be ie"e that there is a % ace of %urgatory, where sou s de%arted be %unished for a ti!e, for who! the church doth god i y and who eso!e y %ray, ike as it doth honour saints and !ake %rayers to the!# CFina y, in a things 8 %rofess, that 8 do not otherwise be ie"e than the catho ic church and the church of .o!e ho deth and teacheth#D8 a! sorry that 8 e"er he d or thought otherwise# *nd 8 beseech * !ighty God, that of his !ercy he wi "ouchsafe to forgi"e !e whatsoe"er 8 ha"e offended against God or his church, and a so 8 desire and beseech a christian %eo% e to %ray for !e# C*nd a such as ha"e been decei"ed either by !ine exa!% e of doctrine, 8 reEuire the! by the b ood of Jesus 9hrist that they wi return to the unity of the church, that we !ay be a of one !ind, without schis! or di"ision#

C*nd to conc ude, as 8 sub!it !yse f to the catho ic church of 9hrist, and to the su%re!e head thereof, so 8 sub!it !yse f unto the !ost exce ent !ajesties of Phi i% and Mary, king and Eueen of this rea ! of Eng and, Kc# and to a other their aws and ordinances, being ready a ways as a faithfu subject e"er to obey the!# *nd God is !y witness, that 8 ha"e not done this for fa"our or fear of any %erson, but wi ing y and of !ine own conscience, as to the instruction of others#C C'et hi! that standeth take heed est he fa SC said the a%ost e, and here was a fa ing off indeedS The %a%ists now triu!%hed in their turn( they had acEuired a they wanted short of his ife# +is recantation was i!!ediate y %rinted and dis%ersed, that it !ight ha"e its due effect u%on the astonished %rotestantsB but God counter&worked a the designs of the catho ics by the extent to which they carried the i!% acab e %ersecution of their %rey# -oubt ess, the o"e of ife induced 9ran!er to sign the abo"e dec arationB yet death !ay be said to ha"e been %referab e to ife to hi! who ay under the stings of a goaded conscience and the conte!%t of e"ery gos%e christianB this %rinci% e he strong y fe t in a its force and anguish# The Eueen's re"enge was on y to be satiated in 9ran!er's b ood, and therefore she wrote an order to -r# 9o e, to %re%are a ser!on to be %reached March /F, direct y before his !artyrdo!, at ,t# Mary's, )xfordB -r# 9o e "isited hi! the day %re"ious, and was induced to be ie"e that he wou d %ub ic y de i"er his senti!ents in confir!ation of the artic es to which he had subscribed# *bout nine in the !orning of the day of sacrifice, the Eueen's co!!issioners, attended by the !agistrates, conducted the a!iab e unfortunate to ,t# Mary's church# +is torn, dirty garb, the sa!e in which they habited hi! u%on his degradation, excited the co!!isseration of the %eo% e# 8n the church he found a ow, !ean stage, erected o%%osite to the %u %it, on which being % aced, he turned his face, and fer"ent y %rayed to God# The church was crowded with %ersons of both %ersuasions, ex%ecting to hear the justification of the ate a%ostacy( the catho ics rejoicing, and the %rotestants dee% y wounded in s%irit at the deceit of the hu!an heart# -r# 9o e, in his ser!on, re%resented 9ran!er as ha"ing been gui ty of the !ost atrocious cri!esB encouraged the de uded sufferer not to fear death, not to doubt the su%%ort of God in his tor!ents, nor that !asses wou d be said in a the churches of )xford for the re%ose of his sou # The -octor then noticed his con"ersion, and which he ascribed to the e"ident working of * !ighty Power, and in order that the %eo% e !ight be con"inced of its rea ity, asked the %risoner to gi"e the! a sign# This 9ran!er did, and begged the congregation to %ray for hi!, for he had co!!itted !any and grie"ous sinsB but, of a , there was one which awfu y ay u%on his !ind, of which he wou d s%eak short y# -uring the ser!on 9ran!er we%t bitter tears( ifting u% his hands and eyes to hea"en, and etting the! fa , as if unworthy to i"e( his grief now found "ent in words( before his confession he fe u%on his knees, and, in the fo owing words un"ei ed the dee% contrition and agitation which harrowed u% his sou # C) Father of hea"enS ) ,on of God, .edee!er of the wor dS ) +o y Ghost, three %ersons and one GodS ha"e !ercy on !e, !ost wretched caitiff and !iserab e sinner# 8 ha"e offended both against hea"en and earth, !ore than !y tongue can ex%ress# @hither then !ay 8 go, or whither !ay 8 f eeT To

hea"en 8 !ay be asha!ed to ift u% !ine eyes, and in earth 8 find no % ace of refuge or succour# To thee, therefore, ) 'ord, do 8 runB to thee do 8 hu!b e !yse f, saying, ) 'ord, !y God, !y sins be great, but yet ha"e !ercy u%on !e for thy great !ercy# The great !ystery that God beca!e !an, was not wrought for itt e or few offences# Thou didst not gi"e thy ,on, ) +ea"en y Father, unto death for s!a sins on y, but for a the greatest sins of the wor d, so that the sinner return to thee with his who e heart, as 8 do at %resent# @herefore, ha"e !ercy on !e, ) God, whose %ro%erty is a ways to ha"e !ercy, ha"e !ercy u%on !e, ) 'ord, for thy great !ercy# 8 cra"e nothing for !y own !erits, but for thy na!e's sake, that it !ay be ha owed thereby, and for thy dear ,on Jesus 9hrist's sake# *nd now therefore, ) Father of +ea"en, ha owed be thy na!e,C Kc# Then rising, he said he was desirous before his death to gi"e the! so!e %ious exhortations by which God !ight be g orified and the!se "es edified# +e then descanted u%on the danger of a o"e for the wor d, the duty of obedience to their !ajesties of o"e to one another and the necessity of the rich ad!inistering to the wants of the %oor# +e Euoted the three "erses of the fifth cha%ter of Ja!es, and then %roceeded, C'et the! that be rich %onder we these three sentences( for if they e"er had occasion to show their charity, they ha"e it now at this %resent, the %oor %eo% e being so !any, and "ictua so dear# C*nd now foras!uch as 8 a! co!e to the ast end of !y ife, whereu%on hangeth a !y ife %ast, and a !y ife to co!e, either to i"e with !y !aster 9hrist for e"er in joy, or e se to be in %ain for e"er with the wicked in he , and 8 see before !ine eyes %resent y, either hea"en ready to recei"e !e, or e se he ready to swa ow !e u%B 8 sha therefore dec are unto you !y "ery faith how 8 be ie"e, without any co our of dissi!u ation( for now is no ti!e to disse!b e, whatsoe"er 8 ha"e said or written in ti!es %ast# CFirst, 8 be ie"e in God the Father * !ighty, !aker of hea"en and earth, Kc# *nd 8 be ie"e e"ery artic e of the 9atho ic faith, e"ery word and sentence taught by our ,a"iour Jesus 9hrist, his a%ost es and %ro%hets, in the ;ew and ) d Testa!ent# C*nd now 8 co!e to the great thing which so !uch troub eth !y conscience, !ore than any thing that e"er 8 did or said in !y who e ife, and that is the setting abroad of a writing contrary to the truth, which now here 8 renounce and refuse, as things written with !y hand contrary to the truth which 8 thought in !y heart, and written for fear of death, and to sa"e !y ife, if it !ight beB and that is, a such bi s or %a%ers which 8 ha"e written or signed with !y hand since !y degradation, wherein 8 ha"e written !any things untrue# *nd foras!uch as !y hand hath offended, writing contrary to !y heart, therefore !y hand sha first be %unishedB for when 8 co!e to the fire, it sha first be burned# C*nd as for the Po%e, 8 refuse hi! as 9hrist's ene!y, and antichrist, with a his fa se doctrine# C*nd as for the sacra!ent, 8 be ie"e as 8 ha"e taught in !y book against the bisho% of @inchester, which !y book teacheth so true a doctrine of the sacra!ent, that it sha stand in the ast day before the judg!ent of God, where the %a%istica doctrines contrary thereto sha be asha!ed to show their face#C

:%on the conc usion of this unex%ected dec aration, a!aAe!ent and indignation were cons%icuous in e"ery %art of the church# The catho ics were co!% ete y foi ed, their object being frustratedB 9ran!er, ike ,a!%son, ha"ing co!% eted a greater ruin u%on his ene!ies in the hour of death, than he did in his ife# 9ran!er wou d ha"e %roceeded in the ex%osure of the %o%ish doctrines, but the !ur!urs of the ido aters drowned his "oice, and the %reacher ga"e an order to ead the heretic awayS The sa"age co!!and was direct y obeyed, and the a!b about to suffer was torn fro! his stand to the % ace of s aughter, insu ted a the way by the re"i ings and taunts of the %esti ent !onks and friars# @ith thoughts intent u%on a far higher object than the e!%ty threats of !an, he reached the s%ot dyed with the b ood of .id ey and 'ati!er# There he kne t for a short ti!e in earnest de"otion, and then arose, that he !ight undress and %re%are for the fire# Two friars who had been %arties in %re"ai ing u%on hi! to abjure, now endea"oured to draw hi! off again fro! the truth, but he was steadfast and i!!o"eab e in what he had just %rofessed, and before %ub ic y taught# * chain was %ro"ided to bind hi! to the stake, and after it had tight y encirc ed hi!, fire was %ut to the fue , and the f a!es began soon to ascend# Then were the g orious senti!ents of the !artyr !ade !anifestBDthen it was, that stretching out his right hand, he he d it unshrinking y in the fire ti it was burnt to a cinder, e"en before his body was injured, freEuent y exc ai!ing, CThis unworthy right handSC *%%arent y insensib e of %ain, with a countenance of "enerab e resignation, and eyes directed to +i! for whose cause he suffered, he continued, ike ,t# ,te%hen, to say, C'ord Jesus recei"e !y s%iritSC ti the fury of the f a!es ter!inated his %owers of utterance and existence# +e c osed a ife of high sub unary e e"ation, of constant uneasiness, and of g orious !artyrdo!, on March /F, F00J# Thus %erished the i ustrious 9ran!er, the !an who! king +enry's ca%ricious sou estee!ed for his "irtues abo"e a other !en# 9ran!er's exa!% e is an end ess testi!ony that fraud and crue ty are the eading characteristics of the catho ic hierarchy# They first seduced hi! to i"e by recantation, and then doo!ed hi! to %erish, using %erha%s the so%histica argu!ents, that, being brought again within the catho ic %a e, he was then !ost fit to die# +is gradua change fro! darkness to the ight of the truth, %ro"ed that he had a !ind o%en to con"iction# Though !i d and forgi"ing in te!%er, he was se"ere in church disci% ine, and it is on y on this ground that one act of crue ty of his can in any way be excused# * %oor wo!an was in Edward's reign conde!ned to be burnt for her re igious o%inionsB the %ious young !onarch reasoned with the archbisho% u%on the i!%ro%riety of %rotestants resorting to the sa!e crue !eans they censured in %a%ists, adding hu!ane y, C@hatS wou d you ha"e !e send her Euick to the de"i in her errorTC The %re ate howe"er was not to be softened, and the king signed the death warrant with eyes stee%ed in tears# There is howe"er a shade in the greatest characters, and few characters, whether %o itica or re igious, were greater than 9ran!er's#

A1nes Potten and Joan $run&hfield. These god y wo!en Qbefore !entionedR were both of 8%swich, and suffered about the sa!e ti!e with 9ran!er# @hen in %rison together, Mrs# Trunchfie d was ess ardent and Aea ous than Mrs# PottenB but when at the stake, her ho%e in g ory was brighter e"en than that of her fe ow&sufferer# John Maundre , @i ia! 9ober y, and John ,%icer were burnt between ,a isbury and @i ton, March /5, F00J# Two died without any %articu ar retardation, but 9ober y, fro! the current of wind as he stood, was a ong ti!e in %erishing# +is eft ar! was "isib e to the bone, whi e the right, but itt e injured, beat u%on his breast soft y, and the discharge fro! his !outh was considerab e# .ising sudden y erect fro! hanging o"er the chain, as if dead, he ga"e u% his !orta abode for one !ade without hands, eterna in the hea"ensS ;e2. ;obert )ra es( ;e2. 9illiam $yms( ;i&hard Spur1e( Sheerman $. Spur1e( %ullerA J. 8a2el( 9ea2erA and G. Ambrose( %uller. These worthies were of Essex, and in the diocese of 'ondon#DThey were a sent u% to Gardiner, the chance or, March /0, F000B who i!%risoned the! so!e in the king's bench, and others in the Marsha sea# March /G, the six were brought u% for conde!nation in the consistory of ,t# Pau 'sB after which sentence, they were de i"ered to the sheriff, to be sent to ;ewgate, where they re!ained, %atient y waiting the 'ord's ti!e for de i"erance, which took % ace about the /Hd of *%ri , F00J, in ,!ithfie d# 8n the sa!e !onth, %erished John +ar%o e, of .ochester, and Joan Beach, widow, Qbefore !entionedR with Mr# ;# +a # They suffered under Maurice, bisho% of .ochester, in whose diocess they i"ed# .e"# John +u ier# This gent e!an went fro! Eton schoo to king's co ege, 9a!bridge, and suffered under -r# Thir by, bisho% of E y# +e died the /d of *%ri , F00J# Fro! <ent we now turn to 9o chester in Essex, where six constant %rofessors of the gos%e were se ected to witness the truth by the sacrifice of their i"es# These were, 9# 'uyster, of -agenha!, husband!anB John Mace, a%othecaryB John ,%encer, wea"erB ,i!on Joyne, awyerB .ichard ;icho s, wea"er, and John +a!!ond, tannerB fi"e of 9o chester# Hu1h La2eri& and John Apri&e. +ere we %ercei"e that neither the i!%otence of age nor the aff iction of b indness, cou d turn aside the !urdering fangs of these Baby onish !onsters# The first of these unfortunates was of the %arish of Barking, aged sixty&eight, a %ainter and a cri%% e# The other was b ind,Ddark indeed in his "isua facu ties, but inte ectua y i u!inated with the radiance of the e"er asting gos%e of truth# 8noffensi"e objects ike these were infor!ed against by so!e of the sons of bigotry, and dragged before the %re atica shark of 'ondon, where they underwent exa!ination, and re% ied to the artic es %ro%ounded to the!, as other christian !artyrs had done before# )n

the Ith of May, in the consistory of ,t# Pau 's, they were entreated to recant, and u%on refusa , were sent to Fu ha!, where Bonner, by way of a dessert after dinner, conde!ned the! to the agonies of the fire# Being consigned to the secu ar officers, May F0, F00J, they were taken in a cart fro! ;ewgate to ,tratford& e&Bow, where they were fastened to the stake# @hen +ugh 'a"erick was secured by the chain, ha"ing no farther occasion for his crutch, he threw it away saying to his fe ow&!artyr, whi e conso ing hi!, CBe of good cheer !y brotherB for !y ord of 'ondon is our good %hysicianB he wi hea us both short yDthee of thy b indness, and !e of !y a!eness#C They sank down in the fire, to rise to i!!orta ityS The day after the abo"e !artyrdo!s, 9atharine +ut, of Bocking, widowB Joan +orns, s%inster, of Bi ericayB E iAabeth Thackwe , s%inster, of Great BursteadB suffered death in ,!ithfie d# Tho!as -owry# @e ha"e again to record an act of un%itying crue ty, exercised on this ad, who! bisho% +oo%er, had confir!ed in the 'ord and the know edge of his word# +ow ong this %oor sufferer re!ained in %rison is uncertain# By the testi!ony of one John Pay or, register of G oucester, we earn, that when -owry was brought before -r# @i ia!s, then chance or of G oucester, the usua artic es were %resented hi! for subscri%tion# Fro! these he dissentedB and, u%on the doctor's de!anding of who! and where he had earned his heresies, the youth re% ied, C8ndeed, Mr# 9hance or, 8 earned fro! you in that "ery %u %it# )n such a day Qna!ing the dayR you said, in %reaching u%on the sacra!ent, that it was to be exercised s%iritua y by faith, and not carna y and rea y, as taught by the %a%ists#C -r# @i ia!s then bid hi! recant, as he had doneB but -owry had not so earned his duty# CThough you,C said he, Ccan so easi y !ock God, the wor d, and your own conscience, yet wi 8 not do so#C *fter the death of the abo"e, the fo owing three %ersons suffered at Becc es, in ,uffo k, May /F, F00J# Tho!as ,%icer, of @inston, abourerB John -enny, and Ed!und Poo e# Preser2ation of Geor1e 8row and his $estament. This %oor !an, of Ma den, May /J, F00J, %ut to sea, to ade in 'ent with Fu er's earth, but the boat, being dri"en on and, fi ed with water, and e"ery thing was washed out of herB 9row, howe"er, sa"ed his Testa!ent, and co"eted nothing e se# @ith 9row was a !an and a boy, whose awfu situation beca!e e"ery !inute !ore a ar!ing, as the boat was use ess, and they were ten !i es fro! and, ex%ecting the tide shou d in a few hours set in u%on the!# *fter %rayer to God, they got u%on the !ast, and hung there for the s%ace of ten hours, when the %oor boy, o"erco!e by co d and exhaustion, fe off, and was drowned# The tide ha"ing abated, 9row %ro%osed to take down the !asts, and f oat u%on the!, which they didB and at ten o'c ock at night they were borne away at the !ercy of the wa"es# )n @ednesday, in the night, 9row's co!%anion died through fatigue and hunger, and he was eft a one, ca ing u%on God for succour# *t ength he was %icked u% by a 9a%tain Morse, bound to *ntwer%, who had near y steered away, taking hi! for so!e fisher!an's buoy f oating in the sea# *s soon as 9row was got on board, he %ut his hand in his boso!, and drew out his Testa!ent, which indeed was wet, but no otherwise injured# *t *ntwer% he

was we recei"ed, and the !oney he had ost was !ore than !ade good to hi!# June J, F00J, the fo owing four !artyrs suffered at 'ewes, in ,ussex( J# +ar and, of @ood!ancote, car%enterB John )swa d, of the sa!e % ace, husband!enB Tho!as *"ington, of *rding y, turnerB and Tho!as .ead# June /1, at the sa!e % ace, were burnt the .e"# Tho!as @hood, and Tho!as Mi s# June /5, the .e"# @!# * derha B and June /G, John 9 e!ent, whee right, died in the <ing's Bench %rison, and were buried on the dunghi in the backyard# June /F, a young !an, the ser"ant of a !erchant, was burnt at 'eicester# "4e&utions at StratfordBleB#ow. *t this sacrifice, which we are about to detai , no ess than thirteen were doo!ed to the fire# Each one refusing to subscribe contrary to conscience, they were conde!ned, and the /2th of June, F00J, was a%%ointed for their execution at ,tratford& e&Bow# Their constancy and faith g orified their .edee!er, eEua y in ife and in death# ;. #ernard( A. %oster( and ;. Lawson. The first was a abourer, and a sing e !an, of Fra!sden, ,uffo k# +e was a shrewd, undaunted %rofessor, and fear ess y re% ied to the bisho%'s Euestions# *da! Foster was a husband!an, !arried, aged /J, of Mend esha!, ,uffo k# .efusing to go to church, he was sent by ,ir J# Tyrre to Eye&-ungeon, and thence to bisho% +o%ton, who conde!ned hi!# .# 'awson, of Bury, inen&wea"er, a sing e !an, aged H1, was sent to Eye& -ungeon, and after that to Bury, where they suffered in the sa!e fire, %raising God, and encouraging others to !artyrdo!# ;e2. Julius Palmer. This gent e!an's ife %resents a singu ar instance of error and con"ersion# 8n the ti!e of Edward, he was a rigid and obstinate %a%ist, so ad"erse to god y and sincere %reaching, that he was e"en des%ised by his own %artyB that this fra!e of !ind shou d be changed, and he suffer %ersecution and death in Eueen Mary's reign, are a!ong those e"ents of o!ni%otence at which we wonder and ad!ire# Mr# Pa !er was born at 9o"entry, where his father had been !ayor# Being afterward re!o"ed to )xford, he beca!e, under Mr# +ar ey, of Magda en co ege, an e egant 'atin and Greek scho ar# +e was fond of usefu dis%utation, %ossessed of a i"e y wit, and a strong !e!ory# 8ndefatigab e in %ri"ate study, he rose at four in the !orning, and by this %ractice Eua ified hi!se f to beco!e reader in ogic in Magda en co ege# The ti!es of Edward, howe"er, fa"ouring the refor!ation, Mr# Pa !er beca!e freEuent y %unished for his conte!%t of %rayer and order y beha"iour, and was at ength ex%e ed the house# +e afterwards e!braced the doctrines of the refor!ation, which occasioned his arrest and fina conde!nation# +e was tried on the F0th of Ju y, F00J, together with one Tho!as *skin, a fe ow&%risoner# *skin and one John Guin

had been sentenced the day before, and Mr# Pa !er, on the F0th, was brought u% for fina judg!ent#DExecution was ordered to fo ow the sentence, and at fi"e o'c ock in the sa!e afternoon, at a % ace ca ed the ,and&%its, these three !artyrs were fastened to a stake# *fter de"out y %raying together, they sung the HFst %sa !# @hen the fire was kind ed, and it had seiAed their bodies, without an a%%earance of enduring %ain, they continued to cry, 'ord Jesus, strengthen usS 'ord Jesus recei"e our sou sS ti ani!ation was sus%ended and hu!an suffering was %ast# 8t is re!arkab e, that, when their heads had fa en together in a !ass as it were by the force of the f a!es, and the s%ectators thought Pa !er was ife ess, his tongue and i%s again !o"ed, and were heard to %ronounce the na!e of Jesus, to who! be g ory and honour fore"erS *bout this ti!e, three wo!en were burnt in the is and of Guernsey, under circu!stances of aggra"ated crue ty, whose na!es were, 9atherine 9auches, and her two daughters, Mrs# Perotine Massey, and Gui e!ine Gi bert# The day of execution ha"ing arri"ed, three stakes were erected( the !idd e %ost was assigned to the !other, the e dest daughter on her right hand, and the younger on the eft# They were strang ed %re"ious to burning, but the ro%e breaking before they were dead, the %oor wo!en fe into the fire# Perotine, at the ti!e of her inhu!an sentence, was arge y %regnant, and now, fa ing on her side u%on the f a!ing fagots, %resented a singu ar s%ectac e of horrorSDTorn o%en by the tre!endous %angs she endured, she was de i"ered of a fine !a e chi d, who was rescued fro! its burning bed by the hu!anity of one @# +ouse, who tender y aid it on the grass# The infant was taken to the %ro"ost, and by hi! %resented to the bai iff, when the inhu!an !onster decreed it to be re&cast into the fire, that it !ight %erish with its heretica !otherS Thus was this innocent ba%tised in its own b ood, to !ake u% the "ery c i!ax of .o!ish barbarityB being born and dying at the sa!e ti!e a !artyrB and rea iAing again the days of +erodian crue ty, with circu!stances of bigoted !a ice unknown e"en to that execrab e !urderer# Their execution took % ace, Ju y FG, F00J# )n the sa!e day, were burnt at Grinstead, in ,ussex, Tho!as -ungate, John Fore!an, and Mother Tree# June /J, F00J, at 'eicester, was executed Tho!as Moor, a ser"ant, aged /5 years, who was taken u% for saying that his ,a"iour was in Paradise, and not in the %o%ish %aste or wafer# Joan 9aste. This %oor honest wo!an, b ind fro! her birth, and un!arried, aged //, was of the %arish of * ha ows, -erby# +er father was a barber, and a so !ade ro%es for a i"ing( in which she assisted hi!, and a so earned to knit se"era artic es of a%%are # .efusing to co!!unicate with those who !aintained doctrines contrary to those she had earned in the days of the %ious Edward, she was ca ed before -r# -raicot, the chance or of bisho% B aine, and Peter Finch, officia of -erby# @ith so%histica argu!ents and threats they endea"oured to confound the %oor gir B but she %roffered to yie d to the bisho%'s doctrine, if he wou d answer for her at the day of judg!ent, Qas %ious -r# Tay or had done in his ser!onsR that his be ief of the rea %resence of the sacra!ent was true# The

bisho% at first answered that he wou dB but -r# -raicot re!inding hi! that he !ight not in any way answer for a heretic, he withdrew his confir!ation of his own tenetsB and she re% ied, that if their consciences wou d not %er!it the! to answer at God's bar for that truth they wished her to subscribe to, she wou d answer no !ore Euestions# ,entence was then adjudged, and -r# -raicot a%%ointed to %reach her conde!ned ser!on, which took % ace *ugust F, F00J, the day of her !artyrdo!# +is fu !inating discourse being finished, the %oor sight ess object was taken to a % ace ca ed @ind!i Pit, near the town, where she for a ti!e he d her brother by the hand, and then %re%ared herse f for the fire, ca ing u%on the %itying !u titude to %ray with her, and u%on 9hrist to ha"e !ercy u%on her, ti the g orious ight of the e"er asting sun of righteousness bea!ed u%on her de%arted s%irit# ,e%te!ber G, F00J, Edward ,har%, aged 51, was conde!ned at Bristo # ,e%te!ber /5, Tho!as .a"enda e, a currier, and John +art, suffered at Mayfie d, in EssexB and on the day fo owing, a young !an, a car%enter, died at Bristo with joyous constancy# ,e%te!ber /2, John +orn, and a fe!a e !artyr suffered at @ooten&under&edge, G oucestershire, %rofessing abjurgation of %o%ery# 8n ;o"e!ber, fifteen !artyrs were i!%risoned in 9anterbury cast e, of who! a were either burnt or fa!ished# *!ong the atter were J# 9 ark, -# 9hittenden, @# Foster of ,tone, * ice Potkins, and J# *rcher, of 9ranbrooke, wea"er# The two first of these had not recei"ed conde!nation, but the others were sentenced to the fire# Foster, at his exa!ination, obser"ed u%on the uti ity of carrying ighted cand es about on 9and e!as&day, that he !ight as we carry a %itch forkB and that a gibbet wou d ha"e as good an effect as the cross# @e ha"e now brought to a c ose the sanguinary %roscri%tions of the !erci ess Mary, in the year F00J, the nu!ber of which a!ounted to abo"e eighty&fourS The beginning of the year F002, was re!arkab e for the "isit of 9ardina Po e to the :ni"ersity of 9a!bridge, which see!ed to stand in need of !uch c eansing fro! heretica %reachers and refor!ed doctrines# )ne object was a so to % ay the %o%ish farce of trying Martin Bucer and Pau us Phagius, who had been buried about three or four yearsB for which %ur%ose the churches of ,t# Mary and ,t# Michae , where they ay, were interdicted as "i e and unho y % aces, unfit to worshi% God in, unti they were %erfu!ed and washed with the Po%e's ho y water, Kc# Kc# The tru!%ery act of citing these dead refor!ers to a%%ear, not ha"ing had the east effect u%on the!, on January /J, sentence of conde!nation was %assed, %art of which ran in this !anner, and !ay ser"e as a s%eci!en of %roceedings of this nature(DC@e therefore %ronounce the said Martin Bucer and Pau us Phagius exco!!unicated and anathe!atiAed, as we by the co!!on aw, as by etters of %rocessB and that their !e!ory be conde!ned, we a so conde!n their bodies and bones Qwhich in that wicked ti!e of schis!, and other heresies f ourishing in this kingdo!, were rash y buried in ho y groundR to be dug u%, and cast far fro! the bodies and bones of the faithfu , according to the ho y canonsB and we co!!and that they and their writings, if any be there found, be %ub ic y burntB and we interdict a %ersons whatsoe"er of this uni"ersity, town, or % aces adjacent, who sha read or concea their heretica book, as we by the co!!on aw, as by our etters of %rocessSC

*fter the sentence thus read, the bisho% co!!anded their bodies to be dug out of their gra"es, and being degraded fro! ho y orders, de i"ered the! into the hands of the secu ar %owerB for it was not awfu for such innocent %ersons as they were, abhorring a b oodshed, and detesting a desire of !urder, to %ut any !an to death# February J, the bodies, enc osed as they were in chests, were carried into the !idst of the !arket % ace at 9a!bridge, acco!%anied by a "ast concourse of %eo% e# * great %ost was set fast in the ground, to which the chests were affixed with a arge iron chain, and bound round their centres, in the sa!e !anner as if the dead bodies had been a i"e# @hen the fire began to ascend, and caught the coffins, a nu!ber of conde!ned books were a so aunched into the f a!es, and burnt# Justice, howe"er, was done to the !e!ories of these %ious and earned !en in Eueen E iAabeth's reign, when Mr# *ckworth, orator of the uni"ersity, and Mr# J# Pi kington, %ronounced orations in honour of their !e!ory, and in re%robation of their catho ic %ersecutors# 9ardina 9o e a so inf icted his har! ess rage u%on the dead body of Peter Martyr's wife, who, by his co!!and, was dug out of her gra"e, and buried on a distant dunghi , %art y because her bones ay near ,t# Fridewide's re ics, he d once in great estee! in that co ege, and %art y because he wished to %urify )xford of heretica re!ains as we as 9a!bridge# 8n the succeeding reign, howe"er, her re!ains were restored to their for!er ce!etary, and e"en inter!ing ed with those of the catho ic saint, to the utter astonish!ent and !ortification of the disci% es of his ho iness the %o%e# 9ardina 9o e %ub ished a ist of fifty&four *rtic es, containing instructions to the c ergy of his diocess of 9anterbury, so!e of which are too udicrous and %ueri e to excite any other senti!ent than aughter in these days# Perse&utions in the )io&ess of 8anterbury. 8n the year F002, fifteen were i!%risoned in the cast e of 9anterbury, fi"e of who! %erished of hunger# @e now %roceed to the account of the other tenB whose na!es wereDJ# Phi %ot, M# Bradbridge, ;# Fina , a of TenterdenB @# @aterer and T# ,te%hens, of BeddingtonB J# <e!%e, of ;orgateB @# +ay, of +itheB T# +udson, of ,a engeB @# 'owick, of 9ranbrookeB and @# Prowting, of Thornha!# )f these <e!%e, @aterer, Prowting, 'owick, +udson, and +ay, were burnt at 9anterbury, January F0, F002( ,te%hens and Phi %ot at @ye, about the sa!e ti!eB and Fina and Bradbridge at *shford, on the FJth# They were steadfast and i!!o"eab e in the faith# 8n the !onth of February, the fo owing %ersons were co!!itted to %rison(D .# 9o e!an, of @a don, abourerB Joan @inse ey, of +ors ey Magna, s%insterB ,# G o"er of .ay eyB .# 9 erk, of Much +o and, !arinerB @# Munt, of Much Bent ey, sawyerB Marg# Fie d, of .a!sey, s%insterB .# Bongeor, currierB .# Jo ey, !arinerB * en ,i!%sonB +e en EwingB 9# Pe%%er, widowB * ice @a ey, Qwho recantedBR @# Bongeor, g aAierB a of 9o chesterB .# *tkin, of +a stead, wea"erB .# Barcock, of @i ton, car%enterB .# George, of @estbarhoa t, abourerB .# -ebna!, of -ebenha!, wea"erB 9# @arren, of 9ocksa , s%insterB *gnes @hit ock, of -o"er&court, s%insterB .ose * en, s%insterB and T# Feresannes, !inorB both of 9o chester#

These %ersons were brought before Bonner, who wou d ha"e i!!ediate y sent the! to execution, but 9ardina Po e was for !ore !ercifu !easures, and Bonner, in a etter of his to the cardina , see!s to be sensib e that he had dis% eased hi!, for he has this ex%ression,DC8 thought to ha"e the! a hither to Fu ha!, and to ha"e gi"en sentence against the!B ne"erthe ess, %ercei"ing by !y ast doing that your grace was offended, 8 thought it !y duty, before 8 %roceeded farther, to infor! your grace#C This circu!stance "erifies the account that the cardina was a hu!ane !anB and though a Aea ous catho ic, we, as %rotestants, are wi ing to render hi! that honour which his !ercifu character deser"es# ,o!e of the bitter %ersecutors denounced hi! to the %o%e as a fa"ourer of heretics, and he was su!!oned to .o!e, but Eueen Mary, by %articu ar entreaty, %rocured his stay# +owe"er, before his atter end, and a itt e before his ast journey fro! .o!e to Eng and, he was strong y sus%ected of fa"ouring the doctrine of 'uther# $. Loseby( H. ;amsey( $. $hirtell( Mar1aret Hide( and A1nes Stanley. These %ersons were successi"e y ca ed u%, conde!ned, de i"ered o"er to the sheriffs of 'ondon, in *%ri F0, F002, were conducted to ,!ithfie d, there to exchange a te!%ora ife for a ife eterna with hi! for whose sake and truth they %erished# 8n May fo owing, @# Morant, ,# Gratwick, and DD <ing, suffered in ,t# George's Fie d, ,outhwark# "4e&utions in @ent. The fo owing se"en were arraigned for heresy( Joan Bainbridge, of ,ta% ehurstB @# *%% eby, Petrone a his wife, and the wife of John Manning, of MaidstoneB B# * in, and his wife 9atherine, of FreytendenB and E iAabeth DD, a b ind !aiden# * in was %ut in the stocks at night, and so!e ad"ised hi! to co!%ro!ise a itt e, and go for the for!'s sake to !ass, which he did next day, but, just before the sacring, as it is ter!ed, he went into the churchyard, and so reasoned with hi!se f u%on the absurdity of transubstantiation, that he staid away, and was soon after brought back again before ,ir John Baker, and conde!ned for heresy# +e was burnt with the six before !entioned at Maidstone, the FGth of June, F002# *s in the ast sacrifice four wo!en did honour to the truth, so in the fo owing auto&de&fe we ha"e the ike nu!ber of fe!a es and !a es, who suffered June H1, F002, at 9anterbury, and were J# Fishcock, F# @hite, ;# Pardue, Barbary Fina , widowB Bradbridge's widowB @i son's wifeB and Benden's wife# )f this grou% we sha !ore %articu ar y notice * ice Benden, wife of Edward Benden, of ,ta% ehurst, <ent# ,he had been taken u% in )ct# F00J, for non& attendance, and re eased u%on a strong injunction to !ind her conduct# +er husband was a bigoted catho ic, and %ub ic y s%eaking of his wife's contu!acy, she was con"eyed to 9anterbury cast e, where knowing, when she shou d be re!o"ed to the bisho%'s %rison, she shou d be a !ost star"ed u%on three farthings a day, she endea"oured to %re%are herse f for this suffering by i"ing u%on two&%ence ha f%enny %er day# Jan# //, F002, her husband wrote to the bisho%, that if his wife's brother, .oger +a , were to be ke%t fro! conso ing and re ie"ing her, she !ight turnB on this account, she was !o"ed to a %rison ca ed Monday's ho eB her brother sought di igent y for

her, and at the end of fi"e weeks %ro"identia y heard her "oice in the dungeon, but cou d no otherwise re ie"e her, than by %utting so!e !oney in a oaf, and sticking it on a ong %o e# -readfu !ust ha"e been the situation of this %oor "icti!, ying on straw, between stone wa s, without a change of a%%are , or the !eanest reEuisites of c ean iness, during a %eriod of nine weeksS March /0, she was su!!oned before the bisho%, who, with rewards, offered her iberty if she wou d go ho!e and be co!fortab eB but Mrs# Benden had been inured to suffering, and, showing hi! her contracted i!bs and e!aciated a%%earance, refused to swer"e fro! the truth# ,he was howe"er re!o"ed fro! this B ack +o e to the @est gate, whence, about the end of *%ri , she was taken out to be conde!ned, and then co!!itted to the cast e %rison ti the FIth of June, the day of her burning# *t the stake, she ga"e her handkerchief to one John Banks, as a !e!oria B and fro! her waist she drew a white ace, desiring hi! to gi"e it her brother, and te hi!, it was the ast band that had bound her, exce%t the chainB and to her father she returned a shi ing he had sent her# The who e of these se"en !artyrs undressed the!se "es with a acrity, and, being %re%ared, kne t down, and %rayed with an earnestness and 9hristian s%irit that e"en the ene!ies of the 9ross were affected# *fter in"ocation !ade together, they were secured to the stake, and, being enco!%assed with the uns%aring f a!es, they yie ded their sou s into the hands of the i"ing 'ord# Matthew P aise, wea"er, a sincere and shrewd 9hristian, of ,tone, <ent, was brought before Tho!as, bisho% of -o"er, and other inEuisitors, who! he ingenious y teaAed by his indirect answers, of which the fo owing is a s%eci!en# )r. Harpsfield. 9hrist ca ed the bread his bodyB what dost thou say it isT Plaise. 8 do be ie"e it was that which he ga"e the!# )r. H. @hat was thatT P. That which he brake# )r. H. @hat did he breakT P. That which he took# )r. H. @hat did he takeT P. The text saith, C+e took bread#C )r. H. @e , then, thou sayest it was but bread which the disci% es did eat# P. 8 say, what he ga"e the!, that did they eat indeed# * "ery ong dis%utation fo owed, in which P aise was desired to hu!b e hi!se f to the bisho%B but this he refused# @hether this Aea ous %erson died in %rison, was executed, or de i"ered, history does not !ention# "4e&ution of ten martyrs at Lewes. *gain we ha"e to record the who esa e sacrifice of 9hrist's itt e f ock, of who! fi"e were wo!en# )n the //d of June, F002, the town of 'ewes behe d ten %ersons doo!ed to %erish by fire and %ersecution# The na!es of these worthies were, .ichard @ood!anB G# ,te%hens, @# Mainard, * ex# +os!an, and Tho!asin @ood, ser"antsB Margery Morris, and Ja!es Morris, her sonB -ennis Burges, *shdon's wife, and Gro"e's wife#

These nine %ersons were taken a few days on y before their judg!ent, and suffered at 'ewes, in ,ussex, June //, F002# )f these, eight were %re!ature y executed, inas!uch as the writ fro! 'ondon cou d not ha"e arri"ed for their burning# * %erson na!ed *!brose died in Maidstone %rison about this ti!e# .e"# Mr# John +u ier was brought u% at Eton co ege, and in %rocess of ti!e beca!e curate of Babra!, three !i es fro! 9a!bridge and went afterward to 'ynnB where, o%%osing the su%erstition of the %a%ists, he was carried before -r# Thir by, bisho% of E y, and sent to 9a!bridge cast e( here he ay for a ti!e, and was then sent to the To booth %rison, where, after three !onths, he was brought to ,t# Mary's church, and conde!ned by -r# Fu er# )n Maunday Thursday, he was brought to the stake( whi e undressing, he to d the %eo% e to bear witness that he was about to suffer in a just cause, and exhorted the! to be ie"e, that there was no other rock than Jesus 9hrist to bui d u%on# * %riest, na!ed Boyes, then desired the !ayor to si ence hi!# *fter %raying, he went !eek y to the stake, and being bound with a chain, and % aced in a %itch barre , fire was a%% ied to the reeds and woodB but the wind dro"e the fire direct y to his back, which caused hi! under the se"ere agony to %ray the !ore fer"ent y# +is friends directed the executioner to fire the %i e to windward of his face, which was i!!ediate y done# * Euantity of books were now thrown into the fire, one of which Qthe 9o!!union ,er"iceR he caught, o%ened it, and joyfu y continued to read it, unti the fire and s!oke de%ri"ed hi! of sightB then e"en, in earnest %rayer, he %ressed the book to his heart, thanking God for bestowing on hi! in his ast !o!ents this %recious gift#DThe day being hot, the fire burnt fierce yB and at a ti!e when the s%ectators su%%osed he was no !ore, he sudden y exc ai!ed, 'ord Jesus, recei"e !y s%iritS *nd !eek y resigned his ife# +e was burnt on Jesus Green, not far fro! Jesus 9o ege# +e had gun%owder gi"en hi!, but he was dead before it beca!e ignited# This %ious sufferer afforded a singu ar s%ectac eB for his f esh was so burnt fro! the bones, which continued erect, that he %resented the idea of a ske eton figure chained to the stake# +is re!ains were eager y seiAed by the !u titude, and "enerated by a who ad!ired his %iety or detested inhu!an bigotry# Simon Miller and "liCabeth 8ooper( 8n the fo owing !onth of Ju y, recei"ed the crown of !artyrdo!# Mi er dwe t at 'ynn, and ca!e to ;orwich, where, % anting hi!se f at the door of one of the churches, as the %eo% e ca!e out, he reEuested to know of the! where he cou d go to recei"e the co!!union# For this a %riest brought hi! before -r# -unning, who co!!itted hi! to wardB but he was suffered to go ho!e, and arrange his affairsB after which he returned to the bisho%'s house, and to his %rison, where he re!ained ti the FHth of Ju y, the day of his burning# E iAabeth 9oo%er, wife of a %ewterer, of ,t# *ndrews, ;orwich, had recantedB but, tortured for what she had done by the wor! which dieth not, she short y after "o untari y entered her %arish church during the ti!e of the %o%ish ser"ice, and standing u%, audib y %roc ai!ed that she re"oked her for!er recantation, and cautioned the %eo% e to a"oid her unworthy exa!% e# ,he was taken fro! her own house by Mr# ,utton the sheriff, who "ery re uctant y co!% ied with the etter of the aw, as they had been ser"ants and in

friendshi% together# *t the stake, the %oor sufferer, fee ing the fire, uttered the cry of )hS u%on which Mr# Mi er, %utting his hand behind hi! towards her, desired her to be of good courage, Cfor Qsaid heR good sister, we sha ha"e a joyfu and a sweet su%%er#C Encouraged by this exa!% e and exhortation, she stood the fiery ordea without f inching, and, with hi!, %ro"ed the %ower of faith o"er the f esh# "4e&utions at 8ol&hester. 8t was before !entioned that twenty&two %ersons had been sent u% fro! 9ho chester, who u%on a s ight sub!ission, were afterward re eased# )f these, @!# Munt, of Much&Bent ey, husband!an, with * ice, his wife, and .ose * in, her daughter, u%on their return ho!e, abstained fro! church, which induced the bigoted %riest secret y to write to Bonner# For a short ti!e they absconded, but returning again, March 2th, one Mr# Ed!und Tyrre , Qa re ation of the Tyrre who !urdered king Edward ?# and his brotherR with the officers, entered the house whi e Munt and his wife were in bed, and infor!ed the! that they !ust go to 9o chester 9ast e# Mrs# Munt at that ti!e "ery i , reEuested her daughter to get her so!e drinkB ea"e being %er!itted, .ose took a cand e and a !ugB and in returning through the house was !et by Tyrre , who cautioned her to ad"ise her %arents to beco!e good catho ics# .ose brief y infor!ed hi! that they had the +o y Ghost for their ad"iserB and that she was ready to ay down her own ife for the sa!e cause# Turning to his co!%any, he re!arked that she was wi ing to burnB and one of the! to d hi! to %ro"e her, and see what she wou d do by and by# The unfee ing wretch i!!ediate y executed this %rojectB and, seiAing the young wo!an by the wrist, he he d the ighted cand e under her hand, burning it crosswise on the back, ti the tendons di"ided fro! the f esh, during which he oaded her with !any o%%robious e%ithets# ,he endured his rage un!o"ed, and then, when he had ceased the torture, she asked hi! to begin at her feet or head, for he need not fear that his e!% oyer wou d one day re%ay hi!# *fter this she took the drink to her !other# This crue act of torture does not stand a one on record# Bonner had ser"ed a %oor b ind har%er in near y the sa!e !anner, who had steadi y !aintained a ho%e that if e"ery joint of hi! were to be burnt, he shou d not f y fro! the faith# Bonner, u%on this, %ri"ate y !ade a signa to his !en, to bring a burning coa , which they % aced in the %oor !an's hand, and then by force he d it c osed, ti it burnt into the f esh dee% y# But to return#D 8n searching Munt's house, John Thurston and Margaret his wife were found, and con"eyed to 9o chester 9ast eB where ay J# Johnson, of Thor%, Essex, aged H5, widower, with his three young chi dren, a indicted for heresy# The fo owing ay in Mote&ha , or town %rison( @!# Bongeor, of ,t# ;icho as, in 9o chesterB Tho!as Peno d, 9o chester, ta ow chand erB @# Pucras, of Bocking, Essex, fu er, /1B *gnes ,i "ersides, 9o chester, widow, 21B +e en Ewring, wife of John Ewring, !i er, of 9o chester, 50B and E iA# Fo ks, a ser"ant, 9o chester# ,hort y after their conde!nation, Bonner's writ arri"ed for their execution, which was fixed for the /d of *ugust, F002# *bout se"en o'c ock in the !orning, the town %risoners in the Mote&ha were brought to a % ot of ground on the outside of the town wa , where the stake was erected,

surrounded by fagots and fue # +a"ing %rayed, and %re%ared the!se "es for the fiery tor!ent, E iAabeth Fo ks, as she was standing at the stake, recei"ed a dreadfu b ow on the shou der fro! the stroke of a ha!!er, which was ai!ed at the sta% e that secured the chain# This, howe"er, in no wise disco!%osed her, but turning her head round, she continued to %ray and exhort the %eo% e# Fire being %ut to the %i e, these !artyrs died a!idst the %rayers and co!!isseration of thousands who ca!e to be witnesses of their fortitude and their faith# 8n the sa!e !anner, in the afternoon, the county %risoners fro! 9o chester cast e were brought out, and executed, at different stakes, on the sa!e s%otB %raising God, and exhorting the %eo% e to a"oid ido atry and the church of .o!e# John Thurston, of who! !ention was !ade before, died in May, in 9o chester cast e# George Eag es, tai or, was indicted for ha"ing %rayed that CGod wou d turn Eueen Mary's heart, or take her awayBC the ostensib e cause of his death was his re igion, for treason cou d hard y be i!agined in %raying for the refor!ation of such an execrab e sou as that of Mary# Being conde!ned for this cri!e, he was drawn to the % ace of execution u%on a s edge, with two robbers, who were executed with hi!# *fter Eag es had !ounted the adder, and been turned off a short ti!e, he was cut down, before he was at a insensib eB a bai iff, na!ed @!# ,wa ow, then dragged hi! to the s edge, and with a co!!on b unt c ea"er, hacked off the head( in a !anner eEua y c u!sy and crue , he o%ened his body and tore out the heart# 8n a this suffering the %oor !artyr re%ined not, but to the ast ca ed u%on his ,a"iour# The fury of these bigots did not end hereB the intestines were burnt, and the body was Euartered, the four %arts being sent to 9o chester, +arwich, 9he !sford, and ,t# .ouse's#D9he !sford had the honor of retaining his head, which was affixed to a ong %o e in the !arket&% ace# 8n ti!e it was b own down, and ay se"era days in the streets, ti it was buried at night in the church&yard# God's judg!ent not ong after fe u%on ,wa ow, who in his o d age beca!e a beggar, and affected with a e%rosy that !ade hi! obnoxious e"en to the ani!a creationB nor did .ichard Potts, who troub ed Eag es in his dying !o!ents, esca%e the "isiting hand of God# *bout this ti!e, .ichard 9rashfie d, of @y!undha!, suffered at ;orwich# ;ear y about this ti!e a %erson na!ed Fryer, and the sister of George Eag es, suffered !artyrdo!# Mrs. Joy&e Lewes. This ady was the wife of Mr# T# 'ewes, of Manchester# ,he had recei"ed the .o!ish re igion as true, ti the burning of that %ious !artyr, the .e"# Mr# ,aunders, at 9o"entry# :nderstanding that his death arose fro! a refusa to recei"e the !ass, she began to inEuire into the ground of his refusa , and her conscience, as it began to be en ightened, beca!e rest ess and a ar!ed# 8n this inEuietude, she resorted to Mr# John G o"er, who i"ed near, and reEuested that he wou d unfo d those rich sources of gos%e know edge he %ossessed, %articu ar y u%on the subject of transubstantiation# +e easi y succeeded in con"incing her that the !u!!ery of %o%ery and the !ass were at "ariance with God's !ost ho y word, and honest y re%ro"ed her for

fo owing too !uch the "anities of a wicked wor d# 8t was to her indeed a word in season, for she soon beco!e weary of her for!er sinfu ife, and reso "ed to abandon the !ass and ido atrous worshi%# Though co!%e ed by her husband's "io ence to go to church, her conte!%t of the ho y water and other cere!onies were so !anifest, that she was accused before the bisho% for des%ising the sacra!enta s# * citation, addressed to her, i!!ediate y fo owed, which was gi"en to Mr# 'ewes, who, in a fit of %assion, he d a dagger to the throat of the officer, and !ade hi! eat it, after which he caused hi! to drink it down, and then sent hi! away# But for this the bisho% su!!oned Mr# 'ewes before hi! as we as his wifeB the for!er readi y sub!itted, but the atter reso ute y affir!ed, that, in refusing ho y water, she neither offended God, nor any %art of his aws# ,he was sent ho!e for a !onth, her husband being bound for her a%%earance, during which ti!e Mr# G o"er i!%ressed u%on her the necessity of doing what she did, not fro! se f&"anity, but for the honour and g ory of God# Mr# G o"er and others earnest y exhorted 'ewes to forfeit the !oney he was bound in, rather than subject his wife to certain deathB but he was deaf to the "oice of hu!anity, and de i"ered her o"er to the bisho%, who soon found a sufficient cause to consign her to a oathso!e %rison, whence she was se"era ti!es brought for exa!ination# *t the ast ti!e the bisho% reasoned with her u%on the fitness of her co!ing to !ass, and recei"ing as sacred the sacra!ent and sacra!enta s of the +o y Ghost# C8f these things were in the word of God,C said Mrs# 'ewes, C8 wou d with a !y heart recei"e, be ie"e, and estee! the!#C The bisho%, with the !ost ignorant and i!%ious effrontery, re% ied, C8f thou wi t be ie"e no !ore than what is warranted by scri%ture, thou art in a state of da!nationSC *stonished at such a dec aration, this worthy sufferer ab y rejoined, Cthat his words were as i!%ure, as they were %rofane#C *fter conde!nation, she ay a twe "e!onth in %rison, the sheriff not being wi ing to %ut her to death in his ti!e, though he had been but just chosen# @hen her death warrant ca!e fro! 'ondon, she sent for so!e friends, who! she consu ted in what !anner her death !ight be !ore g orious to the na!e of God, and injurious to the cause of God's ene!ies# ,!i ing y, she said, C*s for death, 8 think but ight y of# @hen 8 know that 8 sha beho d the a!iab e countenance of 9hrist !y dear ,a"iour, the ug y face of death does not !uch troub e !e#C The e"ening before she suffered, two %riests were anxious to "isit her, but she refused both their confession and abso ution, when she cou d ho d a better co!!unication with the +igh Priest of sou s# *bout three o'c ock in the !orning, ,atan began to shoot his fiery darts, by %utting into her !ind to doubt whether she was chosen to eterna ife, and 9hrist died for her# +er friends readi y %ointed out to her those conso atory %assages of ,cri%ture which co!fort the fainting heart, and treat of the .edee!er who taketh away the sins of the wor d# *bout eight o'c ock the sheriff announced to her that she had but an hour to i"eB she was at first cast down, but this soon %assed away, and she thanked God that her ife was about to be de"oted to his ser"ice# The sheriff granted %er!ission for two friends to acco!%any her to the stakeDan indu gence for which he was afterward se"ere y hand ed# Mr# .eniger and Mr# Bernher ed her to the % ace of executionB in going to which, fro! its distance, her great

weakness, and the %ress of the %eo% e, she had near y fainted# Three ti!es she %rayed fer"ent y that God wou d de i"er the and fro! %o%ery and the ido atrous !assB and the %eo% e for the !ost %art, as we as the sheriff, said *!en# @hen she had %rayed, she took the cu%, Qwhich had been fi ed with water to refresh her,R and said, 8 drink to a the! that unfeigned y o"e the gos%e of 9hrist, and wish for the abo ition of %o%ery# +er friends, and a great !any wo!en of the % ace, drank with her, for which !ost of the! afterward were enjoined %enance# @hen chained to the stake, her countenance was cheerfu , and the roses of her cheeks were not abated# +er hands were extended towards hea"en ti the fire rendered the! %ower ess, when her sou was recei"ed into the ar!s of the 9reator# The duration of her agony was but short, as the under&sheriff, at the reEuest of her friends, had %re%ared such exce ent fue that she was in a few !inutes o"erwhe !ed with s!oke and f a!e# The case of this ady drew a tear of %ity fro! e"ery one who had a heart not ca ous to hu!anity# "4e&utions at Islin1ton. *bout the F2th of ,e%t# suffered at 8s ington the fo owing four %rofessors of 9hrist( .a %h * erton, Ja!es *ustoo, Margery *ustoo, and .ichard .oth# Ja!es *ustoo and his wife, of ,t# * ha ows, Barking, 'ondon, were sentenced for not be ie"ing in the %resence# .ichard .oth rejected the se"en sacra!ents, and was accused of co!forting the heretics by the fo owing etter written in his own b ood, and intended to ha"e been sent to his friends at 9o chester(D C) dear Brethren and ,isters, C+ow !uch reason ha"e you to rejoice in God, that he hath gi"en you such faith to o"erco!e this b ood&thirsty tyrant thus farS *nd no doubt he that hath begun that good work in you, wi fu fi it unto the end# ) dear hearts in 9hrist, what a crown of g ory sha ye recei"e with 9hrist in the kingdo! of GodS ) that it had been the good wi of God that 8 had been ready to ha"e gone with youB for 8 ie in !y ord's 'itt e&ease by day, and in the night 8 ie in the 9oa &house, a%art fro! .a %h * erton, or any otherB and we ook e"ery day when we sha be conde!nedB for he said that 8 shou d be burned within ten days before EasterB but 8 ie sti at the %oo 's brink, and e"ery !an goeth in before !eB but we abide %atient y the 'ord's eisure, with !any bonds, in fetters and stocks, by which we ha"e recei"ed great joy of God# *nd now fare you we , dear brethren and sisters, in this wor d, but 8 trust to see you in the hea"ens face to face# C) brother Munt, with your wife and !y sister .ose, how b essed are you in the 'ord, that God hath found you worthy to suffer for his sakeS with a the rest of !y dear brethren and sisters known and unknown# ) be joyfu e"en unto death# Fear it not, saith 9hrist, for 8 ha"e o"erco!e death# ) dear hearts, seeing that Jesus 9hrist wi be our he %, ) tarry you the 'ord's eisure# Be strong, et your hearts be of good co!fort, and wait you sti for the 'ord# +e is at hand# $ea, the ange of the 'ord %itcheth his tent round about the! that fear hi!, and de i"ereth the! which way he seeth best# For our i"es are in the 'ord's handsB and they can do nothing unto us before God suffer the!# Therefore gi"e a thanks to God#

C) dear hearts, you sha be c othed in ong white gar!ents u%on the !ount of ,ion, with the !u titude of saints, and with Jesus 9hrist our ,a"iour, who wi ne"er forsake us# ) b essed "irgins, ye ha"e % ayed the wise "irgins' %art, in that ye ha"e taken oi in your a!%s that ye !ay go in with the bridegroo!, when he co!eth, into the e"er asting joy with hi!# But as for the foo ish, they sha be shut out, because they !ade not the!se "es ready to suffer with 9hrist, neither go about to take u% his cross# ) dear hearts, how %recious sha your death be in the sight of the 'ordS for dear is the death of his saints# ) fare you we , and %ray# The grace of our 'ord Jesus 9hrist be with you a # *!en, *!en# Pray, %ray, %rayS C@ritten by !e, with !y own b ood, C.ichard .oth#C This etter, so just y deno!inating Bonner the Cb ood&thirsty tyrant,C was not ike y to excite his co!%assion# .oth accused hi! of bringing the! to secret exa!ination by night, because he was afraid of the %eo% e by day# .esisting e"ery te!%tation to recant, he was conde!ned, and, ,e%t# F2, F002, these four !artyrs %erished at 8s ington, for the testi!ony of the 'a!b, who was s ain that they !ight be of the redee!ed of God# *gnes Bengeor and Margaret Thurston were doo!ed to the fire at 9o chester, ,e%t# F2, F002# +u!b y they kne t to %ray, and joyfu y they arose to be chained to the stake, uttering in"ocations and ha e ujahs, ti the surrounding f a!es !ounted to the seat of ife, and their s%irits ascended to the * !ighty ,a"iour of a who tru y be ie"eS *bout this ti!e suffered, at ;ortha!%ton, John <urde, shoe!aker of ,yrsa!, ;ortha!%tonshire# John ;oyes, a shoe!aker, of 'axfie d, ,uffo k, was taken to Eye and at !idnight, ,e%t# /F, F002, he was brought fro! Eye to 'axfie d to be burned# )n the fo owing !orning he was ed to the stake, %re%ared for the horrid sacrifice# Mr# ;oyes, on co!ing to the fata s%ot, kne t down, %rayed, and rehearsed the 01th %sa !# @hen the chain en"e o%ed hi!, he said, CFear not the! that ki the body, but fear hi! that can ki both body and sou , and cast it into e"er asting fireSC *s one 9ad!an % aced a fagot against hi!, he b essed the hour in which he was born to die for the truth( and whi e trusting on y u%on the a &sufficient !erits of the .edee!er, fire was set to the %i e, and the b aAing fagots in a short ti!e stif ed his ast words, 'ord, ha"e !ercy on !eSD9hrist, ha"e Mercy u%on !eSDThe ashes of the body were buried in a %it, and with the! one of his feet, who e to the ank e, with the stocking on# Mrs. 8i&ely >rmes. This young !artyr, aged twenty&two, was the wife of Mr# Ed!und )r!es, worsted wea"er of ,t# 'awrence, ;orwich# *t the death of Mi er and E iAabeth 9oo%er, before !entioned, she had said that she wou d % edge the! of the sa!e cu% they drank of# For these words she was brought to the chance or, who wou d ha"e discharged her u%on %ro!ising to go to church, and to kee% her be ief to herse f# *s she wou d not consent to this, the chance or urged that he had shown !ore enity to her than any other %erson, and was unwi ing to conde!n her, because she was an ignorant foo ish wo!anB to this she re% ied, Q%erha%s with !ore shrewdness than he

ex%ected,R that, howe"er great his desire !ight be to s%are her sinfu f esh, it cou d not eEua her inc ination to surrender it u% in so great a Euarre # The chance or then %ronounced the fiery sentence, and, ,e%te!ber /H, F002, she was brought to the stake, at eight o'c ock in the !orning# *fter dec aring her faith to the %eo% e, she aid her hand on the stake, and said, C@e co!e thou cross of 9hrist#C +er hand was sooted in doing this, Qfor it was the sa!e stake at which Mi er and 9oo%er were burnt,R and she at first wi%ed itB but direct y after again we co!ed and e!braced it as the Csweet cross of 9hrist#C *fter the tor!entors had kind ed the fire, she said, CMy sou doth !agnify the 'ord, and !y s%irit doth rejoice in God !y ,a"iour#C Then crossing her hands u%on her breast, and ooking u%wards with the ut!ost serenity, she stood the fiery furnace# +er hands continued gradua y to rise ti the sinews were dried, and then they fe # ,he uttered no sigh of %ain, but yie ded her ife, an e!b e! of that ce estia %aradise in which is the %resence of God, b essed for e"er# 8t !ight be contended that this !artyr "o untari y sought her own death, as the chance or scarce y exacted any other %enance of her than to kee% her be ief to herse fB yet it shou d see! in this instance as if God had chosen her to be a shining ight, for a twe "e&!onth before she was taken, she had recantedB but she was wretched ti the chance or was infor!ed, by etter, that she re%ented of her recantation fro! the botto! of her heart# *s if to co!%ensate for her for!er a%ostacy, and to con"ince the catho ics that she !eant no !ore to co!%ro!ise for her %ersona security, she bo d y refused his friend y offer of %er!itting her to te!%oriAe# +er courage in such a cause deser"es co!!endationDthe cause of +i! who has said, @hoe"er is asha!ed of !e on earth, of such wi 8 be asha!ed in hea"en# 8n ;o"e!ber, Tho!as ,%urdance, one of Eueen Mary's ser"ants, was brought before the chance or of ;orwich, who, a!ong his interrogations, was se"ere y recri!inated u%on by the %risoner# This good !an was taken by two of his fe ow&ser"ants, dwe ing at 9od!an, in ,uffo k# +e was sent to Bury where he re!ained so!e ti!e in %rison, and in ;o"e!ber, F002, bra"ed the fiery indignation of the ene!ies of 9hrist with 9hristian fortitude and resignation# J# +a ingda e, @# ,%arrow, and . Gibson, suffered in ,!ithfie d ;o"e!ber FGth, F002# ;e2. John ;ou1h. This %ious !artyr was a ,cotch!an( at the age of F2, he entered hi!se f as one of the order of B ack Friars, at ,tir ing, in ,cot and# +e had been ke%t out of an inheritance by his friends, and he took this ste% in re"enge for their conduct to hi!# *fter being there sixteen years, 'ord +a!i ton, Ear of *rran, taking a iking to hi!, the archbisho% of ,t# *ndrew's induced the %ro"incia of the house to dis%ense with his habit and orderB and he thus beca!e the Ear 's cha% ain# +e re!ained in this s%iritua e!% oy!ent a year, and in that ti!e God wrought in hi! a sa"ing know edge of the truthB for which reason the Ear sent hi! to %reach in the freedo! of *yr, where he re!ained four yearsB but finding danger there fro! the re igious co!% exion of the ti!es, and earning that there was !uch gos%e freedo! in Eng and, he tra"e ed u% to the duke of ,o!erset, then 'ord Protector of Eng and, who ga"e hi! a

year y sa ary of twenty %ounds, and authoriAed hi!, to %reach at 9ar is e, Berwick, and ;ewcast e, where he !arried# +e was afterward re!o"ed to a benefice at +u , in which he re!ained ti the death of Edward ?8# 8n conseEuence of the tide of %ersecution then setting in, he f ed with his wife to Fries and, and at ;ordon they fo owed the occu%ation of knitting hose, ca%s, Kc# for subsistence# 8!%eded in his business by the want of yarn, he ca!e o"er to Eng and to %rocure a Euantity, and on ;o"# F1th, arri"ed in 'ondon, where he soon heard of a secret society of the faithfu , to who! he joined hi!se f, and was in a short ti!e e ected their !inister, in which occu%ation he strengthened the! in e"ery good reso ution# -ec# F/th, through the infor!ation of one Tay or, a !e!ber of the society, Mr# .ough, with 9uthbert ,y!son and others, was taken u% in the ,aracen's +ead, 8s ington, where, under the %retext of co!ing to see a % ay, their re igious exercises were ho den# The Eueen's "ice&cha!ber ain conducted .ough and ,y!son before the counci , in whose %resence they were charged with !eeting to ce ebrate the co!!union# The counci wrote to Bonner and he ost no ti!e in this affair of b ood# 8n three days he had hi! u%, and on the next Qthe /1thR reso "ed to conde!n hi!# The charges aid against hi! were, that he, being a %riest, was !arried, and that he had rejected the ser"ice in the 'atin tongue# .ough wanted not argu!ents to re% y to these f i!sy tenets# 8n short, he was degraded and conde!ned# Mr# .ough, it shou d be noticed, when in the north, in Edward the ?8th's reign, had sa"ed -r# @atson's ife, who afterward sat with bisho% Bonner on the bench# This ungratefu %re ate, in return for the kind act he had recei"ed, bo d y accused Mr# .ough of being the !ost %ernicious heretic in the country# The god y !inister re%ro"ed hi! for his !a icious s%iritB he affir!ed that, during the thirty years he had i"ed, he had ne"er bowed the knee to Baa B and that twice at .o!e he had seen the %o%e borne about on !en's shou ders with the fa se&na!ed sacra!ent carried before hi!, %resenting a true %icture of the "ery antichristB yet was !ore re"erence shown to hi! than to the wafer, which they accounted to be their God# C*hTC said Bonner, rising u%, and !aking towards hi!, as if he wou d ha"e torn his gar!ent, Chast thou been at .o!e, and seen our ho y father the %o%e, and dost thou b as%he!e hi! after this sortTC This said, he fe u%on hi!, tore off a %iece of his beard, and, that the day !ight begin to his own satisfaction, he ordered the object of his rage to be burnt by ha f %ast fi"e the fo owing !orning# 8uthbert Symson. Few %rofessors of 9hrist %ossessed !ore acti"ity and Aea than this exce ent %erson# +e not on y abored to %reser"e his friends fro! the contagion of %o%ery, but to guard the! against the terrors of %ersecution# +e was deacon of the itt e congregation o"er which Mr# .ough %resided as !inister# Mr# ,y!son has written an account of his own sufferings, which we cannot detai better than in his own words( C)n the FHth of -ece!ber, F002, 8 was co!!itted by the counci to the tower of 'ondon# )n the fo owing Thursday, 8 was ca ed into the ware&roo!, before the constab e of the tower, and the recorder of 'ondon, Mr# 9ho ! y, who co!!anded !e to infor! the! of the na!es of those who ca!e to the Eng ish ser"ice# 8 answered, that 8 wou d dec are nothingB in conseEuence of

!y refusa , 8 was set u%on a rack of iron, as 8 judge for the s%ace of three hoursS CThey then asked !e if 8 wou d confess( 8 answered as before# *fter being unbound, 8 was carried back to !y odging# The ,unday after 8 was brought to the sa!e % ace again, before the ieutenant and recorder of 'ondon, and they exa!ined !e# *s 8 had answered before, so 8 answered now# Then the ieutenant swore by God 8 shou d te B after which !y two fore&fingers were bound together, and a s!a arrow % aced between the!, they drew it through so fast that the b ood fo owed, and the arrow brake# C*fter enduring the rack twice again, 8 was retaken to !y odging, and ten days after the ieutenant asked !e if 8 wou d not now confess that which they had before asked of !e# 8 answered, that 8 had a ready said as !uch as 8 wou d# Three weeks after 8 was sent to the %riest, where 8 was great y assau ted, and at whose hand 8 recei"ed the %o%e's curse, for bearing witness of the resurrection of 9hrist# *nd thus 8 co!!end you to God, and to the word of his grace, with a those who unfeigned y ca u%on the na!e of JesusB desiring God of his end ess !ercy, through the !erits of his dear ,on Jesus 9hrist, to bring us a to his e"er asting kingdo!, *!en# 8 %raise God for his great !ercy shown u%on us# ,ing +osanna to the +ighest with !e, 9uthbert ,y!son# God forgi"e !y sinsS 8 ask forgi"eness of a the wor d, and 8 forgi"e a the wor d, and thus 8 ea"e the wor d, in the ho%e of a joyfu resurrectionSC 8f this account be du y considered, what a %icture of re%eated tortures does it %resentS But, e"en the crue ty of the narration is exceeded by the %atient !eekness with which it was endured# +ere are no ex%ressions of !a ice, no in"ocations e"en of God's retributi"e justice, not a co!% aint of suffering wrongfu yS )n the contrary, %raise to God, forgi"eness of sin, and a forgi"ing a the wor d, conc udes this unaffected interesting narrati"e# Bonner's ad!iration was excited by the steadfast coo ness of this !artyr# ,%eaking of Mr# ,y!son in the consistory, he said, C$ou see what a %ersonab e !an he is, and then of his %atience, 8 affir!, that, if he were not a heretic, he is a !an of the greatest %atience that e"er ca!e before !e# Thrice in one day has he been racked in the tower( in !y house a so he has fe t sorrow, and yet ne"er ha"e 8 seen his %atience broken#C The day before this %ious deacon was to be conde!ned, whi e in the stocks in the bisho%'s coa &house, he had the "ision of a g orified for!, which !uch encouraged hi!# This he certain y attested to his wife, Mr# *usten, and others, before his deathB but Mr# Fox, in reciting this artic e, ea"es it to the reader's judg!ent, to consider it either as a natura or su%ernatura circu!stance# @ith this orna!ent of the 9hristian refor!ation were a%%rehended Mr# +ugh Foxe and John -e"inishB the three were brought before Bonner, March FI, F00G, and the %a%istica artic es tendered# They rejected the!, and were a conde!ned# *s they worshi%%ed together in the sa!e society, at 8s ington, so they suffered together in ,!ithfie d, March /GB in whose death the God of Grace was g orified, and true be ie"ers confir!edS @!# ;icho , of +a"erfordwest, @a es, was taken u% for re%robating the %ractice of the worshi%%ers of antichrist, and *%ri I, F00G, bore testi!ony to the truth at +a"erfordwest, in @a es, by enduring the fire#

$homas Hudson( $homas 8arman( and 9illiam Seamen( @ere conde!ned by a bigoted "icar of *y esbury, na!ed Berry# The s%ot of execution was ca ed 'o ard's %it, without Bisho%sgate, at ;orwich# *fter joining together in hu!b e %etition to the throne of grace, they rose, went to the stake, and were encirc ed with their chains# To the great sur%rise of the s%ectators, +udson s i%%ed fro! under his chain, and ca!e forward# * great o%inion %re"ai ed that he was about to recantB others thought that he wanted further ti!e# 8n the !ean ti!e, his co!%anions at the stake urged e"ery %ro!ise and exhortation to su%%ort hi!# The ho%es of the ene!ies of the cross, howe"er, were disa%%ointed( the good !an, far fro! fearing the s!a est %ersona terror at the a%%roaching %angs of death, was on y a ar!ed that his ,a"iour's face see!ed to be hidden fro! hi!# Fa ing u%on his knees, his s%irit wrest ed with God and God "erified the words of his ,on, C*sk, and it sha be gi"en#C The !artyr rose in an ecstacy of joy, and exc ai!ed, C;ow, 8 thank God, 8 a! strongS and care not what !an can do to !eSC @ith an unruff ed countenance he re% aced hi!se f under the chain, joined his fe ow&sufferers, and with the! suffered death, to the co!fort of the god y, and the confusion of antichrist# Berry, unsatiated with this de!oniaca act, su!!oned u% two hundred %ersons in the town of *y esha!, who! he co!%e ed to knee to the cross at Pentecost, and inf icted other %unish!ents# +e struck a %oor !an for a trif ing word, with a f ai , which %ro"ed fata to the unoffending object# +e a so ga"e a wo!an na!ed * ice )xes, so hea"y a b ow with his fist, as she !et hi! entering the ha when he was in an i &hu!our, that she died with the "io ence# This %riest was rich, and %ossessed great authorityB he was a re%robate, and, ike the %riesthood, he abstained fro! !arriage, to enjoy the !ore a debauched and icentious ife# The ,unday after the death of Eueen Mary, he was re"e ing with one of his concubines, before "es%ersB he then went to church, ad!inistered ba%tis!, and in his return to his asci"ious %asti!e, he was s!itten by the hand of God# @ithout a !o!ent gi"en for re%entance, he fe to the ground, and a groan was the on y articu ation %er!itted hi!# 8n hi! we !ay beho d the difference between the end of a !artyr and a %ersecutor# 8n the !onth of May, @i ia! +arris, .ichard -ay, and 9hristiana George, suffered at 9o chester, and there hu!b y !ade an offering of the!se "es to God# Apprehensions at Islin1ton. 8n a retired c ose, near a fie d, in 8s ington, a co!%any of decent %ersons had asse!b ed, to the nu!ber of forty# @hi e they were re igious y engaged in %raying and ex%ounding the scri%ture, twenty&se"en of the! were carried before ,ir .oger 9ho ! y# ,o!e of the wo!en !ade their esca%e, twenty& two were co!!itted to ;ewgate, who continued in %rison se"en weeks# Pre"ious to their exa!ination, they were infor!ed by the kee%er, Q* exander,R that nothing !ore was reEuisite to %rocure their discharge, than to hear !ass# Easy as this condition !ay see!, these !artyrs "a ued their %urity of conscience !ore than oss of ife or %ro%ertyB hence, thirteen were burnt, se"en in ,!ithfie d, and six at BrentfordB two died in %rison, and the

other se"en were %ro"identia y %reser"ed# The na!es of the se"en who suffered were, +# Pond, .# Est and, .# ,outhain, M# .icarby, J# F oyd, J# +o iday, and .# +o and# They were sent to ;ewgate June FJ, F00G, and executed on the /2th# The story of .oger +o and is the on y one of these !artyrs which has been handed down to us# +e was first an a%%rentice to one Mr# <e!%ton, at the B ack&Boy, @at ing&street# +e was, in e"ery sense of the word, icentious, a o"er of bad co!%any, and, !ore than a , a stubborn deter!ined %a%istD one of who! it !ight be said, that a !irac e on y cou d effect his con"ersion# -issi%ated as he was, his !aster had the i!%rudent confidence to trust hi! with !oneyB and, ha"ing recei"ed thirty %ounds on his !aster's account, he ost it at the ga!ing tab e# <nowing it was i!%ossib e to regain his character, he deter!ined to withdraw to France or F anders#D@ith this reso ution, he ca ed ear y in the !orning on a discreet ser"ant in the house, na!ed E iAabeth, who %rofessed the gos%e , and i"ed a ife that did honour to her %rofession# To her he re"ea ed the oss his fo y had occasioned, regretted that he had not fo owed her ad"ice, and begged her to gi"e his !aster a note of hand fro! hi! acknow edging the debt, which he wou d re%ay if e"er it were in his %owerB he a so entreated his disgracefu conduct !ight be ke%t secret, est it wou d bring the grey hairs of his father with sorrow to a %re!ature gra"e# The !aid, with a generosity and 9hristian %rinci% e rare y sur%assed, conscious that his i!%rudence !ight be his ruin, brought hi! the thirty %ounds, which was %art of a su! of !oney recent y eft her by egacy# C+ere,C said she, Cis the su! reEuisite( you sha take the !oney, and 8 wi kee% the noteB but ex%ress y on this condition, that you abandon a ewd and "icious co!%anyB that you neither swear nor ta k i!!odest y, and ga!e no !oreB for, shou d 8 earn that you do, 8 wi i!!ediate y show this note to your !aster# 8 a so reEuire, that you sha %ro!ise !e to attend the dai y ecture at * ha ows, and the ser!on at ,t# Pau 's e"ery ,undayB that you cast away a your books of %o%ery, and in their % ace substitute the Testa!ent and the Book of ,er"ice, and that you read the ,cri%tures with re"erence and fear, ca ing u%on God for his grace to direct you in his truth# Pray a so fer"ent y to God, to %ardon your for!er offences, and not to re!e!ber the sins of your youth, and wou d you obtain his fa"our, e"er dread to break his aws or offend his !ajesty# ,o sha God ha"e you in his kee%ing, and grant you your heart's desire#C @e !ust honour the !e!ory of this exce ent do!estic, whose %ious endea"ours were eEua y directed to benefit the thought ess youth in this ife and that which is to co!e# May her exa!% e be fo owed by the %resent generation of ser"ants, who seek rather to seduce by "ain dress and oose !anners the youth who are associated in ser"itude with the!S God did not suffer the wish of this exce ent do!estic to be thrown u%on a barren soi B within ha f a year after the icentious +o and beca!e a Aea ous %rofessor of the gos%e , and was an instru!ent of con"ersion to his father and others who! he "isited in 'ancashire, to their s%iritua co!fort and refor!ation fro! %o%ery# +is father, % eased with his change of conduct, ga"e hi! forty %ounds to co!!ence business with in 'ondon# :%on his return, ike an honest !an, he %aid the debt of gratitude, and, right y judging that she who had %ro"ed so exce ent a friend and counse or, wou d be no ess a!iab e as a wife, he

tendered her his hand# They were !arried in the first year of Mary, and a chi d was the fruit of their union, which Mr# +o and caused to be ba%tised by Mr# .oss in his own house# For this offence he was ob iged to f y, and Bonner, with his accusto!ed i!% acabi ity, seiAed his goods, and i &treated his wife# *fter this, he re!ained secret y a!ong the congregations of the faithfu , ti the ast year of Eueen Mary, when he, with six others was taken not far fro! ,t# John's @ood, and brought to ;ewgate u%on May&day, F00G# +e was ca ed before the bisho%, -r# 9hedsey, the +ar%sfie ds, Kc# -r# 9hedsey ex%ressed !uch affection for hi!, and %ro!ised he shou d not want any fa"our that he or his friends cou d %rocure, if he wou d not fo ow his conceit# This was seconded by sEuire Eag estone, a gent e!an of 'ancashire, and a near kins!an of +o and's, who said, C8 a! sure your honour !eans good to !y cousin# 8 beseech God he !ay ha"e the grace to fo ow your counse #C +o and direct y re% ied, C,ir, you cra"e of God you know not what# 8 beseech of God to o%en your eyes to see the ight of his b essed word#C *fter so!e %ri"ate co!!unication a!ong the co!!issioners, Bonner said, C8 %ercei"e, .oger, you wi not be ru ed by any counse that 8 or !y friends can gi"e#C The fo owing s%eech of Mr# +o and we are induced to gi"e unabridged, as it contains a %ointed charge, founded on the sins resu ting fro! fa se doctrinesB and, besides, is in itse f a we &digested and just attack u%on the tenets of %o%ery# C8 !ay say to you, !y ord, as Pau said to Fe ix and to the Jews, in the //d of the *cts, and in the F0th of the first e%ist e to the 9orinthians# 8t is not unknown to !y !aster, to who! 8 was a%%renticed, that 8 was of your b ind re igionDthat which now is taught, and that 8 obstinate y and wi fu y re!ained in it, ti the atter end of king Edward# +a"ing iberty under your auricu ar confession, 8 !ade no conscience of sin, but trusted in the %riests' abso ution, who for !oney did a so so!e %enance for !eB which after 8 had gi"en, 8 cared no farther what offences 8 did, no !ore than he did after he had !y !oney, whether he tasted bread and water for !e, or not( so that echery, swearing, and a other "ices, 8 accounted no offence of danger, so ong as 8 cou d for !oney ha"e the! abso "ed# ,o strait y did 8 obser"e your ru es of re igion, that 8 wou d ha"e ashes u%on *sh @ednesday, though 8 had used e"er so !uch wickedness at night# Though 8 cou d not in conscience eat f esh u%on the Friday, yet 8 !ade no conscience at a of swearing, drinking, or ga!ing a night ong( thus 8 was brought u%, and herein 8 ha"e continued ti now of ate, when God hath o%ened the ight of his word, and ca ed !e by his grace to re%ent of !y for!er ido atry and wicked ifeB for in 'ancashire their b indness and whoredo! is !uch !ore, than !ay with chaste ears be heard# $et these !y friends, who are not c ear in these notab e cri!es, think the %riest with his !ass can sa"e the!, though they b as%he!e God, and kee% concubines besides their wi"es, as ong as they i"e# $ea, 8 know so!e %riests, "ery de"out, !y ord, yet such ha"e six or se"en chi dren by four or fi"e sundry wo!en# CMr# -octor, as to your antiEuity, unity, and uni"ersa ity, Qfor these -r# 9hedsey a eged as notes and tokens of their re igion,R 8 a! un earned# 8 ha"e no so%histry to shift !y reasons withB but the truth 8 trust 8 ha"e, which needs no %ainted co ours to set her forth# The antiEuity of our church is not fro! %o%e ;icho as, nor %o%e Joan, but our church is fro! the beginning,

e"en fro! the ti!e that God said unto *da!, that the seed of the wo!an shou d break the ser%ent's headB and so to faithfu ;oahB to *braha!, 8saac, and Jacob, to who! it was %ro!ised, that their seed shou d !u ti% y as the stars in the skyB and so to Moses, -a"id, and a the ho y fathers that were fro! the beginning unto the birth of our ,a"iour 9hrist# * who be ie"ed these %ro!ises were of the church, though the nu!ber was oftenti!es but few and s!a , as in E ias' days, who thought he was the on y one that had not bowed the knee to Baa , when God had reser"ed se"en thousand that ne"er had bowed their knees to that ido ( as 8 trust there be se"en hundred thousand !ore than 8 know of, that ha"e not bowed their knee to that ido your !ass, and your God MaoAi!B in the u%ho ding of which is your b oody crue ty whi e you dai y %ersecute E ias and the ser"ants of God, forcing the! Qas -anie was in his cha!berR c ose y to ser"e the 'ord their GodB and e"en as we by this your crue ty are forced in the fie ds to %ray unto God, that his ho y word !ay be once again tru y %reached a!ongst us, and that he wou d !itigate and shorten these ido atrous and b oody days wherein a crue ty reigns# Moreo"er, of our church ha"e been the a%ost es and e"ange ists, the !artyrs and confessors of 9hrist, who ha"e at a ti!es and in a ages been %ersecuted for the testi!ony of the word of God# But for the u%ho ding of your church and re igion, what antiEuity can you showT The !ass indeed, that ido and chief %i ar of your re igion, is not yet four hundred years o d, and so!e of your !asses are younger, as that of ,t# Tho!as a Becket, the traitor, wherein you %ray, That you !ay be sa"ed by the b ood of ,t# Tho!as# *nd as for your 'atin ser"ice, what are we of the aity the better for itT 8 think if any one were to hear your %riests !u!b e u% their ser"ice, a though he we understood 'atin, yet he wou d understand "ery few words of it, the %riests so cha!% the! and chew the!, and %ost so fast, that they neither understand what they say, nor they that hear the!B and in the !ean ti!e the %eo% e, when they shou d %ray with the %riest, are set to their beads to %ray our 'ady's Psa ter# ,o crafty is ,atan to de"ise these his drea!s, Qwhich you defend with fagot and fire,R to Euench the ight of the word of GodB which, as -a"id saith, shou d be a antern to our feet# *nd again, @herein sha a young !an direct his way, but by the word of GodT and yet you wi hide it fro! us in a tongue unknown# ,t# Pau had rather ha"e fi"e words s%oken with understanding, than ten thousand in an unknown tongue, and yet wi you ha"e your 'atin ser"ice and %raying in a strange tongue, whereof the %eo% e are utter y ignorant, to be of such antiEuity# CThe Greek church, and a good %art of 9hristendo! besides, ne"er recei"ed your ser"ice in an unknown tongue, but in their own natura anguage, which a the %eo% e understandB neither your transubstantiation, your recei"ing in one kind, your %urgatory, your i!ages, Kc# C*s for the unity which is in your church, what is it but treason, !urder, %oisoning one another, ido atry, su%erstition, and wickednessT @hat unity was in your church, when there were three %o%es at onceT @here was your head of unity when you had a wo!an %o%eTC +ere he was interru%ted, and was not suffered to %roceed# The bisho% said his words were b as%he!ous, and ordered the kee%er to take hi! away# Bonner obser"ing, on his second exa!ination, that +o and said, he was wi ing to be instructed by the church, Q!eaning the true church,R he ordered the kee%er to et hi! want for

nothing, not e"en for !oney, by which conduct he ho%ed to in"eig e hi! fro! the truth# This, howe"er, u%on his ast exa!ination did not %roduce the intended effect# Bonner s%oke "ery handso!e y to hi!, and assured hi! his for!er hasty answers shou d not o%erate against hi!, as he hi!se f Qthe bisho%R was so!eti!es too hasty, but it was soon o"erB he further said, that he shou d ha"e consigned hi! to his own ordinary for exa!ination, but for the %articu ar interest he took in his we fare, for his and his friends' sake# Fro! this exordiu! he %roceeded to the touchstone Euestion of the rea %resence in the !ass# C-o you not be ie"e, that, after the %riest hath s%oken the words of consecration, there re!ains the body of 9hrist, rea y and cor%orea y under the for!s of bread and wineT 8 !ean the se f&sa!e body as was born of the ?irgin Mary, that was crucified u%on the cross, that rose again the third day#C +o and re% ied, C$our ordshi% saith, the sa!e body which was born of the ?irgin Mary, which was crucified u%on the cross, which rose again the third day( but you ea"e out 'which ascended into hea"enB' and the ,cri%ture saith, +e sha re!ain unti he co!e to judge the Euick and the dead# Then he is not contained under the for!s of bread and wine, by +oc est cor%us !eu!, Kc#C Bonner, finding no i!%ression cou d be !ade u%on his fir!ness, and that he hi!se f cou d not endure to hear the !ass, transubstantiation, and the worshi%%ing the sacra!ent, deno!inated i!%ious and horrid ido atry, %ronounced the conde!natory sentence, adjudging hi! to be burnt# -uring this fu !ination, +o and stood "ery Euiet, and when he was about to de%art, he begged %er!ission to s%eak a few words# The bisho% wou d not hear hi!, but, at the intercession of a friend, he was %er!itted# 8n the fo owing s%eech, there is a s%irit of %ro%hecy which entit es it to %articu ar attentionB they were not the words of a rando! enthusiast, but of one to who! God see!s to ha"e gi"en an assurance, that the %resent abject state of his faithfu %eo% e shou d short y be a tered# Holland. CE"en now 8 to d you that your authority was fro! God, and by his sufferance( and now 8 te you God hath heard the "oice of his ser"ants, which hath been %oured forth with tears for his aff icted saints, who! you dai y %ersecute, as now you do us# But this 8 dare be bo d in God to say, Qby whose ,%irit 8 a! !o"ed,R that God wi shorten your hand of crue ty, that for a ti!e you sha not !o est his church# *nd this you sha in a short ti!e we %ercei"e, !y dear brethren, to be !ost true# For after this day( in this pla&e, there sha not be any by hi! %ut to the tria of fire and fagotBC and after that day there were none that suffered in ,!ithfie d for the truth of the gos%e # 8n re% y, Bonner said, C.oger, thou art, 8 %ercei"e, as !ad in these thy heresies as e"er was Joan Butcher# 8n anger and fu!e thou wou d beco!e a rai ing %ro%het# Though thou and a the rest of you wou d see !e hanged, yet 8 shall i"e to burn, yea, and 8 will burn a the sort of you that co!e into !y hands, that wi not worshi% the b essed sacra!ent of the a tar, for a thy %ratt ingBC and so he went his way# Then +o and began to exhort his friends to re%entance, and to think we of the! that suffered for the testi!ony of the gos%e , u%on which the bisho% ca!e back, charging the kee%er that no !an shou d s%eak to the! without his icenseB if they did, they shou d be co!!itted to %rison# 8n the !ean ti!e, +enry Pond and +o and s%ake to the %eo% e, exhorting the! to stand

fir! in the truthB adding, that God wou d shorten these crue and e"i days for his e ect's sake# The day they suffered, a %roc a!ation was !ade, %rohibiting e"ery one fro! s%eaking or ta king to, or recei"ing any thing fro! the!, or touching the!, u%on %ain of i!%rison!ent without either bai or !ain%riAe# ;otwithstanding, the %eo% e cried out, CGod strengthen the!SC They a so %rayed for the %eo% e, and the restoration of his word# E!bracing the stake and the reeds, +o and said these words( C'ord, 8 !ost hu!b y thank thy Majesty, that thou hast ca ed !e fro! the state of death unto the ight of thy hea"en y word, and now unto the fe owshi% of thy saints, that 8 !ay sing and say, +o y, ho y, ho y, 'ord God of +ostsS *nd, 'ord, into thy hands 8 co!!it !y s%iritS 'ord, b ess these, thy %eo% e, and sa"e the! fro! ido atry#C Thus he ended his ife, ooking towards hea"en, %raying to, and %raising God, with the rest of his fe ow saints# These se"en !artyrs were consu!ed, June /2, F00G# The na!es of the six !artyrs taken in co!%any with those who were a%%rehended in the c ose, near 8s ington, were .# Mi s, ,# 9otton, .# -ynes, ,# @right, J# , ade, and @# Pikes, tanner# They were conde!ned by Bonner's chance or in one day, and the next day a writ was sent to Brentford for their execution, which took % ace, Ju y F5, F00G# %la1ellations by #onner. @hen this catho ic hyena found that neither %ersuasions, threats, nor i!%rison!ent, cou d %roduce any a teration in the !ind of a youth na!ed Tho!as +inshaw, he sent hi! to Fu ha!, and during the first night set hi! in the stocks, with no other a owance than bread and water# The fo owing !orning he ca!e to see if this %unish!ent had worked any change in his !ind, and finding none, he sent -r# +ar%sfie d, his archdeacon, to con"erse with hi!# The -octor was soon out of hu!our at his re% ies, ca ed hi! %ee"ish boy, and asked hi! if he thought he went about to da!n his sou T C8 a! %ersuaded,C said Tho!as, Cthat you abour to %ro!ote the dark kingdo! of the de"i , not for the o"e of the truth#C These words the doctor con"eyed to the bisho%, who, in a %assion that a !ost %re"ented articu ation, ca!e to Tho!as, and said, C-ost thou answer !y archdeacon thus, thou naughty boyT But 8' soon hand e thee we enough for it, be assuredSC Two wi ow twigs were then brought hi!, and causing the unresisting youth to knee against a ong bench, in an arbour in his garden, he scourged hi! ti he was co!%e ed to cease for want of breath and fatigue, being of a %unchy and fu &be ied !ake# )ne of the rods was worn Euite away# Many other conf icts did +inshaw undergo fro! the bisho%B who, at ength, to re!o"e hi! effectua y, %rocured fa se witnesses to ay artic es against hi!, a of which the young !an denied, and, in short, refused to answer to any interrogatories ad!inistered to hi!# * fortnight after this, the young !an was attacked by a burning ague, and at the reEuest of his !aster, Mr# Pugson, of ,t# Pau 's church&yard, he was re!o"ed, the bisho% not doubting that he had gi"en hi! his death in the natura wayB he howe"er re!ained i abo"e a year, and in the !ean ti!e Eueen Mary died, by which act of %ro"idence he esca%ed Bonner's rage#

John @i es was another faithfu %erson, on who! the scourging hand of Bonner fe # +e was the brother of .ichard @i es, before !entioned, burnt at Brentford# +inshaw and @i es were confined in Bonner's coa house together, and afterward re!o"ed to Fu ha!, where he and +inshaw re!ained during eight or ten days, in the stocks# Bonner's %ersecuting s%irit betrayed itse f in his treat!ent of @i es during his exa!inations, often striking hi! on the head with a stick, seiAing hi! by the ears, and fi i%%ing hi! under the chin, saying he he d down his head ike a thief# This %roducing no signs of recantation, he took hi! into his orchard, and in a s!a arbour there he f ogged hi! first with a wi ow rod, and then with birch, ti he was exhausted# This crue ferocity arose fro! the answer of the %oor sufferer, who, u%on being asked how ong it was since he had cre%t to the cross, re% ied, C;ot since he had co!e to years of discretion, nor wou d he, though he shou d be torn to %ieces by wi d horses#C Bonner then bade hi! !ake the sign of the cross on his forehead, which he refused to do, and thus was ed to the orchard# The co!!unications that took % ace between Bonner and @i es are too tedious to gi"e in detai # The reader wou d s!i e to read the infatuated si!% e reasons with which the bisho% endea"oured to de ude the ignorant# +e strong y urged the i!%ro%riety of his !edd ing with !atters of scri%tureB adding, C8f thou wi t be ie"e 'uther, Nuing ius, and other %rotestant authors, thou canst not go rightB but in be ie"ing !e, there can be no errorSDand, if there be, thy b ood wi be reEuired at our hands# 8n fo owing 'uther, and the heretics of atter days, now wi t thou co!e to the % ace thou askest forTD They wi ead thee to destruction, and burn thy body and sou in he , ike a those who ha"e been burnt in ,!ithfie d#C The bisho% continued to aff ict hi! in his exa!inations, in which, a!ong other things, he said, CThey ca !e b oody BonnerSD* "engeance on you a S 8 wou d fain be rid of you, but you ha"e a de ight in burning# 9ou d 8 ha"e !y wi , 8 wou d sew u% your !ouths, %ut you in sacks, and drown youSC @hat a sanguinary s%eech was this, to %roceed fro! the !outh of one who %rofessed to be a !inister of the gos%e of %eace, and a ser"ant of the 'a!b of GodSD9an we ha"e an assurance that the sa!e s%irit does not reign now, which reigned in this !itred catho icT )ne day, when in the stocks, Bonner asked hi! how he iked his odging and fare# C@e enough,C said @i es, C!ight 8 ha"e a itt e straw to sit or ie u%on#C Just at this ti!e ca!e in @i es' wife, then arge y %regnant, and entreated the bisho% for her husband, bo d y dec aring that she wou d be de i"ered in the house, if he were not suffered to go with her# To get rid of the good wife's i!%ortunity, and the troub e of a ying&in wo!an in his %a ace, he bade @i es !ake the sign of the cross, and say, 8n no!ine Patris, et Fi ii, et ,%iritus ,ancti, *!en# @i es o!itted the sign, and re%eated the words, Cin the na!e of the Father, and of the ,on, and of the +o y Ghost, *!en#C Bonner wou d ha"e the words re%eated in 'atin, to which @i es !ade no objection, knowing the !eaning of the words# +e was then %er!itted to go ho!e with his wife, his kins!an .obert .ouAe being charged to bring hi! to ,t# Pau 's the next day, whither he hi!se f went, and, subscribing to a 'atin instru!ent of itt e i!%ortance, was iberated# This is the ast of the twenty&two taken at 8s ington#

;e2. ;i&hard Deoman. This de"out aged %erson was curate to -r# Tay or, at +ad ey, and e!inent y Eua ified for his sacred function# -r# Tay or eft hi! the curacy at his de%arture, but no sooner had Mr# ;ewa gotten the benefice, than he re!o"ed Mr# $eo!an, and substituted a .o!ish %riest# *fter this he wandered fro! % ace to % ace, exhorting a !en to stand faithfu y to God's word, earnest y to gi"e the!se "es unto %rayer, with %atience to bear the cross now aid u%on the! for their tria , with bo dness to confess the truth before their ad"ersaries, and with an undoubted ho%e to wait for the crown and reward of eterna fe icity# But when he %ercei"ed his ad"ersaries ay wait for hi!, he went into <ent, and with a itt e %acket of aces, %ins, %oints, Kc# he tra"e ed fro! "i age to "i age, se ing such things, and in this !anner subsisted hi!se f, his wife, and chi dren# *t ast Justice Moi e, of <ent, took Mr# $eo!an, and set hi! in the stocks a day and a nightB but, ha"ing no e"ident !atter to charge hi! with, he et hi! go again# 9o!ing secret y again to +ad ey, he tarried with his %oor wife, who ke%t hi! %ri"ate y, in a cha!ber of the town&house, co!!on y ca ed the Gui dha , !ore than a year# -uring this ti!e the good o d father abode in a cha!ber ocked u% a the day, s%ending his ti!e in de"out %rayer, in reading the ,cri%tures, and in carding the woo which his wife s%un# +is wife a so begged bread for herse f and her chi dren, by which %recarious !eans they su%%orted the!se "es# Thus the saints of God sustained hunger and !isery, whi e the %ro%hets of Baa i"ed in festi"ity, and were costi y %a!%ered at JeAebe 's tab e# 8nfor!ation being at ength gi"en to ;ewa , that $eo!an was secreted by his wife, he ca!e, attended by the constab es, and broke into the roo! where the object of his search ay in bed with his wife# +e re%roached the %oor wo!an with being a whore, and wou d ha"e indecent y %u ed the c othes off, but $eo!an resisted both this act of "io ence and the attack u%on his wife's character, adding that he defied the %o%e and %o%ery# +e was then taken out, and set in the stocks ti day# 8n the cage a so with hi! was an o d !an, na!ed John -a e, who had sat there three or four days, for exhorting the %eo% e during the ti!e ser"ice was %erfor!ing by ;ewa and his curate# +is words were, C) !iserab e and b ind guides, wi ye e"er be b ind eaders of the b indT wi ye ne"er a!endT wi ye ne"er see the truth of God's wordT wi neither God's threats nor %ro!ises enter into your heartsT wi the b ood of the !artyrs nothing !o ify your stony sto!achsT ) obdurate, hard&hearted, %er"erse, and crooked generationS to who! nothing can do good#C These words he s%ake in fer"ency of s%irit against the su%erstitious re igion of .o!eB wherefore %arson ;ewa caused hi! forthwith to be attached, and set in the stocks in a cage, where he was ke%t ti ,ir +enry -oi e, a justice, ca!e to +ad ey# @hen $eo!an was taken, the %arson ca ed earnest y u%on ,ir +enry -oi e to send the! both to %rison# ,ir +enry -oi e as earnest y entreated the %arson to consider the age of the !en, and their !ean conditionB they were neither %ersons of note nor %reachersB wherefore he %ro%osed to et the! be %unished a day or two and to dis!iss the!, at east John -a e, who was no

%riest, and therefore, as he had so ong sat in the cage, he thought it %unish!ent enough for this ti!e# @hen the %arson heard this, he was exceeding y !ad, and in a great rage ca ed the! %esti ent heretics, unfit to i"e in the co!!onwea th of 9hristians# ,ir +enry, fearing to a%%ear too !ercifu , $eo!an and -a e were %inioned, bound ike thie"es with their egs under the horses' be ies, and carried to Bury jai , where they were aid in ironsB and because they continua y rebuked %o%ery, they were carried into the owest dungeon, where John -a e, through the jai &sickness and e"i & kee%ing, died soon after( his body was thrown out, and buried in the fie ds# +e was a !an of sixty&six years of age, a wea"er by occu%ation, we earned in the ho y ,cri%tures, steadfast in his confession of the true doctrines of 9hrist as set forth in king Edward's ti!eB for which he joyfu y suffered %rison and chains, and fro! this wor d y dungeon he de%arted in 9hrist to eterna g ory, and the b essed %aradise of e"er asting fe icity# *fter -a e's death, $eo!an was re!o"ed to ;orwich %rison, where, after strait and e"i kee%ing, he was exa!ined u%on his faith and re igion, and reEuired to sub!it hi!se f to his ho y father the %o%e# C8 defy hi!, QEuoth he,R and a his detestab e abo!ination( 8 wi in no wise ha"e to do with hi!#C The chief artic es objected to hi!, were his !arriage and the !ass sacrifice# Finding he continued steadfast in the truth, he was conde!ned, degraded, and not on y burnt, but !ost crue y tor!ented in the fire# Thus he ended this %oor and !iserab e ife, and entered into that b essed boso! of *braha!, enjoying with 'aAarus that rest which God has %re%ared for his e ect# $homas #enbrid1e. Mr# Benbridge was a sing e gent e!an, in the diocese of @inchester# +e !ight ha"e i"ed a gent e!an's ife, in the wea thy %ossessions of this wor dB but he chose rather to enter through the strait gate of %ersecution to the hea"en y %ossession of ife in the 'ord's kingdo!, than to enjoy %resent % easure with disEuietude of conscience# Manfu y standing against the %a%ists for the defence of the sincere doctrine of 9hrist's gos%e , he was a%%rehended as an ad"ersary to the .o!ish re igion, and ed for exa!ination before the bisho% of @inchester, where he underwent se"era conf icts for the truth against the bisho% and his co eagueB for which he was conde!ned, and so!e ti!e after brought to the % ace of !artyrdo! by ,ir .ichard Pecksa , sheriff# @hen standing at the stake he began to untie his %oints, and to %re%are hi!se fB then he ga"e his gown to the kee%er, by way of fee# +is jerkin was tri!!ed with go d ace, which he ga"e to ,ir .ichard Pecksa , the high sheriff# +is ca% of "e "et he took fro! his head, and threw away# Then, ifting his !ind to the 'ord, he engaged in %rayer# @hen fastened to the stake, -r# ,eaton begged hi! to recant, and he shou d ha"e his %ardonB but when he saw that nothing a"ai ed, he to d the %eo% e not to %ray for hi! un ess he wou d recant, no !ore than they wou d %ray for a dog# Mr# Benbridge, standing at the stake with his hands together in such a !anner as the %riest ho ds his hands in his Me!ento, -r# ,eaton ca!e to hi! again, and exhorted hi! to recant, to who! he said, C*way, Baby on,

awaySC )ne that stood by said, ,ir, cut his tongue outB another, a te!%ora !an, rai ed at hi! worse than -r# ,eaton had done# @hen they saw he wou d not yie d, they bade the tor!entors to ight the %i e, before he was in any way co"ered with fagots# The fire first took away a %iece of his beard, at which he did not shrink# Then it ca!e on the other side and took his egs, and the nether stockings of his hose being eather, they !ade the fire %ierce the shar%er, so that the into erab e heat !ade hi! exc ai!, C8 recantSC and sudden y he thrust the fire fro! hi!# Two or three of his friends being by, wished to sa"e hi!B they ste%%ed to the fire to he % re!o"e it, for which kindness they were sent to jai # The sheriff a so of his own authority took hi! fro! the stake, and re!itted hi! to %rison, for which he was sent to the f eet, and ay there so!eti!e# Before, howe"er, he was taken fro! the stake, -r# ,eaton wrote artic es for hi! to subscribe to# To these Mr# Benbridge !ade so !any objections, that -r# ,eaton ordered the! to set fire again to the %i e# Then with !uch %ain and grief of heart he subscribed to the! u%on a !an's back# This done, his gown was gi"en hi! again, and he was ed to %rison# @hi e there, he wrote a etter to -r# ,eaton, recanting those words he s%ake at the stake, and the artic es which he had subscribedB for he was grie"ed that he had e"er signed the!# The sa!e day se'night he was again brought to the stake, where the "i e tor!entors rather broi ed than burnt hi!# The 'ord gi"e his ene!ies re%entanceS ;ot ong before the sickness of Eueen Mary, in the beginning of *ugust, F00G, four inoffensi"e hu!b e !artyrs were burnt at ,t# Ed!undsbury with "ery itt e exa!ination# ;eg ect in attending the %o%ish ser"ice at !ass, which in "ain they % eaded as a !atter of conscience, was the cause of their unti!e y sufferings and deaths# Their heroic na!es were J# 9rooke, sawyerB .# Mi es, a ias P u!!er, sheer!anB *# 'ane, whee rightB and J# *sh ey, a bache or# Ale4ander Gou&h and Ali&e )ri2er. These god y %ersons were a%%rehended by Mr# ;oone, a justice in ,uffo k# They were brought to the stake at se"en o'c ock in the !orning, notwithstanding they had co!e fro! Me ton jai , six !i es off# The sheriff, ,ir +enry -owe , was !uch dissatisfied with the ti!e they took in %rayer, and sent one of his !en to bid the! !ake an end# Gouch earnest y entreated for a itt e ti!e, urging that they had but a itt e whi e to i"e( but the sheriff wou d grant no indu gence, and ordered the nu!erous friends who ca!e to take the ast farewe of the! as they stood chained to the stake, to be forcib y torn away, and threatened the! with arrestB but the indignation of the s%ectators !ade hi! re"oke this order# They endured the terrific conf agration, and honoured God eEua y in their i"es and deaths# 8n the sa!e !onth were executed at Bury, P# +u!%hrey, and J# and +# -a"id, brothers# ,ir 9 e!ent +igha!, about a fortnight before the Eueen's death, issued out a warrant for their sacrifice, notwithstanding the Eueen's i ness at that ti!e rendered her inca%ab e of signing the order for their execution# Mrs. Prest.

Fro! the nu!ber conde!ned in this fanatica reign, it is a !ost i!%ossib e to obtain the na!e of e"ery !artyr, or to e!be ish the history of a with anecdotes and exe!% ifications of 9hristian conduct# Thanks be to Pro"idence, our crue task begins to draw towards a conc usion, with the end of the reign of Pa%a terror and b oodshed# Monarchs, sit u%on thrones %ossessed by hereditary right, shou d, of a others, consider that the aws of nature are the aws of God, and hence that the first aw of nature is the %reser"ation of their subjects# Maxi!s of %ersecutions, of torture, and of death, they shou d ea"e to those who ha"e effected so"ereignty by fraud or the swordB but where, exce%t a!ong a few !iscreant e!%erors of .o!e, and the .o!an %ontiffs, sha we find one whose !e!ory is so Cda!ned to e"er asting fa!eC as that of Eueen MaryT ;ations bewai the hour which se%arates the! fore"er fro! a be o"ed go"ernor, but, with res%ect to that of Mary, it was the !ost b essed ti!e of her who e reign# +ea"en has ordained three great scourges for nationa sinsD% ague, %esti ence, and fa!ine# 8t was the wi of God in Mary's reign to bring a fourth u%on this kingdo!, under the for! of Pa%istica Persecution# 8t was shar%, but g oriousB the fire which consu!ed the !artyrs has under!ined the Po%edo!B and the 9atho ic states, at %resent the !ost bigoted and unen ightened, are those which are sunk owest in the sca e of !ora dignity and %o itica conseEuence# May they re!ain so, ti the %ure ight of the gos%e sha dissi%ate the darkness of fanaticis! and su%erstitionS But to return# Mrs# Prest for so!e ti!e i"ed about 9ornwa , where she had a husband and chi dren, whose bigotry co!%e ed her to freEuent the abo!inations of the church of .o!e# .eso "ing to act as her conscience dictated, she Euitted the!, and !ade a i"ing by s%inning# *fter so!e ti!e, returning ho!e, she was accused by her neighbours, and brought to Exeter, to be exa!ined before -r# Troub e"i e, and his chance or B ackston# *s this !artyr was accounted of inferior inte ects, we sha %ut her in co!%etition with the bisho%, and et the reader judge which had the !ost of that know edge conduci"e to e"er asting ife# The bisho% bringing the Euestion to issue, res%ecting the bread and wine being f esh and b ood, Mrs# Prest said, C8 wi de!and of you whether you can deny your creed, which says, that 9hrist doth %er%etua y sit at the right hand of his Father, both body and sou , unti he co!e againB or whether he be there in hea"en our *d"ocate, and to !ake %rayer for us unto God his FatherT 8f he be so, he is not here on earth in a %iece of bread# 8f he be not here, and if he do not dwe in te!% es !ade with hands, but in hea"en, whatS sha we seek hi! hereT 8f he did not offer his body once for a , why !ake you a new offeringT 8f with one offering he !ade a %erfect, why do you with a fa se offering !ake a i!%erfectT 8f he be to be worshi%%ed in s%irit and in truth, why do you worshi% a %iece of breadT 8f he be eaten and drunken in faith and truth, if his f esh be not %rofitab e to be a!ong us, why do you say you !ake his f esh and b ood, and say it is %rofitab e for body and sou T * asS 8 a! a %oor wo!an, but rather than do as you do, 8 wou d i"e no onger# 8 ha"e said, ,ir#C #ishop. 8 %ro!ise you, you are a jo y %rotestant# 8 %ray you in what schoo ha"e you been brought u%T Mrs. Prest. 8 ha"e u%on the ,undays "isited the ser!ons, and there ha"e 8 earned such things as are so fixed in !y breast, that death sha not se%arate the!#

#. ) foo ish wo!an, who wi waste his breath u%on thee, or such as thou artT But how chanceth it that thou wentest away fro! thy husbandT 8f thou wert an honest wo!an, thou wou dst not ha"e eft thy husband and chi dren, and run about the country ike a fugiti"e# Mrs. P. ,ir, 8 aboured for !y i"ingB and as !y !aster 9hrist counse eth !e, when 8 was %ersecuted in one city, 8 f ed into another# #. @ho %ersecuted theeT Mrs. P. My husband and !y chi dren# For when 8 wou d ha"e the! to ea"e ido atry, and to worshi% God in hea"en, he wou d not hear !e, but he with his chi dren rebuked !e, and troub ed !e# 8 f ed not for whoredo!, nor for theft, but because 8 wou d be no %artaker with hi! and his of that fou ido the !assB and wheresoe"er 8 was, as oft as 8 cou d, u%on ,undays and ho ydays, 8 !ade excuses not to go to the %o%ish church# #. Be ike then you are a good housewife, to f y fro! your husband and the church# Mrs. P. My housewifery is but s!a B but God ga"e !e grace to go to the true church# #. The true church, what dost thou !eanT Mrs. P. ;ot your %o%ish church, fu of ido s and abo!inations, but where two or three are gathered together in the na!e of God, to that church wi 8 go as ong as 8 i"e# #. Be ike then you ha"e a church of your own# @e , et this !ad wo!an be %ut down to %rison ti we send for her husband# Mrs. P. ;o, 8 ha"e but one husband, who is here a ready in this city, and in %rison with !e, fro! who! 8 wi ne"er de%art# ,o!e %ersons %resent endea"ouring to con"ince the bisho% she was not in her right senses, she was %er!itted to de%art# The kee%er of the bisho%'s %risons took her into his house, where she either s%un worked as a ser"ant, or wa ked about the city, discoursing u%on the sacra!ent of the a tar# +er husband was sent for to take her ho!e, but this she refused whi e the cause of re igion cou d be ser"ed# ,he was too acti"e to be id e, and her con"ersation, si!% e as they affected to think her, excited the attention of se"era catho ic %riests and friars# They teaAed her with Euestions, ti she answered the! angri y, and this excited a augh at her war!th# ;ay, said she, you ha"e !ore need to wee% than to augh, and to be sorry that e"er you were born, to be the cha% ains of that whore of Baby on# 8 defy hi! and a his fa sehoodB and get you away fro! !e, you do but troub e !y conscience# $ou wou d ha"e !e fo ow your doingsB 8 wi first ose !y ife# 8 %ray you de%art# @hy, thou foo ish wo!an, said they, we co!e to thee for thy %rofit and sou 's hea th# To which she re% ied, @hat %rofit ariseth by you, that teach nothing but ies for truthT how sa"e you sou s, when you %reach nothing but ies, and destroy sou sT +ow %ro"est thou thatT said they# -o you not destroy your sou s, when you teach the %eo% e to worshi% ido s, stocks and stones, the works of !en's handsT and to worshi% a fa se God of your own !aking of a %iece of bread, and teach that the %o%e is God's "icar, and hath %ower to forgi"e sinsT and that there is a %urgatory, when God's ,on hath by his %assion %urged a T and say you !ake God, and sacrifice hi!, when 9hrist's body was a sacrifice once for a T -o you not teach the

%eo% e to nu!ber their sins in your ears, and say they wi be da!ned if they confess not a B when God's word saith, @ho can nu!ber his sinsT -o you not %ro!ise the! trenta s and dirges, and !asses for sou s, and se your %rayers for !oney, and !ake the! buy %ardons, and trust to such foo ish in"entions of your i!aginationsT -o you not a together act against GodT -o you not teach us to %ray u%on beads, and to %ray unto saints, and say they can %ray for usT -o you not !ake ho y water and ho y bread to fray de"i sT -o you not do a thousand !ore abo!inationsT *nd yet you say, you co!e for !y %rofit, and to sa"e !y sou # ;o, no, one hath sa"ed !e# Farewe , you with your sa "ation# -uring the iberty granted her by the bisho%, before&!entioned, she went into ,t# Peter's church, and there found a ski fu -utch!an, who was affixing new noses to certain fine i!ages which had been disfigured in king Edward's ti!eB to who! she said, @hat a !ad!an art thou, to !ake the! new noses, which within a few days sha a ose their headsT The -utch!an accused her and aid it hard to her change# *nd she said unto hi!, Thou are accursed, and so are thy i!ages# +e ca ed her a whore# ;ay, said she, thy i!ages are whores, and thou art a whore&hunterB for doth not God say, $ou go a whoring after strange gods, figures of your own !akingT and thou art one of the!# *fter this she was ordered to be confined, and had no !ore iberty# -uring the ti!e of her i!%rison!ent, !any "isited her, so!e sent by the bisho%, and so!e of their own wi B a!ong these was one -anie , a great %reacher of the gos%e , in the days of king Edward, about 9ornwa and -e"onshire, but who, through the grie"ous %ersecution he had sustained, had fa en off# Earnest y did she exhort hi! to re%ent with Peter, and to be !ore constant in his %rofession# Mrs# @a ter .au ey and Mr# @!# and John <ede, %ersons of great res%ectabi ity, bore a!% e testi!ony of her god y con"ersation, dec aring, that un ess God were with her, it were i!%ossib e she cou d ha"e so ab y defended the cause of 9hrist# 8ndeed, to su! u% the character of this %oor wo!an, she united the ser%ent and the do"e, abounding in the highest wisdo! joined to the greatest si!% icity# ,he endured i!%rison!ent, threatenings, taunts, and the "i est e%ithets, but nothing cou d induce her to swer"eB her heart was fixedB she had cast anchorB nor cou d a the wounds of %ersecution re!o"e her fro! the rock on which her ho%es of fe icity were bui t# ,uch was her !e!ory, that, without earning, she cou d te in what cha%ter any text of scri%ture was contained( on account of this singu ar %ro%erty, one Gregory Basset, a rank %a%ist, said she was deranged, and ta ked as a %arrot, wi d without !eaning# *t ength, ha"ing tried e"ery !anner without effect to !ake her no!ina y a catho ic, they conde!ned her# *fter this, one exhorted her to ea"e her o%inions, and go ho!e to her fa!i y, as she was %oor and i iterate# CTrue, Qsaid sheR though 8 a! not earned, 8 a! content to be a witness of 9hrist's death, and 8 %ray you !ake no onger de ay with !eB for !y heart is fixed, and 8 wi ne"er say otherwise, nor turn to your su%erstitious doing#C To the disgrace of Mr# B ackston, treasurer of the church, he wou d often send for this %oor !artyr fro! %rison, to !ake s%ort for hi! and a wo!an who! he ke%tB %utting re igious Euestions to her, and turning her answers

into ridicu e# This done, he sent her back to her wretched dungeon, whi e he battened u%on the good things of this wor d# There was %erha%s so!ething si!% y udicrous in the for! of Mrs# Prest, as she was of a "ery short stature, thick set, and about fifty&four years of ageB but her countenance was cheerfu and i"e y, as if %re%ared for the day of her !arriage with the 'a!b# To !ock at her for! was an indirect accusation of her 9reator, who fra!ed her after the fashion he iked best, and ga"e her a !ind that far exce ed the transient endow!ents of %erishab e f esh# @hen she was offered !oney, she rejected it, Cbecause Qsaid sheR 8 a! going to a city where !oney bears no !astery, and whi e 8 a! here God has %ro!ised to feed !e#C @hen sentence was read, conde!ning her to the f a!es, she ifted u% her "oice and %raised God, adding, CThis day ha"e 8 found that which 8 ha"e ong sought#C @hen they te!%ted her to recant,DCThat wi 8 not, Qsaid sheR God forbid that 8 shou d ose the ife eterna , for this carna and short ife# 8 wi ne"er turn fro! !y hea"en y husband to !y earth y husbandB fro! the fe owshi% of ange s to !orta chi drenB and if !y husband and chi dren be faithfu , then a! 8 theirs# God is !y father, God is !y !other, God is !y sister, !y brother, !y kins!anB God is !y friend, !ost faithfu #C Being de i"ered to the sheriff, she was ed by the officer to the % ace of execution, without the wa s of Exeter, ca ed ,othenhey, where again the su%erstitious %riests assau ted her# @hi e they were tying her to the stake, she continued earnest y to exc ai! CGod be !ercifu to !e, a sinnerSC Patient y enduring the de"ouring conf agration, she was consu!ed to ashes, and thus ended a ife which in unshaken fide ity to the cause of 9hrist, was not sur%assed by that of any %receding !artyr# ;i&hard Sharpe( $homas #anion( and $homas Hale. Mr# ,har%e, wea"er, of Bristo , was brought the Ith day of March, F00J, before Mr# -a by, chance or of the city of Bristo , and after exa!ination concerning the sacra!ent of the a tar, was %ersuaded to recantB and on the /Ith, he was enjoined to !ake his recantation in the %arish church# But, scarce y had he %ub ic y a"owed his backs iding, before he fe t in his conscience such a tor!enting fiend, that he was unab e to work at his occu%ationB hence, short y after, one ,unday, he ca!e into the %arish church, ca ed Te!% e, and after high !ass, stood u% in the choir door, and said with a oud "oice, C;eighbours, bear !e record that yonder ido Q%ointing to the a tarR is the greatest and !ost abo!inab e that e"er wasB and 8 a! sorry that e"er 8 denied !y 'ord GodSC ;otwithstanding the constab es were ordered to a%%rehend hi!, he was suffered to go out of the churchB but at night he was a%%rehended and carried to ;ewgate# ,hort y after, before the chance or, denying the sacra!ent of the a tar to be the body and b ood of 9hrist, he was conde!ned to be burned by Mr# -a by# +e was burnt the 2th of May, F00G, and died god y, %atient y, and constant y, confessing the %rotestant artic es of faith# @ith hi! suffered Tho!as +a e, shoe!aker, of Bristo , who was conde!ned by chance or -a by# These !artyrs were bound back to back# Tho!as Banion, a wea"er, was burnt on *ugust /2th, of the sa!e year, and died for the sake of the e"ange ica cause of his ,a"iour#

J. 8orneford( of 9orthamA 8. #rowne( of MaidstoneA J. Herst( of AshfordA Ali&e Snoth( and 8atharine @ni1ht( an a1ed woman. @ith % easure we ha"e to record that these fi"e !artyrs were the ast who suffered in the reign of Mary for the sake of the %rotestant causeB but the !a ice of the %a%ists was cons%icuous in hastening their !artyrdo!, which !ight ha"e been de ayed ti the e"ent of the Eueen's i ness was decided# 8t is re%orted that the archdeacon of 9anterbury, judging that the sudden death of the Eueen wou d sus%end the execution, tra"e ed %ost fro! 'ondon, to ha"e the satisfaction of adding another %age to the b ack ist of %a%istica sacrifices# The artic es against the! were, as usua , the sacra!enta e e!ents and the ido atry of bending to i!ages# They Euoted ,t# John's words, CBeware of i!agesSC and res%ecting the rea %resence, they urged according to ,t# Pau , Cthe things that be seen are te!%ora #C @hen sentence was about to be read against the!, and exco!!unication take % ace in the regu ar for!, John 9orneford, i u!inated by the +o y ,%irit, awfu y turned the atter %roceeding against the!se "es, and in a so e!n i!%ressi"e !anner, recri!inated their exco!!unication in the fo owing words( C8n the na!e of our 'ord Jesus 9hrist, the ,on of the !ost !ighty God, and by the %ower of his ho y ,%irit, and the authority of his ho y catho ic and a%osto ic church, we do here gi"e into the hands of ,atan to be destroyed, the bodies of a those b as%he!ers and heretics that !aintain any error against his !ost ho y word, or do conde!n his !ost ho y truth for heresy, to the !aintenance of any fa se church or foreign re igion, so that by this thy just judg!ent, ) !ost !ighty God, against thy ad"ersaries, thy true re igion !ay be known to thy great g ory and our co!fort and to the edifying of a our nation# Good 'ord, so be it# *!en#C This sentence was o%en y %ronounced and registered, and, as if Pro"idence had awarded that it shou d not be de i"ered in "ain, within six days after, Eueen Mary died, detested by a good !en and accursed of GodS Though acEuainted with these circu!stances, the archdeacon's i!% acabi ity exceeded that of his great exe!% ary, Bonner, who, though he had se"era %ersons at that ti!e under his fiery gras%, did not urge their deaths hasti y, by which de ay he certain y afforded the! an o%%ortunity of esca%e# Father 'ining and his wife, with se"era others, thus sa"ed their i"es, who, had they been under the barbarous archdeacon, !ust ine"itab y ha"e %erished# *t the Eueen's decease, !any were in bonds( so!e just taken, so!e exa!ined, and others conde!ned# The writs indeed were issued for se"era burnings, but by the death of the three instigators of %rotestant !urder,Dthe chance or, the bisho%, and the Eueen, who fe near y together, the conde!ned shee% were iberated, and i"ed !any years to %raise God for their ha%%y de i"erance# These fi"e !artyrs, when at the stake, earnest y %rayed that their b ood !ight be the ast shed, nor did they %ray in "ain# They died g orious y, and %erfected the nu!ber God had se ected to hear witness of the truth in this dreadfu reign, whose na!es are recorded in the Book of 'ifeBDthough ast, not east a!ong the saints !ade !eet for i!!orta ity through the redee!ing b ood of the 'a!bS

9atharine Fin ay, a ias <night, was first con"erted by her son's ex%ounding the ,cri%tures to her, which wrought in her a %erfect work that ter!inated in !artyrdo!# * ice ,noth at the stake sent for her grand!other and godfather, and rehearsed to the! the artic es of her faith, and the co!!and!ents of God, thereby con"incing the wor d that she knew her duty# ,he died ca ing u%on the s%ectators to bear witness that she was a 9hristian wo!an, and suffered joyfu y for the testi!ony of 9hrist's gos%e # 9illiam %etty s&our1ed to death. *!ong the nu!ber ess enor!ities co!!itted by the !erci ess and unfee ing Bonner, the !urder of this innocent and unoffending chi d !ay be ranked as the !ost horrid# +is father, John Fetty, of the %arish of 9 erkenwe , by trade a tai or, and on y twenty&four years of age, had !ade a b essed e ectionB he was fixed secure in eterna ho%e, and de%ended on +i! who so bui ds his church that the gates of he sha not %re"ai against it# But a asS the "ery wife of his boso!, whose heart was hardened against the truth, and whose !ind was inf uenced by the teachers of fa se doctrine, beca!e his accuser# Brokenbery, a creature of the %o%e, and %arson of the %arish, recei"ed the infor!ation of this wedded -e i ah, in conseEuence of which the %oor !an was a%%rehended# But here the awfu judg!ent of an e"er&righteous God, Cwho is of %urer eyes than to beho d iniEuity,C fe u%on this stone&hearted and %erfidious wo!anB for no sooner was the injured husband ca%tured by her wicked contri"ing, than she a so was sudden y seiAed with !adness, and exhibited an awfu and awakening instance of God's %ower to %unish the e"i doer# This dreadfu circu!stance had so!e effect u%on the hearts of the ungod y hunters who had eager y gras%ed their %reyB but, in a re enting !o!ent, they suffered hi! to re!ain with his unworthy wife, to return her good for e"i , and to co!fort two chi dren, who, on his being sent to %rison, wou d ha"e been eft without a %rotector, or ha"e beco!e a burden to the %arish# *s bad !en act fro! itt e !oti"es, we !ay % ace the indu gence shown hi! to the atter account# @e ha"e noticed in the for!er %art of our narrati"es of the !artyrs, so!e whose affection wou d ha"e ed the! e"en to sacrifice their own i"es, to %reser"e their husbandsB but here, agreeab e to ,cri%ture anguage, a !other %ro"es, indeed, a !onster in natureS ;either conjuga nor !aterna affection cou d i!%ress the heart of this disgracefu wo!an# * though our aff icted 9hristian had ex%erienced so !uch crue ty and fa sehood fro! the wo!an who was bound to hi! by e"ery tie, both hu!an and di"ine, yet, with a !i d and forbearing s%irit, he o"er ooked her !isdeeds, during her ca a!ity endea"ouring a he cou d to %rocure re ief for her !a ady, and soothing her by e"ery %ossib e ex%ression of tenderness( thus she beca!e in a few weeks near y restored to her senses# But, a asS she returned again to her sin, Cas the dog returneth to his "o!it#C Ma ice against the saints of the Most +igh was seated in her heart too fir! y to be re!o"edB and as her strength returned, her inc ination to work wickedness returned with it# +er heart was hardened by the %rince of darknessB and to her !ay be a%% ied these aff icting and sou &harrowing words, Ccan the Ethio%ian change his skin, or the eo%ard his s%otsT then wi they do good who are accusto!ed to do e"i #C @eighing this text du y with another, C8 wi ha"e

!ercy on who! 8 wi ha"e !ercy,C how sha we %resu!e to refine away the so"ereignty of God, by arraigning Jeho"ah at the bar of hu!an reason, which, in re igious !atters, is too often o%%osed by infinite wisdo!T CBroad is the way which eadeth to death, and !any wa k therein# ;arrow is the way which eadeth to ife, and few there be who find it#C The ways of hea"en are indeed inscrutab e, and it is our bounden duty to wa k e"er de%endent on God, ooking u% to hi! with hu!b e confidence, and ho%e in his goodness, and e"er confess his justiceB and where we Ccannot unra"e , there earn to trust#C This wretched wo!an, %ursuing the horrid dictates of a heart hardened and de%ra"ed, was scarce y confir!ed in her reco"ery, when, stif ing the dictates of honour, gratitude, and e"ery natura affection, she again accused her husband, who was once !ore a%%rehended, and taken before ,ir John Mordant, <night, and one of Eueen Mary's co!!issioners# :%on exa!ination, his judge finding hi! fixed to o%inions which !i itated against those nursed by su%erstition and !aintained by crue ty he was sentenced to confine!ent and torture in 'o ard's Tower# C+ere Qsays honest FoxR he was %ut into the %ainfu stocks, and had a dish of water set by hi!, with a stone %ut into it, to what %ur%ose God knoweth, exce%t it were to show that he shou d ook for itt e other subsistence( which is credib e enough, if we consider their ike %ractices u%on di"ers before !entioned in this historyB as, a!ong others, u%on .ichard ,!ith, who died through their crue i!%rison!entB touching who!, when a god y wo!an ca!e to -r# ,tory to ha"e ea"e that she !ight bury hi!, he asked her if he had any straw or b ood in his !outhB but what he !eans thereby, 8 ea"e to the judg!ent of the wise#C )n the first day of the third week of our !artyr's sufferings, an object %resented itse f to his "iew, which !ade hi! indeed fee his tortures with a their force, and to execrate, with bitterness on y short of cursing, the author of his !isery# To !ark and %unish the %roceedings of his tor!entors, re!ained with the Most +igh, who noteth e"en the fa of a s%arrow, and in whose sacred word it is written, C?engeance is !ine, and 8 wi re%ay#C This object was his own son, a chi d of the tender age of eight years# For fifteen days, had its ha% ess father been sus%ended by his tor!entor by the right ar! and eft eg, and so!eti!es by both, shifting his %ositions for the %ur%ose of gi"ing hi! strength to bear and to engthen the date of his sufferings# @hen the unoffending innocent, desirous of seeing and s%eaking to its %arent, a%% ied to Bonner for %er!ission so to do, the %oor chi d being asked by the bisho%'s cha% ain the %ur%ort of his errand, he re% ied, he wished to see his father# C@ho is thy fatherTC said the cha% ain# CJohn Fetty,C returned the boy, at the sa!e ti!e %ointing to the % ace where he was confined# The interrogating !iscreant on this said, C@hy, thy father is a hereticSC The itt e cha!%ion again rejoined, with energy sufficient to raise ad!iration in any breast, exce%t that of this un%rinci% ed and unfee ing wretchDthis !iscreant, eager to execute the behests of a re!orse ess EueenDCMy father is no heretic( for you ha"e Ba aa!'s !ark#C 8rritated by re%roach so a%t y a%% ied, the indignant and !ortified %riest concea ed his resent!ent for a !o!ent, and took the undaunted boy into the house, where, ha"ing hi! secure, he %resented hi! to others, whose baseness and crue ty being eEua to his own, they stri%%ed hi! to the skin, and a%% ied their scourges to so "io ent a degree, that, fainting beneath the

stri%es inf icted on his tender fra!e, and co"ered with the b ood that f owed fro! the!, the "icti! of their ungod y wrath was ready to ex%ire under his hea"y and un!erited %unish!ent# 8n this b eeding and he % ess state was the suffering infant, co"ered on y with his shirt, taken to his father by one of the actors in the horrid tragedy, who, whi e he exhibited the heart&rending s%ectac e, !ade use of the "i est taunts, and exu ted in what he had done# The dutifu chi d, as if reco"ering strength at the sight of his father, on his knees i!% ored his b essing# C* asS @i ,C said the aff icted %arent, in tre!b ing a!aAe!ent, Cwho hath done this to theeSC The art ess innocent re ated the circu!stances that ed to the !erci ess correction which had been so base y inf icted on hi!B but when he re%eated the re%roof bestowed on the cha% ain, and which was %ro!%ted by an undaunted s%irit, he was torn fro! his wee%ing %arent, and con"eyed again to the house, where he re!ained a c ose %risoner# Bonner, so!ewhat fearfu that what had been done cou d not be justified e"en a!ong the b oodhounds of his own "oracious %ack, conc uded in his dark and wicked !ind, to re ease John Fetty, for a ti!e at east, fro! the se"erities he was enduring in the g orious cause of e"er asting truthS whose bright rewards are fixed beyond the boundaries of ti!e, within the confines of eternityB where the arrow of the wicked cannot wound, e"en Cwhere there sha be no !ore sorrowing for the b essed, who, in the !ansion of eterna b iss sha g orify the 'a!b fore"er and e"er#C +e was according y by order of Bonner, Qhow disgracefu to a dignity, to say bisho%SR iberated fro! the %ainfu bonds, and ed fro! 'o ard's Tower, to the cha!ber of that ungod y and infa!ous butcher, where, says Fox, he found the bisho% bathing hi!se f before a great fireB and at his first entering the cha!ber, Fetty said, CGod be here and %eaceSC CGod be here and %eace, Qsaid Bonner,R that is neither God s%eed nor good !orrowSC C8f ye kick against this %eace, Qsaid Fetty,R then this is not the % ace that 8 seek for#C * cha% ain of the bisho%, standing by, turned the %oor !an about and thinking to abash hi!, said, in !ocking wise, C@hat ha"e we hereDa % ayerSC @hi e Fetty was thus standing in the bisho%'s cha!ber, he es%ied, hanging about the bisho%'s bed, a %air of great b ack beads, whereu%on he said, CMy 'ord, 8 think the hang!an is not far offB for the ha ter Q%ointing to the beadsR is here a readySC *t which words the bisho% was in a !ar"e ous rage# Then he i!!ediate y after es%ied a so, standing in the bisho%'s cha!ber, in the window, a itt e crucifix# Then he asked the bisho% what it was, and he answered, that it was 9hrist# C@as he hand ed as crue y as he is here %icturedTC said Fetty# C$ea, that he was,C said the bisho%# C*nd e"en so crue y wi you hand e such as co!e before youB for you are unto God's %eo% e as 9aia%has was unto 9hristSC The bisho%, being in a great fury, said, CThou art a "i e heretic, and 8 wi burn thee, or e se 8 wi s%end a 8 ha"e, unto !y gown#C C;ay, !y 'ord, Qsaid FettyR you were better to gi"e it to so!e %oor body, that he !ay %ray for you#C Bonner, notwithstanding his %assion, which was raised to the ut!ost by the ca ! and %ointed re!arks of this obser"ing 9hristian, thought it !ost %rudent to dis!iss the father, on account of the near y !urdered chi d# +is coward sou tre!b ed for the conseEuences which !ight ensueB fear is inse%arab e fro! itt e !indsB and this dastard y %a!%ered %riest ex%erienced its effects so far as to induce hi!

to assu!e the a%%earance of that he was an utter stranger to, na!e y, ME.9$# The father, on being dis!issed, by the tyrant Bonner, went ho!e with a hea"y heart, with his dying chi d, who did not sur"i"e !any days the crue ties which had been inf icted on hi!# +ow contrary to the wi of our great <ing and Pro%het, who !i d y taught his fo owers, was the conduct of this sanguinary and fa se teacher, this "i e a%ostate fro! his God to ,atanS But the arch&fiend had taken entire %ossession of his heart, and guided e"ery action of the sinner he had hardened( who, gi"en u% to terrib e destruction, was running the race of the wicked, !arking his footste%s with the b ood of the saints, as if eager to arri"e at the goa of eterna death# )eli2eran&e of )r. Sands. This e!inent %re ate, "ice&chance or of 9a!bridge, at the reEuest of the duke of ;orthu!ber and, when he ca!e down to 9a!bridge in su%%ort of 'ady Jane Grey's c ai! to the throne, undertook at a few hours notice, to %reach before the duke and the uni"ersity# The text he took was such as %resented itse f in o%ening the Bib e, and a !ore a%%ro%riate one he cou d not ha"e chosen, na!e y, the three ast "erses of Joshua# *s God ga"e hi! the text, so he ga"e hi! a so such order and utterance, that it excited the !ost i"e y e!otions in his nu!erous auditors# The ser!on was about to be sent to 'ondon to be %rinted, when news arri"ed that the duke had returned and Eueen Mary was %roc ai!ed# The duke was i!!ediate y arrested, and -r# ,ands was co!%e ed by the uni"ersity to gi"e u% his office# +e was arrested by the Eueen's order, and when Mr# Mi d!ay wondered that so earned a !an cou d wi fu y incur danger, and s%eak against so good a %rincess as Mary, the doctor re% ied, C8f 8 wou d do as Mr# Mi d!ay has done, 8 need not fear bonds# +e ca!e down ar!ed against Eueen MaryB before a traitorDnow a great friend# 8 cannot with one !outh b ow hot and co d in this !anner#C * genera % under of -r# ,ands' %ro%erty ensued, and he was brought to 'ondon u%on a wretched horse# ?arious insu ts he !et on the way fro! the bigoted catho ics, and as he %assed through Bisho%sgate&street, a stone struck hi! to the ground# +e was the first %risoner that entered the tower, in that day, on a re igious accountB his !an was ad!itted with his Bib e, but his shirts and other artic es were taken fro! hi!# )n Mary's coronation&day, the doors of the dungeon were so ax y guarded, that it was easy to esca%e# * Mr# Mitche , ike a true friend, ca!e to hi!, afforded hi! his own c othes as a disguise, and was wi ing to abide the conseEuence of being found in his % ace# This was a rare friendshi%( but he refused the offerB saying, C8 know no cause why 8 shou d be in %rison# To do thus, were to !ake !yse f gui ty# 8 wi ex%ect God's good wi , yet do 8 think !yse f !uch ob iged to you(C and so Mr# Mitche de%arted# @ith doctor ,ands was i!%risoned Mr# BradfordB they were ke%t c ose in %rison twenty&nine weeks# John Fow er, their kee%er, was a %er"erse %a%ist, yet, by often %ersuading hi!, at ength he began to fa"our the gos%e , and was so %ersuaded in the true re igion, that on a ,unday, when they had !ass in the cha%e , -r# ,ands ad!inistered the co!!union to Bradford and to Fow er# Thus Fow er was their son begotten in bonds# To !ake roo! for @yat

and his acco!% ices, -r# ,ands and nine other %reachers were sent to the Marsha sea# The kee%er of the Marsha sea a%%ointed to e"ery %reacher a !an to ead hi! in the streetB he caused the! to go on before, and he and -r# ,ands fo owed con"ersing together# By this ti!e %o%ery began to be unsa"oury# *fter they had %assed the bridge, the kee%er said to -r# ,ands, C8 %ercei"e the "ain %eo% e wou d set you forward to the fire# $ou are as "ain as they, if you, being a young !an, wi stand in your own conceit, and %refer your own judg!ent before that of so !any worthy %re ates, ancient, earned, and gra"e !en as be in this rea !# 8f you do so, you sha find !e a se"ere kee%er, and one that utter y dis ikes your re igion#C -r# ,ands answered, C8 know !y years to be young, and !y earning but s!a B it is enough to know 9hrist crucified, and he hath earned nothing who seeth not the great b as%he!y that is in %o%ery# 8 wi yie d unto God, and not unto !anB 8 ha"e read in the ,cri%tures of !any god y and courteous kee%ers( !ay God !ake you oneS if not, 8 trust he wi gi"e !e strength and %atience to bear your hard usage#C Then said the kee%er, C*re you reso "ed to stand to your re igionTC C$es,C Euoth the doctor, Cby God's graceSC CTru y,C said the kee%er, C8 o"e you the better for itB 8 did but te!%t you( what fa"our 8 can show you, you sha be assured ofB and 8 sha think !yse f ha%%y if 8 !ight die at the stake with you#C +e was as good as his word, for he trusted the doctor to wa k in the fie ds a one, where he !et with Mr# Bradford, who was a so a %risoner in the <ing's Bench, and had found the sa!e fa"our fro! his kee%er# *t his reEuest, he %ut Mr# ,aunders in a ong with hi!, to be his bed& fe ow, and the co!!union was ad!inistered to a great nu!ber of co!!unicants# @hen @yat with his ar!y ca!e to ,outhwark, he offered to iberate a the i!%risoned %rotestants, but -r# ,ands and the rest of the %reachers refused to acce%t freedo! on such ter!s# *fter -r# ,ands had been nine weeks %risoner in the Marsha sea, by the !ediation of ,ir Tho!as +o croft, knight !arsha , he was set at iberty# Though Mr# +o croft had the Eueen's warrant, the bisho% co!!anded hi! not to set -r# ,ands at iberty, unti he had taken sureties of two gent e!en with hi!, each one bound in V011, that -r# ,ands shou d not de%art out of the rea ! without icense# Mr# +o croft i!!ediate y after !et with two gent e!en of the north, friends and cousins to -r# ,ands, who offered to be bound for hi!# *fter dinner, the sa!e day, ,ir Tho!as +o croft sent for -r# ,ands to his odging at @est!inster, to co!!unicate to hi! a he had done# -r# ,ands answered, C8 gi"e God thanks, who hath !o"ed your heart to !ind !e so we , that 8 think !yse f !ost bound unto you# God sha reEuite you, nor sha 8 e"er be found unthankfu # But as you ha"e dea t friend y with !e, 8 wi a so dea % ain y with you# 8 ca!e a free!an into %risonB 8 wi not go forth a bond!an# *s 8 cannot benefit !y friends, so wi 8 not hurt the!# *nd if 8 be set at iberty, 8 wi not tarry six days in this rea !, if 8 !ay get out# 8f therefore 8 !ay not get free forth, send !e to the Marsha sea again, and there you sha be sure of !e#C This answer Mr# +o croft !uch disa%%ro"ed ofB but ike a true friend he re% ied, C,eeing you cannot be a tered, 8 wi change !y %ur%ose, and yie d unto you# 9o!e of it what wi , 8 wi set you at ibertyB and seeing you ha"e a

!ind to go o"er sea, get you gone as Euick as you can# )ne thing 8 reEuire of you, that, whi e you are there, you write nothing to !e hither, for this !ay undo !e#C -r# ,ands ha"ing taken an affectionate farewe of hi!, and his other friends in bonds, de%arted# +e went by @inchester house, and there took boat, and ca!e to a friend's house in 'ondon, ca ed @i ia! Banks, and tarried there one night# The next night he went to another friend's house, and there he heard that strict search was !aking for hi!, by Gardiner's ex%ress order# -r# ,ands now con"eyed hi!se f by night to one Mr# Berty's house, a stranger who was in the Marsha sea %rison with hi! a whi eB he was a good %rotestant and dwe t in Mark& ake# There he was six days, and then re!o"ed to one of his acEuaintances in 9ornhi B he caused his !an Luinton to %ro"ide two ge dings for hi!, reso "ed on the !orrow to ride into Essex, to Mr# ,ands, his father&in& aw, where his wife was, which after a narrow esca%e, he effected# +e had not been there two hours, before Mr# ,ands was to d that two of the guards wou d that night a%%rehend -r# ,ands# That night -r# ,ands was guided to an honest far!er's near the sea, where he tarried two days and two nights in a cha!ber without co!%any# *fter that he re!o"ed to one Ja!es Mower's, a shi%&!aster, who dwe t at Mi ton&,hore, where he waited for a wind to F anders# @hi e he was there, Ja!es Mower brought to hi! forty or fifty !ariners, to who! he ga"e an exhortationB they iked hi! so we , that they %ro!ised to die rather than he shou d be a%%rehended# The sixth of May, ,unday, the wind ser"ed# 8n taking ea"e of his hostess, who had been !arried eight years without ha"ing a chi d, he ga"e her a fine handkerchief and an o d roya of go d, and said, CBe of good co!fortB before that one who e year be %ast, God sha gi"e you a chi d, a boy#C This ca!e to %ass, for, that day twe "e!onth, wanting one day, God ga"e her a son# ,carce y had he arri"ed at *ntwer%, when he earned that king Phi i% had sent to a%%rehend hi!# +e next f ew to *ugsburgh, in 9 e"e and, where -r# ,ands tarried fourteen days, and then tra"e ed towards ,trasburgh, where, after he had i"ed one year, his wife ca!e to hi!# +e was sick of a f ux nine !onths, and had a chi d which died of the % ague# +is a!iab e wife at ength fe into a consu!%tion, and died in his ar!s# @hen his wife was dead, he went to Nurich, and there was in Peter Martyr's house for the s%ace of fi"e weeks# *s they sat at dinner one day, word was sudden y brought that Eueen Mary was dead, and -r# ,ands was sent for by his friends at ,trasburgh, where he %reached# Mr# Grinda and he ca!e o"er to Eng and, and arri"ed in 'ondon the sa!e day that Eueen E iAabeth was crowned# This faithfu ser"ant of 9hrist, under Eueen E iAabeth, rose to the highest distinctions in the church, being successi"e y bisho% of @orcester, bisho% of 'ondon, and archbisho% of $ork# Eueen Mary?s treatment of her sister the Prin&ess "liCabeth. The %reser"ation of the %rincess E iAabeth !ay be reckoned a re!arkab e instance of the watchfu eye which 9hrist had o"er his church# The bigotry of Mary regarded not the ties of consanguinity, of natura affection, of nationa succession# +er !ind, %hysica y !orose was under the do!inion of !en who %ossessed not the !i k of hu!an kindness, and whose %rinci% es were

sanctioned and enjoined by the ido atrous tenets of the .o!ish %ontiff# 9ou d they ha"e foreseen the short date of Mary's reign, they wou d ha"e i!brued their hands in the %rotestant b ood of E iAabeth, and, as a sine qua non of the Eueen's sa "ation, ha"e co!%e ed her to beEueath the kingdo! to so!e catho ic %rince# The contest !ight ha"e been attended with the horrors incidenta to a re igious ci"i war, and ca a!ities !ight ha"e been fe t in Eng and si!i ar to those under +enry the Great in France, who! Eueen E iAabeth assisted in o%%osing his %riest&ridden catho ic subjects# *s if Pro"idence had the %er%etua estab ish!ent of the %rotestant faith in "iew, the difference of the durations of the two reigns is worthy of notice# Mary !ight ha"e reigned !any years in the course of nature, but the course of grace wi ed it otherwise# Fi"e years and four !onths was the ti!e of %ersecution a oted to this weak, disgracefu reign, whi e that of E iAabeth reckoned a nu!ber of years a!ong the highest of those who ha"e sat on the Eng ish throne, a !ost nine ti!es that of her !erci ess sisterS Before Mary attained the crown, she treated her with a sister y kindness, but fro! that %eriod her conduct was a tered, and the !ost i!%erious distance substituted# Though E iAabeth had no concern in the rebe ion of ,ir Tho!as @yat, yet she was a%%rehended, and treated as a cu %rit in that co!!otion# The !anner too of her arrest was si!i ar to the !ind that dictated it( the three cabinet !e!bers, who! she de%uted to see the arrest executed, rude y entered the cha!ber at ten o'c ock at night, and, though she was extre!e y i , they cou d scarce y be induced to et her re!ain ti the fo owing !orning# +er enfeeb ed state %er!itted her to be !o"ed on y by short stages in a journey of such ength to 'ondonB but the %rincess, though aff icted in %erson, had a conso ation in !ind which her sister ne"er cou d %urchase( the %eo% e, through who! she %assed on her way, %itied her, and %ut u% their %rayers for her %reser"ation# *rri"ed at court, she was !ade a c ose %risoner for a fortnight, without knowing who was her accuser, or seeing any one who cou d conso e or ad"ise her# The charge howe"er was at ength un!asked by Gardiner, who, with nineteen of the counci , accused her of abetting @yat's cons%iracy, which she re igious y affir!ed to be fa se# Fai ing in this, they % aced against her the transactions of ,ir Peter 9arew in the west in which they were as unsuccessfu as in the for!er# The Eueen now signified, it was her % easure she shou d be co!!itted to the Tower, a ste% which o"erwhe !ed the %rincess with the greatest a ar! and uneasiness# 8n "ain she ho%ed the Eueen's !ajesty wou d not co!!it her to such a % aceB but there was no enity to be ex%ectedB her attendants were i!ited, and a hundred northern so diers a%%ointed to guard her day and night# )n Pa !&,unday she was conducted to the Tower# @hen she ca!e to the %a ace garden, she cast her eyes towards the windows, eager y anxious to !eet those of the Eueen, but she was disa%%ointed# * strict order was gi"en in 'ondon, that e"ery one shou d go to church, and carry %a !s, that she !ight be con"eyed without c a!our or co!!iseration to her %rison# *t the ti!e of %assing under 'ondon&bridge the fa of the tide !ade it "ery dangerous, and the barge so!e ti!e stuck fast against the star ings# To !ortify her the !ore, she was anded at Traitors' ,tairs# *s it rained fast, and she was ob iged to ste% in the water to and, she hesitatedB but this excited no co!% aisance in the ord in waiting# @hen she set her foot on the ste%s, she exc ai!ed, C+ere ands as true a subject, being %risoner, as e"er anded

at these stairsB and before thee, ) God, 8 s%eak it, ha"ing no friend but thee a oneSC * arge nu!ber of the wardens and ser"ants of the Tower were arranged in order, between who! the %rincess had to %ass# :%on inEuiring the use of this %arade, she was infor!ed it was custo!ary to do so# C8f,C said she, Cit is on account of !e, 8 beseech you that they !ay be dis!issed#C )n this the %oor !en kne t down, and %rayed that God wou d %reser"e her grace, for which they were the next day turned out of their e!% oy!ents# The tragic scene !ust ha"e been dee% y interesting, to see an a!iab e and irre%roachab e %rincess sent ike a a!b to anguish in ex%ectation of crue ty and deathB against who! there was no other charge than her su%eriority in 9hristian "irtues and acEuired endow!ents# +er attendants o%en y we%t as she %roceeded with a dignified ste% to the frowning batt e!ents of her destination# C* asSC said E iAabeth, Cwhat do you !eanT 8 took you to co!fort, not to dis!ay !eB for !y truth is such, that no one sha ha"e cause to wee% for !e#C The next ste% of her ene!ies was to %rocure e"idence by !eans which, in the %resent day, are accounted detestab e# Many %oor %risoners were racked, to extract, if %ossib e, any !atters of accusation which !ight affect her ife, and thereby gratify Gardiner's sanguinary dis%osition# +e hi!se f ca!e to exa!ine her, res%ecting her re!o"a fro! her house at *shbridge to -unnington cast e a ong whi e before# The %rincess had Euite forgotten this tri"ia circu!stance, and ord *runde , after the in"estigation, knee ing down, a%o ogiAed for ha"ing troub ed her in such a fri"o ous !atter# C$ou sift !e narrow y,C re% ied the %rincess, Cbut of this 8 a! assured, that God has a%%ointed a i!it to your %roceedingsB and so God forgi"e you a #C +er own gent e!en, who ought to ha"e been her %ur"eyors, and ser"ed her %ro"ision, were co!%e ed to gi"e % ace to the co!!on so diers, at the co!!and of the constab e of the Tower, who was in e"ery res%ect a ser"i e too of Gardiner,Dher grace's friends, howe"er, %rocured an order of counci which regu ated this %etty tyranny !ore to her satisfaction# *fter ha"ing been a who e !onth in c ose confine!ent, she sent for the ord 9ha!ber ain and ord 9handois, to who! she re%resented the i state of her hea th fro! a want of %ro%er air and exercise# *%% ication being !ade to the counci , E iAabeth was with so!e difficu ty ad!itted to wa k in the Eueen's odgings, and afterwards in the garden, at which ti!e the %risoners on that side were attended by their kee%ers, and not suffered to ook down u%on her# Their jea ousy was excited by a chi d of four years o d, who dai y brought f owers to the %rincess# The chi d was threatened with a whi%%ing, and the father ordered to kee% hi! fro! the %rincess' cha!bers# )n the 0th of May the constab e was discharged fro! his office, and ,ir +enry Benifie d a%%ointed in his roo!, acco!%anied by a hundred ruffian& ooking so diers in b ue# This !easure created considerab e a ar! in the !ind of the %rincess, who i!agined it was %re%aratory to her undergoing the sa!e fate as ady Jane Gray, u%on the sa!e b ock# *ssured that this %roject was not in agitation, she entertained an idea that the new kee%er of the Tower was co!!issioned to !ake away with her %ri"ate y, as his eEui"oca character was in confor!ity with the ferocious inc ination of those by who! he was a%%ointed#

* re%ort now obtained that her grace was to be taken away by the new constab e and his so diers, which in the seEue %ro"ed to be true# *n order of counci was !ade for her re!o"a to the !anor of @oodstock, which took % ace on Trinity ,unday, May FH, under the authority of ,ir +enry Benifie d and 'ord Ta!e# The ostensib e cause of her re!o"a was to !ake roo! for other %risoners# .ich!ond was the first % ace they sto%%ed at, and here the %rincess s e%t, not howe"er without !uch a ar! at first, as her own ser"ants were su%erseded by the so diers, who were % aced as guards at her cha!ber door# :%on re%resentation, 'ord Ta!e o"erru ed this indecent stretch of %ower, and granted her %erfect safety whi e under his custody# 8n %assing through @indsor, she saw se"era of her %oor dejected ser"ants waiting to see her# CGo to the!,C said she, to one of her attendants, Cand say these words fro! !e, tanEui! o"is, that is, ike a shee% to the s aughter#C The next night her grace odged at the house of a Mr# -or!er, in her way to which the %eo% e !anifested such tokens of oya affection, that ,ir +enry was indignant, and bestowed on the! "ery ibera y the na!es of rebe s and traitors# 8n so!e "i ages they rang the be s for joy, i!agining the %rincess's arri"a a!ong the! was fro! a "ery different causeB but this har! ess de!onstration of g adness was sufficient with the %ersecuting Benefie d to order his so diers to seiAe and set these hu!b e %ersons in the stocks# The day fo owing, her grace arri"ed at 'ord Ta!e's house, where she staid a night, and was !ost nob y entertained# This excited ,ir +enry's indignation, and !ade hi! caution 'ord Ta!e to ook we to his %roceedingsB but the hu!anity of 'ord Ta!e was not to be frightened, and he returned a suitab e re% y# *t another ti!e, this officia %rodiga , to show his conseEuence and disregard of good !anners, went u% into a cha!ber, where was a%%ointed for her grace a chair, two cushions, and a foot car%et, wherein he %resu!%tuous y sat and ca ed his !an to %u off his boots# *s soon as it was known to the adies and gent e!en, they aughed hi! to scorn# @hen su%%er was done, he ca ed to his ordshi%, and directed that a gent e!en and adies shou d withdraw ho!e, !ar"e ing !uch that he wou d %er!it such a arge co!%any, considering the great charge he had co!!itted to hi!# C,ir +enry,C said his ordshi%, Ccontent yourse fB a sha be a"oided, your !en and a #C C;ay, but !y so diers,C re% ied ,ir +enry, Csha watch a night#C 'ord Ta!e answered, CThere is no need#C C@e ,C said he, Cneed or need not, they sha so do#C The next day her grace took her journey fro! thence to @oodstock, where she was enc osed, as before in the Tower of 'ondon, the so diers kee%ing guard within and without the wa s, e"ery day, to the nu!ber of sixtyB and in the night, without the wa s were forty during a the ti!e of her i!%rison!ent# *t ength she was %er!itted to wa k in the gardens, but under the !ost se"ere restrictions, ,ir +enry kee%ing the keys hi!se f, and % acing her a ways under !any bo ts and ocks, whence she was induced to ca hi! her jai er, at which he fe t offended, and begged her to substitute the word officer# *fter !uch earnest entreaty to the counci , she obtained %er!ission to write to the EueenB but the jai er, who brought her %en, ink, and %a%er stood by her whi e she wrote, and, when she eft off, he carried the things away ti they were wanted again# +e a so insisted u%on carrying it hi!se f to

the Eueen, but E iAabeth wou d not suffer hi! to be the bearer, and it was %resented by one of her gent e!en# *fter the etter, doctors )wen and @endy went to the %rincess, as the state of her hea th rendered !edica assistance necessary# They staid with her fi"e or six days, in which ti!e she grew !uch betterB they then returned to the Eueen, and s%oke f attering y of the %rincess' sub!ission and hu!i ity, at which the Eueen see!ed !o"edB but the bisho%s wanted a concession that she had offended her !ajesty# E iAabeth s%urned this indirect !ode of acknow edging herse f gui ty# C8f 8 ha"e offended,C said she, Cand a! gui ty, 8 cra"e no !ercy but the aw, which 8 a! certain 8 shou d ha"e had ere this, if any thing cou d ha"e been %ro"ed against !e# 8 wish 8 were as c ear fro! the %eri of !y ene!iesB then shou d 8 not be thus bo ted and ocked u% within wa s and doors#C Much Euestion arose at this ti!e res%ecting the %ro%riety of uniting the %rincess to so!e foreigner, that she !ight Euit the rea ! with a suitab e %ortion# )ne of the counci had the bruta ity to urge the necessity of beheading her, if the king QPhi i%R !eant to kee% the rea ! in %eaceB but the ,%aniards, detesting such a base thought, re% ied, CGod forbid that our king and !aster shou d consent to such an infa!ous %roceedingSC ,ti!u ated by a nob e %rinci% e, the ,%aniards fro! this ti!e re%eated y urged to the king that it wou d do hi! the highest honour to iberate the ady E iAabeth, nor was the king i!%er"ious to their so icitation# +e took her out of %rison, and short y after she was sent for to +a!%ton court# 8t !ay be re!arked in this % ace, that the fa acy of hu!an reasoning is shown in e"ery !o!ent# The barbarian who suggested the %o icy of beheading E iAabeth itt e conte!% ated the change of condition which his s%eech wou d bring about# 8n her journey fro! @oodstock, Benefie d treated her with the sa!e se"erity as beforeB re!o"ing her on a stor!y day, and not suffering her o d ser"ant, who had co!e to 9o nbrook, where she s e%t, to s%eak to her# ,he re!ained a fortnight strict y guarded and watched, before any one dared to s%eak with herB at ength the "i e Gardiner with three !ore of the counci , ca!e with great sub!ission# E iAabeth sa uted the!, re!arked that she had been for a ong ti!e ke%t in so itary confine!ent, and begged they wou d intercede with the king and Eueen to de i"er her fro! %rison# Gardiner's "isit was to draw fro! the %rincess a confession of her gui tB but she was guarded against his subt ety, adding, that, rather than ad!it she had done wrong, she wou d ie in %rison a the rest of her ife# The next day Gardiner ca!e again, and knee ing down, dec ared that the Eueen was astonished she shou d %ersist in affir!ing that she was b a!e essDwhence it wou d be inferred that the Eueen had unjust y i!%risoned her grace# Gardiner farther infor!ed her that the Eueen had dec ared that she !ust te another ta e, before she cou d be set at iberty# CThen,C re% ied the high& !inded E iAabeth, C8 had rather be in %rison with honesty and truth, than ha"e !y iberty, and be sus%ected by her !ajesty# @hat 8 ha"e said, 8 wi stand toB nor wi 8 e"er s%eak fa sehoodSC The bisho% and his friends then de%arted, ea"ing her ocked u% as before# ,e"en days after the Eueen sent for E iAabeth at ten o'c ock at night, two years had e a%sed since they had seen each other# 8t created terror in the !ind of the %rincess, who, at setting out, desired her gent e!en and adies to %ray for her, as her return to the! again was uncertain#

Being conducted to the Eueen's bedcha!ber, u%on entering it the %rincess kne t down, and ha"ing begged of God to %reser"e her !ajesty, she hu!b y assured her that her !ajesty had not a !ore oya subject in the rea !, whate"er re%orts !ight be circu ated to the contrary# @ith a haughty ungraciousness, the i!%erious Eueen re% ied, C$ou wi not confess your offence, but stand stout y to your truth# 8 %ray God it !ay so fa out#C C8f it do not,C said E iAabeth, C8 reEuest neither fa"our nor %ardon at your !ajesty's hands#C C@e ,C said the Eueen, Cyou stiff y sti %erse"ere in your truth# Besides, you wi not confess that you ha"e not been wrongfu y %unished#C C8 !ust not say so, if it % ease your !ajesty, to you#C C@hy, then,C said the Eueen, Cbe ike you wi to others#C C;o, if it % ease your !ajesty( 8 ha"e borne the burden, and !ust bear it# 8 hu!b y beseech your !ajesty to ha"e a good o%inion of !e and to think !e to be your subject, not on y fro! the beginning hitherto, but for e"er, as ong as ife asteth#C They de%arted without any heart&fe t satisfaction on either sideB nor can we think the conduct of E iAabeth dis% ayed that inde%endence and fortitude which acco!%anies %erfect innocence# E iAabeth's ad!itting that she wou d not say neither to the Eueen nor to others, that she had been unjust y %unished, was in direct contradiction to what she had to d Gardiner, and !ust ha"e arisen fro! so!e !oti"e at this ti!e inex% icab e#D<ing Phi i% is su%%osed to ha"e been secret y concea ed during the inter"iew, and to ha"e been friend y to the %rincess# 8n se"en days fro! the ti!e of her return to i!%rison!ent, her se"ere jai er, and his !en were discharged, and she was set at iberty, under the constraint of being a ways attended and watched by so!e of the Eueen's counci # Four of her gent e!en were sent to the Tower without any other charge against the! than being Aea ous ser"ants of their !istress# This e"ent was soon after fo owed by the ha%%y news of Gardiner's death, for which a good and !ercifu !en g orified God, inas!uch as it had taken the chief tiger fro! the den, and rendered the ife of the %rotestant successor of Mary !ore secure# This !iscreant, whi e the %rincess was in the Tower, sent a secret writ, signed by a few of the counci , for her %ri"ate execution, and, had Mr# Bridges, ieutenant of the Tower, been as itt e scru%u ous of dark assassination as this %ious %re ate was, she !ust ha"e %erished# The warrant not ha"ing the Eueen's signature, Mr# Bridges hastened to her !ajesty, to gi"e her infor!ation of it, and to know her !ind# This was a % ot of @inchester's, who, to con"ict her of treasonab e %ractices, caused se"era %risoners to be rackedB %articu ar y Mr# Ed!und Tre!aine and ,!ithwicke were offered considerab e bribes to accuse the gui t ess %rincess# +er ife was se"era ti!es in danger# @hi e at @oodstock, fire was a%%arent y %ut between the boards and cei ing under which she ay# 8t was a so re%orted strong y, that one Pau Penny, the kee%er of @oodstock, a notorious ruffian was a%%ointed to assassinate her, but, howe"er this !ight be, God counteracted in this %oint the nefarious designs of the ene!ies of the refor!ation# Ja!es Basset was another a%%ointed to %erfor! the sa!e deed( he was a %ecu iar fa"ourite of Gardiner, and had co!e within a !i e of @oodstock, intending to s%eak with Benefie d on the subject# The goodness of God howe"er so ordered it, that whi e Basset was tra"e ing to @oodstock,

Benefie d, by an order of counci , was going to 'ondonB in conseEuence of which, he eft a %ositi"e order with his brother, that no !an shou d be ad!itted to the %rincess during his absence, not e"en with a note fro! the EueenB his brother !et the !urderer, but the atter's intention was frustrated, as no ad!ission cou d be obtained# @hen E iAabeth Euitted @oodstock, she eft the fo owing ines written with her dia!ond on the window(D

Much sus%ected by !e, ;othing %ro"ed can be# Luoth E iAabeth, %risoner#

@ith the ife of @inchester ceased the extre!e danger of the %rincess, as !any of her other secret ene!ies soon after fo owed hi!, and, ast of a , her crue sister, who out i"ed Gardiner but three years# The death of Mary was ascribed to se"era causes# The counci endea"oured to conso e her in her ast !o!ents, i!agining it was the absence of her husband that ay hea"y at her heart, but though his treat!ent had so!e weight, the oss of 9a ais, the ast fortress %ossessed by the Eng ish in France, was the true source of her sorrow# C)%en !y heart,C said Mary, Cwhen 8 a! dead, and you sha find 9a ais written there#C .e igion caused her no a ar!B the %riests had u ed to rest e"ery !isgi"ing of conscience, which !ight ha"e obtruded, on account of the accusing s%irits of the !urdered !artyrs# ;ot the b ood she had s%i ed, but the oss of a town, excited her e!otions in dying, and this ast stroke see!ed to be awarded, that her fanatica %ersecution !ight be %ara e ed by her %o itica i!beci ity# @e earnest y %ray that the anna s of no country, catho ic or %agan, !ay e"er be stained with such a re%etition of hu!an sacrifices to %a%a %ower, and that the detestation in which the character of Mary is ho den, !ay be a beacon to succeeding !onarchs to a"oid the rocks of fanaticis!S God?s Punishments upon some of the Perse&utors of his People in Mary?s ;ei1n. *fter that arch&%ersecutor, Gardiner, was dead, others fo owed, of who! -r# Morgan, bisho% of ,t# -a"id's, who succeeded bisho% Farrar, is to be noticed# ;ot ong after he was insta ed in his bisho%ric, he was stricken by the "isitation of GodB his food %assed through the throat, but rose again with great "io ence# 8n this !anner, a !ost itera y star"ed to death, he ter!inated his existence# Bisho% Thornton, suffragan of -o"er, was an indefatigab e %ersecutor of the true church# )ne day after he had exercised his crue tyranny u%on a nu!ber of %ious %ersons at 9anterbury, he ca!e fro! the cha%ter&house to Borne, where as he stood on a ,unday ooking at his !en % aying at bow s, he fe down in a fit of the %a sy, and did not ong sur"i"e# *fter the atter succeeded another bisho% or suffragan, ordained by Gardiner, who not ong after he had been raised to the see of -o"er, fe down a %air of stairs in the cardina 's cha!ber at Greenwich, and broke his neck# +e had just recei"ed the cardina 's b essingDhe cou d recei"e nothing worse# John 9oo%er, of @atsa!, ,uffo k, suffered by %erjuryB he was fro! %ri"ate %iEue %ersecuted by one Fenning, who suborned two others to swear that they heard 9oo%er say, C8f God did not take away Eueen Mary, the de"i wou d#C 9oo%er denied a such words, but 9oo%er was a %rotestant and a heretic, and therefore he was hung, drawn and Euartered, his %ro%erty

confiscated, and his wife and nine chi dren reduced to beggary# The fo owing har"est, howe"er, Gri!wood of +itcha!, one of the witnesses before !entioned, was "isited for his "i any( whi e at work, stacking u% corn, his bowe s sudden y burst out, and before re ief cou d be obtained he died# Thus was de iberate %erjury rewarded by sudden deathS 8n the case of the !artyr Mr# Bradford, the se"erity of Mr# ,heriff @oodroffe has been noticedDhe rejoiced at the death of the saints, and at Mr# .ogers' execution, he broke the car!an's head, because he sto%%ed the cart to et the !artyr's chi dren take a ast farewe of hi!# ,carce y had Mr# @oodroffe's sheriffa ty ex%ired a week, when he was struck with a %ara ytic affection, and anguished a few days in the !ost %itiab e and he % ess condition, %resenting a striking contrast to his for!er acti"ity in the cause of b ood# .a %h 'ardyn, who betrayed the !artyr George Eag es, is be ie"ed to ha"e been afterward arraigned and hanged in conseEuence of accusing hi!se f# *t the bar, he denounced hi!se f in these words, CThis has !ost just y fa en u%on !e, for betraying the innocent b ood of that just and good !an George Eag es, who was here conde!ned in the ti!e of Lueen Mary by !y %rocure!ent, when 8 so d his b ood for a itt e !oney#C *s Ja!es *bbes was going to execution, and exhorting the %itying bystanders to adhere steadfast y to the truth, and ike hi! to sea the cause of 9hrist with their b ood, a ser"ant of the sheriff's interru%ted hi!, and b as%he!ous y ca ed his re igion heresy, and the good !an a unatic# ,carce y howe"er had the f a!es reached the !artyr, before the fearfu stroke of God fe u%on this hardened wretch, in the %resence of hi! he had so crue y ridicu ed# The !an was sudden y seiAed with unacy, cast off his c othes and shoes before the %eo% e, Qas *bbes had done just before, to distribute a!ong so!e %oor %ersons,R at the sa!e ti!e exc ai!ing, CThus did Ja!es *bbes, the true ser"ant of God, who is sa"ed but 8 a! da!ned#C .e%eating this often, the sheriff had hi! secured, and !ade hi! %ut his c othes on, but no sooner was he a one, than he tore the! off, and exc ai!ed as before# Being tied in a cart, he was con"eyed to his !aster's house, and in about ha f a year he diedB just before which a %riest ca!e to attend hi!, with the crucifix, Kc# but the wretched !an bade hi! take away such tru!%ery, and said that he and other %riests had been the cause of his da!nation, but that *bbes was sa"ed# )ne 9 ark, an a"owed ene!y of the %rotestants in king Edward's reign, hung hi!se f in the Tower of 'ondon# Fro ing, a %riest of !uch ce ebrity, fe down in the street and died on the s%ot# -a e, an indefatigab e infor!er, was consu!ed by "er!in, and died a !iserab e s%ectac e# * exander, the se"ere kee%er of ;ewgate, died !iserab y, swe ing to a %rodigious siAe, and beca!e so inward y %utrid, that none cou d co!e near hi!# This crue !inister of the aw wou d go to Bonner, ,tory, and others, reEuesting the! to rid his %rison, he was so !uch %estered with hereticsS The son of this kee%er, in three years after his father's death, dissi%ated his great %ro%erty, and died sudden y in ;ewgate !arket# CThe sins of the father,C says the deca ogue, Csha be "isited on the chi dren#C John Peter, son&in& aw of * exander, a horrid b as%he!er and %ersecutor, died

wretched y# @hen he affir!ed any thing, he wou d say, C8f it be not true, 8 %ray 8 !ay rot ere 8 die#C This awfu state "isited hi! in a its oathso!eness# ,ir .a %h E erker was eager y desirous to see the heart taken out of *da! -a! i%, who was wrongfu y %ut to death# ,hort y after ,ir .a %h was s ain by the French, who !ang ed hi! dreadfu y, cut off his i!bs, and tore his heart out# @hen Gardiner heard of the !iserab e end of Judge +a es, he ca ed the %rofession of the gos%e a doctrine of des%erationB but he forgot that the judge's des%ondency arose after he had consented to the %a%istry# But with !ore reason !ay this be said of the catho ic tenets, if we consider the !iserab e end of -r# Pend eton, Gardiner, and !ost of the eading %ersecutors# Gardiner, u%on his death bed, was re!inded by a bisho% of Peter denying his !aster# C*h,C said Gardiner, C8 ha"e denied with Peter, but ne"er re%ented with Peter#C *fter the accession of E iAabeth, !ost of the 9atho ic %re ates were i!%risoned in the Tower or the f eetB Bonner was %ut into the Marsha sea# )f the re"i ers of God's word, we detai , a!ong !any others, the fo owing occurrence# )ne @i ia! Ma don, i"ing at Greenwich in ser"itude, was instructing hi!se f %rofitab y in reading an Eng ish %ri!er one winter's e"ening# * ser"ing !an, na!ed John Powe , sat by, and ridicu ed a that Ma don said, who cautioned hi! not to !ake a jest of the word of God# Powe ne"erthe ess continued, ti Ma don ca!e to certain Eng ish Prayers, and read a oud, 'ord, ha"e !ercy u%on us, 9hrist ha"e !ercy u%on us, Kc# ,udden y the re"i er started, and exc ai!ed, 'ord, ha"e !ercy u%on usS +e was struck with the ut!ost terror of !ind, said the e"i s%irit cou d not abide that 9hrist shou d ha"e any !ercy u%on hi!, and sunk into !adness# +e was re!itted to Bed a!, and beca!e an awfu warning that God wi not a ways be insu ted with i!%unity# +enry ,!ith, a student in the aw, had a %ious %rotestant father, of 9a!den, in G oucestershire, by who! he was "irtuous y educated# @hi e studying aw in the !idd e te!% e, he was induced to %rofess catho icis!, and, going to 'ou"ain, in France, he returned with %ardons, crucifixes, and a great freight of %o%ish toys# ;ot content with these things, he o%en y re"i ed the gos%e re igion he had been brought u% inB but conscience one night re%roached hi! so dreadfu y, that in a fit of des%air he hung hi!se f in his garters# +e was buried in a ane, without the 9hristian ser"ice being read o"er hi!# -r# ,tory, whose na!e has been so often !entioned in the %receding %ages, was reser"ed to be cut off by %ub ic execution, a %ractice in which he had taken great de ight when in %ower# +e is su%%osed to ha"e had a hand in !ost of the conf agrations in Mary's ti!e, and was e"en ingenious in his in"ention of new !odes of inf icting torture# @hen E iAabeth ca!e to the throne, he was co!!itted to %rison, but unaccountab y effected his esca%e to the continent, to carry fire and sword there a!ong the %rotestant brethren# Fro! the duke of * "a, at *ntwer%, he recei"ed a s%ecia co!!ission to search a shi%s for contraband goods, and %articu ar y for Eng ish heretica books# -r# ,tory g oried in a co!!ission that was ordered by Pro"idence to be his ruin, and to %reser"e the faithfu fro! his sanguinary crue ty# 8t was contri"ed that one Parker, a !erchant, shou d sai to *ntwer% and infor!ation shou d be gi"en to -r# ,tory that he had a Euantity of heretica

books on board# The atter no sooner heard this, than he hastened to the "esse , sought e"ery where abo"e, and then went under the hatches, which were fastened down u%on hi!# * %ros%erous ga e brought the shi% to Eng and, and this traitorous, %ersecuting rebe was co!!itted to %rison, where he re!ained a considerab e ti!e, obstinate y objecting to recant his anti&christian s%irit, or ad!it of Eueen E iAabeth's su%re!acy# +e a eged, though by birth and education an Eng ish!an, that he was a sworn subject of the king of ,%ain, in whose ser"ice the fa!ous duke of * "a was# The doctor being conde!ned, was aid u%on a hurd e, and drawn fro! the Tower to Tyburn, where after being sus%ended about ha f an hour, he was cut down, stri%%ed, and the executioner dis% ayed the heart of a traitor# Thus ended the existence of this ;i!rod of Eng and#

CHAPTER XIV.
THE SPANISH ARMADA.
Phi i%, king of ,%ain, husband to the deceased Eueen Mary of Eng and, was no ess an ene!y than that %rincess to the %rotestants# +e had a ways dis iked the Eng ish, and after her death, deter!ined, if %ossib e, to crown that infa!ous crue ty which had disgraced the who e %rogress of her reign, by !aking a conEuest of the is and, and %utting e"ery %rotestant to death# The great war ike %re%arations !ade by this !onarch, though the %ur%ose was unknown, ga"e a uni"ersa a ar! to the Eng ish nationB as, though he had not dec ared that intention, yet it a%%eared e"ident that he was taking !easures to seiAe the crown of Eng and# Po%e ,ixtus ?# not ess a!bitious than hi!se f, and eEua y desirous of %ersecuting the %rotestants, urged hi! to the enter%rise# +e exco!!unicated the Eueen, and %ub ished a crusade against her, with the usua indu gences# * the %orts of ,%ain resounded with %re%arations for this a ar!ing ex%editionB and the ,%aniards see!ed to threaten the Eng ish with a tota annihi ation# Three who e years had been s%ent by Phi i% in !aking the necessary %re%arations for this !ighty undertakingB and his f eet, which on account of its %rodigious strength, was ca ed the C8n"incib e *r!ada,C was now co!% eted# * consecrated banner was %rocured fro! the %o%e, and the go d of Peru was a"ished on the occasion# The duke of Par!a, by co!!and of the ,%aniards, bui t shi%s in F anders, and a great co!%any of s!a broad "esse s, each one ab e to trans%ort thirty horses, with bridges fitted for the! se"era yB and hired !ariners fro! the east %art of Ger!any, and %ro"ided ong %ieces of wood shar%ened at the end, and co"ered with iron, with hooks on one sideB and /1,111 "esse s, with a huge nu!ber of fagotsB and % aced an ar!y ready in F anders, of F1H co!%anies of foot and 5111 horse!en# *!ong these 211 Eng ish "agabonds, who were he d of a others in !ost conte!%t# ;either was ,tan ey res%ected or obeyed who was set o"er the Eng ishB nor @est!ore and, nor any other who offered their he %, but for their unfaithfu ness to their own country were shut out fro! a consu tations, and as !en unani!ous y rejected with detestation# *nd because Po%e ,ixtus the Fifth in such a case wou d not be wanting, he sent 9ardina * en into F anders, and renewed the bu s dec aratory of Po%e Pius the Fifth, and Gregory the Thirteenth#

+e exco!!unicated and de%osed Eueen E iAabeth, abso "ed her subjects fro! a a egiance, and, as if it had been against the Turks or infide s, he set forth in %rint a conceit, wherein he bestowed % enary indu gences, out of the treasure of the church, besides a !i ion of go d, or ten hundred thousand ducats, to be distributed Qthe one ha f in hand, the rest when either Eng and, or so!e fa!ous ha"en therein, shou d be wonR u%on a the! that wou d join their he % against Eng and# By which !eans the MarEuis of Bergau, of the house of *ustria, the duke of Pastrana, *!adis, duke of ,a"oy, ?es%asian, GonAaga, John Medicis, and di"ers other nob e!en, were drawn into these wars# Lueen E iAabeth, that she !ight not be sur%rised unawares, %re%ared as great a na"y as she cou d, and with singu ar care and %ro"idence, !ade a things ready necessary for war# *nd she herse f, who was e"er !ost judicious in discerning of !en's wits and a%tness, and !ost ha%%y in !aking choice, when she !ade it out of her own judg!ent, and not at the discretion of others, designed the best and !ost ser"iceab e to each se"era e!% oy!ent# )"er the who e na"y she a%%ointed the 'ord *d!ira 9har es +oward, in who! she re%osed !uch trustB and sent hi! to the west %art of Eng and, where 9a%tain -rake, who! she !ade "ice&ad!ira , joined with hi!# ,he co!!anded +enry ,ei!or, the second son to the duke of ,o!erset, to watch u%on the Be gic shore, with forty Eng ish and -utch shi%s, that the duke of Par!a !ight not co!e out with his forcesB a though so!e were of o%inion, that the ene!y was to be ex%ected and set u%on by and forces, according y as it was u%on de iberation reso "ed, in the ti!e of +enry the Eighth, when the French brought a great na"y on the Eng ish shore# For the and fight, there were % aced on the south shore twenty thousandB and two ar!ies beside were !ustered of the choicest !en for war# The one of these, which consisted of F111 horse and twenty two thousand foot was co!!anded by the ear of 'eicester, and enca!%ed at Ti bury, on the side of the Tha!es# For the ene!y was reso "ed first to set u%on 'ondon# The other ar!y was co!!anded by the 'ord +unsdon, consisting of thirty&four thousand foot, and two thousand horse, to guard the Eueen# The 'ord Gray, ,ir Francis <now es, ,ir John ;orris, ,ir .ichard Bingha!, ,ir .oger @i ia!s, !en fa!ous y known for !i itary ex%erience, were chosen to confer of the and&fight# These co!!anders thought fit that a those % aces shou d be fortified, with !en and a!!unition, which were co!!odious to and in, either out of ,%ain or out of F anders, as Mi ford&+a"en, Fa !outh, P y!outh, Port and, the 8s e of @ight, Ports!outh, the o%en side of <ent, ca ed the -owns, the Tha!es' !outh, +arwich, $ar!outh, +u , Kc# That trained so diers through a the !arati!e %ro"inces shou d !eet u%on warning gi"en, to defend the % acesB that they shou d by their best !eans, hinder the ene!y fro! andingB and if they did ha%%en to and, then they were to destroy the fruits of the country a about, and s%oi e"ery thing that !ight be of any use to the ene!y, that so they !ight find no !ore "ictua s than what they brought with the!# *nd that, by continued a ar!s, the ene!y shou d find no rest day or night# But they shou d not try any batt e unti di"ers ca%tains were !et together with their co!%anies# That one ca%tain !ight be na!ed in e"ery shire which !ight co!!and#

Two years before, the duke of Par!a, considering how hard a !atter it was to end the Be gic war, so ong as it was continua y nourished and su%%orted with aid fro! the Eueen, he !o"ed for a treaty of %eace, by the !eans of ,ir Ja!es 9roft, one of the %ri"y counci , a !an desirous of %eace, and *ndrew 'oe, a -utch!an, and %rofessed that the ,%aniard had de egated authority to hi! for this %ur%ose# But the Eueen fearing that the friendshi% between her and the confederate %rinces !ight be disso "ed, and that so they !ight secret y be drawn to the ,%aniard, she deferred that treaty for so!e ti!e# But now, that the wars on both sides %re%ared !ight be turned away, she was content to treat for %eaceB but so as sti ho ding the wea%ons in her hand# For this %ur%ose, in February, de egates were sent into F anders, the ear of -erby, the ord 9obha!, ,ir Ja!es 9roft, -r# -a e, and -r# .ogers# These were recei"ed with a hu!anity on the duke's beha f, and a % ace a%%ointed for their treating, that they !ight see the authority de egated to hi! by the ,%anish king# +e a%%ointed the % ace near to )stend, not in )stend, which at that ti!e was he d by the Eng ish against the ,%anish king# +is authority de egated, he %ro!ised the! to show, when they were once !et together# +e wished the! to !ake good s%eed in the business, est so!ewhat !ight fa out in the !ean ti!e, which !ight troub e the !otions of %eace# .ichardotus, s%oke so!ewhat !ore % ain y, That he knew not what in this interi! shou d be done against Eng and# ;ot ong after, -r# .ogers was sent to the %rince, by an ex%ress co!!and!ent fro! the Eueen, to know the truth, whether the ,%aniards had reso "ed to in"ade Eng and, which he and .ichardotus see!ed to signify# +e affir!ed, that he did not so !uch as think of the in"asion of Eng and, when he wished that the business !ight %roceed with s%eedB and was in a !anner offended with .ichardotus, who denied that such words fe fro! hi!# The F/th of *%ri , the count *re!berg, 9ha!%igny, .ichardotus, -octor Maesius, and Garnier, de egated fro! the %rince of Par!a, !et with the Eng ish, and yie ded to the! the honour both in wa king and sitting# This conference, howe"er, ca!e to nothingB undertaken by, the Eueen, as the wiser then thought, to a"ert the ,%anish f eetB continued by the ,%aniard that he !ight o%%ress the Eueen, being as he su%%osed un%ro"ided, and not ex%ecting the danger# ,o both of the! tried to use ti!e to their best ad"antages# *t ength the ,%anish f eet, we furnished with !en, a!!unition, engines, and a war ike %re%arations, the best, indeed, that e"er was seen u%on the ocean, ca ed by the arrogant tit e, The 8n"incib e *r!ada, consisted of FH1 shi%s, wherein there were in a , FI,/I1# Mariners, G,H01# 9hained rowers, FF,1G1# Great ordnance, FF,JH1# The chief co!!ander was PereAius GuA!annus, duke of Medina ,idoniaB and under hi! Joannes Martinus .ica dus, a !an of great ex%erience in sea affairs# The H1th of May they oosed out of the ri"er Tagus, and bending their course to the Groin, in Ga icia, they were beaten and scattered by a te!%est, three ga eys, by the he % of -a"id Gwin, an Eng ish ser"ant, and by the %erfidiousness of the Turks which rowed, were carried away into France# The f eet, with !uch ado, after so!e days ca!e to the Groin, and other harbours near adjoining# The re%ort was, that the f eet was so shaken by this te!%est,

that the Eueen was %ersuaded, that she was not to ex%ect that f eet this year# *nd ,ir Francis @a singha!, sec'y, wrote to the ord ad!ira , that he !ight send back four of the greatest shi%s, as if the war had been ended# But the ord ad!ira did not easi y gi"e credit to that re%ortB yet with a gent e answer entreated hi! to be ie"e nothing hasti y in so i!%ortant a !atter( as a so that he !ight be %er!itted to kee% those shi%s with hi! which he had, though it were u%on his own charges# *nd getting a fa"ourab e wind, !ade sai towards ,%ain, to sur%rise the ene!y's da!aged shi%s in their harbours# @hen he was c ose in with the coast of ,%ain, the wind shifting, and he being charged to defend the Eng ish shore, fearing that the ene!y !ight unseen, by the sa!e wind, sai for Eng and, he returned unto P y!outh# ;ow with the sa!e wind, the F/th of Ju y, the duke of Medina with his f eet de%arted fro! the Groin# *nd after a few days he sent .odericus Te ius into F anders, to ad"ertise the duke of Par!a, gi"ing hi! warning that the f eet was a%%roaching, and therefore he was to !ake hi!se f ready# For Medina's co!!ission was to join hi!se f with the shi%s and so diers of Par!aB and under the %rotection of his f eet to bring the! into Eng and, and to and his forces u%on the Tha!es side# The sixteenth, day, Qsaith the re ator,R there was a great ca !, and a thick c oud was u%on the sea ti noonB then the north wind b owing rough yB and again the west wind ti !idnight, and after that the eastB the ,%anish na"y was scattered, and hard y gathered together unti they ca!e within sight of Eng and the nineteenth day of Ju y# :%on which day, the ord ad!ira was certified by F e!ing, Qwho had been a %irateR that the ,%anish f eet was entered into the Eng ish sea, which the !ariners ca the 9hanne , and was descried near to the 'iAard# The ord ad!ira brought forth the Eng ish f eet into the sea, but not without great difficu ty, by the ski , abour, and a acrity of the so diers and !ariners, e"ery one abouringB yea, the ord ad!ira hi!se f %utting his hand to this work# The next day the Eng ish f eet "iewed the ,%anish f eet co!ing a ong ike the towering cast es in height, her front crooked ike the fashion of the !oon, the wings of the f eet were extended one fro! the other about se"en !i es, or as so!e say eight !i es asunder, sai ing with the abour of the winds, the ocean as it were groaning under it, their sai was but s ow, and yet at fu sai before the wind# The Eng ish were wi ing to et the! ho d on their course, and when they were %assed by, got behind the!, and so got to windward of the!# :%on the /Fst of Ju y, the ord ad!ira of Eng and sent a cutter before, ca ed the -efiance, to denounce the batt e by firing off %ieces# *nd being hi!se f in the .oya &*rch, Qthe Eng ish ad!ira shi%R he began the engage!ent with a shi% which he took to be the ,%anish ad!ira , but which was the shi% of * fonsus 'e"a# :%on that he ex%ended !uch shot# Present y -rake, +awkins, and Forbisher, ca!e in u%on the rear of the ,%aniards which .ica dus co!!anded#D:%on these they thundered# .ica dus endea"oured, as !uch as in hi! ay, to kee% his !en to their Euarters, but a in "ain, unti his shi%, !uch beaten and battered with !any shot, hard y reco"ered the f eet# Then the duke of Medina gathered together his scattered f eet, and setting !ore sai , he d on his course# 8ndeed they cou d do no other, for the Eng ish had gotten the ad"antage of the wind, and their shi%s being !uch easier !anaged, and ready with incredib e ce erity to co!e u%on the ene!y with a fu course, and then to tack and retack and be on e"ery side at their

% easure# *fter a ong fight, and each of the! had taken a tria of their courage, the ord ad!ira thought %ro%er to continue the fight no onger, because there were forty shi%s !ore, which were then absent, and at that "ery ti!e were co!ing out of P y!outh ,ound# The night fo owing, the ,t# 9atharine, a ,%anish shi%, being sad y torn in the batt e, was taken into the !idst of the f eet to be re%aired# +ere a great 9antabrian shi%, of )Euenda, wherein was the treasurer of the ca!%, by force of gun%owder took fire, yet it was Euenched in ti!e by the shi%s that ca!e to he % her# )f those which ca!e to assist the fired shi%, one was a ga eon, co!!anded by one Petrus @a deAB the fore&yard of the ga eon was caught in the rigging of another shi%, and carried away# This was taken by -rake, who sent @a deA to -art!outh, and a great su! of !oney, "iA# 00,111 ducats, which he distributed a!ong the so diers# This @a deA co!ing into -rake's %resence, kissed his hand, and to d hi! they had a reso "ed to die, if they had not been so ha%%y as to fa into his hands who! they knew to be nob e# That night he was a%%ointed to set forth a ight, but neg ected itB and so!e Ger!an !erchant shi%s co!ing by that night, he, thinking the! to be ene!ies, fo owed the! so far, that the Eng ish f eet ay to a night, because they cou d see no ight set forth# ;either did he nor the rest of the f eet find the ad!ira unti the next e"ening# The ad!ira a the night %roceeding with the Bear and the Mary .ose, carefu y fo owed the ,%aniards with watchfu ness# The duke was busied in ordering his sEuadron# * fonsus 'e"a was co!!anded to join the first and ast di"isions# E"ery shi% had its %ro%er station assigned, according to that %rescribed for! which was a%%ointed in ,%ainB it was %resent death to any one who forsook his station# This done, he sent G ic ius and *nceani to Par!a, which !ight dec are to the! in what situation they were, and eft that 9antabrian shi%, of )Euenda, to the wind and sea, ha"ing taken out the !oney and !ariners, and %ut the! on board of other shi%s# $et it see!ed that he had not care for a B for that shi% the sa!e day, with fifty !ariners and so diers wounded and ha f& burned, fe into the hands of the Eng ish, and was carried to @ey!outh# The /Hd of the sa!e !onth, the ,%aniards ha"ing a fa"ourab e north wind, tacked towards the Eng ishB but they being !ore ex%ert in the !anage!ent of their shi%s, tacked ikewise, and ke%t the ad"antage they had gained, kee%ing the ,%aniards to eeward, ti at ast the fight beca!e genera on both sides# They fought awhi e confused y with "ariab e success( whi st on the one side the Eng ish with great courage de i"ered the 'ondon shi%s which were enc osed about by the ,%aniardsB and on the other side, the ,%aniards by "a our freed .ica dus fro! the extre!e danger he was inB great and !any were the ex% osions, which, by the continued firing of great guns, were heard this day# But the oss Qby the good %ro"idence of God,R fe u%on the ,%aniards, their shi%s being so high, that the shot went o"er our Eng ish shi%s, and the Eng ish, ha"ing such a fair !ark at their arge shi%s, ne"er shot in "ain# -uring this engage!ent, 9ock, an Eng ish!an, being surrounded by the ,%anish shi%s, cou d not be reco"ered, but %erishedB howe"er, with great honour he re"enged hi!se f# Thus a ong ti!e the Eng ish shi%s with great agi ity were so!eti!es u%on the ,%aniards, gi"ing the! the fire of one side, and then of the other, and %resent y were off again, and sti ke%t the sea, to !ake the!se "es ready to co!e in again# @hereas the ,%anish shi%s, being of great burden, were troub ed and

hindered, and stood to be the !arks for the Eng ish shot# For a that the Eng ish ad!ira wou d not %er!it his %eo% e to board their shi%s, because they had such a nu!ber of so diers on board, which he had notB their shi%s were !any in nu!ber, and greater, and higher, that if they had co!e to gra%% e, as !any wou d ha"e had it, the Eng ish being !uch ower than the ,%anish shi%s, !ust needs ha"e had the worst of the! that fought fro! the higher shi%s# *nd if the Eng ish had been o"erco!e, the oss wou d ha"e been greater than the "ictory cou d ha"e beenB for our being o"erco!e wou d ha"e %ut the kingdo! in haAard# The /5th day of Ju y they ga"e o"er fighting on both sides# The ad!ira sent so!e s!a barks to the Eng ish shore for a su%% y of %ro"isions, and di"ided his who e f eet into four sEuadronsB the first whereof he took under his own co!!and, the next was co!!anded by -rake, the third by +awkins, and the ast by Forbisher# *nd he a%%ointed out of e"ery sEuadron certain itt e shi%s, which, on di"ers sides !ight set u%on the ,%aniards in the night, but a sudden ca ! took the! so that ex%edition was without effect# The /0th, the ,t# *nne, a ga eon of Portuga , not being ab e to kee% u% with the rest, was attacked by so!e s!a Eng ish shi%s# To whose aid ca!e in 'e"a, and -idacus Te es EnriEues, with three ga eassesB which the ad!ira , and the 'ord Tho!as +oward, es%ying, !ade a the sai they cou d against the ga easses, but the ca ! continuing, they were ob iged to be towed a ong with their boatsB as soon as they reached the ga easses, they began to % ay away so fierce y with their great guns, that with !uch danger, and great oss, they hard y reco"ered their ga eon# The ,%aniards re%orted that the ,%anish ad!ira was that day in the rear of their f eet, which, being co!e nearer to the Eng ish shi%s than before, got terrib y shattered with their great guns, !any !en were ki ed aboard, and her !asts aid o"er the side# The ,%anish ad!ira , after this, in co!%any with .ica dus, and others, attacked the Eng ish ad!ira , who, ha"ing the ad"antage of the wind, sudden y tacked and esca%ed# The ,%aniards ho ding on their course again, sent to the duke of Par!a, that with a %ossib e s%eed he shou d join his shi%s with the king's f eet# These things the Eng ish knew not, who write that they had carried away the antern fro! one of the ,%anish shi%s, the stern fro! another, and sore !au ed the third "ery !uch disab ing her# The ;on&Parig y, and the Mary .ose, fought awhi e with the ,%aniards, and the Triu!%h being in danger, other shi%s ca!e in good ti!e to he % her# The next day the ord ad!ira knighted the 'ord Tho!as +oward, the 'ord ,heffie d, .oger Townsend, John +awkins, and Martin Forbisher, for their "a our in the ast engage!ent# *fter this, they agreed not to attack the ene!y unti they ca!e into the straits of 9a ais, where +enry ,ei!or, and @i ia! @inter, waited for their co!ing# Thus with a fair ga e the ,%anish f eet went forward, and the Eng ish fo owed# This great ,%anish *r!ada was so far fro! being estee!ed in"incib e in the o%inion of the Eng ish, that !any young !en and gent e!en, in ho%e to be %artakers of a fa!ous "ictory against the ,%aniards, %ro"ided shi%s at their own ex%ense, and joined the!se "es to the Eng ish f eetB a!ong who! were the ear s of Essex, ;orthu!ber and, and 9u!ber and, Tho!as and .obert 9eci , +enry Brooks, @i ia! +atton, .obert 9ary, *!brose @i oughby, Tho!as Gerard, *rthur George, and other gent e!en of good note and Eua ity#

The /2th day, at e"en, the ,%aniards cast anchor near to 9a ais, being ad!onished by their ski fu sea!en, that if they went any further they !ight be in danger, through the force of the tide, to be dri"en into the ;orth )cean# ;ear to the! ay the Eng ish ad!ira with his f eet, within a great gun's shot# The ad!ira , ,ei!or and @inter, now join their shi%sB so that now there were a hundred and forty shi%s in the Eng ish f eet, ab e, and we furnished for fighting, for sai ing, and e"ery thing e se which was reEuisiteB and yet there were but fifteen of these which bore the heat of the batt e, and re%u sed the ene!y# The ,%aniard, as often as he had done before, so now with great earnestness sent to the duke of Par!a, to send forty f y&boats, without which they cou d not fight with the Eng ish, because of the greatness and s owness of their shi%s, and the agi ity of the Eng ish, entreating hi! by a !eans now to co!e to sea with his ar!y, which ar!y was now to be %rotected as it were, under the wings of the ,%anish *r!ada, unti they shou d and in Eng and# But the duke was un%ro"ided, and cou d not co!e out in an instant# The broad shi%s with f at botto!s being then fu of chinks !ust be !ended# ?ictua s wanted, and !ust be %ro"ided# The !ariners being ong ke%t against their wi s, began to shrink away# The %orts of -unkirk and ;ew%ort, by which he !ust bring his ar!y to the sea, were now so beset with the strong shi%s of +o and and Nea and, which were furnished with great and s!a !unition, that he was not ab e to co!e to sea, un ess he wou d co!e u%on his own a%%arent destruction, and cast hi!se f and his !en wi fu y into a head ong danger# $et he o!itted nothing that !ight be done, being a !an eager and industrious, and inf a!ed with a desire of o"erco!ing Eng and# But Eueen E iAabeth's %ro"idence and care %re"ented both the di igence of this !an, and the credu ous ho%e of the ,%aniardB for by her co!!and the next day the ad!ira took eight of their worst shi%s, charging the ordnance therein u% to the !outh with s!a shot, nai s, and stones, and dressed the! with wi d fire, %itch, and rosin, and fi ing the! fu of bri!stone, and so!e other !atter fit for fire, and these being set on fire by the !anage!ent of $oung and Prowse, were secret y in the night, by the he % of the wind, set fu u%on the ,%anish f eet, which, on ,unday, the se"enth of *ugust, they sent in a!ong the! as they ay at anchor# @hen the ,%anish saw the! co!e near, the f a!es gi"ing ight a o"er the sea, they su%%osing those shi%s, besides the danger of fire, to ha"e been a so furnished with dead y engines, to !ake horrib e destruction a!ong the!B ifting u% a !ost hideous cry, so!e %u u% anchors, so!e for haste cut their cab es, they set u% their sai s, they a%% y their oars, and stricken with extre!e terror, in great haste they f ed !ost confused y# *!ong the! the Pretorian Ga eass f oating u%on the seas, her rudder being broken, in great danger and fear drew towards 9a ais, and striking in the sand, was taken by *!ias Preston, Tho!as Gerard, and +ar"eyB +ugh Moncada the go"ernor was s ain, the so diers and !ariners were either ki ed or drownedB in her there was found great store of go d, which fe to be the %rey of the Eng ish# The shi% and ordnance went to the go"ernor of 9a ais# The ,%aniards re%ort, that the duke, when he saw the fire shi%s co!ing, co!!anded a the f eet to hea"e u% their anchors, but so as the danger being %ast, e"ery shi% !ight return again to his own stationB and he hi!se f returned, gi"ing a sign to the rest by shooting off a gunB which was heard but

by a few, for they were far off scattered so!e into the o%en ocean, so!e through fear were dri"en u%on the sha ows of the coast of F anders# )"er against Gra"e ing the ,%anish f eet began to gather the!se "es together# But u%on the! ca!e -rake and Fenner, and battered the! with great ordnance( to these Fenton, ,outhwe , Beeston, 9ross, .i!an, and %resent y after the ord ad!ira , and ,heffie d, ca!e in# The -uke Medina, 'e"a, )Euenda, .ica dus, and others, with !uch ado in getting the!se "es out of the sha ows, sustained the Eng ish shi%s as we as they !ight, unti !ost of their shi%s were %ierced and tornB the ga eon ,t# Matthew, go"erned by -iego Pi!ente as, co!ing to aid Francis To eton, being in the ,t# Phi i%, was %ierced and shaken with the reiterated shots of ,ei!or and @inter, and dri"en to )stend, and was at ast taken by the F ushingers# The ,t# Phi i% ca!e to the ike endB so did the ga eon of Biscay, and di"ers others# The ast day of this !onth, the ,%anish f eet stri"ing to reco"er the straits again, were dri"en towards Nea and# The Eng ish eft off %ursuing the!, as the ,%aniards thought, because they saw the! in a !anner cast awayB for they cou d not a"oid the sha ows of Nea and# But the wind turning, they got the! out of the sha ows, and then began to consu t what were best for the! to do# By co!!on consent they reso "ed to return into ,%ain by the ;orthern ,eas, for they wanted !any necessaries, es%ecia y shotB their shi%s were torn, and they had no ho%e that the duke of Par!a cou d bring forth his forces# *nd so they took the sea, and fo owed the course toward the north# The Eng ish na"y fo owed, and so!eti!es the ,%anish turned u%on the Eng ish, inso!uch that it was thought by !any that they wou d turn back again# Lueen E iAabeth caused an ar!y to enca!% at Ti bury# *fter the ar!y had co!e thither, her !ajesty went in %erson to "isit the ca!%, which then ay between the city of 'ondon and the sea, under the charge of the ear of 'eicester, where % acing herse f between the ene!y and her city, she "iewed her ar!y, %assing through it di"ers ti!es, and odging in the borders of it, returned again and dined in the ar!y# *fterwards when they were a reduced into batt e, %re%ared as it were for fight, she rode round about with a eader's staff in her hand, on y acco!%anied with the genera , and three or four others attending u%on her#3*6 8 cou d en arge the descri%tion hereof with !any !ore %articu ars of !ine own obser"ation, Qsays the author,R for 8 wandered, as !any others did, fro! % ace to % ace, a the day, and ne"er heard a word s%oke of her, but in %raising her for her state y %erson and %rince y beha"iour, in %raying for her ong ife, and earnest y desiring to "enture their i"es for her safety# 8n her %resence they sung %sa !s of %raise to * !ighty God, for which she great y co!!ended the!, and de"out y %raised God with the!# This that 8 write, you !ay be sure 8 do not with any co!fort, but to gi"e you these !anifest argu!ents that neither this Eueen did discontent her %eo% e, nor her %eo% e show any discontent in any thing they were co!!anded to do for her ser"ice, as heretofore hath been i!agined# This account was re ated by a %o%ish s%y, in a etter written here in Eng and to Mendea# The co%y of which etter was found u%on .ichard 'eigh, a se!inary %riest in French and Eng ish( which %riest was executed for high treason whi e the ,%anish *r!ada was at sea#

The sa!e day whereon the ast fight was, the duke of Par!a, after his "ows offered to the ady of +a a, ca!e so!ewhat ate to -unkirk, and was recei"ed with "ery o%%robrious anguage by the ,%aniards, as if in fa"our of Eueen E iAabeth he had s i%%ed the fairest o%%ortunity that cou d be to do the ser"ice# +e, to !ake so!e satisfaction, %unished the %ur"eyors that had not !ade %ro"ision of beer, bread, Kc# which was not yet ready nor e!barked, secret y s!i ing at the inso ence of the ,%aniards, when he heard the! bragging that what way soe"er they ca!e u%on Eng and, they wou d ha"e an undoubted "ictoryB that the Eng ish were not ab e to endure the sight of the!# The Eng ish ad!ira a%%ointed ,ei!or and the +o anders to watch u%on the coast of F anders that the duke of Par!a shou d not co!e outB whi st he hi!se f c ose fo owed the ,%aniards unti they were %ast Edinburgh Frith# The ,%aniards, seeing a ho%es fai , f ed a!ainB and so this great na"y, being three years %re%aring with great ex%ense, was within one !onth o"erthrown, and, after !any were ki ed, being chased again, was dri"en about a Eng and, by ,cot and, the )reades, and 8re and, tossed and da!aged with te!%ests, !uch di!inished, and went ho!e without g ory# There were not a hundred !en of the Eng ish ost, and but one shi%# @hereu%on !oney was coined with a na"y f eeing away in fu sai , with this inscri%tion, Venit( Vidit( %u1it# )thers were coined with the shi%s on fire, the na"y confounded, inscribed, in honour of the Eueen, )u4 %Fmina %a&ti# *s they f ed, it is certain that !any of their shi%s were cast away u%on the shores of ,cot and and 8re and# *bout se"en hundred so diers and !ariners were cast away u%on the ,cottish shore, who, at the duke of Par!a's intercession with the ,cotch king, the Eueen of Eng and consenting, were after a year sent into F anders# But they that were cast u%on the 8rish shore ca!e to !ore !iserab e fortunes, for so!e were ki ed by the wi d 8rish, and others were destroyed for fear they shou d join the!se "es with the wi d 8rish, Qwhich crue ty Eueen E iAabeth !uch conde!ned,R and the rest being afraid, sick and hungry, with their disab ed shi%s, co!!itted the!se "es to the sea, and !any were drowned# The Eueen went to %ub ic thanksgi"ing in ,t# Pau 's church, acco!%anied by a g orious train of nobi ity, through the streets of 'ondon, which were hung with b ue c oth, the co!%anies standing on both sides in their i"eriesB the banners that were taken fro! the ene!ies were s%readB she heard the ser!on, and %ub ic thanks were rendered unto God with great joy# This %ub ic joy was aug!ented when ,ir .obert ,idney returned fro! ,cot and, and brought fro! the king assurances of his nob e !ind and affection to the Eueen, and to re igionB which as in sincerity he had estab ished, so he %ur%osed to !aintain with a his %ower# ,ir .obert ,idney was sent to hi! when the ,%anish f eet was co!ing, to congratu ate and return thanks for his great affection towards the !aintenance of the co!!on cause, and to dec are how ready she wou d be to he % hi! if the ,%aniards shou d and in ,cot andB and that he !ight reca to !e!ory with what strange a!bition the ,%aniards had ga%ed for a Britain, urging the %o%e to exco!!unicate hi!, to the end that he !ight be thrust fro! the kingdo! of ,cot and, and fro! the succession in Eng and( and to gi"e hi! notice of the threatening of MendoAa, and the %o%e's nuncio, who threatened his ruin if they cou d effect it( and therefore warned hi! to take s%ecia heed to the ,cottish %a%ists#

The king % easant y answered that he ooked for no other benefit fro! the ,%aniards, than that which Po y%he!us %ro!ised to : ysses, to de"our hi! ast after his fe ows were de"oured# 8t !ay not be i!%ro%er here to subjoin a ist of the different artic es taken on board the ,%anish shi%s, designed for the tor!enting of the %rotestants, had their sche!e taken effect# F# The co!!on so diers' %ikes, eighteen feet ong, %ointed with ong shar% s%ikes, and shod with iron, which were designed to kee% off the horse, to faci itate the anding of the infantry# /# * great nu!ber of ances used by the ,%anish officers# These were for!er y gi t, but the go d is a !ost worn off by c eaning# H# The ,%anish ranceurs, !ade in different for!s, which were intended either to ki the !en on horseback, or %u the! off their horses# 5# * "ery singu ar %iece of ar!s, being a %isto in a shie d, so contri"ed as to fire the %isto , and co"er the body at the sa!e ti!e, with the shie d# 8t is to be fired by a !atch& ock, and the sight of the ene!y is to be taken through a itt e grate in the shie d, which is %isto %roof# 0# The banner, with a crucifix u%on it, which was to ha"e been carried before the ,%anish genera # )n it is engra"ed the %o%e's benediction before the ,%anish f eet sai ed( for the %o%e ca!e to the water side, and, on seeing the f eet, b essed it, and sty ed it in2in&ible# J# The ,%anish cra"ats, as they are ca ed# These are engines of torture, !ade of iron, and %ut on board to ock together the feet, ar!s and heads of Eng ish!en# 2# ,%anish bi boes, !ade of iron ikewise, to yoke the Eng ish %risoners two and two# G# ,%anish shot, which are of four sorts( %ike&shot, star&shot, chain&shot, and ink&shot, a ad!irab y contri"ed, as we for the destruction of the !asts and rigging of shi%s, as for swee%ing the decks of their !en# I# ,%anish s%adas %oisoned at the %oints, so that if a !an recei"ed the s ightest wound with one of the!, certain death was the conseEuence# F1# * ,%anish %o &axe, used in boarding of shi%s# FF# Thu!b&screws, of which there were se"era chests fu on board the ,%anish f eet# The use they were intended for is said to ha"e been to extort confession fro! the Eng ish where their !oney was hid# F/# The ,%anish !orning starB a destructi"e engine rese!b ing the figure of a star, of which there were !any thousands on board, and a of the! with %oisoned %ointsB and were designed to strike at the ene!y as they ca!e on board, in case of a c ose attack# FH# The ,%anish genera 's ha berd, co"ered with "e "et# * the nai s of this wea%on are doub e gi t with go dB and on its to% is the %o%e's head, curious y engra"ed# F5# * ,%anish batt e&axe, so contri"ed, as to strike four ho es in a !an's head at onceB and has besides a %isto in its hand e, with a !atch& ock# F0# The ,%anish genera 's shie d, carried before hi! as an ensign of honour# )n it are de%icted, in !ost curious work!anshi%, the abours of +ercu es, and other ex%ressi"e a egories# @hen the ,%anish %risoners were asked by so!e of the Eng ish what their intentions were, had their ex%edition succeeded, they re% ied, CTo extir%ate the who e fro! the is and, at east a heretics Qas they ca ed the

%rotestants,R and to send their sou s to he #C ,trange infatuationS .idicu ous bigotryS +ow %rejudiced !ust the !inds of those !en be, who wou d wish to destroy their fe ow&creatures, not on y in this wor d, but, if it were %ossib e, in that which is to co!e, !ere y because they refused to be ie"e on certain subjects as the ,%aniards the!se "es did# A &onspira&y by the Papists for the destru&tion of James I.( the royal family( and both houses of ParliamentA &ommonly nown by the name of the Gunpowder Plot. The %a%ists Qof which there were great nu!bers in Eng and at the ti!e of the intended ,%anish in"asionR were so irritated at the fai ure of that ex%edition, that they were deter!ined, if %ossib e, to %roject a sche!e at ho!e, that !ight answer the %ur%oses, to so!e degree, of their b ood&thirsty co!%etitors# The "igorous ad!inistration of E iAabeth, howe"er, %re"ented their carrying any of their iniEuitous designs into execution, a though they !ade !any atte!%ts with that "iew# The co!!ence!ent of the reign of her successor was destined to be the era of a % ot, the barbarity of which transcends e"ery thing re ated in ancient or !odern history# 8n order to crush %o%ery in the !ost effectua !anner in this kingdo!, Ja!es soon after his succession, took %ro%er !easures for ec i%sing the %ower of the .o!an 9atho ics, by enforcing those aws which had been !ade against the! by his %redecessors# This enraged the %a%ists to such a degree, that a cons%iracy was for!ed, by so!e of the %rinci%a eaders, of the !ost daring and i!%ious natureB na!e y, to b ow u% the king, roya fa!i y, and both houses of %ar ia!ent, whi e in fu session, and thus to in"o "e the nation in utter and ine"itab e ruin# The caba who for!ed the reso ution of %utting in %ractice this horrid sche!e, consisted of the fo owing %ersons(D+enry Garnet, an Eng ish!an, who, about the year F0GJ, had been sent to Eng and as su%erior of the Eng ish JesuitsB 9atesby, an Eng ish gent e!anB Tes!ond, a JesuitB Tho!as @rightB two gent e!en of the na!e of @interB Tho!as Percy, a near re ation of the ear of ;orthu!ber andB Guido Fawkes, a bo d and enter%rising so dier of fortuneB ,ir Edward -igbyB John Grant, EsE#B Francis Tresha!, EsE#B .obert <eyes and Tho!as Bates, gent e!en# Most of these were !en both of birth and fortuneB and 9atesby, who had a arge estate, had a ready ex%ended two thousand %ounds in se"era "oyages to the court of ,%ain, in order to introduce an ar!y of ,%aniards into Eng and, for o"erturning the %rotestant go"ern!ent, and restoring the .o!an 9atho ic re igionB but, being disa%%ointed in this %roject of an in"asion, he took an o%%ortunity of disc osing to Percy Qwho was his inti!ate friend, and who, in a sudden fit of %assion, had hinted a design of assassinating the kingR a nob er and !ore extensi"e % an of treason, such as wou d inc ude a sure execution of "engeance, and, at one b ow, consign o"er to destruction a their ene!ies# Percy assented to the %roject %ro%osed by 9atesby, and they reso "ed to i!%art the !atter to a few !ore, and, by degrees, to a the rest of their caba , e"ery !an being bound by an oath, and taking the sacra!ent Qthe !ost sacred rite of their re igionR, not to disc ose the east sy ab e of the

!atter, or to withdraw fro! the association, without the consent of a %ersons concerned# These consu tations were he d in the s%ring and su!!er of the year FJ15, and it was towards the c ose of that year that they began their o%erationsB the !anner of which, and the disco"ery, we sha re ate with as !uch bre"ity as is consistent with %ers%icuity# 8t had been agreed that a few of the cons%irators shou d run a !ine be ow the ha in which the %ar ia!ent was to asse!b e, and that they shou d choose the "ery !o!ent when the king shou d de i"er his s%eech to both houses, for s%ringing the !ine, and thus, by one b ow cut off the king, the roya fa!i y, ords, co!!ons, and a the other ene!ies of the catho ic re igion in that "ery s%ot where that re igion has been !ost o%%ressed# For this %ur%ose, Percy, who was at that ti!e a gent e!an&%ensioner undertook to hire a house adjoining to the u%%er house of %ar ia!ent with a di igence# This was according y done, and the cons%irators ex%ecting the %ar ia!ent wou d !eet on the F2th of February fo owing, began, on the FFth of -ece!ber, to dig in the ce ar, through the wa of %artition, which was three yards thick# There was se"en in nu!ber joined in this abour( they went in by night, and ne"er after a%%eared in sight, for, ha"ing su%% ied the!se "es with a necessary %ro"isions, they had no occasion to go out# 8n case of disco"ery, they had %ro"ided the!se "es with %owder, shot, and fire ar!s, and for!ed a reso ution rather to die than be taken# )n 9and e!as&day, FJ10, they had dug so far through the wa as to be ab e to hear a noise on the other side( u%on which unex%ected e"ent, fearing a disco"ery, Guido Fawkes, Qwho %ersonated Percy's foot!an,R was des%atched to know the occasion, and returned with the fa"ourab e re%ort, that the % ace fro! whence the noise ca!e was a arge ce ar under the u%%er house of %ar ia!ent, fu of sea&coa which was then on sa e, and the ce ar offered to be et# )n this infor!ation, Percy i!!ediate y hired the ce ar, and bought the re!ainder of the coa s( he then sent for thirty barre s of gun%owder fro! +o and, and anding the! at 'a!beth, con"eyed the! gradua y by night to this ce ar, where they were co"ered with stones, iron bars, a thousand bi ets, and fi"e hundred fagotsB a which they did at their eisure, the %ar ia!ent being %rorogued to the 0th of ;o"e!ber# This being done, the cons%irators next consu ted how they shou d secure the duke of $ork,3B6 who was too young to be ex%ected at the %ar ia!ent house, and his sister, the Princess E iAabeth, educated at 'ord +arrington's, in @arwickshire# 8t was reso "ed, that Percy and another shou d enter into the duke's cha!ber, and a doAen !ore, %ro%er y dis%osed at se"era doors, with two or three on horseback at the court&gate to recei"e hi!, shou d carry hi! safe away as soon as the %ar ia!ent&house was b own u%B or, if that cou d not be effected, that they shou d ki hi!, and dec are the %rincess E iAabeth Eueen, ha"ing secured her, under %retence of a hunting&!atch, that day# ,e"era of the cons%irators %ro%osed obtaining foreign aid %re"ious to the execution of their designB but this was o"er&ru ed, and it was agreed on y to a%% y to France, ,%ain, and other %owers for assistance after the % ot had taken effectB they a so reso "ed to %roc ai! the %rincess E iAabeth Eueen, and to s%read a re%ort, after the b ow was gi"en, that the %uritans were the %er%etrators of so inhu!an an action#

* !atters being now %re%ared by the cons%irators, they, without the east re!orse of conscience, and with the ut!ost i!%atience, ex%ected the 0th of ;o"e!ber# But a their counse s were b asted by a ha%%y and %ro"identia circu!stance# )ne of the cons%irators, ha"ing a desire to sa"e @i ia! Parker, 'ord Monteag e, sent hi! the fo owing etter( CMy 'ord, C)ut of the o"e 8 bear to so!e of your friends, 8 ha"e a care for your %reser"ationB therefore 8 ad"ise you, as you tender your ife, to de"ise you so!e excuse to shift off your attendance at this %ar ia!entB for God and !an ha"e concurred to %unish the wickedness of this ti!e( and think not s ight y of this ad"ertise!ent, but retire yourse f into the country, where you !ay ex%ect the e"ent with safety, for though there be no a%%earance of any stir, yet 8 say they sha recei"e a terrib e b ow, this %ar ia!ent, and yet they sha not see who hurts the!# This counse is not to be conte!ned, because it !ay do you good, and can do you no har!B for the danger is %ast so soon Qor as Euick yR as you burn this etterB and 8 ho%e God wi gi"e you the grace to !ake good use of it, to whose ho y %rotection 8 co!!end you#C The 'ord Monteag e was, for so!e ti!e, at a oss what judg!ent to for! of this etter, and unreso "ed whether he shou d s ight the ad"ertise!ent or notB and fancying it a trick of his ene!ies to frighten hi! into an absence fro! %ar ia!ent, wou d ha"e deter!ined on the for!er, had his own safety been on y in Euestion( but a%%rehending the king's ife !ight be in danger, he took the etter at !idnight to the ear of ,a isbury, who was eEua y %uAA ed about the !eaning of itB and though he was inc ined to think it !ere y a wi d and waggish contri"ance to a ar! Monteag e, yet he thought %ro%er to consu t about it with the ear of ,uffo k, ord cha!ber ain# The ex%ression, Cthat the b ow shou d co!e, without knowing who hurt the!,C !ade the! i!agine that it wou d not be !ore %ro%er than the ti!e of %ar ia!ent, nor by any other way ike y to be atte!%ted than by gun%owder, whi e the king was sitting to that asse!b y( the ord cha!ber ain thought this the !ore %robab e, because there was a great ce ar under the %ar ia!ent& cha!ber, Qas a ready !entioned,R ne"er used for any thing but wood or coa , be onging to @ineyard, the kee%er of the %a aceB and ha"ing co!!unicated the etter to the ear s of ;ottingha!, @orcester, and ;ortha!%ton, they %roceeded no farther ti the king ca!e fro! .oyston, on the Fst of ;o"e!ber# +is !ajesty being shown the etter by the ear s, who, at the sa!e ti!e acEuainted hi! with their sus%icions, was of o%inion that either nothing shou d be done, or e se enough to %re"ent the danger( and that a search shou d be !ade on the day %receding that designed for this execution of the diabo ica enter%rise# *ccording y, on Monday, the 5th of ;o"e!ber, in the afternoon, the ord cha!ber ain, whose office it was to see a things %ut in readiness for the king's co!ing, acco!%anied by Monteag e, went to "isit a % aces about the %ar ia!ent&house, and taking a s ight occasion to see the ce ar, obser"ed on y %i es of bi ets and fagots, but in greater nu!ber than he thought @ineyard cou d want for his own use# )n his asking who owned the wood, and being to d it be onged to one Mr# Percy, he began to ha"e so!e sus%icions, knowing hi! to be a rigid %a%ist, and so se do! there, that he

had no occasion for such a Euantity of fue B and Monteag e confir!ed hi! therein, by obser"ing that Percy had !ade hi! great %rofessions of friendshi%# Though there was no other !ateria s "isib e, yet ,uffo k thought it was necessary to !ake a further searchB and, u%on his return to the king, a reso ution was taken that it shou d be !ade in such a !anner as shou d be effectua , without scanda iAing any body, or gi"ing any a ar!# ,ir Tho!as <ne"et, steward of @est!inster, was according y ordered, under the %retext of searching for sto en ta%estry hangings in that % ace, and other houses thereabouts, to re!o"e the wood, and see if anything was concea ed underneath# This gent e!an going at !idnight, with se"era attendants, to the ce ar, !et Fawkes, just co!ing out of it, booted and s%urred, with a tinder&box and three !atches in his %ockets, and seiAing hi! without any cere!ony, or asking hi! any Euestions, as soon as the re!o"a of the wood disco"ered the barre s of gun%owder, he caused hi! to be bound, and %ro%er y secured# Fawkes, who was a hardened and intre%id "i ain, !ade no hesitation of a"owing the design, and that it was to ha"e been executed on the !orrow# +e !ade the sa!e acknow edg!ent at his exa!ination before a co!!ittee of the counci B and though he did not deny ha"ing so!e associates in this cons%iracy, yet no threats of torture cou d !ake hi! disco"er any of the!, he dec aring that Che was ready to die, and had rather suffer ten thousand deaths, than wi ing y accuse his !aster, or any other#C By re%eated exa!inations, howe"er, and assurances of his !aster's being a%%rehended, he at ength acknow edged, Cthat whi st he was abroad, Percy had ke%t the keys of the ce ar, had been in it since the %owder had been aid there, and, in effect, that he was one of the %rinci%a actors in the intended tragedy#C 8n the !ean ti!e it was found out, that Percy had co!e %ost out of the north on ,aturday night, the /d of ;o"e!ber, and had dined on Monday at ,ion& house, with the ear of ;orthu!ber andB that Fawkes had !et hi! on the road, and that, after the ord cha!ber ain had been that e"ening in the ce ar, he went, about six o'c ock, to his !aster, who had f ed i!!ediate y, a%%rehending the % ot was detected# The news of the disco"ery i!!ediate y s%reading, the cons%irators f ed different ways, but chief y into @arwickshire, where ,ir E"erard -igby had a%%ointed a hunting&!atch, near -unchurch, to get a nu!ber of recusants together, sufficient to seiAe the %rincess E iAabethB but this design was %re"ented by her taking refuge in 9o"entryB and their who e %arty, !aking about one hundred, retired to +o beach, the seat of ,ir ,te%hen 'itt eton, on the borders of ,taffordshire, ha"ing broken o%en stab es, and taken horses fro! different %eo% e in the adjoining counties# ,ir .ichard @a sh, high sheriff of @orcestershire, %ursued the! to +o beach, where he in"ested the!, and su!!oned the! to surrender# 8n %re%aring for their defence, they %ut so!e !oist %owder before a fire to dry, and a s%ark fro! the coa s setting it on fire, so!e of the cons%irators were so burned in their faces, thighs, and ar!s, that they were scarce y ab e to hand e their wea%ons# Their case was des%erate, and no !eans of esca%e a%%earing, un ess by forcing their way through the assai ants, they !ade a furious sa y for that %ur%ose# 9atesby Qwho first %ro%osed the !anner of the % otR and

Percy were both ki ed# Tho!as @inter, Grant, -igby, .ockwood, and Bates, were taken and carried to 'ondon, were the first !ade a fu disco"ery of the cons%iracy# Tresha!, urking about the city, and freEuent y shifting his Euarters, was a%%rehended soon after, and ha"ing confessed the who e !atter, died of the strangury, in the Tower# The ear of ;orthu!ber and, sus%ected on account of his being re ated to Tho!as Percy, was, by way of %recaution, co!!itted to the custody of the archbisho% of 9anterbury, at 'a!bethB and was afterwards fined thirty thousand %ounds, and sent to the Tower, for ad!itting Percy into the band of gent e!en %ensioners, without tending hi! the oath of su%re!acy# ,o!e esca%ed to 9a ais, and arri"ing there with others, who f ed to a"oid a %ersecution which they a%%rehended on this occasion, were kind y recei"ed by the go"ernorB but one of the! dec aring before hi!, that he was not so !uch concerned at his exi e, as that the %owder % ot did not take effect, the go"ernor was so !uch incensed at his g orying in such an execrab e %iece of iniEuity, that, in a sudden i!%u se of indignation, he endea"oured to throw hi! into the sea# )n the /2th of January, FJ1J, eight of the cons%irators were tried and con"icted, a!ong who! was ,ir E"erard -igby, the on y one that % eaded gui ty to the indict!ent, though a the rest had confessed their gui t before# -igby was executed on the H1th of the sa!e !onth, with .obert @inter, Grant, and Bates, at the west end of ,t# Pau 's churchyardB Tho!as @inter, <eyes, .ockwood, and Fawkes, were executed the fo owing day in ) d Pa ace yard# Garnet was tried on the /Gth of March, Cfor his know edge and concea !ent of the cons%iracyB for ad!inistering an oath of secrecy to the cons%irators, for %ersuading the! of the awfu ness of the treason, and for %raying for the success of the great action in hand at the beginning of the %ar ia!ent#C Being found gui ty,396 he recei"ed sentence of death, but was not executed ti the Hd of May, when, confessing his own gui t, and the iniEuity of the enter%rise, he exhorted a .o!an 9atho ics to abstain fro! the ike treasonab e %ractices in future# Gerard and +a , two Jesuits, got abroadB and 'itt eton, with se"era others, were executed in the country# The 'ord Monteag e had a grant of two hundred %ounds a year in and, and a %ension of fi"e hundred %ounds for ife, as a reward for disco"ering the etter which ga"e the first hint of the cons%iracyB and the anni"ersary of this %ro"identia de i"erance was ordered to be for e"er co!!e!orated by %rayer and thanksgi"ing# Thus was this diabo ica sche!e ha%%i y rendered aborti"e, and the authors of it brought to that condign %unish!ent which their wickedness !erited# 8n this affair Pro"idence !anifest y inter%osed in beha f of the %rotestants, and sa"ed the! fro! that destruction which !ust ha"e taken % ace had the sche!e succeeded according to the wishes of a bigoted, su%erstitious, and b ood&thirsty faction#

CHAPTER XV.
RISE AND PROGRESS OF THE PROTESTANT RELIGION IN IRELAND; WITH AN ACCOUNT OF THE BARBAROUS MASSACRE OF 16 1.

The g oo! of %o%ery had o"ershadowed 8re and fro! its first estab ish!ent there ti the reign of +enry ?888# when the rays of the gos%e began to dis%e the darkness, and afford that ight which ti then had been unknown in that is and# The abject ignorance in which the %eo% e were he d, with the absurd and su%erstitious notions they entertained, were sufficient y e"ident to !anyB and the artifices of their %riests were so cons%icuous, that se"era %ersons of distinction, who had hitherto been strenuous %a%ists, wou d wi ing y ha"e endea"oured to shake off the yoke, and e!brace the %rotestant re igionB but the natura ferocity of the %eo% e, and their strong attach!ent to the ridicu ous doctrines which they had been taught, !ade the atte!%t dangerous# 8t was, howe"er, at ength undertaken, though attended with the !ost horrid and disastrous conseEuences# The introduction of the %rotestant re igion into 8re and !ay be %rinci%a y attributed to George Browne, an Eng ish!an, who was consecrated archbisho% of -ub in on the FIth of March, F0H0# +e had for!er y been an *ugustine friar, and was %ro!oted to the !itre on account of his !erit# *fter ha"ing enjoyed his dignity about fi"e years, he, at the ti!e that +enry ?888# was su%%ressing the re igious houses in Eng and, caused a the re ics and i!ages to be re!o"ed out of the two cathedra s in -ub in, and the other churches in his dioceseB in the % ace of which he caused to be %ut u% the 'ord's %rayer, the creed, and the ten co!!and!ents# * short ti!e after this he recei"ed a etter fro! Tho!as 9ro!we , ord&%ri"y sea , infor!ing hi! that +enry ?888# ha"ing thrown off the %a%a su%re!acy in Eng and, was deter!ined to do the ike in 8re andB and that he thereu%on had a%%ointed hi! Qarchbisho% BrowneR one of the co!!issioners for seeing this order %ut in execution# The archbisho% answered, that he had e!% oyed his ut!ost endea"ours at the haAard of his ife, to cause the 8rish nobi ity and gentry to acknow edge +enry as their su%re!e head, in !atters both s%iritua and te!%ora B but had !et with a !ost "io ent o%%osition, es%ecia y fro! George, archbisho% of *r!aghB that this %re ate had, in a s%eech to his c ergy, aid a curse on a those who shou d own his highness' 3-6 su%re!acy( adding, that their is e, ca ed in the 9hronic es Insula Sa&ra, or the +o y 8s and, be onged to none but the bisho% of .o!e, and that the king's %rogenitors had recei"ed it fro! the %o%e# +e obser"ed ikewise, that the archbisho% and c ergy of *r!agh, had each des%atched a courier to .o!eB and that it wou d be necessary for a %ar ia!ent to be ca ed in 8re and, to %ass an act of su%re!acy, the %eo% e not regarding the king's co!!ission without the sanction of the egis ati"e asse!b y# +e conc uded with obser"ing, that the %o%es had ke%t the %eo% e in the !ost %rofound ignoranceB that the c ergy were exceeding y i iterateB that the co!!on %eo% e were !ore Aea ous, in their b indness, than the saints and !artyrs had been in the defence of truth at the beginning of the gos%e B and that it was to be feared ,han )';ea , a chieftain of great %ower in the northern %art of the is and, was decided y o%%osed to the king's co!!ission# 8n %ursuance of this ad"ice, the fo owing year a %ar ia!ent was su!!oned to !eet at -ub in, by order of 'eonard Grey, at that ti!e ord& ieutenant# *t this asse!b y archbisho% Browne !ade a s%eech in which he set forth, that the bisho%s of .o!e used, ancient y, to acknow edge e!%erors, kings, and %rinces, to be su%re!e in their own do!inions, and, therefore, that he hi!se f wou d "ote king +enry ?888# as su%re!e in a !atters, both

ecc esiastica and te!%ora # +e conc uded with saying, that whosoe"er shou d refuse to "ote for this act, was not a true subject of the king# This s%eech great y start ed the other bisho%s and ordsB but at ength, after "io ent debates, the king's su%re!acy was a owed# Two years after this, the archbisho% wrote a second etter to ord 9ro!we , co!% aining of the c ergy, and hinting at the !achinations which the %o%e was then carrying on against the ad"ocates of the gos%e # This etter is dated fro! -ub in, in *%ri , F0HGB and a!ong other !atters, the archbisho% says, C* bird !ay be taught to s%eak with as !uch sense as !any of the c ergy do in this country# These, though not scho ars, yet are crafty to coAen the %oor co!!on %eo% e and to dissuade the! fro! fo owing his highness' orders# The country fo k here !uch hate your ordshi%, and des%itefu y ca you, in their 8rish tongue, the B acks!ith's ,on# *s a friend, 8 desire your ordshi% to ook we to your nob e %erson# .o!e hath a great kindness for the duke of ;orfo k, and great fa"ors for this nation, %ur%ose y to o%%ose his highness#C * short ti!e after this, the %o%e sent o"er to 8re and Qdirected to the *rchbisho% of *r!agh and his c ergyR a bu of exco!!unication against a who had, or shou d own the king's su%re!acy within the 8rish nationB denouncing a curse on a of the!, and theirs, who shou d not, within forty days, acknow edge to their confessors, that they had done a!iss in so doing# *rchbisho% Browne ga"e notice of this in a etter, dated, -ub in, May, F0HG# Part of the for! of confession, or "ow, sent o"er to these 8rish %a%ists, ran as fo owsB C8 do farther dec are hi! or her, father or !other, brother or sister, son or daughter, husband or wife, unc e or aunt, ne%hew or niece, kins!an or kinswo!an, !aster or !istress, and a others, nearest or dearest re ations, friend or acEuaintance whatsoe"er, accursed, that either do or sha ho d, for the ti!e to co!e, any ecc esiastica or ci"i %ower abo"e the authority of the !other churchB or that do or sha obey, for the ti!e to co!e, any of her the !other of churches' o%%osers or ene!ies, or contrary to the sa!e, of which 8 ha"e here sworn unto( so God, the B essed ?irgin, ,t# Peter, ,t# Pau , and the +o y E"ange ists, he % !e, Kc#C This is an exact agree!ent with the doctrines %ro!u gated by the counci s of 'ateran and 9onstance, which ex%ress y dec are, that no fa"our shou d be shown to heretics, nor faith ke%t with the!B that they ought to be exco!!unicated and conde!ned, and their estates confiscatedB and that %rinces are ob iged, by a so e!n oath, to root the! out of their res%ecti"e do!inions# +ow abo!inab e a church !ust that be, which thus dares to tra!% e u%on a authorityS how besotted the %eo% e who regard the injunctions of such a churchS 8n the archbisho%'s ast&!entioned etter, dated May, F0HG, he says, C+is highness' "iceroy of this nation is of itt e or no %ower with the o d nati"es# ;ow both Eng ish and 8rish begin to o%%ose your ordshi%'s orders, and to ay aside their nationa Euarre s, which 8 fear wi Qif any thing wi R cause a foreigner to in"ade this nation#C ;ot ong after this, *rchbisho% Browne seiAed one Thady )'Brian, a Franciscan friar, who had in his %ossession a %a%er sent fro! .o!e dated May, F0HG, and directed to )';ea # 8n this etter were the fo owing words( C+is ho iness, Pau , now %o%e, and the counci of the fathers, ha"e ate y found, in .o!e, a %ro%hecy of one ,t# 'acerianus, an 8rish bisho% of 9ashe , in which he saith, that the !other church of .o!e fa eth, when, in 8re and,

the catho ic faith is o"erco!e# Therefore, for the g ory of the !other church, the honour of ,t# Peter, and your own secureness, su%%ress heresy, and his ho iness' ene!ies#C This Thady )'Brian, after farther exa!ination and search !ade, was %i oried, and ke%t c ose %risoner, ti the king's orders arri"ed in what !anner he shou d be farther dis%osed of# But order co!ing o"er fro! Eng and that he was to be hanged, he aid "io ent hands on hi!se f in the cast e of -ub in# +is body was afterwards carried to Ga ows&green, where, after being hanged u% for so!e ti!e, it was interred# *fter the accession of Edward ?8# to the throne of Eng and, an order was directed to ,ir *nthony 'eger, the ord&de%uty of 8re and, co!!anding that the iturgy in Eng ish be forthwith set u% in 8re and, there to be obser"ed within the se"era bisho%rics, cathedra s, and %arish churchesB and it was first read in 9hrist&church, -ub in, on Easter day, F00F, before the said ,ir *nthony, *rchbisho% Browne, and others# Part of the roya order for this %ur%ose was as fo ows( C@hereas, our gracious father, <ing +enry ?888# taking into consideration the bondage and hea"y yoke that his true and faithfu subjects sustained, under the jurisdiction of the bisho% of .o!eB how se"era fabu ous stories and ying wonders !is ed our subjectsB dis%ensing with the sins of our nations, by their indu gences and %ardons, for gainB %ur%ose y to cherish a e"i "ices, as robberies, rebe ions, theft, whoredo!s, b as%he!y, ido atry, Kc# our gracious father hereu%on disso "ed a %riories, !onasteries, abbeys, and other %retended re igious housesB as being but nurseries for "ice or uxury, !ore than for sacred earning,C Kc# )n the day after the co!!on&%rayer was first used in 9hrist&church, -ub in, the fo owing wicked sche!e was %rojected by the %a%ists( 8n the church was eft a !arb e i!age of 9hrist, ho ding a reed in his hand, with a crown of thorns on his head# @hi st the Eng ish ser"ice Qthe 9o!!on PrayerR was being read before the ord& ieutenant, the archbisho% of -ub in, the %ri"y&counci , the ord&!ayor, and a great congregation, b ood was seen to run through the cre"ices of the crown of thorns, and to trick e down the face of the i!age# )n this, so!e of the contri"ers of the i!%osture cried a oud( C,ee how our ,a"iour's i!age sweats b oodS But it !ust necessari y do this, since heresy is co!e into the church#C 8!!ediate y !any of the ower order of %eo% e, indeed the 2ul1ar of all ran s , were terrified at the sight of so mira&ulous and undeniable an e"idence of the di"ine dis% easureB they hastened fro! the church, con"inced that the doctrines of %rotestantis! e!anated fro! an inferna source, and that sa "ation was on y to be found in the boso! of their own infallible church# This incident, howe"er udicrous it !ay a%%ear to the en ightened reader, had great inf uence o"er the !inds of the ignorant 8rish, and answered the ends of the i!%udent i!%osters who contri"ed it, so far as to check the %rogress of the refor!ed re igion in 8re and "ery !ateria yB !any %ersons cou d not resist the con"iction that there were !any errors and corru%tions in the .o!ish church, but they were awed into si ence by this %retended !anifestation of -i"ine wrath, which was !agnified beyond !easure by the bigoted and interested %riesthood# @e ha"e "ery few %articu ars as to the state of re igion in 8re and during the re!aining %ortion of the reign of Edward ?8# and the greater %art of that of Mary# Towards the conc usion of the barbarous sway of that re ent ess bigot,

she atte!%ted to extend her inhu!an %ersecutions to this is andB but her diabo ica intentions were ha%%i y frustrated in the fo owing %ro"identia !anner, the %articu ars of which are re ated by historians of good authority# Mary had a%%ointed -r# 9o e Qan agent of the b ood&thirsty BonnerR one of the co!!issioners for carrying her barbarous intentions into effect# +e ha"ing arri"ed at 9hester with his co!!ission, the !ayor of that city, being a %a%ist, waited u%on hi!B when the doctor taking out of his c oak&bag a eathern case, said to hi!, C+ere is a co!!ission that sha ash the heretics of 8re and#C The good wo!an of the house being a %rotestant, and ha"ing a brother in -ub in, na!ed John Ed!unds, was great y troub ed at what she heard# But watching her o%%ortunity, whi st the !ayor was taking his ea"e, and the doctor %o ite y acco!%anying hi! down stairs, she o%ened the box, took out the co!!ission, and in its stead aid a sheet of %a%er, with a %ack of cards, and the na2e of &lubs at to%# The doctor, not sus%ecting the trick that had been % ayed hi!, %ut u% the box, and arri"ed with it in -ub in, in ,e%te!ber, F00G# *nxious to acco!% ish the intentions of his CpiousC !istress, he i!!ediate y waited u%on 'ord FitA&@a ter, at that ti!e "iceroy, and %resented the box to hi!B which being o%ened, nothing was found in it but a %ack of cards# This start ing a the %ersons %resent, his ordshi% said, C@e !ust %rocure another co!!issionB and in the !ean ti!e et us shuff e the cardsSC -r# 9o e, howe"er, wou d ha"e direct y returned to Eng and to get another co!!issionB but waiting for a fa"ourab e wind, news arri"ed that Eueen Mary was dead, and by this !eans the %rotestants esca%ed a !ost crue %ersecution# The abo"e re ation as we before obser"ed, is confir!ed by historians of the greatest credit, who add, that Eueen E iAabeth sett ed a %ension of forty %ounds %er annu! u%on the abo"e !entioned E iAabeth Ed!unds, for ha"ing thus sa"ed the i"es of her %rotestant subjects# -uring the reigns of E iAabeth and Ja!es 8# 8re and was a !ost constant y agitated by rebe ions and insurrections, which, a though not a ways taking their rise fro! the difference of re igious o%inions between the Eng ish and 8rish, were aggra"ated and rendered !ore bitter and irreconci ab e fro! that cause# The %o%ish %riests artfu y exaggerated the fau ts of the Eng ish go"ern!ent, and continua y urged to their ignorant and %rejudiced hearers the awfu ness of ki ing the %rotestants, assuring the! that a catho ics who were s ain in the %rosecution of so pious an enter%rise, wou d be i!!ediate y recei"ed into e"er asting fe icity# The natura y ungo"ernab e dis%ositions of the 8rish, acted u%on by these designing !en, dro"e the! into continua acts of barbarous and unjustifiab e "io enceB and it !ust be confessed that the unsett ed and arbitrary nature of the authority exercised by the Eng ish go"ernors, was but itt e ca cu ated to gain their affections# The ,%aniards, too, by anding forces in the south, and gi"ing e"ery encourage!ent to the discontented nati"es to join their standard, ke%t the is and in a continua state of turbu ence and warfare# 8n FJ1F, they dise!barked a body of 5111 !en at <insa e, and co!!enced what they ca ed C the holy war for the preser2ation of the faith in IrelandA C they were assisted by great nu!bers of the 8rish, but were at ength tota y defeated by the de%uty, ord Mountjoy, and his officers# This c osed the transactions of E iAabeth's reign with res%ect to 8re andB an inter"a of a%%arent tranEui ity fo owed, but the %o%ish %riesthood, e"er

rest ess and designing, sought to under!ine by secret !achinations, that go"ern!ent and that faith which they durst no onger o%en y attack# The %acific reign of Ja!es afforded the! the o%%ortunity of increasing their strength and !aturing their sche!es, and under his successor, 9har es 8# their nu!bers were great y increased by titu ar .o!ish archbisho%s, bisho%s, deans, "icars&genera , abbots, %riests, and friarsB for which reason, in FJ/I, the %ub ic exercise of the %o%ish rites and cere!onies was forbidden# But notwithstanding this, soon afterwards, the .o!ish c ergy erected a new %o%ish uni"ersity in the city of -ub in# They a so %roceeded to bui d !onasteries and nunneries in "arious %arts of the kingdo!B in which % aces these "ery .o!ish c ergy, and the chiefs of the 8rish, he d freEuent !eetingsB and fro! thence, used to %ass to and fro, to France, ,%ain, F anders, 'orrain, and .o!eB where the detestab e % ot of FJ5F was hatching by the fa!i y of the )';ea s and their fo owers# * short ti!e before the horrid cons%iracy broke out, which we are now going to re ate, the %a%ists in 8re and had %resented a re!onstrance to the ords& justices of that kingdo!, de!anding the free exercise of their re igion, and a re%ea of a aws to the contrary, to which both houses of %ar ia!ent in Eng and, so e!n y answered, that they wou d ne"er grant any to eration to the %o%ish re igion in that kingdo!# This farther irritated the %a%ists to %ut in execution the diabo ica % ot concerted for the destruction of the %rotestantsB and it fai ed not of the success wished for by its !a icious and rancorous %rojectors# The design of this horrid cons%iracy was, that a genera insurrection shou d take % ace at the sa!e ti!e throughout the kingdo!, and that a the %rotestants, without exce%tion, shou d be !urdered# The day fixed for this horrid !assacre, was the /Hd of )ctober, FJ5F, the feast of 8gnatius 'oyo a, founder of the JesuitsB and the chief cons%irators, in the %rinci%a %arts of the kingdo!, !ade the necessary %re%arations for the intended conf ict# 8n order that this detested sche!e !ight the !ore infa ib y succeed, the !ost distinguished artifices were %ractised by the %a%istsB and their beha"iour in their "isits to the %rotestants, at this ti!e, was with !ore see!ing kindness than they had hitherto shown, which was done the !ore co!% ete y to effect the inhu!an and treacherous designs then !editating against the!# The execution of this sa"age cons%iracy was de ayed ti the a%%roach of winter, that sending troo%s fro! Eng and !ight be attended with greater difficu ty# 9ardina .iche ieu, the French !inister, had %ro!ised the cons%irators a considerab e su%% y of !en and !oneyB and !any 8rish officers had gi"en the strongest assurances that they wou d hearti y concur with their catho ic brethren, as soon as the insurrection took % ace# The day %receding that a%%ointed for carrying this horrid design into execution, was now arri"ed, when, ha%%i y for the !etro%o is of the kingdo!, the cons%iracy was disco"ered by one )wen )'9onne y, an 8rish!an, for which !ost signa ser"ice the Eng ish %ar ia!ent "oted hi! 011 l. and a %ension of /11l. during his ife# ,o "ery seasonab y was this % ot disco"ered, e"en but a few hours before the city and cast e of -ub in were to ha"e been sur%rised, that the ords&justices had but just ti!e to %ut the!se "es, and the city, in a %ro%er %osture of defence# The ord M'Guire, who was the %rinci%a eader here, with his

acco!% ices, were seiAed the sa!e e"ening in the cityB and in their odgings were found swords, hatchets, %o e&axes, ha!!ers, and such other instru!ents of death as had been %re%ared for the destruction and extir%ation of the %rotestants in that %art of the kingdo!# Thus was the !etro%o is ha%%i y %reser"edB but the b oody %art of the intended tragedy was %ast %re"ention# The cons%irators were in ar!s a o"er the kingdo! ear y in the !orning of the day a%%ointed, and e"ery %rotestant who fe in their way was i!!ediate y !urdered# ;o age, no sex, no condition, was s%ared# The wife wee%ing for her butchered husband, and e!bracing her he % ess chi dren, was %ierced with the!, and %erished by the sa!e stroke# The o d, the young, the "igorous, and the infir!, underwent the sa!e fate, and were b ended in one co!!on ruin# 8n "ain did f ight sa"e fro! the first assau t, destruction was e"ery where et oose, and !et the hunted "icti!s at e"ery turn# 8n "ain was recourse had to re ations, to co!%anions, to friendsB a connexions were disso "edB and death was dea t by that hand fro! which %rotection was i!% ored and ex%ected# @ithout %ro"ocation, without o%%osition, the astonished Eng ish, i"ing in %rofound %eace, and, as they thought, fu security, were !assacred by their nearest neighbours, with who! they had ong !aintained a continued intercourse of kindness and good offices# ;ay, e"en death was the s ightest %unish!ent inf icted by these !onsters in hu!an for!B a the tortures which wanton crue ty cou d in"ent, a the ingering %ains of body, the anguish of !ind, the agonies of des%air, cou d not satiate re"enge excited without injury, and crue y deri"ed fro! no just cause whate"er# -e%ra"ed nature, e"en %er"erted re igion, though encouraged by the ut!ost icense, cannot reach to a greater %itch of ferocity than a%%eared in these !erci ess barbarians# E"en the weaker sex the!se "es, natura y tender to their own sufferings, and co!%assionate to those of others, ha"e e!u ated their robust co!%anions in the %ractice of e"ery crue ty# The "ery chi dren, taught by exa!% e, and encouraged by the exhortation of their %arents, dea t their feeb e b ows on the dead carcasses of the defence ess chi dren of the Eng ish# ;or was the a"arice of the 8rish sufficient to %roduce the east restraint on their crue ty# ,uch was their frenAy, that the catt e they had seiAed, and by ra%ine had !ade their own, were, because they bore the na!e of Eng ish, wanton y s aughtered, or, when co"ered with wounds, turned oose into the woods, there to %erish by s ow and ingering tor!ents# The co!!odious habitations of the % anters were aid in ashes, or e"e ed with the ground# *nd where the wretched owners had shut the!se "es u% in the houses, and were %re%aring for defence, they %erished in the f a!es together with their wi"es and chi dren# ,uch is the genera descri%tion of this un%ara e ed !assacreB but it now re!ains, fro! the nature of our work, that we %roceed to %articu ars# The bigoted and !erci ess %a%ists had no sooner begun to i!brue their hands in b ood, than they re%eated the horrid tragedy day after day, and the %rotestants in a %arts of the kingdo! fe "icti!s to their fury by deaths of the !ost unheard of crue ty# The ignorant 8rish were !ore strong y instigated to execute the inferna business by the jesuits, %riests, and friars, who, when the day for the execution of the % ot was agreed on, reco!!ended in their %rayers,

di igence in the great design, which they said wou d great y tend to the %ros%erity of the kingdo!, and to the ad"ance!ent of the 9atho ic cause# They e"ery where dec ared to the co!!on %eo% e, that the %rotestants were heretics, and ought not to be suffered to i"e any onger a!ong the!B adding, that it was no !ore sin to ki an Eng ish!an than to ki a dogB and that the re ie"ing or %rotecting the! was a cri!e of the !ost un%ardonab e nature# The %a%ists ha"ing besieged the town and cast e of 'ongford, and the inhabitants of the atter, who were %rotestants, surrendering on condition of being a owed Euarter, the besiegers, the instant the towns&%eo% e a%%eared, attacked the! in a !ost un!ercifu !anner, their %riest, as a signa for the rest to fa on, first ri%%ing o%en the be y of the Eng ish %rotestant !inisterB after which his fo owers !urdered a the rest, so!e of who! they hung, others were stabbed or shot and great nu!bers knocked on the head with axes %ro"ided for the %ur%ose# The garrison at , igo was treated in ike !anner by )'9onnor , ygahB who, u%on the %rotestants Euitting their ho ds, %ro!ised the! Euarter, and to con"ey the! safe o"er the 9ur ew !ountains, to .osco!!on# But he first i!%risoned the! in a !ost oathso!e jai , a owing the! on y grains for their food# *fterward, when so!e %a%ists were !erry o"er their cu%s, who were co!e to congratu ate their wicked brethren for their "ictory o"er these unha%%y creatures, those %rotestants who sur"i"ed were brought forth by the @hite&friars, and were either ki ed, or %reci%itated o"er the bridge into a swift ri"er, where they were soon destroyed# 8t is added, that this wicked co!%any of @hite&friars went, so!e ti!e after, in so e!n %rocession, with ho y water in their hands, to s%rink e the ri"erB on %retence of c eansing and %urifying it fro! the stains and %o ution of the b ood and dead bodies of the heretics, as they ca ed the unfortunate %rotestants who were inhu!an y s aughtered at this "ery ti!e# *t <i !ore, -r# Bede , bisho% of that see, had charitab y sett ed and su%%orted a great nu!ber of distressed %rotestants, who had f ed fro! their habitations to esca%e the diabo ica crue ties co!!itted by the %a%ists# But they did not ong enjoy the conso ation of i"ing togetherB the good %re ate was forcib y dragged fro! his e%isco%a residence, which was i!!ediate y occu%ied by -r# ,winey, the %o%ish titu ar bisho% of <i !ore, who said !ass in the church the ,unday fo owing, and then seiAed on a the goods and effects be onging to the %ersecuted bisho%# ,oon after this, the %a%ists forced -r# Bede , his two sons, and the rest of his fa!i y, with so!e of the chief of the %rotestants who! he had %rotected, into a ruinous cast e, ca ed 'ochwater, situated in a ake near the sea# +ere he re!ained with his co!%anions so!e weeks, a of the! dai y ex%ecting to be %ut to death# The greatest %art of the! were stri%%ed naked, by which !eans, as the season was co d, Qit being in the !onth of -ece!berR and the bui ding in which they were confined o%en at the to%, they suffered the !ost se"ere hardshi%s# They continued in this situation ti the 2th of January, when they were a re eased# The bisho% was courteous y recei"ed into the house of -ennis )',heridan, one of his c ergy, who! he had !ade a con"ert to the church of Eng andB but he did not ong sur"i"e this kindness# -uring his residence here, he s%ent the who e of his ti!e in re igious exercises, the better to fit and %re%are hi!se f and his sorrowfu co!%anions, for their

great change as not but certain death was %er%etua y before their eyes# +e was at this ti!e in the 2Fst year of his age, and being aff icted with a "io ent ague caught in his ate co d and deso ate habitation on the ake, it soon threw hi! into a fe"er of the !ost dangerous nature# Finding his disso ution at hand, he recei"ed it with joy, ike one of the %ri!iti"e !artyrs just hastening to his crown of g ory# *fter ha"ing addressed his itt e f ock, and exhorted the! to %atience, in the !ost %athetic !anner, as they saw their own ast day a%%roaching, after ha"ing so e!n y b essed his %eo% e, his fa!i y, and his chi dren, he finished the course of his !inistry and ife together, on the 2th day of February, FJ5/# +is friends and re ations a%% ied to the intruding bisho% for ea"e to bury hi!, which was with difficu ty obtainedB he, at first te ing the! that the churchyard was ho y ground, and shou d be no onger defi ed with heretics( howe"er, ea"e was at ast granted, and though the church funera ser"ice was not used at the so e!nity, Qfor fear of the 8rish %a%istsR yet so!e of the better sort, who had the highest "eneration for hi! whi e i"ing, attended his re!ains to the gra"e# *t his inter!ent, they discharged a "o ey of shot, crying out, C.eEuiescat in %ace u ti!as *ng oru!BC that is, May the ast of the Eng ish rest in %eace# *dding, that as he was one of the best so he shou d be the ast Eng ish bisho% found a!ong the!# +is earning was "ery extensi"eB and he wou d ha"e gi"en the wor d a greater %roof of it, had he %rinted a he wrote# ,carce any of his writings were sa"edB the %a%ists ha"ing destroyed !ost of his %a%ers and his ibrary# +e had gathered a "ast hea% of critica ex%ositions of scri%ture, a which with a great trunk fu of his !anuscri%ts, fe into the hands of the 8rish# +a%%i y his great +ebrew M,# was %reser"ed, and is now in the ibrary of E!anue co ege, )xford# 8n the barony of Teraw ey, the %a%ists, at the instigation of the friars, co!%e ed abo"e forty Eng ish %rotestants, so!e of who! were wo!en and chi dren, to the hard fate either of fa ing by the sword, or of drowning in the sea# These choosing the atter, were according y forced, by the naked wea%ons of their inexorab e %ersecutors, into the dee%, where, with their chi dren in their ar!s, they first waded u% to their chins, and afterwards sunk down and %erished together# 8n the cast e of 'isgoo u%wards of one hundred and fifty !en, wo!en, and chi dren, were a burnt togetherB and at the cast e of Moneah not ess than one hundred were a %ut to the sword#DGreat nu!bers were a so !urdered at the cast e of Tu ah, which was de i"ered u% to M'Guire on condition of ha"ing fair EuarterB but no sooner had that base "i ain got %ossession of the % ace, than he ordered his fo owers to !urder the %eo% e, which was i!!ediate y done with the greatest crue ty# Many others were %ut to deaths of the !ost horrid nature, and such as cou d ha"e been in"ented on y by de!ons instead of !en# ,o!e of the! were aid with the centre of their backs on the ax e&tree of a carriage, with their egs resting on the ground on one side, and then ar!s and head on the other# 8n this %osition one of the sa"ages scourged the wretched object on the thighs, egs, Kc# whi e another set on furious dogs, who tore to %ieces the ar!s and u%%er %arts of the bodyB and in this dreadfu !anner were they de%ri"ed of their existence# Great nu!bers were fastened to horses' tai s, and the beasts being set on fu ga o% by their riders, the wretched "icti!s were dragged a ong ti they ex%ired# )thers were hung on ofty gibbets, and a fire being

kind ed under the!, they finished their i"es, %art y by hanging, and %art y by suffocation# ;or did the !ore tender sex esca%e the east %artic e of crue ty that cou d be %rojected by their !erci ess and furious %ersecutors# Many wo!en, of a ages, were %ut to deaths of the !ost crue nature# ,o!e, in %articu ar, were fastened with their backs to strong %osts, and being stri%%ed to their waists, the inhu!an !onsters cut off their right breasts with shears, which, of course, %ut the! to the !ost excruciating tor!entsB and in this %osition they were eft, ti , fro! the oss of b ood, they ex%ired# ,uch was the sa"age ferocity of these barbarians, that e"en unborn infants were dragged fro! the wo!b to beco!e "icti!s to their rage# Many unha%%y !others were hung naked on the branches of trees, and their bodies being cut o%en, the innocent offs%rings were taken fro! the!, and thrown to dogs and swine# *nd to increase the horrid scene, they wou d ob ige the husband to be a s%ectator before suffered hi!se f# *t the town of 8ssenskeath they hanged abo"e a hundred ,cottish %rotestants, showing the! no !ore !ercy than they did to the Eng ish# M'Guire, going to the cast e of that town, desired to s%eak with the go"ernor, when being ad!itted, he i!!ediate y burnt the records of the county, which were ke%t there# +e then de!anded VF111 of the go"ernor, which ha"ing recei"ed, he i!!ediate y co!%e ed hi! to hear !ass, and to swear that he wou d continue so to do# *nd to co!% ete his horrid barbarities, he ordered the wife and chi dren of the go"ernor to be hung before his faceB besides !assacring at east one hundred of the inhabitants# :%wards of one thousand !en, wo!en and chi dren, were dri"en, in different co!%anies, to Porterdown bridge, which was broken in the !idd e, and there co!%e ed to throw the!se "es into the water, and such as atte!%ted to reach the shore were knocked on the head# 8n the sa!e %art of the country, at east four thousand %ersons were drowned in different % aces# The inhu!an %a%ists, after first stri%%ing the!, dro"e the! ike beasts to the s%ot fixed on for their destructionB and if any, through fatigue, or natura infir!ities, were s ack in their %ace, they %ricked the! with their swords and %ikesB and to strike terror on the !u titude, they !urdered so!e by the way#DMany of these %oor wretches, when thrown into the water, endea"oured to sa"e the!se "es by swi!!ing to the shoreB but their !erci ess %ersecutors %re"ented their endea"ors taking effect by shooting the! in the water# 8n one % ace one hundred and forty Eng ish, after being dri"en for !any !i es stark naked, and in the !ost se"ere weather, were a !urdered on the sa!e s%ot, so!e being hanged, others burnt, so!e shot, and !any of the! buried a i"eB and so crue were their tor!entors, that they wou d not suffer the! to %ray before they robbed the! of their !iserab e existence# )ther co!%anies they took under %retence of safe conduct, who, fro! that consideration, %roceeded cheerfu y on their journeyB but when the treacherous %a%ists had got the! to a con"enient s%ot, they butchered the! a in the !ost crue !anner# )ne hundred and fifteen !en, wo!en, and chi dren, were conducted, by order of ,ir Phe i! )';ea , to Porterdown bridge, where they were a forced into the ri"er, and drowned# )ne wo!an, na!ed 9a!%be , finding no

%robabi ity of esca%ing, sudden y c as%ed one of the chief of the %a%ists in her ar!s, and he d hi! so fast, that they were both drowned together# 8n <i o!an they !assacred forty&eight fa!i ies, a!ong who! twenty&two were burnt together in one house# The rest were either hanged, shot, or drowned# 8n <i !ore the inhabitants, which consisted of about two hundred fa!i ies, a fe "icti!s to their rage# ,o!e of the! sat in the stocks ti they confessed where their !oney wasB after which they %ut the! to death# The who e county was one co!!on scene of butchery, and !any thousands %erished, in a short ti!e, by sword, fa!ine, fire, water, and other the !ost crue deaths, that rage and !a ice cou d in"ent# These b oody "i ains showed so !uch fa"our to so!e as to des%atch the! i!!ediate yB but they wou d by no !eans suffer the! to %ray# )thers they i!%risoned in fi thy dungeons, %utting hea"y bo ts on their egs, and kee%ing the! there ti they were star"ed to death# *t 9ase they %ut a the %rotestants into a oathso!e dungeon, where they ke%t the! together, for se"era weeks, in the greatest !isery# *t ength they were re eased, when so!e of the! were barbarous y !ang ed, and eft on the highways to %erish at eisureB others were hanged, and so!e were buried in the ground u%right, with their heads abo"e the earth, and the %a%ists, to increase their !isery, treating the! with derision during their sufferings# 8n the county of *ntri! they !urdered nine hundred and fifty&four %rotestants in one !orningB and afterward about twe "e hundred !ore in that county# *t a town ca ed 'isnegary, they forced twenty&four %rotestants into a house, and then setting fire to it, burned the! together, counterfeiting their outcries in derision to the others# *!ong other acts of crue ty they took two chi dren be onging to an Eng ish wo!an, and dashed out their brains before her faceB after which they threw the !other into a ri"er, and she was drowned# They ser"ed !any other chi dren in the ike !anner, to the great aff iction of their %arents, and the disgrace of hu!an nature# 8n <i kenny a the %rotestants, without exce%tion, were %ut to deathB and so!e of the! in so crue a !anner, as, %erha%s, was ne"er before thought of# They beat an Eng ish wo!an with such sa"age barbarity, that she had scarce a who e bone eftB after which they threw her into a ditchB but not satisfied with this, they took her chi d, a gir about six years of age and after ri%%ing u% its be y, threw it to its !other, there to anguish ti it %erished# They forced one !an to go to !ass, after which they ri%%ed o%en his body, and in that !anner eft hi!# They sawed another asunder, cut the throat of his wife, and after ha"ing dashed out the brains of their chi d, an infant, threw it to the swine, who greedi y de"oured it# *fter co!!itting these, and se"era other horrid crue ties, they took the heads of se"en %rotestants, and a!ong the! that of a %ious !inister, a which they fixed u% at the !arket cross# They %ut a gag into the !inister's !outh, then s it his cheeks to his ears, and aying a eaf of a Bib e before it, bid hi! %reach, for his !outh was wide enough# They did se"era other things by way of derision, and ex%ressed the greatest satisfaction at ha"ing thus !urdered and ex%osed the unha%%y %rotestants#

8t is i!%ossib e to concei"e the % easure these !onsters took in exercising their crue ty, and to increase the !isery of those who fe into their hands, when they butchered the! they wou d say, C$our sou to the de"i #C )ne of these !iscreants wou d co!e into a house with his hands i!bued in b ood, and boast that it was Eng ish b ood, and that his sword had %ricked the white skins of the %rotestants, e"en to the hi t# @hen any one of the! had ki ed a %rotestant, others wou d co!e and recei"e a gratification in cutting and !ang ing the bodyB after which they eft it ex%osed to be de"oured by dogsB and when they had s ain a nu!ber of the! they wou d boast, that the de"i was beho den to the! for sending so !any sou s to he # But it is no wonder they shou d thus treat the innocent christians, when they hesitated not to co!!it b as%he!y against God and his !ost ho y word# 8n one % ace they burnt two %rotestant Bib es, and then said they had burnt he &fire# 8n the church at Powerscourt they burnt the %u %it, %ews, chests, and Bib es be onging to it# They took other Bib es, and after wetting the! with dirty water, dashed the! in the faces of the %rotestants, saying, C@e know you o"e a good essonB here is an exce ent one for youB co!e to& !orrow, and you sha ha"e as good a ser!on as this#C ,o!e of the %rotestants they dragged by the hair of their heads into the church, where they stri%%ed and whi%%ed the! in the !ost crue !anner, te ing the!, at the sa!e ti!e, CThat if they ca!e to&!orrow, they shou d hear the ike ser!on#C 8n Munster they %ut to death se"era !inisters in the !ost shocking !anner# )ne, in %articu ar, they stri%%ed stark naked, and dri"ing hi! before the!, %ricked hi! with swords and darts ti he fe down, and ex%ired# 8n so!e % aces they % ucked out the eyes, and cut off the hands of the %rotestants, and in that !anner turned the! into the fie ds, there to wander out their !iserab e existence# They ob iged !any young !en to force their aged %arents to a ri"er, where they were drownedB wi"es to assist in hanging their husbandsB and !others to cut the throats of their chi dren# 8n one % ace they co!%e ed a young !an to ki his father, and then i!!ediate y hanged hi!# 8n another they forced a wo!an to ki her husband, then ob iged the son to ki her, and afterward shot hi! through the head# *t a % ace ca ed G as ow, a %o%ish %riest, with so!e others, %re"ai ed on forty %rotestants to be reconci ed to the church of .o!e# They had no sooner done this, than they to d the! they were in good faith, and that they wou d %re"ent their fa ing fro! it, and turning heretics, by sending the! out of the wor d, which they did by i!!ediate y cutting their throats# 8n the county of Ti%%erary u%wards of thirty %rotestants, !en, wo!en, and chi dren, fe into the hands of the %a%ists, who, after stri%%ing the! naked, !urdered the! with stones, %o e&axes, swords, and other wea%ons# 8n the county of Mayo about sixty %rotestants, fifteen of who! were !inisters, were, u%on co"enant, to be safe y conducted to Ga way, by one Ed!und Burke and his so diersB but that inhu!an !onster by the way drew his sword, as an inti!ation of his design to the rest, who i!!ediate y fo owed his exa!% e, and !urdered the who e, so!e of who! they stabbed, others were run through the body with %ikes, and se"era were drowned# 8n Lueen's county great nu!bers of %rotestants were %ut to the !ost shocking deaths# Fifty or sixty were % aced together in one house, which

being set on fire, they a %erished in the f a!es# Many were stri%%ed naked, and being fastened to horses by ro%es % aced round their !idd es, were dragged through bogs ti they ex%ired# ,o!e were hung by the feet to tenter&hooks dri"en into %o esB and in that wretched %osture eft ti they %erished# )thers were fastened to the trunk of a tree, with a branch at to%# )"er this branch hung one ar!, which %rinci%a y su%%orted the weight of the bodyB and one of the egs was turned u%, and fastened to the trunk, whi e the other hung straight# 8n this dreadfu and uneasy %osture did they re!ain, as ong as ife wou d %er!it, % easing s%ectac es to their b ood&thirsty %ersecutors# *t 9 ownes se"enteen !en were buried a i"eB and an Eng ish!an, his wife, fi"e chi dren, and a ser"ant !aid, were a hung together and afterward thrown into a ditch# They hung !any by the ar!s to branches of trees, with a weight to their feetB and others by the !idd e, in which %ostures they eft the! ti they ex%ired# ,e"era were hung on wind!i s, and before they were ha f dead, the barbarians cut the! in %ieces with their swords# )thers, both !en, wo!en, and chi dren, they cut and hacked in "arious %arts of their bodies, and eft the! wa owing in their b ood to %erish where they fe # )ne %oor wo!an they hung on a gibbet, with her chi d, an infant about a twe "e& !onth o d, the atter of who! was hung by the neck with the hair of its !other's head, and in that !anner finished its short but !iserab e existence# 8n the county of Tyrone no ess than three hundred %rotestants were drowned in one dayB and !any others were hanged, burned, and otherwise %ut to death# -r# Maxwe , rector of Tyrone, i"ed at this ti!e near *r!agh, and suffered great y fro! these !erci ess sa"ages# This %erson, in his exa!ination, taken u%on oath before the king's co!!issioners, dec ared, that the 8rish %a%ists owned to hi!, that they, at se"era ti!es, had destroyed, in one % ace, F/,111 %rotestants, who! they inhu!an y s aughtered at G ynwood, in their f ight fro! the county of *r!agh# *s the ri"er Bann was not fordab e, and the bridge broken down, the 8rish forced thither at different ti!es, a great nu!ber of unar!ed, defence ess %rotestants, and with %ikes and swords "io ent y thrust abo"e one thousand into the ri"er, where they !iserab y %erished# ;or did the cathedra of *r!agh esca%e the fury of these barbarians, it being !a icious y set on fire by their eaders, and burnt to the ground# *nd to extir%ate, if %ossib e, the "ery race of those unha%%y %rotestants, who i"ed in or near *r!agh, the 8rish first burnt a their houses, and then gathered together !any hundreds of those innocent %eo% e, young and o d, on %retence of a owing the! a guard and safe conduct to 9o erainB when they treacherous y fe on the! by the way, and inhu!an y !urdered the!# The ike horrid barbarities with those we ha"e %articu ariAed, were %ractised on the wretched %rotestants in a !ost a %arts of the kingdo!B and, when an esti!ate was afterward !ade of the nu!ber who were sacrificed to gratify the diabo ica sou s of the %a%ists, it a!ounted to one hundred and fifty thousand# But it now re!ains that we %roceed to the %articu ars that fo owed# These des%erate wretches, f ushed and grown inso ent with success, Qthough by !ethods attended with such excessi"e barbarities as %erha%s not to be eEua edR soon got %ossession of the cast e of ;ewry, where the king's stores and a!!unition were odgedB and, with as itt e difficu ty, !ade the!se "es

!asters of -unda k# They afterward took the town of *rdee, where they !urdered a the %rotestants, and then %roceeded to -rogheda# The garrison of -rogheda was in no condition to sustain a siege, notwithstanding which, as often as the 8rish renewed their attacks they were "igorous y re%u sed by a "ery uneEua nu!ber of the king's forces, and a few faithfu %rotestant citiAens under sir +enry Tichborne, the go"ernor, assisted by the ord "iscount Moore# The siege of -rogheda began on the H1th of ;o"e!ber, FJ5F, and he d ti the 5th of March, FJ5/, when sir Phe i! )';ea , and the 8rish !iscreants under hi! were forced to retire# 8n the !ean ti!e ten thousand troo%s were sent fro! ,cot and to the re!aining %rotestants in 8re and, which being %ro%er y di"ided in the !ost ca%ita %arts of the kingdo!, ha%%i y ec i%sed the %ower of the 8rish sa"agesB and the %rotestants for a ti!e i"ed in tranEui ity# 8n the reign of king Ja!es 88# they were again interru%ted, for in a %ar ia!ent he d at -ub in in the year FJGI, great nu!bers of the %rotestant nobi ity, c ergy, and gentry of 8re and, were attainted of high treason# The go"ern!ent of the kingdo! was, at that ti!e, in"ested in the ear of Tyrconne , a bigoted %a%ist, and an in"eterate ene!y to the %rotestants# By his orders they were again %ersecuted in "arious %arts of the kingdo!# The re"enues of the city of -ub in were seiAed, and !ost of the churches con"erted into %risons# *nd had it not been for the reso ution and unco!!on bra"ery of the garrisons in the city of 'ondonderry, and the town of 8nniski in, there had not one % ace re!ained for refuge to the distressed %rotestants in the who e kingdo!B but a !ust ha"e been gi"en u% to king Ja!es, and to the furious %o%ish %arty that go"erned hi!# The re!arkab e siege of 'ondonderry was o%ened on the FGth of *%ri , FJGI, by twenty thousand %a%ists, the f ower of the 8rish ar!y# The city was not %ro%er y circu!stanced to sustain a siege, the defenders consisting of a body of raw undisci% ined %rotestants, who had f ed thither for she ter, and ha f a regi!ent of ord Mountjoy's disci% ined so diers, with the %rinci%a %art of the inhabitants, !aking in a on y se"en thousand three hundred and sixty&one fighting !en# The besieged ho%ed, at first, that their stores of corn, and other necessaries, wou d be sufficientB but by the continuance of the siege their wants increasedB and these beca!e at ast so hea"y, that for a considerab e ti!e before the siege was raised, a %int of coarse bar ey, a s!a Euantity of greens, a few s%oonfu s of starch, with a "ery !oderate %ro%ortion of horse f esh, were reckoned a week's %ro"ision for a so dier# *nd they were, at ength, reduced to such extre!ities, that they ate dogs, cats, and !ice# Their !iseries increasing with the siege, !any, through !ere hunger and want, %ined and anguished away, or fe dead in the streets# *nd it is re!arkab e, that when their ong ex%ected succours arri"ed fro! Eng and, they were u%on the %oint of being reduced to this a ternati"e, either to %reser"e their existence by eating each other, or atte!%ting to fight their way through the 8rish, which !ust ha"e infa ib y %roduced their destruction# These succours were !ost ha%%i y brought by the shi% Mountjoy of -erry, and the PhUnix of 9o erain, at which ti!e they had on y nine ean horses eft with a %int of !ea to each !an# By hunger, and the fatigues of war, their se"en thousand three hundred and sixty&one fighting !en, were reduced to

four thousand three hundred, one&fourth %art of who! were rendered unser"iceab e# *s the ca a!ities of the besieged were great, so ikewise were the terrors and sufferings of their %rotestant friends and re ationsB a of who! Qe"en wo!en and chi drenR were forcib y dri"en fro! the country thirty !i es round, and inhu!an y reduced to the sad necessity of continuing so!e days and nights without food or co"ering, before the wa s of the townB and were thus ex%osed to the continua fire both of the 8rish ar!y fro! without, and the shot of their friends fro! within# But the succours fro! Eng and ha%%i y arri"ing %ut an end to their aff ictionB and the siege was raised on the HFst of Ju y, ha"ing been continued u%wards of three !onths# The day before the siege of 'ondonderry was raised, the 8nniski ers engaged a body of six thousand 8rish .o!an catho ics, at ;ewton, But er, or 9rown& 9ast e, of who! near fi"e thousand were s ain# This, with the defeat at 'ondonderry, dis%irited the %a%ists, and they ga"e u% a farther atte!%ts to %ersecute the %rotestants# The year fo owing, "iA# FJI1B the 8rish took u% ar!s in fa"our of the abdicated %rince, king Ja!es 88# but they were tota y defeated by his successor king @i ia! the Third# That !onarch, before he eft the country, reduced the! to a state of subjection, in which they ha"e e"er since continuedB and it is to be ho%ed wi so re!ain as ong as ti!e sha be# By a re%ort !ade in 8re and, in the year F2HF, it a%%eared that a great nu!ber of ecc esiastics had, in defiance of the aws, f ocked into that kingdo!( that se"era con"ents had been o%ened by jesuits, !onks, and friarsB that !any new and %o!%ous !ass&houses had been erected in so!e of the !ost cons%icuous %arts of their great cities, where there had not been any beforeB and that such swar!s of "agrant, i!!ora .o!ish %riests had a%%eared, that the "ery %a%ists the!se "es considered the! as a burthen# But notwithstanding a this, the %rotestant interest at %resent stands u%on a !uch stronger basis than it did a century ago# The 8rish, who for!er y ed an unsett ed and ro"ing ife, in the woods, bogs, and !ountains, and i"ed on the de%redation of their neighbours, they who, in the !orning seiAed the %rey, and at night di"ided the s%oi , ha"e, for !any years %ast, beco!e Euiet and ci"i iAed# They taste the sweets of Eng ish society, and the ad"antages of ci"i go"ern!ent# They trade in our cities, and are e!% oyed in our !anufactories# They are recei"ed a so into Eng ish fa!i iesB and treated with great hu!anity by the %rotestants# The heads of their c ans, and the chiefs of the great 8rish fa!i ies, who crue y o%%ressed and tyranniAed o"er their "assa s, are now dwind ed in a great !easure to nothingB and !ost of the ancient %o%ish nobi ity and gentry of 8re and ha"e renounced the .o!ish re igion# 8t is a so to be ho%ed, that inesti!ab e benefits wi arise fro! the estab ish!ent of %rotestant schoo s in "arious %arts of the kingdo!, in which the chi dren of the .o!an catho ics are instructed in re igion and reading, whereby the !ist of ignorance is dis%e ed fro! their eyes, which was the great source of the crue transactions that ha"e taken % ace, at different %eriods, in that kingdo!# 8n order to %reser"e the %rotestant interest in 8re and u%on a so id basis, it behoo"es a in who! that %ower is in"ested, to discharge it with the

strictest assiduity and attentionB for shou d it once again ose ground, there is no doubt but the %a%ists wou d take those ad"antages they ha"e hitherto done, and thousands !ight yet fa "icti!s to their !a icious bigotry#

CHAPTER XVI.
THE RISE, PROGRESS, PERSECUTIONS, AND SUFFERINGS OF THE QUAKERS.
8n treating of these %eo% e in a historica !anner, we are ob iged to ha"e recourse to !uch tenderness# That they differ fro! the genera ity of %rotestants in so!e of the ca%ita %oints of re igion cannot be denied, and yet, as %rotestant dissenters, they are inc uded under the descri%tion of the to eration act# 8t is not our business to inEuire whether %eo% e of si!i ar senti!ents had any existence in the %ri!iti"e ages of 9hristianity( %erha%s, in so!e res%ects, they had not, but we are to write of the! not as what they were, but what they now are# That they ha"e been treated by se"era writers in a "ery conte!%tuous !anner, is certainB that they did not deser"e such treat!ent, is eEua y certain# The a%%e ation Eua ers, was bestowed u%on the! as a ter! of re%roach, in conseEuence of their a%%arent con"u sions which they aboured under when they de i"ered their discourses, because they i!agined they were the effect of di"ine ins%iration# 8t is not our business, at %resent, to inEuire whether the senti!ents of these %eo% e are agreeab e to the gos%e , but this !uch is certain, that the first eader of the!, as a se%arate body, was a !an of obscure birth, who had his first existence in 'eicestershire, about the year FJ/5# 8n s%eaking of this !an we sha de i"er our own senti!ents in a historica !anner, and joining these to what ha"e been said by the Friends the!se "es, we sha endea"our to furnish out a co!% ete narrati"e# +e was descended of honest and res%ected %arents, who brought hi! u% in the nationa re igion( but fro! a chi d he a%%eared re igious, sti , so id, and obser"ing, beyond his years, and unco!!on y knowing in di"ine things# +e was brought u% to husbandry, and other country business, and was %articu ar y inc ined to the so itary occu%ation of a she%herdB Can e!% oy!ent,C says our author, Cthat "ery we suited his !ind in se"era res%ects, both for its innocency and so itudeB and was a just e!b e! of his after !inistry and ser"ice#C 8n the year FJ5J, he entire y forsook the nationa church, in whose tenets he had been brought u%, as before obser"edB and in FJ52, he tra"e ed into -erbyshire and ;ottingha!shire, without any set %ur%ose of "isiting %articu ar % aces, but in a so itary !anner he wa ked through se"era towns and "i ages, which way soe"er his !ind turned# C+e fasted !uch,C said ,ewe , Cand wa ked often in retired % aces, with no other co!%anion than his Bib e#C C+e "isited the !ost retired and re igious %eo% e in those %arts,C says Penn, Cand so!e there were, short of few, if any, in this nation, who waited for the conso ation of 8srae night and dayB as Nacharias, *nna, and ,i!eon, did of o d ti!e#C To these he was sent, and these he sought out in the neighbouring counties, and a!ong the! he sojourned ti his !ore a!% e !inistry ca!e u%on hi!# *t this ti!e he taught, and was an exa!% e of si ence, endea"ouring to bring the! fro! se f&%erfor!ancesB

testifying of, and turning the! to the ight of 9hrist within the!, and encouraging the! to wait in %atience, and to fee the %ower of it to stir in their hearts, that their know edge and worshi% of God !ight stand in the %ower of an end ess ife which was to be found in the ight, as it was obeyed in the !anifestation of it in !an( for in the word was ife, and that ife is the ight of !en# 'ife in the word, ight in !enB and ife in !en too, as the ight is obeyedB the chi dren of the ight i"ing by the ife of the word, by which the word begets the! again to God, which is the generation and new birth, without which there is no co!ing into the kingdo! of God, and to which whoe"er co!es is greater than John( that is, than John's dis%ensation, which was not that of the kingdo!, but the consu!!ation of the ega , and forerunning of the gos%e ti!es, the ti!e of the kingdo!# *ccording y se"era !eetings were gathering in those %artsB and thus his ti!e was e!% oyed for so!e years# 8n the year FJ0/, Che had a "isitation of the great work of God in the earth, and of the way that he was to go forth, in a %ub ic !inistry, to begin it#C +e directed his course northward, Cand in e"ery % ace where he ca!e, if not before he ca!e to it, he had his %articu ar exercise and ser"ice shown to hi!, so that the 'ord was his eader indeed#C +e !ade great nu!bers of con"erts to his o%inions, and !any %ious and good !en joined hi! in his !inistry# These were drawn forth es%ecia y to "isit the %ub ic asse!b ies to re%ro"e, refor!, and exhort the!B so!eti!es in !arkets, fairs, streets, and by the highway&side, Cca ing %eo% e to re%entance, and to return to the 'ord, with their hearts as we as their !outhsB directing the! to the ight of 9hrist within the!, to see, exa!ine, and to consider their ways by, and to eschew the e"i , and to do the good and acce%tab e wi of God#C They were not without o%%osition in the work they i!agined the!se "es ca ed to, being often set in the stocks, stoned, beaten, whi%%ed and i!%risoned, though, as our author obser"es, honest !en of good re%ort, that had eft wi"es, chi dren, houses, and ands, to "isit the! with a i"ing ca to re%entance# But these coerci"e !ethods rather forwarded than abated their Aea , and in those %arts they brought o"er !any %rose ytes, and a!ongst the! se"era !agistrates, and others of the better sort# They a%%rehended the 'ord had forbidden the! to %u off their hats to any one, high or ow, and reEuired the! to s%eak to the %eo% e, without distinction, in the anguage of thou and thee# They scru% ed bidding %eo% e good&!orrow, or good&night, nor !ight they bend the knee to any one, e"en in su%re!e authority# Both !en and wo!an went in a % ain and si!% e dress, different fro! the fashion of the ti!es# They neither ga"e nor acce%ted any tit es of res%ect or honour, nor wou d they ca any !an !aster on earth# ,e"era texts of scri%ture they Euoted in defence of these singu aritiesB such as, ,wear not at a # +ow can ye be ie"e who recei"e honour one of another, and seek not the honour which co!es fro! God on yT Kc# Kc# They % aced the basis of re igion in an inward ight, and an extraordinary i!%u se of the +o y ,%irit# 8n FJ05, their first se%arate !eeting in 'ondon was he d in the house of .obert -ring, in @at ing&street, for by that ti!e they s%read the!se "es into a %arts of the kingdo!, and had in !any % aces set u% !eetings or asse!b ies, %articu ar y in 'ancashire, and the adjacent %arts, but they were sti ex%osed to great %ersecutions and tria s of e"ery kind# )ne of the! in a

etter to the %rotector, ) i"er 9ro!we , re%resents, though there are no %ena aws in force ob iging !en to co!% y with the estab ished re igion, yet the Luakers are ex%osed u%on other accountsB they are fined and i!%risoned for refusing to take an oathB for not %aying their tithesB for disturbing the %ub ic asse!b ies, and !eeting in the streets, and % aces of %ub ic resortB so!e of the! ha"e been whi%%ed for "agabonds, and for their % ain s%eeches to the !agistrate# :nder fa"our of the then to eration, they o%ened their !eetings at the Bu and Mouth, in * dersgate&street, where wo!en, as we as !en, were !o"ed to s%eak# Their Aea trans%orted the! to so!e extra"agancies, which aid the! sti !ore o%en to the ash of their ene!ies, who exercised "arious se"erities u%on the! throughout the next reign# :%on the su%%ression of ?enner's !ad insurrection, the go"ern!ent, ha"ing %ub ished a %roc a!ation, forbidding the *naba%tists, Luakers, and Fifth Monarchy Men, to asse!b e or !eet together under %retence of worshi%%ing God, exce%t it be in so!e %arochia church, cha%e , or in %ri"ate houses, by consent of the %ersons there inhabiting, a !eetings in other % aces being dec ared to be un awfu and riotous, Kc# Kc# the Luakers thought it ex%edient to address the king thereon, which they did in the fo owing words( C> in1 8harlesG C)ur desire is, that thou !ayest i"e for e"er in the fear of God, and thy counci # @e beseech thee and thy counci , to read these fo owing ines in tender bowe s, and co!%assion for our sou s, and for your good# C*nd this consider, we are about four hundred i!%risoned, in and about this city, of !en and wo!en fro! their fa!i ies, besides, in the county jai s, about ten hundredB we desire that our !eetings !ay not be broken u%, but that a !ay co!e to a fair tria , that our innocency !ay be c eared u%# C'ondon, FJth day, e e"enth !onth, FJJ1#C )n the /Gth of the sa!e !onth, they %ub ished the dec aration referred to in their address, entit ed, C* dec aration fro! the har! ess and innocent %eo% e of God, ca ed Luakers, against a sedition, % otters, and fighters in the wor d, for re!o"ing the ground of jea ousy and sus%icion, fro! both !agistrates and %eo% e in the kingdo!, concerning wars and fightings#C 8t was %resented to the king the /Fst day of the e e"enth !onth, FJJ1, and he %ro!ised the! u%on his roya word, that they shou d not suffer for their o%inions, as ong as they i"ed %eaceab yB but his %ro!ises were "ery itt e regarded afterward# 8n FJJF, they assu!ed courage to %etition the house of 'ords for a to eration of their re igion, and for a dis%ensation fro! taking the oaths, which they he d un awfu , not fro! any disaffection to the go"ern!ent, or a be ief that they were ess ob iged by an affir!ation, but fro! a %ersuasion that a oaths were un awfu B and that swearing u%on the !ost so e!n occasions was forbidden in the ;ew Testa!ent# Their %etition was rejected, and instead of granting the! re ief, an act was %assed against the!, the %rea!b e to which set forth, CThat whereas se"era %ersons ha"e taken u% an o%inion that an oath, e"en before a !agistrate, is un awfu , and contrary to the word of God( and whereas, under %retence of re igious worshi%, the said %ersons do asse!b e in great nu!bers in se"era %arts of the kingdo!, se%arating

the!se "es fro! the rest of his !ajesty's subjects, and the %ub ic congregations and usua % aces of di"ine worshi%B be it therefore enacted, that if any such %ersons, after the /5th of March, FJJF&/, sha refuse to take an oath when awfu y tendered, or %ersuade others to do it, or !aintain in writing or otherwise, the un awfu ness of taking an oathB or if they sha asse!b e for re igious worshi%, to the nu!ber of fi"e or !ore, of the age of fifteen, they sha for the first offence forfeit fi"e %oundsB for the second, ten %oundsB and for the third sha abjure the rea !, or be trans%orted to the % antations( and the justices of %eace at their o%en sessions !ay hear and fina y deter!ine in the affair#C This act had a !ost dreadfu effect u%on the Luakers, though it was we known and notorious that these conscientious %ersons were far fro! sedition or disaffection to the go"ern!ent# George Fox, in his address to the king, acEuaints hi!, that three thousand and sixty&eight of their friends had been i!%risoned since his !ajesty's restorationB that their !eetings were dai y broken u% by !en with c ubs and ar!s, and their friends thrown into the water, and tra!% ed under foot ti the b ood gushed out, which ga"e rise to their !eeting in the o%en streets# * re ation was %rinted, signed by twe "e witnesses, which says, that !ore than four thousand two hundred Luakers were i!%risonedB and of the! fi"e hundred were in and about 'ondon, and the suburbsB se"era of who! were dead in the jai s# +owe"er, they e"en g oried in their sufferings, which increased e"ery dayB so that in FJJ0, and the inter!ediate years, they were harassed without exa!% e# *s they %ersisted reso ute y to asse!b e, o%en y, at the Bu and Mouth, before !entioned, the so diers, and other officers, dragged the! fro! thence to %rison, ti ;ewgate was fi ed with the!, and !u titudes died of c ose confine!ent, in that and other jai s# ,ix hundred of the!, says an account %ub ished at this ti!e, were in %rison, !ere y for re igion's sake, of who! se"era were banished to the % antations# 8n short, says Mr# ;ea e, the Luakers ga"e such fu e!% oy!ent to the infor!ers, that they had ess eisure to attend the !eetings of other dissenters# $et, under a these ca a!ities, they beha"ed with %atience and !odesty towards the go"ern!ent, and u%on occasion of the .ye&house % ot in FJG/, thought %ro%er to dec are their innocence of that sha! % ot, in an address to the king, wherein, a%%ea ing to the ,earcher of a hearts, they say, their %rinci% es do not a ow the! to take u% defensi"e ar!s, !uch ess to a"enge the!se "es for the injuries they recei"ed fro! others( that they continua y %ray for the king's safety and %reser"ationB and therefore take this occasion hu!b y to beseech his !ajesty to co!%assionate their suffering friends, with who! the jai s are so fi ed, that they want air, to the a%%arent haAard of their i"es, and to the endangering an infection in di"ers % aces# Besides, !any houses, sho%s, barns, and fie ds are ransacked, and the goods, corn, and catt e swe%t away, to the discouraging trade and husbandry, and i!%o"erishing great nu!bers of Euiet and industrious %eo% eB and this, for no other cause, but for the exercise of a tender conscience in the worshi% of * !ighty God, who is so"ereign 'ord and <ing of !en's consciences# )n the accession of Ja!es 88# they addressed that !onarch honest y and % ain y, te ing hi!, C@e are co!e to testify our sorrow for the death of our good friend 9har es, and our joy for thy being !ade our go"ernor# @e are

to d thou art not of the %ersuasion of the church of Eng and, no !ore than weB therefore we ho%e thou wi t grant us the sa!e iberty which thou a owest thyse f, which doing, we wish thee a !anner of ha%%iness#C @hen Ja!es, by his dis%ensing %ower, granted iberty to the dissenters, they began to enjoy so!e rest fro! their troub esB and indeed it was high ti!e, for they were swe ed to an enor!ous a!ount# They, the year before this, to the! one of g ad re ease, in a %etition to Ja!es for a cessation of their sufferings, set forth, Cthat of ate abo"e one thousand fi"e hundred of their friends, both !en and wo!en, and that now there re!ain one thousand three hundred and eighty&threeB of which two hundred are wo!en, !any under sentence of %rP!unireB and !ore than three hundred near it, for refusing the oath of a egiance, because they cou d not swear# Three hundred and fifty ha"e died in %rison since the year FJG1B in 'ondon, the jai of ;ewgate has been crowded, within these two years so!eti!es with near /1 in a roo!, whereby se"era ha"e been suffocated, and others, who ha"e been taken out sick, ha"e died of !a ignant fe"ers within a few days# Great "io ences, outrageous distresses, and wofu ha"ock and s%oi , ha"e been !ade u%on %eo% e's goods and estates, by a co!%any of id e, extra"agant, and !erci ess infor!ers, by %ersecutions on the con"entic e&act, and others, a so on qui tam writs, and on other %rocesses, for twenty %ounds a !onth, and two&thirds of their estates seiAed for the king# ,o!e had not a bed to rest on, others had no catt e to ti the ground, nor corn for feed or bread, nor too s to work with, the said infor!ers and bai iffs in so!e % aces breaking into houses, and !aking great waste and s%oi , under %retence of ser"ing the king and the church# )ur re igious asse!b ies ha"e been charged at co!!on aw with being rioters and disturbers of the %ub ic %eace, whereby great nu!bers ha"e been confined in %rison without regard to age, and !any confined in ho es and dungeons# The seiAing for V/1 a !onth has a!ounted to !any thousands, and se"era who ha"e e!% oyed so!e hundreds of %oor %eo% e in !anufactures, are disab ed to do so any !ore, by reason of ong i!%rison!ent# They s%are neither widow nor father ess, nor ha"e they so !uch as a bed to ie on# The infor!ers are both witnesses and %rosecutors, to the ruin of great nu!bers of sober fa!i iesB and justices of the %eace ha"e been threatened with the forfeiture of one hundred %ounds, if they do not issue out warrants u%on their infor!ations#C @ith this %etition they %resented a ist of their friends in %rison, in the se"era counties, a!ounting to four hundred and sixty# -uring the reign of king Ja!es 88# these %eo% e were, through the intercession of their friend Mr# Penn, treated with greater indu gence than e"er they had been before# They were now beco!e extre!e y nu!erous in !any %arts of the country, and the sett e!ent of Pennsy "ania taking % ace soon after, !any of the! went o"er to *!erica# There they enjoyed the b essings of a %eacefu go"ern!ent, and cu ti"ated the arts of honest industry# *s the who e co ony was the %ro%erty of Mr# Penn, so he in"ited %eo% e of a deno!inations to co!e and sett e with hi!# * uni"ersa iberty of conscience took % aceB and in this new co ony the natura rights of !ankind were, for the first ti!e, estab ished# These Friends are, in the %resent age, a "ery har! ess, inoffensi"e body of %eo% eB but of that we sha take !ore notice hereafter# By their wise

regu ations, they not on y do honour to the!se "es, but they are of "ast ser"ice to the co!!unity# 8t !ay be necessary here to obser"e, that as the Friends, co!!on y ca ed Luakers, wi not take an oath in a court of justice, so their affir!ation is %er!itted in a ci"i affairsB but they cannot %rosecute a cri!ina , because, in the Eng ish courts of justice, a e"idence !ust be u%on oath# An a&&ount of the perse&ution of %riends( &ommonly &alled Eua ers in the Hnited States. *bout the !idd e of the se"enteenth century, !uch %ersecution and suffering were inf icted on a sect of %rotestant dissenters, co!!on y ca ed Luakers( a %eo% e which arose at that ti!e in Eng and so!e of who! sea ed their testi!ony with their b ood# For an account of the abo"e %eo% e, see ,ewe 's, or Gough's history of the!# The %rinci%a %oints u%on which their conscientious nonconfor!ity rendered the! obnoxious to the %ena ties of the aw, were, F# The 9hristian reso ution of asse!b ing %ub ic y for the worshi% of God, in a !anner !ost agreeab e to their consciences# /# Their refusa to %ay tithes, which they estee!ed a Jewish cere!ony, abrogated by the co!ing of 9hrist# H# Their testi!ony against wars and fighting, the %ractice of which they judged inconsistent with the co!!and of 9hrist( C'o"e your ene!ies,C Kc# Matt# "# 55# 5# Their constant obedience to the co!!and of 9hrist( C,wear not at a ,C Kc# Matt# "# H5# 0# Their refusa to %ay rates or assess!ents for bui ding and re%airing houses for a worshi% which they did not a%%ro"e# J# Their use of the %ro%er and ,cri%tura anguage, Cthou,C and Cthee,C to a sing e %erson( and their disuse of the custo! of unco"ering their heads, or %u ing off their hats, by way of ho!age to !an# 2# The necessity !any found the!se "es under, of %ub ishing what they be ie"ed to be the doctrine of truthB and so!eti!es e"en in the % aces a%%ointed for the %ub ic nationa worshi%# Their conscientious nonco!% iance in the %receding %articu ars, ex%osed the! to !uch %ersecution and suffering, which consisted in %rosecutions, fines, crue beatings, whi%%ings, and other cor%orea %unish!entsB i!%rison!ent, banish!ent, and e"en death# To re ate a %articu ar account of their %ersecutions and sufferings, wou d extend beyond the i!its of this work( we sha therefore refer, for that infor!ation, to the histories a ready !entioned, and !ore %articu ar y to Besse's 9o ection of their sufferingsB and sha confine our account here, !ost y to those who sacrificed their i"es, and e"inced, by their dis%osition of !ind, constancy, %atience, and faithfu %erse"erance, that they were inf uenced by a sense of re igious duty# ;u!erous and re%eated were the %ersecutions against the!B and so!eti!es for transgressions or offences which the aw did not conte!% ate or e!brace# Many of the fines and %ena ties exacted of the!, were not on y unreasonab e and exorbitant, but as they cou d not consistent y %ay the!, were so!eti!es distrained to se"era ti!es the "a ue of the de!andB whereby

!any %oor fa!i ies were great y distressed, and ob iged to de%end on the assistance of their friends# ;u!bers were not on y crue y beaten and whi%%ed in a %ub ic !anner, ike cri!ina s, but so!e were branded and others had their ears cut off# Great nu!bers were ong confined in oathso!e %risonsB in which so!e ended their days in conseEuence thereof# Many were sentenced to banish!entB and a considerab e nu!ber were trans%orted# ,o!e were banished on %ain of deathB and four were actua y executed by the hands of the hang!an, as we sha here re ate, after inserting co%ies of so!e of the aws of the country where they suffered# IAt a General 8ourt held at #oston( the -7th of >&tober( -*6*. C@hereas, there is a cursed sect of heretics, ate y risen u% in the wor d, which are co!!on y ca ed Luakers, who take u%on the! to be i!!ediate y sent fro! God, and infa ib y assisted by the ,%irit, to s%eak and write b as%he!ous o%inions, des%ising go"ern!ent, and the order of God, in the church and co!!onwea th, s%eaking e"i of dignities, re%roaching and re"i ing !agistrates and !inisters, seeking to turn the %eo% e fro! the faith, and gain %rose ytes to their %ernicious ways( this court taking into consideration the %re!ises, and to %re"ent the ike !ischief, as by their !eans is wrought in our and, doth hereby order, and by authority of this court, be it ordered and enacted, that what !aster or co!!ander of any shi%, bark, %ink, or ketch, sha henceforth bring into any harbour, creek, or co"e, within this jurisdiction, any Luaker or Luakers, or other b as%he!ous heretics, sha %ay, or cause to be %aid, the fine of one hundred %ounds to the treasurer of the country, exce%t it a%%ear he want true know edge or infor!ation of their being suchB and, in that case, he hath iberty to c ear hi!se f by his oath, when sufficient %roof to the contrary is wanting( and, for defau t of good %ay!ent, or good security for it, sha be cast into %rison, and there to continue ti the said su! be satisfied to the treasurer as aforesaid# *nd the co!!ander of any ketch, shi%, or "esse , being ega y con"icted, sha gi"e in sufficient security to the go"ernor, or any one or !ore of the !agistrates, who ha"e %ower to deter!ine the sa!e, to carry the! back to the % ace whence he brought the!B and, on his refusa so to do, the go"ernor or one or !ore of the !agistrates, are hereby e!%owered to issue out his or their warrants to co!!it such !aster or co!!ander to %rison, there to continue, ti he gi"e in sufficient security to the content of the go"ernor, or any of the !agistrates, as aforesaid# *nd it is hereby further ordered and enacted, that what Luaker soe"er sha arri"e in this country fro! foreign %arts, or sha co!e into this jurisdiction fro! any %arts adjacent, sha be forthwith co!!itted to the house of correctionB and, at their entrance, to be se"ere y whi%%ed, and by the !aster thereof be ke%t constant y to work, and none suffered to con"erse or s%eak with the!, during the ti!e of their i!%rison!ent, which sha be no onger than necessity reEuires# *nd it is ordered, if any %erson sha knowing y i!%ort into any harbour of this jurisdiction, any Luakers' books or writings, concerning their de"i ish o%inions, sha %ay for such book or writing, being ega y %ro"ed against hi! or the! the su! of fi"e %oundsB and whosoe"er sha dis%erse or concea any such book or writing, and it be found with hi! or her, or in his or her house

and sha not i!!ediate y de i"er the sa!e to the next !agistrateB sha forfeit or %ay fi"e %ounds, for the dis%ersing or concea ing of any such book or writing# *nd it is hereby further enacted, that if any %erson within this co ony, sha take u%on the! to defend the heretica o%inions of the Luakers, or any of their books or %a%ers, sha be fined for the first ti!e forty shi ingsB if they sha %ersist in the sa!e, and sha again defend it the second ti!e, four %oundsB if notwithstanding they again defend and !aintain the said Luakers' heretica o%inions, they sha be co!!itted to the house of correction ti there be con"enient %assage to send the! out of the and, being sentenced by the court of *ssistants to banish!ent# 'ast y, it is hereby ordered, that what %erson or %ersons soe"er, sha re"i e the %ersons of the !agistrates or !inisters, as is usua with the Luakers, such %erson or %ersons sha be se"ere y whi%%ed or %ay the su! of fi"e %ounds# CThis is a true co%y of the court's order, as attests CEdward .awson, ,ec#C CAt a General 8ourt held at #oston( the -7th of >&tober( -*6+. C*s an addition to the ate order, in reference to the co!ing or bringing of any of the cursed sect of the Luakers into this jurisdiction, it is ordered, that whosoe"er sha fro! henceforth bring, or cause to be brought, direct y or indirect y, any known Luaker or Luakers, or other b as%he!ous heretics, into this jurisdiction, e"ery such %erson sha forfeit the su! of one hundred %ounds to the country, and sha by warrant fro! any !agistrate be co!!itted to %rison, there to re!ain ti the %ena ty be satisfied and %aidB and if any %erson or %ersons within this jurisdiction, sha henceforth entertain and concea any such Luaker or Luakers, or other b as%he!ous heretics, knowing the! so to be, e"ery such %erson sha forfeit to the country forty shi ings for e"ery hours' entertain!ent and concea !ent of any Luaker or Luakers, Kc# as aforesaid, and sha be co!!itted to %rison as aforesaid, ti the forfeiture be fu y satisfied and %aid# *nd it is further ordered, that if any Luaker or Luakers sha %resu!e, after they ha"e once suffered what the aw reEuires, to co!e into this jurisdiction, e"ery such !a e Luaker sha , for the first offence, ha"e one of his ears cut off, and be ke%t at work in the house of correction, ti he can be sent away at his own chargeB and for the second offence, sha ha"e his other ear cut offB and e"ery wo!an Luaker, that has suffered the aw here, that sha %resu!e to co!e into this jurisdiction, sha be se"ere y whi%%ed, and ke%t at the house of correction at work, ti she be sent away at her own charge, and so a so for her co!ing again, she sha be a ike used as aforesaid# *nd for e"ery Luaker, he or she, that sha a third ti!e herein again offend, they sha ha"e their tongues bored through with a hot iron, and be ke%t at the house of correction c ose to work, ti they be sent away at their own charge# *nd it is further ordered, that a and e"ery Luaker arising fro! a!ong ourse "es, sha be dea t with, and suffer the ike %unish!ent as the aw %ro"ides against foreign Luakers# CEdward .awson, ,ec#C

IAn A&t made at a General 8ourt( held at #oston( the 0/th of >&tober( -*6,. C@hereas, there is a %ernicious sect, co!!on y ca ed Luakers, ate y risen, who by word and writing ha"e %ub ished and !aintained !any dangerous and horrid tenets, and do take u%on the! to change and a ter the recei"ed audab e custo!s of our nation, in gi"ing ci"i res%ect to eEua s, or re"erence to su%eriorsB whose actions tend to under!ine the ci"i go"ern!ent, and a so to destroy the order of the churches, by denying a estab ished for!s of worshi%, and by withdrawing fro! order y church fe owshi%, a owed and a%%ro"ed by a orthodox %rofessors of truth, and instead thereof, and in o%%osition thereunto, freEuent y !eeting by the!se "es, insinuating the!se "es into the !inds of the si!% e, or such as are at east affected to the order and go"ern!ent of church and co!!onwea th, whereby di"ers of our inhabitants ha"e been infected, notwithstanding a for!er aws, !ade u%on the ex%erience of their arrogant and bo d obtrusions, to disse!inate their %rinci% es a!ongst us, %rohibiting their co!ing into this jurisdiction, they ha"e not been deterred fro! their i!%ious atte!%ts to under!ine our %eace, and haAard our ruin# CFor %re"ention thereof, this court doth order and enact, that any %erson or %ersons, of the cursed sect of the Luakers, who is not an inhabitant of, but is found within this jurisdiction, sha be a%%rehended without warrant, where no !agistrate is hand, by any constab e co!!issioner, or se ect&!an, and con"eyed fro! constab e to constab e, to the next !agistrate, who sha co!!it the said %erson to c ose %rison, there to re!ain Qwithout bai R unti the next court of *ssistants, where they sha ha"e ega tria # *nd being con"icted to be of the sect of the Luakers, sha be sentenced to banish!ent, on %ain of death# *nd that e"ery inhabitant of this jurisdiction, being con"icted to be of the aforesaid sect, either by taking u%, %ub ishing, or defending the horrid o%inions of the Luakers, or the stirring u% !utiny, sedition, or rebe ion against the go"ern!ent, or by taking u% their abusi"e and destructi"e %ractices, "iA# denying ci"i res%ect to eEua s and su%eriors, and withdrawing fro! the church asse!b iesB and instead thereof, freEuenting !eetings of their own, in o%%osition to our church orderB adhering to, or a%%ro"ing of any known Luaker, and the tenets and %ractices of Luakers, that are o%%osite to the orthodox recei"ed o%inions of the god yB and endea"ing to disaffect others to ci"i go"ern!ent and church order, or conde!ning the %ractice and %roceedings of this court against the Luakers, !anifesting thereby their co!% ying with those, whose design is to o"erthrow the order estab ished in church and state( e"ery such %erson, u%on con"iction before the said court of *ssistants, in !anner aforesaid, sha be co!!itted to c ose %rison for one !onth, and then, un ess they choose "o untari y to de%art this jurisdiction, sha gi"e bond for their good beha"iour and a%%ear at the next court, where, continuing obstinate, and refusing to retract and refor! the aforesaid o%inions, they sha be sentenced to banish!ent, u%on %ain of death# *nd any one !agistrate, u%on infor!ation gi"en hi! of any such %erson, sha cause hi! to be a%%rehended, and sha co!!it any such %erson to %rison, according to his discretion, unti he co!e to tria as aforesaid#C

8t a%%ears there were a so aws %assed in both of the then co onies of ;ew& P y!outh and ;ew&+a"en, and in the -utch sett e!ent at ;ew&*!sterda!, now ;ew&$ork, %rohibiting the %eo% e ca ed Luakers, fro! co!ing into those % aces, under se"ere %ena tiesB in conseEuence of which, so!e underwent considerab e suffering# The two first who were executed were @i ia! .obinson, !erchant, of 'ondon, and Mar!aduke ,te"enson, a country!an, of $orkshire# These co!ing to Boston, in the beginning of ,e%te!ber, were sent for by the court of *ssistants, and there sentenced to banish!ent, on %ain of death# This sentence was %assed a so on Mary -yar, !entioned hereafter, and ;icho as -a"is, who were both at Boston# But @i ia! .obinson, being ooked u%on as a teacher, was a so conde!ned to be whi%%ed se"ere yB and the constab e was co!!anded to get an ab e !an to do it# Then .obinson was brought into the street, and there stri%%edB and ha"ing his hands %ut through the ho es of the carriage of a great gun, where the jai er he d hi!, the executioner ga"e hi! twenty stri%es, with a three&fo d cord&whi%# Then he and the other %risoners were short y after re eased, and banished, as a%%ears fro! the fo owing warrant(

C$ou are reEuired by these, %resent y to set at iberty @i ia! .obinson, Mar!aduke ,te"enson, Mary -yar, and ;icho as -a"is, who, by an order of the court and counci , had been i!%risoned, because it a%%eared by their own confession, words, and actions, that they are Luakers( wherefore, a sentence was %ronounced against the!, to de%art this jurisdiction, on %ain of deathB and that they !ust answer it at their %eri , if they, or any of the!, after the F5th of this %resent !onth, ,e%te!ber, are found within this jurisdiction, or any %art thereof# CEdward .awsonC CBoston, ,e%te!ber F/, FJ0I#C Though Mary -yar and ;icho as -a"is eft that jurisdiction for that ti!e, yet .obinson and ,te"enson, though they de%arted the town of Boston, cou d not yet reso "e Qnot being free in !indR to de%art that jurisdiction, though their i"es were at stake# *nd so they went to ,a e!, and so!e % aces thereabout, to "isit and bui d u% their friends in the faith# But it was not ong before they were taken, and %ut again into %rison at Boston, and chains ocked to their egs# 8n the next !onth, Mary -yar returned a so# *nd as she stood before the %rison, s%eaking with one 9hristo%her +o den, who was co!e thither to inEuire for a shi% bound for Eng and, whither he intended to go, she was a so taken into custody# Thus, they had now three %ersons, who, according to their aw, had forfeited their i"es# *nd, on the /1th of )ctober, these three were brought into court, where John Endicot and others were asse!b ed# *nd being ca ed to the bar, Endicot co!!anded the kee%er to %u off their hatsB and then said, that they had !ade se"era aws to kee% the Luakers fro! a!ongst the!, and neither whi%%ing, nor i!%risoning, nor cutting off ears, nor banishing u%on %ain of death, wou d kee% the! fro! a!ongst the!# *nd further, he said, that he or they desired not the death of any of the!# $et, notwithstanding, his fo owing words, without !ore ado, were, CGi"e ear, and hearken to your sentence of death#C ,entence of death was a so %assed u%on Mar!aduke ,te"enson, Mary -yar, and @i ia! Edrid# ,e"era others were i!%risoned, whi%%ed, and fined# @e ha"e no dis%osition to justify the Pi gri!s for these %roceedings, but we think, considering the circu!stances of the age in which they i"ed, their conduct ad!its of !uch %a iation# The fo owing re!arks of Mr# +awes, in his tribute to the !e!ory of the Pi gri!s, are worthy of serious consideration# C8t is a eged that they enacted aws which were o%%ressi"e to other deno!inations, and, !oreo"er, that they were actua y gui ty of %ersecution# This, indeed, is a serious charge, and to so!e extent !ust be ad!itted to be true# *nd yet whoe"er candid y exa!ines the facts in the case, wi find abundant e"idence that our fathers, in this res%ect, were far fro! being sinners abo"e a who ha"e dwe t on the earth# Many of the aws that are co!% ained of were enacted when there were few or none of any other deno!ination in the and# They were designed to %rotect and su%%ort their own ecc esiastica and ci"i orderB and not to o%erate at a as %ersecuting or o%%ressi"e enact!ents against christians be onging to other sects# 8t is a so true that !ost of those %ersons who are said to ha"e been %ersecuted and o%%ressed, suffered not so !uch for their re igious o%inions, as for their

offences against the state# ,o!e of the! outraged a decency and order, and co!!itted such acts as wou d unEuestionab y, at the %resent day, subject a !an to i!%rison!ent, if not to se"erer %unish!ent# CThis, according to @inthro%, was the ground of the sentence of banish!ent, %assed on .oger @i ia!s# '+e broached and di"u ged di"ers new o%inions against the authority of !agistrates, as a so wrote etters of defa!ation both of the !agistrates and churches#'CD9inthrop?s Hist. of '. ". edit. by Sa2a1e( 2ol. -( p. -*+. CFor a %articu ar account of the causes for which Mr# @i ia!s was banished, see +utchinson's +istory of Massachusetts, "o # F, %# 5FB -wight's Tra"e s, "o # F, %# F5/B Magna ia, "o # /, %# 5H1# *s for the aws subseEuent y enacted against the Ba%tists and Luakers, no one !ost certain y can justify the!# They were o%%ressi"e and wrong# But et no one re%roach, too se"ere y, the !e!ory of our fathers, in this !atter, ti he is certain, that in similar &ir&umstan&es, he wou d ha"e shown a better te!%er# C8t is a owed that they were cu %ab eB but we do not concede, that in the %resent instance, they stood a one, or that they !erited a the censure bestowed on the!# ''aws si!i ar to those of Massachusetts were %assed e sewhere against the Luakers and a so against the Ba%tists, %articu ar y in ?irginia# 8f no execution took % ace here, it was not owing to the !oderation of the church#'CDJefferson Vir1. Euery( !VIII. CThe %re"a ent o%inion a!ong !ost sects of christians, at that day, that to eration is sinfu , ought to be re!e!beredB nor shou d it be forgotten, that the first Luakers in ;ew Eng and, besides s%eaking and writing what was dee!ed b as%he!ous, re"i ed !agistrates and !inisters, and disturbed re igious asse!b iesB and that the tendency of their o%inions and %ractices was to the sub"ersion of the co!!onwea th in the %eriod of its infancy#CD Holmes? Am. Annals. Hut&h. 2ol. -( p. -,/B3. C8t shou d be added, that in Massachusetts the aw which enacted that a Luakers returning into the state after banish!ent, shou d be %unished with death, and under which four %ersons were executed, !et with great, and at first, successfu o%%osition# The de%uties, who constituted the %o%u ar branch of the egis ature, at first rejected itB but afterwards, on reconsideration, concurred with the !agistrates, Qby who! it was origina y %ro%osed,R by a !ajority of on y one#CD8hr. Spe&t. -,5/( p. 0**. CThe fathers of ;ew Eng and, endured incredib e hardshi%s in %ro"iding for the!se "es a ho!e in the wi dernessB and to %rotect the!se "es in the undisturbed enjoy!ent of rights, which they had %urchased at so dear a rate, they so!eti!es ado%ted !easures which, if tried by the !ore en ightened and ibera "iews of the %resent day, !ust at once be %ronounced a together unjustifiab e# But sha they be conde!ned without !ercy for not acting u% to %rinci% es which were unacknow edged and unknown throughout the who e of christendo!T ,ha they a one be he d res%onsib e for o%inions and conduct which had beco!e sacred by antiEuity, and which were co!!on to christians of a other deno!inationsT E"ery go"ern!ent then in existence assu!ed to itse f the right to egis ate in !atters of re igionB and to restrain heresy by %ena statutes# This right was c ai!ed by ru ers, ad!itted by subjects, and is sanctioned by the na!es of 'ord Bacon and MontesEuieu, and !any others eEua y fa!ed for their ta ents and earning# 8t is unjust then, to '%ress u%on one %oor %ersecuted sect, the sins of a christendo!T'

The fau t of our fathers was the fau t of the ageB and though this cannot justify, it certain y furnishes an extenuation of their conduct# *s we !ight you conde!n the! for not understanding the art of na"igating by stea!, as for not understanding and acting u% to the %rinci% es of re igious to eration# *t the sa!e ti!e, it is but just to say, that i!%erfect as were their "iews of the rights of conscience, they were ne"erthe ess far in ad"ance of the age to which they be ongedB and it is to the! !ore than to any other c ass of !en on earth, the wor d is indebted for the !ore rationa "iews that now %re"ai on the subject of ci"i and re igious iberty#C

CHAPTER XVII.
PERSECUTIONS OF THE FRENCH PROTESTANTS IN THE SOUTH OF FRANCE, DURING THE YEARS 1!1 AND 1!"#.
The %ersecution in this %rotestant %art of France continued with "ery itt e inter!ission fro! the re"ocation of the edict of ;antes, by 'ouis =8?# ti a "ery short %eriod %re"ious to the co!!ence!ent of the ate French re"o ution# 8n the year F2G0, M# .ebaut ,t# Etienne and the ce ebrated M# de a Fayette were a!ong the first %ersons who interested the!se "es with the court of 'ouis =?8#, in re!o"ing the scourge of %ersecution fro! this injured %eo% e, the inhabitants of the south of France# ,uch was the o%%osition on the %art of the catho ics and the courtiers, that it was not ti the end of the year F2I1, that the %rotestants were freed fro! their a ar!s# Pre"ious y to this, the catho ics at ;is!es in %articu ar, had taken u% ar!sB ;is!es then %resented a frightfu s%ectac eB ar!ed !en ran through the city, fired fro! the corners of the streets, and attacked a they !et with swords and forks# * !an na!ed *stuc was wounded and thrown into the aEueductB Baudon fe under the re%eated strokes of bayonets and sabres, and his body was a so thrown into the waterB Boucher, a young !an on y F2 years of age, was shot as he was ooking out of his windowB three e ectors wounded, one dangerous yB another e ector wounded, on y esca%ed death by re%eated y dec aring he was a catho icB a third recei"ed four sabre wounds, and was taken ho!e dreadfu y !ang ed# The citiAens that f ed were arrested by the catho ics u%on the roads, and ob iged to gi"e %roofs of their re igion before their i"es were granted# M# and Mada!e ?ogue, were at their country house, which the Aea ots broke o%en, where they !assacred both, and destroyed their dwe ing# M# B acher, a %rotestant se"enty years of age, was cut to %ieces with a sick eB young Pyerre, carrying so!e food to his brother, was asked, C9atho ic or %rotestantTC CProtestant,C being the re% y, a !onster fired at the ad, and he fe # )ne of the !urderer's co!%anions said, Cyou !ight as we ha"e ki ed a a!b#C C8 ha"e sworn,C re% ied he, Cto ki four %rotestants for !y share, and this wi count for one#C +owe"er, as these atrocities %ro"oked the troo%s to unite in defence of the %eo% e, a terrib e "engeance was reta iated u%on the catho ic %arty that had used ar!s, which with other circu!stances, es%ecia y the to eration exercised by ;a%o eon Buona%arte, ke%t the! down co!% ete y ti the year FGF5, when the unex%ected return of the ancient go"ern!ent ra ied the! a once !ore round the o d banners#

$he arri2al of @in1 Louis !VIII. at Paris. This was known at ;is!es on the FHth of *%ri , FGF5# 8n a Euarter of an hour, the white cockade was seen in e"ery direction, the white f ag f oated on the %ub ic bui dings, on the s% endid !onu!ents of antiEuity, and e"en on the tower of Mange, beyond the city wa s# The %rotestants, whose co!!erce had suffered !ateria y during the war, were a!ong the first to unite in the genera joy, and to send in their adhesion to the senate, and the egis ati"e bodyB and se"era of the %rotestant de%art!ents sent addresses to the throne, but unfortunate y, M# Fro!ent was again at ;is!es at the !o!ent when !any bigots being ready to join hi!, the b indness and fury of the sixteenth century ra%id y succeeded the inte igence and %hi anthro%y of the nineteenth# * ine of distinction was instant y traced between !en of different re igious o%inionsB the s%irit of the o d catho ic church was again to regu ate each %erson's share of estee! and safety# The difference of re igion was now to go"ern e"ery thing e seB and e"en catho ic do!estics who had ser"ed %rotestants with Aea and affection, began to neg ect their duties, or to %erfor! the! ungracious y, and with re uctance# *t the fetes and s%ectac es that were gi"en at the %ub ic ex%ense, the absence of the %rotestants was charged on the! as a %roof of their dis oya tyB and in the !idst of the cries of CVi2e le ;oi,C the discordant sounds of C A bas le Maire,C down with the !ayor, were heard# M# 9ast etan was a %rotestantB he a%%eared in %ub ic with the %refect M# .u and, a catho ic, when %otatoes were thrown at hi!, and the %eo% e dec ared that he ought to resign his office# The bigots of ;is!es e"en succeeded in %rocuring an address to be %resented to the king, stating that there ought to be in France but one God, one king, and one faith# 8n this they were i!itated by the catho ics of se"era towns# $he History of the Sil2er 8hild. *bout this ti!e, M# Baron, counse or of the 9our .oya e of ;is!es, for!ed the % an of dedicating to God a si "er chi d, if the -uchess d'*ngou e!e wou d gi"e a %rince to France# This %roject was con"erted into a %ub ic re igious "ow, which was the subject of con"ersation both in %ub ic and %ri"ate, whi st %ersons, whose i!aginations were inf a!ed by these %roceedings, run about the streets crying Vi2ent les #ourbons, or the Bourbons fore"er# 8n conseEuence of this su%erstitious frenAy, it is said that, at * ais, wo!en were ad"ised and instigated to %oison their %rotestant husbands, and at ength it was found con"enient to accuse the! of %o itica cri!es# They cou d no onger a%%ear in %ub ic without insu ts and injuries# @hen the !obs !et with %rotestants, they seiAed the!, and danced round the! with barbarous joy, and a!idst re%eated cries of Vi2e le ;oi, they sung "erses, the burden of which was, C@e wi wash our hands in %rotestant b ood, and !ake b ack %uddings of the b ood of 9a "in's chi dren#C The citiAens who ca!e to the %ro!enades for air and refresh!ent, fro! the c ose and dirty streets, were chased with shouts of Vi2e le ;oi, as if those shouts were to justify e"ery excess# 8f %rotestants referred to the charter, they were direct y assured it wou d be of no use to the!, and that they had on y been !anaged to be !ore effectua y destroyed# Persons of rank were heard to

say in the %ub ic streets, C* the +uguenots !ust be ki edB this ti!e their chi dren !ust be ki ed, that none of the accursed race !ay re!ain#C ,ti , it is true, they were not !urdered, but crue y treated, %rotestant chi dren cou d no onger !ix in the s%orts of catho ics, and were not e"en %er!itted to a%%ear without their %arents# *t dark their fa!i ies shut the!se "es u% in their a%art!entsB but e"en then stones were thrown against their windows# @hen they arose in the !orning, it was not unco!!on to find gibbets drawn on their doors or wa sB and in the streets the catho ics he d cords a ready soa%ed before their eyes, and %ointed out the instru!ents by which they ho%ed and designed to exter!inate the!# ,!a ga ows or !ode s were handed about, and a !an who i"ed o%%osite to one of the %astors, exhibited one of these !ode s in his window, and !ade signs sufficient y inte igib e when the !inister %assed# * figure re%resenting a %rotestant %reacher was a so hung u% on a %ub ic crossway, and the !ost atrocious songs were sung under his window# Towards the conc usion of the carni"a , a % an had e"en been for!ed to !ake a caricature of the four !inisters of the % ace, and burn the! in effigyB but this was %re"ented by the !ayor of ;is!es, a %rotestant# * dreadfu song %resented to the %refect, in the country dia ect, with a fa se trans ation, was %rinted by his a%%ro"a , and had a great run before he saw the extent of the error into which he had been betrayed# The sixty&third regi!ent of the ine was %ub ic y censured and insu ted, for ha"ing, according to order, %rotected %rotestants# 8n fact, the %rotestants see!ed to be as shee% destined for the s aughter# 'apoleon?s ;eturn from the Isle of E ba# ,oon after this e"ent, the duke d'*ngou e!e was at ;is!es, and re!ained there so!e ti!eB but e"en his inf uence was insufficient to bring about a reconci iation between the catho ics and the %rotestants of that city# -uring the hundred days betwixt ;a%o eon's return fro! the 8s e of E ba, and his fina downfa , not a sing e ife was ost in ;is!es, not a sing e house was %i agedB on y four of the !ost notorious disturbers of the %eace were %unished, or rather %re"ented fro! doing !ischief, and e"en this was not an act of the %rotestant but the arrete of the catho ic %refect, announced e"ery where with the ut!ost %ub icity# ,o!e ti!e after, when M# Baron, who %ro%osed the "ow of the si "er chi d in fa"our of the -uchess d'*ngou e!e, who was considered as the chief of the catho ic roya ists, was disco"ered at the botto! of an o d wine tun, the %o%u ace threw stones at his carriage, and "ented their fee ings in abusi"e anguage# The %rotestant officers %rotected hi! fro! injury# $he 8atholi& arms at #eau&aire. 8n May, FGF0, a federati"e association, si!i ar to those of 'yons, Grenob e, Paris, *"ignon, and Mont%e ier, was desired by !any %ersons at ;is!esB but this federation ter!inated here after an e%he!era and i usory existence of fourteen days# 8n the !ean whi e a arge %arty of catho ic Aea ots were in ar!s at Beaucaire, and who soon %ushed their %atro es so near the wa s of ;is!es, Cas to a ar! the inhabitants#C These catho ics a%% ied to the Eng ish off Marsei es for assistance, and obtained the grant of F111 !uskets, F1,111 cartouches, Kc# Genera Gi y, howe"er, was soon sent against these

%artiAans, who %re"ented the! fro! co!ing to extre!es, by granting the! an ar!isticeB and yet when 'ouis =?888# had returned to Paris, after the ex%iration of ;a%o eon's reign of a hundred days, and %eace and %arty s%irit see!ed to ha"e been subdued, e"en at ;is!es, bands fro! Beaucaire joined Trestai on in this city, to g ut the "engeance they had so ong %re!editated# Genera Gi y had eft the de%art!ent se"era days( the troo%s of the ine eft behind had taken the white cockade, and waited further orders, whi st the new co!!issioners had on y to %roc ai! the cessation of hosti ities, and the co!% ete estab ish!ent of the king's authority# 8n "ain, no co!!issioners a%%eared, no des%atches arri"ed to ca ! and regu ate the %ub ic !indB but towards e"ening the ad"anced guard of the banditti, to the a!ount of se"era hundreds, entered the city, undesired but uno%%osed# *s they !arched without order or disci% ine, co"ered with c othes or rags of a co ours, decorated with cockades not white, but white and 1reen, ar!ed with !uskets, sabres, forks, %isto s and rea%ing hooks, intoxicated with wine, and stained with the b ood of the %rotestants who! they had !urdered on their route, they %resented a !ost hideous and a%%a ing s%ectac e# 8n the o%en % ace in the front of the barracks, this banditti was joined by the city ar!ed !ob, headed by JaEues -u%ont, co!!on y ca ed Trestai on# To sa"e the effusion of b ood, this garrison of about 011 !en consented to ca%itu ate, and !arched out sad and defence essB but when about fifty had %assed, the rabb e co!!enced a tre!endous fire on their confiding and un%rotected "icti!sB near y a were ki ed or wounded, and but "ery few cou d re&enter the yard before the garrison gates were again c osed# These were again forced in an instant, and a were !assacred who cou d not c i!b o"er roofs, or ea% into the adjoining gardens# 8n a word, death !et the! in e"ery % ace and in e"ery sha%e and this catho ic !assacre ri"a ed in crue ty, and sur%assed in treachery, the cri!es of the ,e%te!ber assassins of Paris and the Jacobinica butcheries of 'yons and *"ignon# 8t was !arked, not on y by the fer"our of the re"o ution, but by the subt ety of the eague, and wi ong re!ain a b ot u%on the history of the second restoration# Massa&re and Pilla1e at 'ismes. ;is!es now exhibited a !ost awfu scene of outrage and carnage, though !any of the %rotestants had f ed to the 9on"ennes and the GardonenEue# The country houses of Messrs# .ey, Guiret, and se"era others, had been %i aged, and the inhabitants treated with wanton barbarity# Two %arties had g utted their sa"age a%%etites on the far! of Mada!e Frat( the first, after eating, drinking, and breaking the furniture, and stea ing what they thought %ro%er, took ea"e by announcing the arri"a of their co!rades, Cco!%ared with who!,C they said, Cthey shou d be thought !ercifu #C Three !en and an o d wo!an were eft on the %re!ises( at the sight of the second co!%any two of the !en f ed# C*re you a catho icTC said the banditti to the o d wo!an# C$es#C C.e%eat, then, your Pater and *"e#C Being terrified she hesitated, and was instant y knocked down with a !usket# )n reco"ering her senses, she sto e out of the house, but !et 'adet, the o d 2alet de ferme, bringing in a sa ad which the de%redators had ordered hi! to cut# 8n "ain she endea"oured to %ersuade hi! to f y# C*re you a %rotestantTC they exc ai!edB C8 a!#C * !usket being discharged at hi!, he fe wounded, but not dead# To

consu!!ate their work, the !onsters ighted a fire with straw and boards, threw their yet i"ing "icti! into the f a!es, and suffered hi! to ex%ire in the !ost dreadfu agonies# They then ate their sa ad, o!e et, Kc# The next day, so!e abourers, seeing the house o%en and deserted, entered and disco"ered the ha f consu!ed body of 'adet# The %refect of the Gard, M# -arbaud JouEues, atte!%ting to %a iate the cri!es of the catho ics, had the audacity to assert that 'adet was a catho icB but this was %ub ic y contradicted by two of the %astors at ;is!es# *nother %arty co!!itted a dreadfu !urder at ,t# 9eAaire, u%on 8!bert a P u!e, the husband of ,uAon 9hi"as# +e was !et on returning fro! work in the fie ds# The chief %ro!ised hi! his ife, but insisted that he !ust be conducted to the %rison at ;is!es# ,eeing, howe"er, that the %arty was deter!ined to ki hi!, he resu!ed his natura character, and being a %owerfu and courageous !an ad"anced and exc ai!ed, C$ou are brigandsD fireSC Four of the! fired, and he fe , but he was not deadB and whi e i"ing they !uti ated his body and then %assing a cord round it, drew it a ong, attached to a cannon of which they had %ossession# 8t was not ti after eight days that his re ati"es were a%%riAed of his death# Fi"e indi"idua s of the fa!i y of 9hi"as, a husbands and fathers, were !assacred in the course of a few days# ;ear the barracks at ;is!es is a arge and handso!e house, the %ro%erty of M# ?itte, which he acEuired by exertion and econo!y# Besides co!fortab e odgings for his own fa!i y, he et !ore than twenty cha!bers, !ost y occu%ied by su%erior officers and co!!issaries of the ar!y# +e ne"er inEuired the o%inion of his tenants, and of course his guests were %ersons of a %o itica %artiesB but, under %retence of searching for concea ed officers, his a%art!ents were o"errun, his furniture broken, and his %ro%erty carried off at % easure# The houses of Messrs# 'agorce, !ost res%ectab e !erchants and !anufacturers M# Matthieu, M# ;egre, and others, shared the sa!e fate( !any on y a"oided by the owners %aying arge su!s as co!!utation !oney, or esca%ing into the country with their cash# Interferen&e of Go2ernment a1ainst the Protestants. M# Bernis, extraordinary roya co!!issioner, in conseEuence of these abuses, issued a %roc a!ation which ref ects disgrace on the authority fro! whence it e!anated# C9onsidering,C it said, Cthat the residence of citiAens in % aces foreign to their do!ici e, can on y be %rejudicia to the &ommunes they ha"e eft, and to those to which they ha"e re%aired, it is ordered, that those inhabitants who ha"e Euitted their residence since the co!!and!ent of Ju y, return ho!e by the /Gth at the atest, otherwise they sha be dee!ed acco!% ices of the e"i &dis%osed %ersons who disturb the %ub ic tranEui ity, and their %ro%erty sha be % aced under %ro"isiona sequestration#C The fugiti"es had sufficient induce!ents to return to their hearths, without the fear of seEuestration# They were !ore anxious to e!brace their fathers, !others, wi"es, and chi dren, and to resu!e their ordinary occu%ations, than M# Bernis cou d be to insure their return# But thus denouncing !en as cri!ina s who f ed for safety fro! the sabres of assassins, was adding oi to the fire of %ersecution# Trestai on, one of the chiefs of the brigands, was

dressed in co!% ete unifor! and e%au ettes which he had sto enB he wore a sabre at his side, %isto s in his be t, a cockade of white and green, and a sash of the sa!e co ours on his ar!# +e had under hi!, Tru%he!y, ,er"an, *i!e, and !any other des%erate characters# ,o!e ti!e after this M# Bernis ordered a %arties and indi"idua s, ar!ed or unar!ed, to abstain fro! searching houses, without either an order, or the %resence of an officer# )n sus%icion of ar!s being concea ed, the co!!andant of the town was ordered to furnish a %atro to !ake search and seiAureB and a %ersons carrying ar!s in the streets, without being on ser"ice, were to be arrested# Trestai on, howe"er, who sti carried ar!s, was not arrested ti so!e !onths after, and then not by these authorities, but by Genera 'a Garde, who was afterwards assassinated by one of his co!rades# )n this occasion it was re!arked, that Cthe syste! of s%ecious and dece%ti"e %roc a!ations was %erfect y understood, and had ong been %ractised in 'anguedocB it was not too late to %ersecute the %rotestants si!% y for their re igion# E"en in the good ti!es of 'ouis =8?# there was %ub ic o%inion enough in Euro%e to !ake that arch tyrant ha"e recourse to the !eanest stratage!s#C The fo owing sing e s%eci!en of the % an %ursued by the authors of the -ragonades !ay ser"e as a key to a the % ausib e %roc a!ations which, in FGF0, co"ered the %er%etration of the !ost de iberate and extensi"e cri!es(D Letters from Lou2ois to Marilla&. CThe king rejoices to earn fro! your etters, that there are so !any con"ersions in your de%art!entB and he desires that you wou d continue your efforts, and e!% oy the sa!e !eans that ha"e been hitherto so successfu # +is !ajesty has ordered !e to send a regi!ent of ca"a ry, the greatest %art of which he wishes to be Euartered u%on the %rotestants, but he does not think it prudent that they shou d be a odged with the!B that is to say, of twenty&six !asters, of which a co!%any is co!%osed, if, by a judicious distribution, ten ought to be recei"ed by the %rotestants, gi"e the! twenty, and %ut the! a on the rich, !aking this %retence, that when there are not so diers enough in a town for a to ha"e so!e, the %oor ought to be exe!%t, and the rich burdened# +is !ajesty has a so thought %ro%er to order, that a con"erts be exe!%ted fro! odging so diers for two years# This wi occasion nu!erous con"ersions if you take care that it is rigorous y executed, and that in a the distributions and %assage of troo%s, by far the greatest nu!ber are Euartered on the rich %rotestants# +is !ajesty %articu ar y enjoins that your orders on this subject, either by yourse f or your sub&de egates, be gi"en by word of !outh to the !ayors and sheriffs, without etting the! know that his !ajesty intends by these !eans to force to beco!e con"erts, and on y ex% aining to the!, that you gi"e these orders on the infor!ation you ha"e recei"ed, that in these % aces the rich are exce%ted by their inf uence, to the %rejudice of the %oor#C The !erci ess treat!ent of the wo!en, in this %ersecution at ;is!es, was such as wou d ha"e disgraced any sa"ages e"er heard of# The widows .i"et and Bernard, were forced to sacrifice enor!ous su!sB and the house of Mrs# 'ecointe was ra"aged, and her goods destroyed# Mrs# F# -idier had her dwe ing sacked and near y de!o ished to the foundation# * %arty of these bigots "isited the widow Perrin, who i"ed on a itt e far! at the wind!i sB

ha"ing co!!itted e"ery s%ecies of de"astation, they attacked e"en the sanctuary of the dead, which contained the re ics of her fa!i y# They dragged the coffins out, and scattered the contents o"er the adjacent grounds# 8n "ain this outraged widow co ected the bones of her ancestors and re% aced the!( they were again dug u%B and, after se"era use ess efforts, they were re uctant y eft s%read o"er the surface of the fie ds# Ti the %eriod announced for the seEuestration of the %ro%erty of the fugiti"es by authority, !urder and % under were the dai y e!% oy!ent of what was ca ed the ar!y of Beaucaire, and the catho ics of ;is!es# M# Peyron, of Brossan, had a his %ro%erty carried offB his wine, oi , seed, grain, se"era score of shee%, eight !u es, three carts, his furniture and effects, a the cash that cou d be found and he had on y to congratu ate hi!se f that his habitation was not consu!ed, and his "ineyards rooted u%# * si!i ar %rocess against se"era other %rotestant far!ers, was a so regu ar y carried on during se"era days# Many of the %rotestants thus %ersecuted were we known as staunch roya istsB but it was enough for their ene!ies to know that they be onged to the refor!ed co!!unionB these fanatics were deter!ined not to find either roya ists or citiAens worthy the co!!on %rotection of society# To accuse, conde!n, and destroy a %rotestant, was a !atter that reEuired no hesitation# The house of M# ?itte, near the barracks at ;is!es, was broken o%en, and e"ery thing within the wa s de!o ished# * Jew fa!i y of odgers was dri"en out, and a their goods thrown out of the windows# M# ?itte was seiAed, robbed of his watch and !oney, se"ere y wounded, and eft for dead# *fter he had been fourteen hours in a state of insensibi ity, a co!!issary of %o ice, touched by his !isfortunes, ad!inistered so!e cordia s to re"i"e hi!B and, as a !easure of safety, conducted hi! to the citade , where he re!ained !any days, whi st his fa!i y a!ented hi! as dead# *t ength, as there was not the s ightest charge against hi!, he obtained his iberation fro! M# ?ida B but when the *ustrians arri"ed, one of the aids&de&ca!%, who heard of his sufferings and his res%ectabi ity, sought hi! out, and furnished an escort to conduct his fa!i y to a % ace of safety# -a bos, the on y city bead e who was a %rotestant, was dragged fro! his ho!e and ed to %rison# +is niece threw herse f on the neck of one of the! and begged for !ercyB the ruffian dashed her to the ground# +is sister was dri"en away by the !obB and he being shot, his body re!ained a ong ti!e ex%osed to the insu ts of the rabb e# ;oyal )e&ree in fa2our of the Perse&uted. *t ength the decree of 'ouis =?888#, which annu ed a the extraordinary %owers conferred either by the king, the %rinces, or subordinate agents, was recei"ed at ;is!es, and the aws were now to be ad!inistered by the regu ar organs, and a new %refect arri"ed to carry the! into effectB but in s%ite of %roc a!ations, the work of destruction, sto%%ed for a !o!ent, was not abandoned, but soon renewed with fresh "igour and effect# )n the H1th of Ju y, JacEues 9o!be, the father of a fa!i y, was ki ed by so!e of the nationa guards of .usau, and the cri!e was so %ub ic, that the co!!ander of the %arty restored to the fa!i y the %ocket&book and %a%ers of the deceased# )n the fo owing day tu!u tuous crowds roa!ed about the city and suburbs, threatening the wretched %easantsB and on the Fst of *ugust

they butchered the! without o%%osition# *bout noon on the sa!e day, six ar!ed !en, headed by Tru%he!y, the butcher, surrounded the house of Monot, a car%enterB two of the %arty, who were s!iths, had been at work in the house the day before, and had seen a %rotestant who had taken refuge there, M# Bouri on, who had been a ieutenant in the ar!y, and had retired on a %ension# +e was a !an of an exce ent character, %eaceab e and har! ess, and had ne"er ser"ed the e!%eror ;a%o eon# Tru%he!y not knowing hi!, he was %ointed out %artaking of a fruga breakfast with the fa!i y# Tru%he!y ordered hi! to go a ong with hi!, adding, C$our friend, ,aussine, is a ready in the other wor d#C Tru%he!y % aced hi! in the !idd e of his troo%, and artfu y ordered hi! to cry Vi2e l?"mpereur( he refused, adding, he had ne"er ser"ed the e!%eror# 8n "ain did the wo!en and chi dren of the house intercede for his ife, and %raise his a!iab e and "irtuous Eua ities# +e was !arched to the Es% anade and shot, first by Tru%he!y and then by the others# ,e"era %ersons attracted by the firing, a%%roached, but were threatened with a si!i ar fate# *fter so!e ti!e the wretches de%arted, shouting Vi2e le ;oi# ,o!e wo!en !et the!, and one of the! a%%eared affected, said one, C8 ha"e ki ed se"en to&day, for !y share and if you say a word, you sha be the eighth#C Pierre 9ourbet, a stocking wea"er, was torn fro! his oo! by an ar!ed band, and shot at his own door# +is e dest daughter was knocked down with the butt end of a !usketB and a %oignard was he d at the breast of his wife whi e the !ob % undered her a%art!ents# Pau +eraut, a si k wea"er, was itera y cut in %ieces, in the %resence of a arge crowd, and a!idst the una"ai ing cries and tears of his wife and four young chi dren# The !urderers on y abandoned the cor%se to return to +eraut's house and secure e"ery thing "a uab e# The nu!ber of !urders on this day cou d not be ascertained# )ne %erson saw six bodies at the 8ours 'euf, and nine were carried to the hos%ita # 8f !urder so!e ti!e after, beca!e ess freEuent for a few days, %i age and forced contributions were acti"e y enforced# M# ,a e d'+o!bro, at se"era "isits was robbed of 2111 francsB and on one occasion, when he % eaded the sacrifices he had !ade, C'ook,C said a bandit, %ointing to his %i%e, Cthis wi set fire to your houseB and this,C brandishing his sword, Cwi finish you#C ;o re% y cou d be !ade to these argu!ents# M# Fe ine, a si k !anufacturer, was robbed of H/,111 francs in go d, H111 francs in si "er, and se"era ba es of si k# The s!a sho%kee%ers were continua y ex%osed to "isits and de!ands of %ro"isions, dra%ery, or whate"er they so dB and the sa!e hands that set fire to the houses of the rich, and tore u% the "ines of the cu ti"ator, broke the oo!s of the wea"er, and sto e the too s of the artiAan# -eso ation reigned in the sanctuary and in the city# The ar!ed bands, instead of being reduced, were increasedB the fugiti"es, instead of returning recei"ed constant accessions, and their friends who she tered the! were dee!ed rebe ious# Those %rotestants who re!ained, were de%ri"ed of a their ci"i and re igious rights, and e"en the ad"ocates and huissiers entered into a reso ution to exc ude a of Cthe %retended refor!ed re igionC fro! their bodies# Those who were e!% oyed in se ing tobacco were de%ri"ed of their icenses# The %rotestant deacons who had the charge of the %oor were a scattered# )f fi"e %astors on y two re!ainedB one of these was ob iged to change his

residence, and cou d on y "enture to ad!inister the conso ations of re igion, or %erfor! the functions of his !inistry, under co"er of the night# ;ot content with these !odes of tor!ent, ca u!nious and inf a!atory %ub ications charged the %rotestants with raising the %roscribed standard in the co!!unes, and in"oking the fa en ;a%o eonB and, of course, as unworthy the %rotection of the aws and the fa"our of the !onarch# +undreds after this were dragged to %rison without e"en so !uch as a written orderA and though an officia news%a%er, bearing the tit e of the Journal du Gard, was set u% for fi"e !onths, whi e it was inf uenced by the %refect, the !ayor, and other functionaries, the word &harter was ne"er once used in it# )ne of the first nu!bers, on the contrary, re%resented the suffering %rotestants as C9rocodi es on y wee%ing fro! rage and regret that they had no !ore "icti!s to de"ourB as %ersons who had sur%assed -anton, Marat, and .obes%ierre, in doing !ischief( and as ha"ing %rostituted their daughters to the garrison to gain it o"er to ;a%o eon#C *n extract fro! this artic e, sta!%ed with the crown and the ar!s of the Bourbons, was hawked about the streets, and the "ender was adorned with the !eda of the %o ice# Petition of the Protestant ;efu1ees. To these re%roaches it is %ro%er to o%%ose the %etition which the Protestant .efugees in Paris %resented to 'ouis =?888# in beha f of their brethren at ;is!es# C@e ay at your feet, sire, our acute sufferings# 8n your na!e our fe ow& citiAens are s aughtered, and their %ro%erty aid waste# Mis ed %easants, in %retended obedience to your orders, had asse!b ed at the co!!and of a co!!issioner a%%ointed by your august ne%hew# * though ready to attack us, they were recei"ed with the assurances of %eace# )n the F0th of Ju y, FGF0, we earnt your !ajesty's entrance into Paris, and the white f ag i!!ediate y wa"ed on our edifices# The %ub ic tranEui ity had not been disturbed, when ar!ed %easants introduced the!se "es# The garrison ca%itu ated, but were assai ed on their de%arture, and a !ost tota y !assacred# )ur nationa guard was disar!ed, the city fi ed with strangers, and the houses of the %rinci%a inhabitants, %rofessing the refor!ed re igion, were attacked and % undered# @e subjoin the ist# Terror has dri"en fro! our city the !ost res%ectab e inhabitants# C$our !ajesty has been decei"ed if there has not been % aced before you the %icture of the horrors which !ake a desert of your good city of ;is!es# *rrests and %roscri%tions are continua y taking % ace, and difference of reli1ious o%inions is the rea and on y cause# The ca u!niated %rotestants are the defenders of the throne# $our ne%hew has behe d our chi dren under his bannersB our fortunes ha"e been % aced in his hands# *ttacked without reason, the %rotestants ha"e not, e"en by a just resistance, afforded their ene!ies the fata %retext for ca u!ny# ,a"e us, sireS extinguish the brand of ci"i warB a sing e act of your wi wou d restore to %o itica existence a city interesting for its %o%u ation and its !anufactures# -e!and an account of their conduct fro! the chiefs who ha"e brought our !isfortunes u%on us# @e % ace before your eyes a the docu!ents that ha"e reached us# Fear %ara iAes the hearts, and stif es the co!% aints of our fe ow&citiAens# P aced

in a !ore secure situation, we "enture to raise our "oice in their beha f,C Kc# Kc# Monstrous outra1e upon %emales. *t ;is!es it is we known that the wo!en wash their c othes either at the fountains, or on the banks of strea!s# There is a arge basin near the fountain, where nu!bers of wo!en !ay be seen e"ery day, knee ing at the edge of the water, and beating the c othes with hea"y %ieces of wood in the sha%e of batt edoors# This s%ot beca!e the scene of the !ost sha!efu and indecent %ractices# The catho ic rabb e turned the wo!en's %etticoats o"er their heads, and so fastened the! as to continue their ex%osure, and their subjection to a new y in"ented s%ecies of chastise!entB for nai s being % aced in the wood of the battoirs in the for! of fleurBdeBlis, they beat the! ti the b ood strea!ed fro! their bodies, and their cries rent the air# )ften was death de!anded as a co!!utation of this igno!inious %unish!ent, but refused with a !a ignant joy# To carry their outrage to the highest %ossib e degree, se"era who were in a state of %regnancy were assai ed in this !anner# The scanda ous nature of these outrages %re"ented !any of the sufferers fro! !aking the! %ub ic, and, es%ecia y, fro! re ating the !ost aggra"ating circu!stances# C8 ha"e seen,C says M# -urand, Ca catho ic a"ocat, acco!%anying the assassins in the fauxbourg Bourgade, ar! a battoir with shar% nai s in the for! of fleurBdeBlisA 8 ha"e seen the! raise the gar!ents of fe!a es, and a%% y, with hea"y b ows, to the b eeding body this battoir or batt edoor, to which they ga"e a na!e which !y %en refuses to record# The cries of the sufferersDthe strea!s of b oodDthe !ur!urs of indignation which were su%%ressed by fearDnothing cou d !o"e the!# The surgeons who attended on those wo!en who are dead, can attest, by the !arks of their wounds, the agonies which they !ust ha"e endured, which, howe"er horrib e, is !ost strict y true#C ;e"erthe ess, during the %rogress of these horrors and obscenities, so disgracefu to France and the catho ic re igion, the agents of go"ern!ent had a %owerfu force under their co!!and, and by honest y e!% oying it they !ight ha"e restored tranEui ity# Murder and robbery, howe"er, continued, and were winked at, by the catho ic !agistrates, with "ery few exce%tionsB the ad!inistrati"e authorities, it is true, used words in their %roc a!ations, Kc# but ne"er had recourse to actions to sto% the enor!ities of the %ersecutors, who bo d y dec ared that, on the /5th, the anni"ersary of ,t# Bartho o!ew, they intended to !ake a genera !assacre# The !e!bers of the refor!ed church were fi ed with terror, and, instead of taking %art in the e ection of de%uties, were occu%ied as we as they cou d in %ro"iding for their own %ersona safety# Arri2al of the Austrians at 'ismes. *bout this ti!e, a treaty between the French court and the a ied so"ereigns, %rohibited the ad"ance of the foreign troo%s beyond the ine of territory a ready occu%ied, and traced by the course of the 'oire, and by the .hone, be ow the *rdeche# 8n "io ation of this treaty, 5111 *ustrians entered ;is!es on the /5th of *ugustB under %retence of !aking roo! for the!, French troo%s, bearing the feudal tit e of .oya 9hasseurs, fo owed by the

!urdering bands of the Trestai ons and Luatretai ons, who continued their !arch to * ais, where a fair was to be he d, and carried disorder and a ar! into a the co!!unes on that route# ;othing now was heard but denunciations of fusi ading, burning, raAing, and annihi atingB and whi e the catho ics were feasting and !urdering at ;is!es, the f a!es of the country houses of the %rotestants, rising one hundred feet in the air, rendered the s%ectac e sti !ore awfu and a ar!ing# :nfortunate y, so!e of the %easants, fa se y charged with the !urder of two %rotestants, were brought to ;is!es whi e the %refect was ce ebrating the fete of ,t# 'ouis# *t a s% endid dinner gi"en to the *ustrian co!!anders, and e"en without Euitting the tab e, it a%%ears, that the French %refect % aced the fate and fortune of these unfortunate %risoners at the dis%osa of 9ount ,tahre!berg, who, of course, be ie"ing the re%resentations !ade to hi! ordered the accused to be i!!ediate y shot# To !ortify and exhaust the %rotestant co!!unes, the *ustrians were directed to occu%y the!, where they co!% ete y disar!ed the inhabitants without the east o%%osition# 8n fact, these foreigners were soon undecei"ed# They ex%ected to !eet the !ost %erfidious and bruta ene!ies in ar!s, and in o%en rebe ion against their kingB but, on the contrary, they found the! a in %eace, and ex%erienced the !ost kind and res%ectfu treat!entB and though their duty was a !ost "exatious and o%%ressi"e one, they %erfor!ed it in genera with !oderation# )n this account they cou d not refrain fro! ex%ressing their astonish!ent at the re%orts !ade to the! by the authorities at ;is!es, dec aring, CThey had found a %o%u ation suffering great !isfortunes, but no rebe sB and that co!%assion was the on y fee ing that %re"ai ed in their !inds#C The co!!ander hi!se f was so con"inced of the good dis%osition of the %eo% e of the 9e"ennes, that he "isited those districts without an escort, desiring, he said, to tra"e in that country as he wou d in his own# ,uch confidence was a %ub ic re%roach on the authorities at ;is!es, and a sentence of conde!nation on a their %roceedings# *s the %ersecution of the %rotestants was s%reading into other de%art!ents, strong and forcib e re%resentations were secret y %rinted and !ade to the king# * the ordinary !odes of co!!unication had been sto%%edB the secrecy of etters "io ated, and none circu ated but those re ati"e to %ri"ate affairs# ,o!eti!es these etters bore the %ost!ark of % aces "ery distant, and arri"ed without signatures, and en"e o%ed in a egorica a usions# 8n fact, a %owerfu resistance on the %art of the outraged %rotestants was at ength a%%rehended, which, in the beginning of ,e%te!ber excited the %roc a!ation of the king, on which it was obser"ed, Cthat if his !ajesty had been correct y and fu y infor!ed of a that had taken % ace, he sure y wou d not ha"e contented hi!se f with announcing his se"ere dis% easure to a misled people( who too .usti&e into their own hands( and a2en1ed the &rimes &ommitted a1ainst royalty #C The %roc a!ation was dictated as though there had not been a %rotestant in the de%art!entB it assu!ed and affir!ed throughout the gui t of the sufferersB and whi e it de% ored the atrocious outrages endured by the fo owers of the duke d'*ngou e!e, Qoutrages which ne"er existed,R the % under and !assacre of the refor!ed were not e"en noticed# ,ti disorders ke%t %ace with the %roc a!ations that !ade a show of su%%ressing the!, and the force of the catho ic faction a so continued to

increase# The catho ic %o%u ace, notwithstanding the decrees of the !agistrates, were a owed to retain the ar!s they had i ega y seiAed, whi st the %rotestants in the de%art!ents were disar!ed# The !e!bers of the refor!ed churches wished at this %eriod to %resent another !e!oria to the go"ern!ent, descri%ti"e of the e"i s they sti suffered, but this was not %racticab e# )n the /Jth of ,e%te!ber, the %resident of the consistory wrote as fo ows( C8 ha"e on y been ab e to asse!b e two or three !e!bers of the consistory %astors or e ders# 8t is i!%ossib e to draw u% a !e!oir, or to co ect factsB so great is the terror, that e"ery one is afraid to s%eak of his own sufferings, or to !ention those he has been co!%e ed to witness#C >utra1es &ommitted in the Villa1es( :&. @e now Euit ;is!es to take a "iew of the conduct of the %ersecutors in the surrounding country# *fter the re&estab ish!ent of the roya go"ern!ent, the oca authorities were distinguished for their Aea and forwardness in su%%orting their e!% oyers, and, under %retence of rebe ion, concea !ent of ar!s, non&%ay!ent of contributions, Kc# troo%s, nationa guards, and ar!ed !obs, were %er!itted to % under, arrest, and !urder %eaceab e citiAens, not !ere y with i!%unity, but with encourage!ent and a%%robation# *t the "i age of Mi haud, near ;is!es, the inhabitants were freEuent y forced to %ay arge su!s to a"oid being %i aged# This, howe"er, wou d not a"ai at Mada!e Teu on's( )n ,unday, the FJth of Ju y, her house and grounds were ra"agedB the "a uab e furniture re!o"ed or destroyed, the hay and wood burnt, and the cor%se of a chi d, buried in the garden, taken u% and dragged round a fire !ade by the %o%u ace# 8t was with great difficu ty that M# Teu on esca%ed with his ife# M# Pichero , another %rotestant, had de%osited so!e of his effects with a catho ic neighbourB this house was attacked, and though a the %ro%erty of the atter was res%ected, that of his friend was seiAed and destroyed# *t the sa!e "i age, one of a %arty doubting whether M# +er!et, a tai or, was the !an they wanted, asked, C8s he a %rotestantTC this he acknow edged# CGood,C said they, and he was instant y !urdered# 8n the 9anton of ?au"ert, where there was a consistory church, G1,111 francs were extorted# 8n the co!!unes of Beau"oisin and Generac si!i ar excesses were co!!itted by a handfu of icentious !en, under the eye of the catho ic !ayor and to the cries of C?i"e e .oi#C ,t# Gi es was the scene of the !ust unb ushing "i ainy# The %rotestants, the !ost wea thy of the inhabitants, were disar!ed, whi st their houses were %i aged# The !ayor was a%%ea ed to(Dthe !ayor aughed and wa ked away# This officer had, at his dis%osa , a nationa guard of se"era hundred !en, organised by his own orders# 8t wou d be weariso!e to read the ists of the cri!es that occurred during !any !onths# *t 9 a"isson the !ayor %rohibited the %rotestants the %ractice of singing the %sa !s co!!on y used in the te!% e, that, as he said, the catho ics !ight not be offended or disturbed# *t ,o!!ieres, about ten !i es fro! ;is!es, the catho ics !ade a s% endid %rocession through the town, which continued ti e"ening and was succeeded by the % under of the %rotestants# )n the arri"a of foreign troo%s at ,o!!ieres, the %retended search for ar!s was resu!edB those who did not %ossess !uskets were e"en co!%e ed to buy the! on %ur%ose to surrender the! u%, and so diers were Euartered on the! at six francs %er

day ti they %roduced the artic es in de!and# The %rotestant church which had been c osed, was con"erted into barracks for the *ustrians# *fter di"ine ser"ice had been sus%ended for six !onths at ;is!es, the church, by the %rotestants ca ed the Te!% e, was re&o%ened, and %ub ic worshi% %erfor!ed on the !orning of the /5th of -ece!ber# )n exa!ining the be fry, it was disco"ered that so!e %ersons had carried off the c a%%er of the be # *s the hour of ser"ice a%%roached, a nu!ber of !en, wo!en, and chi dren, co ected at the house of M# .ibot, the %astor, and threatened to %re"ent the worshi%# *t the a%%ointed ti!e, when he %roceeded towards the church, he was surroundedB the !ost sa"age shouts were raised against hi!B so!e of the wo!en seiAed hi! by the co arB but nothing cou d disturb his fir!ness, or excite his i!%atience( he entered the house of %rayer, and ascended the %u %itB stones were thrown in and fe a!ong the worshi%%ersB sti the congregation re!ained ca ! and attenti"e, and the ser"ice was conc uded a!idst noise, threats, and outrage# )n retiring !any wou d ha"e been ki ed but for the chasseurs of the garrison, who honourab y and Aea ous y %rotected the!# Fro! the ca%tain of these chasseurs, M# .ibot soon after recei"ed the fo owing etter# CJanuary 0( -,-*. C8 dee% y a!ent the %rejudices of the catho ics against the protestants, who they %retend do not o"e the king# 9ontinue to act as you ha"e hitherto done, and ti!e and your conduct wi con"ince the catho ics to the contrary( shou d any tu!u t occur si!i ar to that of ,aturday ast infor! !e# 8 %reser"e !y re%orts of these acts, and if the agitators %ro"e incorrigib e, and forget what they owe to the best of kings and the &harter, 8 wi do !y duty and infor! the go"ern!ent of their %roceedings# *dieu, !y dear sirB assure the consistory of !y estee!, and of the sense 8 entertain of the !oderation with which they ha"e !et the %ro"ocations of the e"i &dis%osed at ,o!!ieres# 8 ha"e the honor to sa ute you with res%ect# ,u"a de 'aine#C *nother etter to this worthy %astor fro! the MarEuis de Mont ord, was recei"ed on the Jth of January, to encourage hi! to unite with a good !en who be ie"e in God to obtain the %unish!ent of the assassins, brigands, and disturbers of %ub ic tranEui ity, and to read the instructions he had recei"ed fro! go"ern!ent to this effect %ub ic y# ;otwithstanding this, on the /1th of January, FGFJ, when the ser"ice in co!!e!oration of the death of 'ouis =?8# was ce ebrated, a %rocession being for!ed, the ;ationa Guards fired at the white f ag sus%ended fro! the windows of the %rotestants, and conc uded the day by % undering their houses# 8n the 9o!!une of *ngargues, !atters were sti worseB and in that of Fontanes, fro! the entry of the king in FGF0, the catho ics broke a ter!s with the %rotestantsB by day they insu ted the!, and in the night broke o%en their doors, or !arked the! with cha k to be % undered or burnt# ,t# Ma!ert was re%eated y "isited by these robberiesB and at Mont!ira , as ate y as the FJth of June, FGFJ, the %rotestants were attacked, beaten, and i!%risoned, for daring to ce ebrate the return of a king who had sworn to %reser"e re igious iberty and to !aintain the charter# 8n fact, to continue the re ation of the scenes that took % ace in the different

de%art!ents of the south of France, wou d be itt e better than a re%etition of those we ha"e a ready described, exce%ting a change of na!es( but the !ost sanguinary of a see!s that which was %er%etrated at :Aes, at the atter end of *ugust, and the burning of se"era %rotestants % aces of worshi%# These sha!efu %ersecutions continued ti after the disso ution of the 9ha!ber of -e%uties at the c ose of the year FGFJ# *fter a re"iew of these anti&%rotestant %roceedings, the British reader wi not think of co!%aring the! with the riots of 'ondon in F2G1, or with those of Bir!ingha! about F2IHB as it is e"ident that where go"ern!ents %ossess abso ute %ower, such e"ents cou d not ha"e been %ro onged for !any !onths and e"en for years o"er a "ast extent of country, had it not been for the syste!atic and %owerfu su%%ort of the higher de%art!ent of the state# %arther a&&ount of the pro&eedin1s of the 8atholi&s at 'ismes. The excesses %er%etrated in the country it see!s did not by any !eans di"ert the attention of the %ersecutors fro! ;is!es# )ctober, FGF0, co!!enced without any i!%ro"e!ent in the %rinci% es or !easures of the go"ern!ent, and this was fo owed by corres%onding %resu!%tion on the %art of the %eo% e# ,e"era houses in the Luartier ,t# 9har es were sacked, and their wrecks burnt in the streets a!idst songs, dances, and shouts of ?i"e e .oi# The !ayor a%%eared, but the !erry !u titude %retended not to know hi!, and when he "entured to re!onstrate, they to d hi!, Chis %resence was unnecessary, and that he !ight retire#C -uring the FJth of )ctober, e"ery %re%aration see!ed to announce a night of carnageB orders for asse!b ing and signa s for attack were circu ated with regu arity and confidenceB Trestai on re"iewed his sate ites, and urged the! on to the %er%etration of cri!es, ho ding with one of those wretches the fo owing dia ogue( Satellite. C8f a the %rotestants, without one exce%tion, are to be ki ed, 8 wi cheerfu y joinB but as you ha"e so often decei"ed !e, un ess they are a to go 8 wi not stir#C $restaillon. C9o!e a ong, then, for this ti!e not a sing e !an sha esca%e#C This horrid %ur%ose wou d ha"e been executed had it not been for Genera 'a Garde, the co!!andant of the de%art!ent# 8t was not ti ten o'c ock at night that he %ercei"ed the dangerB he now fe t that not a !o!ent cou d be ost# 9rowds were ad"ancing through the suburbs, and the streets were fi ing with ruffians, uttering the !ost horrid i!%recations# The genera e sounded at e e"en o'c ock, and added to the confusion that was now s%reading through the city# * few troo%s ra ied round the 9ount 'a Garde, who was wrung with distress at the sight of the e"i which had arri"ed at such a %itch# )f this M# -urand, a catho ic ad"ocate, ga"e the fo owing account( C8t was near !idnight, !y wife had just fa en as ee%B 8 was writing by her side, when we were disturbed by a distant noiseB dru!s see!ed crossing the town in e"ery direction# @hat cou d a this !eanS To Euiet her a ar!, 8 said it %robab y announced the arri"a or de%arture of so!e troo%s of the garrison# But firing and shouts were i!!ediate y audib eB and on o%ening !y window 8 distinguished horrib e i!%recations !ing ed with cries of 2i2e le ;oiG 8 roused an officer who odged in the house, and M# 9hance , -irector of the Pub ic @orks# @e went out together, and gained the Bou e"arde# The !oon shone

bright, and a !ost e"ery object was near y as distinct as dayB a furious crowd was %ressing on "owing exter!ination, and the greater %art ha f naked, ar!ed with kni"es, !uskets, sticks, and sabres# 8n answer to !y inEuiries 8 was to d the !assacre was genera , that !any had been a ready ki ed in the suburbs# M# 9hance retired to %ut on his unifor! as ca%tain of the PompiersA the officers retired to the barracks, and anxious for !y wife 8 returned ho!e# By the noise 8 was con"inced that %ersons fo owed# 8 cre%t a ong in the shadow of the wa , o%ened !y door, entered, and c osed it, ea"ing a s!a a%erture through which 8 cou d watch the !o"e!ents of the %arty whose ar!s shone in the !oon ight# 8n a few !o!ents so!e ar!ed !en a%%eared conducting a %risoner to the "ery s%ot where 8 was concea ed# They sto%%ed, 8 shut !y door gent y, and !ounted on an a der tree % anted against the garden wa # @hat a sceneS a !an on his knees i!% oring !ercy fro! wretches who !ocked his agony, and oaded hi! with abuse# 8n the na!e of !y wife and chi dren, he said, s%are !eS @hat ha"e 8 doneT @hy wou d you !urder !e for nothingT 8 was on the %oint of crying out and !enacing the !urderers with "engeance# 8 had not ong to de iberate, the discharge of se"era fusi s ter!inated !y sus%enseB the unha%%y su%% icant, struck in the oins and the head, fe to rise no !ore# The backs of the assassins were towards the treeB they retired i!!ediate y, re oading their %ieces# 8 descended and a%%roached the dying !an, uttering so!e dee% and dis!a groans# ,o!e ;ationa Guards arri"ed at the !o!ent, 8 again retired and shut the door# C8 see,C said one, Ca dead !an#C C+e sings sti ,C said another# C8t wi be better,C said a third, Cto finish hi! and %ut hi! out of his !isery#C Fi"e or six !uskets were fired instant y, and the groans ceased# )n the fo owing day crowds ca!e to ins%ect and insu t the deceased# * day after a !assacre was a ways obser"ed as a sort of fete, and e"ery occu%ation was eft to go and gaAe u%on the "icti!s# This was 'ouis 'ichare, the father of four chi drenB and four years after the e"ent, M# -urand "erified this account by his oath u%on the tria of one of the !urderers#C Atta& upon the Protestant 8hur&hes. ,o!e ti!e before the death of genera 'a Garde, the duke d'*ngou e!e had "isited ;is!es, and other cities in the south, and at the for!er % ace honoured the !e!bers of the %rotestant consistory with an inter"iew, %ro!ising the! %rotection, and encouraging the! to reo%en their te!% e so ong shut u%# They ha"e two churches at ;is!es, and it was agreed that the s!a one shou d be %referred on this occasion, and that the ringing of the be shou d be o!itted, genera 'a Garde dec ared that he wou d answer with his head for the safety of his congregation# The %rotestants %ri"ate y infor!ed each other that worshi% was once !ore to be ce ebrated at ten o'c ock, and they began to asse!b e si ent y and cautious y# 8t was agreed that M# Jui erat 9hasseur shou d %erfor! the ser"ice, though such was his con"iction of danger that he entreated his wife, and so!e of his f ock, to re!ain with their fa!i ies# The te!% e being o%ened on y as a !atter of for!, and in co!% iance with the orders of the duke d'*ngou e!e, this %astor wished to be the on y "icti!# )n his way to the % ace he %assed nu!erous grou%es who regarded hi! with ferocious ooks# CThis is the ti!e,C said so!e, Cto gi"e the! the ast b ow#C C$es,C added others, Cand neither wo!en

nor chi dren !ust be s%ared#C )ne wretch, raising his "oice abo"e the rest, exc ai!ed, C*h, 8 wi go and get !y !usket, and ten for !y share#C Through these o!inous sounds M# Jui erat %ursued his course, but when he gained the te!% e the sexton had not the courage to o%en the door, and he was ob iged to do it hi!se f# *s the worshi%%ers arri"ed they found strange %ersons in %ossession of the adjacent streets, and u%on the ste%s of the church, "owing their worshi% shou d not be %erfor!ed, and crying, C-own with the %rotestantsS ki the!S ki the!SC *t ten o'c ock the church being near y fi ed, M# J# 9hasseur co!!enced the %rayersB a ca ! that succeeded was of short duration# )n a sudden the !inister was interru%ted by a "io ent noise, and a nu!ber of %ersons entered, uttering the !ost dreadfu cries, !ing ed with Vi2e le ;oiG but the gens&d'ar!es succeeded in exc uding these fanatics, and c osing the doors# The noise and tu!u t without now redoub ed, and the b ows of the %o%u ace trying to break o%en the doors, caused the house to resound with shrieks and groans# The "oice of the %astors who endea"oured to conso e their f ock, was inaudib eB they atte!%ted in "ain to sing the 5/d %sa !# Three Euarters of an hour ro ed hea"i y away# C8 % aced !yse f,C says Mada!e Jui erat, Cat the botto! of the %u %it, with !y daughter in !y ar!sB !y husband at ength joined and sustained !eB 8 re!e!bered that it was the anni"ersary of !y !arriageB after six years of ha%%iness, 8 said, 8 a! about to die with !y husband and !y daughterB we sha be s ain at the a tar of our God, the "icti!s of a sacred duty, and hea"en wi o%en to recei"e us and our unha%%y brethren# 8 b essed the .edee!er, and without cursing our !urderers, 8 awaited their a%%roach#C M# ) i"er, son of a %astor, an officer in the roya troo%s of the ine, atte!%ted to ea"e the church, but the friend y sentine s at the door ad"ised hi! to re!ain besieged with the rest# The nationa guards refused to act, and the fanatica crowd took e"ery ad"antage of the absence of genera 'a Garde, and of their increasing nu!bers# *t ength the sound of !artia !usic was heard, and "oices fro! without ca ed to the besieged, C)%en, o%en and sa"e yourse "es#C Their first i!%ression was a fear of treachery, but they were soon assured that a detach!ent returning fro! !ass was drawn u% in front of the church to fa"our the retreat of the %rotestants# The door was o%ened, and !any of the! esca%ed a!ong the ranks of the so diers, who had dri"en the !ob before the!B but this street, as we as others through which the fugiti"es had to %ass, was soon fi ed again# The "enerab e %astor, ) i"ier -es!ond, between 21 and G1 years of age, was surrounded by !urderersB they %ut their fists in his face, and cried, C<i the chief of brigands#C +e was %reser"ed by the fir!ness of so!e officers, a!ong who! was his own sonB they !ade a bu wark round hi! with their bodies, and a!idst their naked sabres conducted hi! to his house# M# Jui erat, who had assisted at di"ine ser"ice with his wife at his side and his chi d in his ar!s, was %ursued and assai ed with stones, his !other recei"ed a b ow on the head, and her ife was so!e ti!e in danger# )ne wo!an was sha!efu y whi%%ed, and se"era wounded and dragged a ong the streetsB the nu!ber of %rotestants !ore or ess i treated on this occasion a!ounted to between se"enty and eighty# Murder of General La Garde.

*t ength a check was %ut to these excesses by the re%ort of the !urder of 9ount 'a Garde, who, recei"ing an account of this tu!u t, !ounted his horse, and entered one of the streets, to dis%erse a crowd# * "i ain seiAed his brid eB another %resented the !uAA e of a %isto c ose to his body, and exc ai!ed, C@retch, you !ake !e retireSC +e i!!ediate y fired# The !urderer was 'ouis Boissin, a serjeant in the nationa guardB but, though known to e"ery one, no %erson endea"oured to arrest hi!, and he effected his esca%e# *s soon as the genera found hi!se f wounded, he ga"e orders to the gendar!erie to %rotect the %rotestants, and set off on a ga o% to his hote B but fainted i!!ediate y on his arri"a # )n reco"ering, he %re"ented the surgeon fro! searching his wound ti he had written a etter to the go"ern!ent, that, in case of his death, it !ight be known fro! what Euarter the b ow ca!e, and that none !ight dare to accuse the %rotestants of this cri!e# The %robab e death of this genera %roduced a s!a degree of re axation on the %art of their ene!ies, and so!e ca !B but the !ass of the %eo% e had been indu ged in icentiousness too ong to be restrained e"en by the !urder of the re%resentati"e of their king# 8n the e"ening they again re%aired to the te!% e, and with hatchets broke o%en the doorB the dis!a noise of their b ows carried terror into the boso! of the %rotestant fa!i ies sitting in their houses in tears# The contents of the %oor's box, and the c othes %re%ared for distribution, were sto enB the !inister's robes rent in %iecesB the books torn u% or carried awayB the c osets were ransacked, but the roo!s which contained the archi"es of the church, and the synods, was %ro"identia y securedB and had it not been for the nu!erous %atro s on foot, the who e wou d ha"e beco!e the %rey of the f a!es, and the edifice itse f a hea% of ruins# 8n the !ean whi e, the fanatics o%en y ascribed the !urder of the genera to his own se f&de"otion, and said Cthat it was the wi of God#C Three thousand francs were offered for the a%%rehension of BoissinB but it was we known that the %rotestants dared not arrest hi!, and that the fanatics wou d not# -uring these transactions, the syste!s of forced con"ersions to catho icis! was !aking regu ar and fearfu %rogress# Interferen&e of the #ritish Go2ernment. To the credit of Eng and, the re%orts of these crue %ersecutions carried on against our %rotestant brethren in France, %roduced such a sensation on the %art of the go"ern!ent as deter!ined the! to interfereB and now the %ersecutors of the %rotestants !ade this s%ontaneous act of hu!anity and re igion the %retext for charging the sufferers with a treasonab e corres%ondence with Eng andB but in this state of their %roceedings, to their great dis!ay, a etter a%%eared, sent so!e ti!e before to Eng and by the duke of @e ington, stating Cthat !uch infor!ation existed on the e"ents of the south#C The !inisters of the three deno!inations in 'ondon, anxious not to be !is ed, reEuested one of their brethren to "isit the scenes of %ersecution, and exa!ine with i!%artia ity the nature and extent of the e"i s they were desirous to re ie"e# The .e"# 9 e!ent Perot undertook this difficu t task, and fu fi ed their wishes with a Aea , %rudence, and de"otedness, abo"e a %raise# +is return furnished abundant and incontestib e %roof of a sha!efu %ersecution, !ateria s for an a%%ea to the British Par ia!ent, and a %rinted

re%ort which was circu ated through the continent, and which first con"eyed correct infor!ation to the inhabitants of France# Foreign interference was now found e!inent y usefu B and the dec arations of to erance which it e icited fro! the French go"ern!ent, as we as the !ore cautious !arch of the catho ic %ersecutors, o%erated as decisi"e and in"o untary acknow edg!ents of the i!%ortance of that interference, which so!e %ersons at first censured and des%ised but though the stern "oice of %ub ic o%inion in Eng and and e sewhere %roduced a re uctant sus%ension of !assacre and %i age, the !urderers and % underers were sti eft un%unished, and e"en caressed and rewarded for their cri!esB and whi st %rotestants in France suffered the !ost crue and degrading %ains and %ena ties for a eged trif ing cri!es, &atholi&s, co"ered with b ood, and gui ty of nu!erous and horrid !urders, were acEuitted# Perha%s the "irtuous indignation ex%ressed by so!e of the !ore en ightened catho ics against these abo!inab e %roceedings, had no s!a share in restraining the!# Many innocent %rotestants had been conde!ned to the ga eys and otherwise %unished, for su%%osed cri!es, u%on the oaths of wretches the !ost un%rinci% ed and abandoned# M# Madier de Montgau, judge of the &our royale of ;is!es, and %resident of the &our d?assiCes of the Gard and ?auc use, u%on one occasion fe t hi!se f co!%e ed to break u% the court, rather than take the de%osition of that notorious and sanguinary !onster Tru%he!y( C8n a ha ,C says he, Cof the Pa ace of Justice, o%%osite that in which 8 sat, se"era unfortunate %ersons %ersecuted by the faction were u%on tria , e"ery de%osition tending to their cri!ination was a%% auded with the cries of 'Vi2e le ;oi#' Three ti!es the ex% osion of this atrocious joy beca!e so terrib e, that it was necessary to send for reinforce!ents fro! the barracks, and two hundred so diers were often unab e to restrain the %eo% e# )n a sudden the shouts and cries of 'Vi2e le ;oi' redoub ed( a !an arri"es, caressed, a%% auded, borne in triu!%hDit is the horrib e Tru%he!yB he a%%roaches the tribuna Dhe co!es to de%ose against the %risonersDhe is ad!itted as a witnessDhe raises his hand to take the oathS ,eiAed with horror at the sight, 8 rush fro! !y seat, and enter the ha of counci B !y co eagues fo ow !eB in "ain they %ersuade !e to resu!e !y seatB ';oS' exc ai!ed 8, '8 wi not consent to see that wretch ad!itted to gi"e e"idence in a court of justice in the city which he has fi ed with !urdersB in the %a ace, on the ste%s of which he has !urdered the unfortunate Bouri on# 8 cannot ad!it that he shou d ki his "icti!s by his testi!onies no !ore than by his %oignards# +e an accuserS he a witnessS ;o, ne"er wi 8 consent to see this !onster rise, in the %resence of !agistrates, to take a sacri egious oath, his hand sti reeking with b ood#' These words were re%eated out of doorsB the witness tre!b edB the factious a so tre!b edB the factious who guided the tongue of Tru%he!y as they had directed his ar!, who dictated ca u!ny after they had taught hi! !urder# These words %enetrated the dungeons of the conde!ned, and ins%ired ho%eB they ga"e another courageous ad"ocate the reso ution to es%ouse the cause of the %ersecutedB he carried the %rayers of innocence and !isery to the foot of the throneB there he asked if the e"idence of a Tru%he!y was not sufficient to annu a sentence# The king granted a fu and free %ardon#C Per.ury in the &ase of General Gilly( :&.

This catho ic syste! of subornation and %erjury was carried to such an infa!ous degree, that twenty&six witnesses were found to sign and swear, that on the Hd of *%ri , FGF0, genera Gi y, with his own hand and before their eyes, took down the white f ag at ;is!esB though it was %ro"ed that at the ti!e when the tri&co oured f ag was raised in its roo!, the genera was fifteen eagues fro! ;is!es, and that he did not arri"e there ti three days after that e"ent# Before tribuna s thus constructed, e"en innocence had not the east chance for %rotection# Genera Gi y knew better than to a%%ear before the!, and was conde!ned to death for conte!%t of court# But when he eft ;is!es, he thought either of %assing into a foreign country, or of joining the ar!y of the 'oireB and it was ong su%%osed that he had actua y esca%ed# *s it was i!%ossib e to gain any %oint, or find any security, his on y ho%e was in concea !ent, and a friend found hi! an asy u! in the cottage of a %easantB but that %easant was a %rotestant, and the genera was a catho ic( howe"er, he did not hesitateB he confided in this %oor !an's honour# This cottage was in the canton of *nduAeB the na!e of its kee%er, PerrierB he we co!ed the fugiti"e, and did not e"en ask his na!e( it was a ti!e of %roscri%tion, and his host wou d know nothing of hi!, it was enough that he was unfortunate, and in danger# +e was disguised and he %assed for Perrier's cousin# The genera is natura y a!iab e, and he !ade hi!se f agreeab e, sat by the fire, ate %otatoes, and contented hi!se f with !iserab e fare# Though subject to freEuent and !any %ainfu a ar!s, he %reser"ed his retreat se"era !onths, and often heard the "isiters of his host boast of the concea !ent of genera Gi y, or of being acEuainted with the % ace of his retreat# Patro s were continua y searching for ar!s in the houses of %rotestantsB and often in the night the genera was ob iged to ea"e his !attress, ha f naked, and hide hi!se f in the fie ds# Perrier, to a"oid these incon"eniences, !ade an under&ground %assage, by which his guest cou d %ass to an outhouse# The wife of Perrier cou d not endure that one who had seen better days shou d i"e as her fa!i y did, on "egetab es and bread, and occasiona y bought !eat to rega e the !e ancho y stranger# These unusua %urchases excited attentionB it was sus%ected that Perrier had so!e one concea edB night y "isits were !ore freEuent# 8n this state of anxiety he often co!% ained of the hardness of his ot# Perrier one day returned fro! !arket in a serious !oodB and after so!e inEuiries fro! his guest, he re% ied, C@hy do you co!% ainT you are fortunate co!%ared with the %oor wretches whose heads were cried in the !arket to&day# Bruguier, the %astor, at /511 francsB Bresse, the !ayor, at the sa!e, and genera Gi y at F1,111SCDC8s it %ossib eTC C*ye, it is certain#C Gi y concea ed his e!otion, a !o!entary sus%icion %assed his !indB he a%%eared to ref ect# CPerrier,C said he, C8 a! weary of ifeB you are %oor and want !oney( 8 know Gi y and the % ace of his concea !entB et us denounce hi!B 8 sha , no doubt, obtain !y iberty, and you sha ha"e the F1,111 francs#C The o d !an stood s%eech ess, and as if %etrified# +is son, a gigantic %easant, /2 years of age, who had ser"ed in the ar!y, rose fro! his chair, in which he had istened to the con"ersation, and in a tone not to be described, said, C,ir, hitherto we thought you unfortunate, but honestB we ha"e res%ected your sorrow, and ke%t your secretB but since you are one of those wretched beings who wou d infor! of a fe ow creature, and insure his death to sa"e yourse f, there is the doorB and if you do not retire, 8 wi throw you out of the window#C Gi y hesitatedB the %easant

insistedB the genera wished to ex% ain, but he was seiAed by the co ar# C,u%%ose 8 shou d be genera Gi y,C said the fugiti"e# The so dier %aused# C*nd it is e"en so,C continued he, Cdenounce !e, and the F1,111 francs are yours#C The so dier threw hi!se f on his neckB the fa!i y were disso "ed in tearsB they kissed his hands, his c othes, %rotested they wou d ne"er et hi! ea"e the!, and that they wou d die rather than he shou d be arrested# 8n their kindness he was !ore secure than e"erB but their cottage was !ore sus%ected, and he was u ti!ate y ob iged to seek another asy u!# The fa!i y refused any inde!nity for the ex%ense he had occasioned the!, and it was not ti ong after that he cou d %re"ai u%on the! to acce%t an acknow edge!ent of their hos%ita ity and fide ity# 8n FG/1, when the course of justice was !ore free, genera Gi y de!anded a tria B there was nothing against hi!B and the duke d'*ngou e!e con"eyed to Mada!e Gi y the %er!ission of the king for the return of her husband to the boso! of his country# But, e"en when the French go"ern!ent was reso "ed to bring the factions of the de%art!ent of the Gard, under the aws, the sa!e !en continued to exercise the %ub ic functions# The society, ca ed ;oyale, and its secret co!!ittee, !aintained a %ower su%erior to the aws# 8t was i!%ossib e to %rocure the conde!nation of an assassin though the e"idence against hi! was incontestib e, and for who!, in other ti!es, there wou d ha"e been no ho%e# The Tru%he!ys, and others of his sta!%, a%%eared in %ub ic, wearing i!!ense !ustachios, and white cockades e!broidered with green# 'ike the brigands of 9a abria, they had two %isto s and a %oignard at their waists# Their a%%earance diffused an air of !e ancho y !ixed with indignation# E"en a!idst the bust e of the day there was the si ence of fear, and the night was disturbed by atrocious songs, or "ociferations ike the sudden cry of ferocious wi d beasts# Hltimate resolution of the Protestants at 'ismes. @ith res%ect to the conduct of the %rotestants, these high y outraged citiAens, %ushed to extre!ities by their %ersecutors, fe t at ength that they had on y to choose the !anner in which they were to %erish# They unani!ous y deter!ined that they wou d die fighting in their own defence# This fir! attitude a%%rised their butchers that they cou d no onger !urder with i!%unity# E"ery thing was i!!ediate y changed# Those, who for four years had fi ed others with terror, now fe t it in their turn# They tre!b ed at the force which !en, so ong resigned, found in des%air, and their a ar! was heightened when they heard that the inhabitants of the 9a"ennes, %ersuaded of the danger of their brethren, were !arching to their assistance# But, without waiting for these reinforce!ents, the %rotestants a%%eared at night in the sa!e order and ar!ed in the sa!e !anner as their ene!ies# The others %araded the Bou e"ards, with their usua noise and fury, but the %rotestants re!ained si ent and fir! in the %osts they had chosen# Three days these dangerous and o!inous !eetings continuedB but the effusion of b ood was %re"ented by the efforts of so!e worthy citiAens distinguished by their rank and fortune# By sharing the dangers of the %rotestant %o%u ation, they obtained the %ardon of an ene!y who now tre!b ed whi e he !enaced#

But though the %rotestants were !odest in their de!ands, on y asking %resent safety, and security for the future, they did not obtain abo"e ha f of their reEuests# The disso ution of the ;ationa Guard at ;is!es was owing to the %rudence and fir!ness of M# 'aine# The re&organiAation of the 8our ;oyale was effected by M# PasEuier, then <ee%er of the ,ea sB and these !easures certain y ensured the! a %resent safety but no !ore# M# Madier de Montgau, the generous cha!%ion of the %rotestants at ;is!es, was officia y su!!oned before the 9ourt of 9assation at Paris, o"er which M# de ,erre, <ee%er of the ,ea s, %resided, to answer for an a eged i!%ro%riety of conduct as a !agistrate, in !aking those %ub ic a%%ea s to the 9ha!ber which sa"ed the %rotestants, and increased the difficu ties of renewing those %ersecutions of which he co!% ained# The French attorney genera de!anded the erasure of his na!e fro! the ist of !agistrates, but this the court refused# :nfortunate y since the aw of e ections in France has been changed, two of the bitterest ene!ies of the %rotestants had been chosen -e%uties at ;is!es# The future, therefore, is not without its dangers, and the condition of the %ersecuted !ay f uctuate with the s ightest %o itica a terationB but which, it is to be ho%ed, !ay be %re"ented fro! any acts that !ay again disgrace the catho ic re igion, by the %owerfu ex%ression of the %ub ic !ind, actuated with better %rinci% es, or by the interference of the %rotestant inf uence in this or other countries# +a%%i y, since the year FG/1, no fresh co!% aints ha"e issued fro! the south of France on the score of re igion#

CHAPTER XVIII.
ASAAD SHIDIAK.
;*..*T8?E )F T+E 9);?E.,8);, 8MP.8,);ME;T, *;- ,:FFE.8;G, )F *,**- ,+8-8*<, * ;*T8?E )F P*'E,T8;E, @+) +*, BEE; 9);F8;E- F). ,E?E.*' $E*., 8; T+E 9);?E;T )F MT# 'EB*;);#

The fo owing narrati"e i ustrates two %oints# Fst# The usefu ness of 9hristian Missions# /d# The unchanging %ersecuting s%irit of the %a%a church# The subject of the fo owing narrati"e has now been in confine!ent about fi"e yearsB during which ti!e he has suffered a !ost e"ery indignity and "exation which the !a ice of his ene!ies cou d i!%ose u%on hi!# :% to the %resent ti!e, howe"er, he has re!ained steadfast in his adherence to the %rinci% es of the gos%e # @e gi"e the narrati"e of his tria s and sufferings in the si!% e and affecting anguage of the !issionaries, which excited such %owerfu interest in the boso!s of 9hristians, at the ti!e of its first %ub ication# The %rinci%a facts are taken fro! the Missionary +era d %ub ished by the *!erican Board of 9o!!issioners for Foreign Missions# #io1raphi&al 'oti&es of Asaad Shidia . The fo owing account of the re!arkab e con"ert fro! the Maronite .o!an 9atho ic church, whose na!e has, of ate, a%%eared freEuent y on the %ages of the Missionary +era d, is co!%i ed chief y fro! the journa of Mr# Bird, *!erican Missionary in ,yria# The other !atter which is inserted, is deri"ed fro! authentic sources, and is designed to connect, or to i ustrate the

extracts fro! the journa , or to render the biogra%hy !ore co!% ete and satisfactory# His early History. *saad ,hidiak was born in the district north of Beyroot, ca ed <esruan, where, and at +adet, a s!a "i age fi"e !i es south&east of Beyroot, his fa!i y ha"e e"er since i"ed# This fa!i y now consists of the widowed !other, fi"e sons, Qof who! *saad is the thirdR and two or three daughters# *t about the age of FJ, he entered the co ege of *in @arka, and s%ent a year and a ha f in studying gra!!ar, Q*rabic and ,yriac,R ogic and theo ogy# *fter this he %assed two years teaching theo ogy to the !onks of a con"ent near +adet# +e has a so been so!e considerab e ti!e scribe to the bisho% of Beyroot, and to the %atriarch, the atter of who! was a teacher in the co ege when *saad was a student# -uring the ate rebe ion, headed by the shekh Besir, a !ere co!% i!entary etter of *saad's to one of the disaffected %arty, being interce%ted, and shown to the e!ir Beshir, his sus%icion was excited, and he wrote i!!ediate y to the %atriarch, in whose e!% oy he then was, to dis!iss hi! fro! his ser"ice# The etter of *saad was %roduced, and though it was seen to contain nothing exce%tionab e, the %atriarch thought %ro%er to dis!iss hi! without cere!ony# 8onne4ion with Mr. @in1. The dis%ensations of Pro"idence often see! aff icti"e when they ha%%en, and !ost kind and bene"o ent afterwards, when their design is %ercei"ed# ,o it was in the case of *saad# Being thus cast out u%on the wor d, by those who ought to ha"e befriended hi!, he a%% ied to Mr# <ing for e!% oy!ent as his instructer in ,yriac, and was acce%ted# Though a young !an, Mr# <ing %ronounced hi! to be one of the !ost inte igent nati"es of the country, who! he had !et with on Mount 'ebanon# Fro! !orning unti night, for se"era weeks, they were together, and hours were s%ent by the!, a !ost e"ery day, in discussing re igious subjects, and u%on a !ind so candid, so shrewd, so %owerfu in its conce%tions, and so co!%rehensi"e in its sur"eys, as that of *saad, an i!%ression fa"orab e to %rotestant christianity cou d not but be !ade# +a"ing co!% eted his engage!ents with Mr# <ing, he, at the reco!!endation of Mr# Fisk, set u% a schoo in Beyroot, for teaching *rabic gra!!atica y, but soon found hi!se f ob iged to re inEuish it, at the co!!and of his %atriarch# +e was a so forbidden, as is stated by Mr# Bird, to gi"e any further instruction to the #ibleBmen, as the !issionaries are ca ed, because the %atriarch Chad recei"ed fresh instructions fro! .o!e to perse&ute these !en by e2ery means in his power, so ong as one of the! shou d re!ain in the country#C @hen Mr# <ing was about to ea"e ,yria, he wrote the farewe etter to his friends in that country# The etter was designed, by the writer, to show the reasons which %re"ented his beco!ing a !e!ber of the .o!an catho ic church# This etter *saad atte!%ted to answer but his answer, so far fro! being satisfactory to hi!se f, was the occasion of raising strong doubts in his !ind, as to the genera correctness of the .o!ish faith#

8onne4ion with Mr. #ird. :nder the inf uence of these doubts, which see! to ha"e distressed hi! great y, he entered the ser"ice of Mr# Bird as his instructer in *rabic# +is doubts continued to increaseB for he now began in earnest the study of the Bib e and of his own heart, and !ade constant %rogress in the know edge of both# *t ength he beca!e a %rotestant in faith, and, as there is reason to be ie"e, a tru y %ious !an# 8!!ediate y he co!!enced refor!erB and though young, his !atured judg!ent, his "igorous inte ect, his intre%idity, and his acEuisitions, great for his age and his nation, soon drew towards hi! the genera attention# Visits his ;elations. )n the F/th of ;o"e!ber, FG/0,Dsays Mr# BirdD,hidiak recei"ed a etter fro! the %atriarch, in which he threatens hi!, with his brother Tannoos and another Maronite youth, with i!!ediate exco!!unication, un ess they cease fro! a connexion with the Bib e&!en# F0# *fter !ature de iberation it was thought ad"isab e, for the %resent, that he shou d go ho!e to his friends in +adet, unti the fe"er of a ar! and o%%osition shou d subside a itt e# His return to Mr. #ird. )e&. -0. ,hidiak returned, after near y a !onth's absence, to continue with !e for a year, risking whate"er ob oEuy and "io ence !ight co!e u%on hi!# +e has just been ob iged to gi"e u% an ad"antageous contract of !arriage, into which he had so!e !onths ago entered, because, since sus%icions were af oat that he is heretica in his notions, the father of the gir reEuired hi! to bring a etter fro! the %atriarch, s%ecifying what office he wou d gi"e hi!# +e now gi"es u% a intentions of !arriage# For his greater security, 8 a! to %rocure for hi! the usua written %rotection of the Eng ish consu , which sha insure to hi!, whi e in !y i!!ediate e!% oy, a the safety and iberty of an Eng ish resident# Pro1ress of His >pinions. FH# ,%ent !ost of the day in con"ersation with *saad on the subject of re igion# +e had ate y been !uch in co!%any with the e!ir ,u !an, and obser"ed, that his %rejudices against christianity were e"ident y !uch softened# F5# 9on"ersed with *saad on the books of the *%ocry%ha# 3E6 +e see!ed satisfied with the %roofs that they were not gi"en by ins%iration of God# +e is now searching the scri%tures with such an intensity of interest, as to ea"e hi! neither ti!e nor re ish for any thing e se# @e ha"e a co%y of the *rabic bib e, %rinted at .o!e, at the end of which is an a%%endix which he has disco"ered to contain a co%ious ist of %o%ish doctrines, with their a%%ro%riate references to scri%ture %roofs# These %roofs he has found so weak, that he ex%resses his astonish!ent how such doctrines cou d be inferred fro! the!B and nothing has occurred of ate,

which has !ore strengthened his con"iction that the church of .o!e is radica y wrong# @hat see!s to ha"e affected hi! !ost sensib y, is, the ex%ression he has found, C@e are under ob igation to ki heretics#CDProof, D'Fa se %ro%hets God co!!anded to be s ain# Jehu and E ijah ki ed the worshi%%ers and %ro%hets of Baa #' This %assage he shows to a who "isit hi!, %riests and %eo% e, and ca s u%on the! to judge whether such swee%ing destruction is according to the s%irit of the gos%e # 8n this country, where the %o%e cannot do a he cou d wish, the right of !urdering e"ery one who differs fro! hi!, has not been so %ub ic y asserted of ate, and so!e, when they hear it, are a itt e start ed# But !ost of the good chi dren of Cthe churchC are soon Euieted again, by the reco ection, that their kind and co!%assionate C!otherC means we , e"en in !urder# The co!!on !ode of reasoning, is, in this case, in"erted# 8t is not said, Cthe action is right, therefore the church does itBC but, Cthe church does it, therefore it is right#C Jan. -( -,0*. Twe "e or fourteen indi"idua s were %resent at the *rabic ser"ice at Mr# Goode 's# *fter this ser"ice, we Euestioned *saad c ose y with regard to the state of his heart, and were rather disa%%ointed at the readiness, with which he re% ied, that he thought he was born again# For ourse "es, we chose rather to sus%end our o%inion# +e can hard y be su%%osed to ha"e acEuired yet, e"en spe&ulati2ely, "ery c ear notions of what is regenerationB and it wou d see! Euite as consistent with christian hu!i ity, and with a true know edge of his sinfu ness, if he shou d s%eak of hi!se f with !ore doubt and caution# 8n the e"ening, an acEuaintance of his, one who has heretofore ex%ressed great friendshi% to hi!, and to usB who had said that there was no true re igion to be found in the who e country, and %retended to a!ent "ery !uch that the %atriarch and %riests had so !uch swayB ca!e to gi"e *saad a ast serious ad!onition# CThis,C said he, Cis the ast ti!e 8 intend e"er to say a word to you on the subject of re igion# 8 wish, therefore, before you go any further, that you wou d %ause and think whether you can !eet a the re%roach of the wor d, and a the o%%osition of the %atriarch and %riests#C *saad re% ied, that he had !ade u% his !ind to !eet a these things# C*nd now,C said he, Cif, as you say, you intend ne"er to ho d any !ore con"ersation with !e on the subject of re igion, 8 ha"e one reEuest to !ake of you, and that is, that you wi go, and !ake the subject of re igion a !atter of serious %rayer and inEuiry, and see where the %ath of ife isB 8 then ea"e you with your conscience and with God#C *fter re ating the substance of this con"ersation to us, *saad re!arked, that these %eo% e re!inded hi! of the ate %atriarch such an one, who had a !oderate share of understanding, but was a!bitious to a%%ear "ery we # This %atriarch had a bisho% who was rea y an acute and earned !an, and whose o%inions were a ways recei"ed with the greatest deference on a !atters re ati"e to re igion# The bisho% being on a "isit one day at the %atriarch's, the atter ca ed hi! to his %resence, and %ro%osed to hi! the inter%retation of a %assage of scri%ture# The bisho% ga"e the ex% anation according to the best of his judg!ent# C;o,C said his ho iness, Cthat is not the !eaning of the %assageBC and %ro%osed to ha"e a second# @hen the bisho% had again gi"en his o%inions and reasons, the %atriarch answered as before,

CThat is not the !eaning of the %assage#C 8n a third and fourth case, the bisho% was eEua y unfortunate, a his argu!ents being swe%t away by the sing e sage re!ark of his ho iness, CThat is not the !eaning of the %assage#C *t ast the bisho%, in a fit of discourage!ent, said, C$our ho iness has %ut !e u%on the so ution of a nu!ber of Euestions, in a which, it see!s, 8 ha"e been wron1# 8 wou d now thank your ho iness to te !e what is ri1ht#C The %atriarch being start ed at the new ground he was on, changed the con"ersation# C,o,C said *saad, Cthese %eo% e can a te !e 8 a! !istakenB but when 8 ask the! what is ri1ht, they are si ent#C *saad has often re!arked, that he is fu of anxiety, and finds no rest for the so e of his foot# 8n !any things he sees the .o!ish church to be wrong, and in so!e things he thinks we are so# )ur a%%arent tranEui ity of !ind, as to our re igious "iews, is a !atter of sur%rise to hi!# This e"ening he con"ersed on the subject with !ore than usua fee ing# C8 see!,C said he, Cto be a one a!ong !en# There is nobody ike !e, and 8 % ease nobody# 8 a! not Euite in har!ony with the Eng ish in !y "iews, and therefore do not % ease you# My own country!en are in so !uch error, 8 cannot % ease them# God 8 ha"e no reason to think 8 % easeB nor do 8 % ease myself# @hat sha 8 doTC 8t was not a together un% easant to hear these %rofessions of diffidence in hi!se f, and 8 endea"oured to turn off his attention fro! a other sources of conso ation than that of the C9o!forter, which is the +o y Ghost#C *saad obser"ed, that whate"er !ight be said, and whate"er !ight be true, of our ob.e&t, in co!ing to this country he saw that the do&trines we taught were according to truth, and he was !ore than e"er deter!ined to ho d to the!# *saad says, that where"er he goes, and to who!soe"er he addresses hi!se f on the subject of re igion, %eo% e say, C*h, it is "ery we for you to go about and ta k in this !anner( you ha"e, no doubt, been we %aid for it a #C These insinuations wear u%on his s%irit, and he so!eti!es says, C) that 8 were in so!e distant and, where nobody had e"er known !e, and 8 knew nobody, that 8 !ight be ab e to fasten !en's attention to the truth, without the %ossibi ity of their f ying off to these horrid sus%icions#C +e wishes a so to ha"e another inter"iew with the %atriarch, that he !ay te hi! his who e heart, and see what he wi say# The %atriarch is not, he says, of a bad dis%osition by nature, and %erha%s if he cou d be %ersuaded that he was neither acting fro! re"enge nor fro! o"e of !oney, but si!% y fro! a con"iction of the truth, he wou d be softened in his fee ings, and so!ething !ight be done with hi! to the benefit of re igion# +e desired, a!ong other things, to %ro%ose, that an edition of the ;ew Testa!ent shou d be %rinted under the %atriarch's ins%ection at ,chooair, the ex%ense of which, Qif he choseR shou d be borne by the Eng ish#3F6 Visits the Patriar&h. J# For so!e ti!e, we had been ooking dai y for a regu ar exco!!unication to be %ub ished by the %atriarch's order against *saadB but instead of this, a etter arri"ed fro! his ho iness to&day, brought by his own brother, %riest ;icho as, containing his a%osto ic b essing, in"iting hi! to an inter"iew, and %ro!ising hi! a situation in so!e office# The !essenger said, that the %atriarch, his brother, had heard that the Eng ish had gi"en *saad 51 %urses,

Q/111 do arsR to unite hi! with the!, and that he had thought of gi"ing *saad the sa!e su!, that no obstac e !ight re!ain to his ea"ing the!# CThis !oney,C said he, Cwith which the Eng ish %rint books, and hire !en into their ser"ice is but the %e f of the !an of sin, and cou d you but be %resent to hear what the %eo% e say of you, through the who e country, for your associating with the Eng ish, you wou d ne"er be in their co!%any again#C @hen we were infor!ed of what occurred between this %riest and *saad, and of *saad's intention to go and see the %atriarch, we a ex%ressed our fears that he wou d be i &treated, but he did not antici%ate it# +e said, he had known an instance of a "i e infide and b as%he!er, who was si!% y exco!!unicated, and that it was not the custo! of the Maronites to ki , as we suggested, on account of re igion# @e assured hi! that he had not yet earned how !uch !en hate the truth, and that his church wou d not fee herse f ha f as !uch in danger fro! an o%en b as%he!er, as fro! an acti"e o"er of the gos%e # But he was so confident that good wou d resu t fro! such a "isit, that we ceased fro! urging our objections, and co!!ended hi! to the wi of God# 8t was during this "isit, that !ost of the con"ersations ha%%ened which are so ad!irab y narrated in the %ub ic state!ent !ade by hi!se f, which wi be found in the seEue # +e !anifested throughout, as the reader wi disco"er, the s%irit of the ear y christian confessors# +e denied the infa ibi ity of %o%es and counci sB asserted and defended the great doctrines of the gos%e , and besought, that the scri%tures !ight be circu ated, and read, and be !ade the on y standard of faith, and ru e of %ractice, and that e"ange ists !ight be sent through the and# *gainst such a for!idab e inno"ator, the %atriarch and his bisho%s rose u% in wrath, and *saad was threatened with i!%rison!ent and death# Two days after his de%arture, he thus wrote to Mr# Bird# C8 a! now at -er * !a, Qcon"ent of * !a,R and thanks to God, 8 arri"ed in good hea th# But as yet 8 ha"e not seen the %atriarch# 8 %ray God the Father, and his on y ,on Jesus 9hrist our 'ord, that he wou d estab ish !e in his o"e, that 8 !ay ne"er exchange it for any created thingDthat neither death, nor ife, nor things %resent, nor things to co!e, nor height, nor de%th, nor riches, nor honour, nor dignity, nor office, nor any thing in creation, sha se%arate !e fro! this o"e# 8 ho%e you wi %ray to God for !eB which reEuest 8 a so !ake to a the brethren and sisters, Qa the saints,R after gi"ing the!, es%ecia y Mr# Goode , abundant sa utations#C /5# +eard that *saad had been sent to the *r!enian con"ent BAu!ar, to confess, and that he wou d %robab y be sent to * e%%o as a %riest# *nother said, he was seen at the co ege of *in @arka# Is for&ibly detained. %eb. 00. Fearing for the safety of *saad, since hearing that he has not written to his friends, we this !orning sent a !essenger with a short note, to find hi!, and ascertain his state# /H# The !essenger returned, saying, that he yesterday went to the "i age, where he understood the %atriarch was, and found that he had just gone with a train of twenty !en, and *saad in co!%any, to -er * !a# 8n the !orning, he rose, went to that con"ent, and chanced to find *saad a one# *fter so!e

con"ersation, in which they were %ro"identia y not interru%ted, *saad handed hi! a hasty ine, and he returned# The ine was as fo ows( CMuch res%ected brother,D$our note has reached !e, and has added another %roof to the !any 8 ha"e had a ready, of your kind regard to !e# 8 now beseech you once !ore, to %ray for !e, that 8 !ay be de i"ered fro! the dark de"ices of !en# 8 find !yse f reduced to Euite an extre!ity# )ne or !ore of three things are before !eB either to be thought !ad, or to co!!it sin, or to offer u% !y ife 8 ca u%on God for de i"erance# 8 cannot now write fu y, but the bearer wi te you of a #C The !essenger said, that the e!ir of that district had threatened to send hi! to Bteddeen, to be i!%risoned# *saad re% ied, that he was ready to go to %rison and to death# +e was engaged in dai y dis%utations with the %atriarch and others# +is countenance wore a shade of !e ancho y, and his eyes were red with wee%ing# @hen it was %ro%osed by the !essenger to interfere with Eng ish authority for his rescue, he said such a course !ight exas%erate his ene!ies, and cost hi! his ife( it wou d be better to wait a whi e, and ea"e it for Pro"idence to o%en a way for his esca%e# This assurance of his steadfastness was ike a cordia to our s%irits, and was not without a good inf uence on so!e that are about us# By the grace of God, he wi witness a good confession before the dignitaries both of church and state, and by the sa!e grace, he !ay o%en the eyes of so!e of the! to the truth as it is in Jesus# To hi! that was with -anie and with the three chi dren in their dangers, we co!!end hi!# /5# 9a ed on the consu to inEuire what cou d be done for the %rotection or re ief of *saad# +e reco!!ended a course of !oderation and forbearance, and said it was not custo!ary to extend Eng ish %rotection to nati"es, when abroad on their own business# /J# Two young e!irs fro! +adet ca ed# 8 asked one of the! C@here is *saad ,hidiak at %resentTC +e re% ied, C+e is with the %atriarch#C C*nd is he contented thereTC C;ot "ery we contented# But what shou d he do, %oor fe ow, necessity is aid u%on hi!#C This re!ark %ro"es to us, that it is not a secret a!ong the %riests and e!irs, that *saad is detained against his wi # Mar&h -. * youth ca ed this !orning, and said *saad ,hidiak sent !e sa utation# +e showed !e a ine he had recei"ed fro! *saad the day before, saying, C8f you wi %ass this way about !idnight, 8 wi go with you to Beyroot#C )wing to so!e circu!stance, the young !an did not go to the con"ent, and now he %ro%osed to take a horse, by which *saad !ay esca%e to&night# *s we had not %erfect confidence in the youth, we did nothing, but ha"ing ascertained his % an, eft hi! to go on as he chose# 8n the e"ening, we had a season of %rayer, %articu ar y on his account# "s&apes and returns to #eyroot. /# .ose ear y, and re%aired to the roo!, where *saad wou d ha"e been, had he co!eB but there were no tidings fro! hi!# 'itt e ex%ectation re!ained of

his co!ing to&day, and we were not without our fears that the atte!%t had !iscarried# 8t was not ong, howe"er, before it was announced, that *saad was at the door# The !eeting was one of great joy and thanksgi"ing to us a #D*fter a itt e rest and refresh!ent, he ga"e us a brief account of his esca%e# +e had not seen the youth, who had undertaken to befriend hi!, but finding he did not ca the night before, as he ex%ected, he reso "ed not to wait another day# Therefore, at about twe "e o'c ock ast night, ha"ing written a %a%er and eft it on his bed, with the Euotation, C9o!e out of her !y %eo% e,C Kc# he set off on foot, co!!itting hi!se f to God for strength and %rotection# The darkness was such, that he often found hi!se f out of his road, so!eti!es !iring in !ud, and so!eti!es wading in ri"ers# *fter so!e hours of weariness and anxiety, he ca!e to the shore of the sea, where he found a arge boat thrown u%, under which he cast hi!se f, and obtained a itt e rest# *fter this, he continued his wa k without interru%tion, ti he reached Beyroot# 8n the course of the forenoon, a !essenger ca!e fro! the neighbouring shekh, or sheriff, reEuesting *saad to co!e and see hi!B adding, that if he did not co!e, he wou d watch an o%%ortunity to take his ife# The !essenger ca!e a second ti!e, and returned without acco!% ishing his object# @e afterwards wrote a ine to the shekh to say, that if he wou d fa"our us with a ca in %erson and take a cu% of coffee, he cou d ha"e the %ri"i ege of an inter"iew with *saad# Just as the note was sent, the consu %ro"identia y ca!e in, and the shekh found hi! ready to gi"e hi! a seasonab e re%ri!and for %resu!ing to threaten a %erson under Eng ish %rotection# The shekh dec ared, that he had ne"er sent such a !essageB that the !an who brought it was but an ass, and said it fro! his own brainB that ha"ing heard of *saad's arri"a , he !ere y wished to see whether the re%orts res%ecting his insanity were true or fa seB that *saad was his boso! friend, his own son, and that whate"er he had was hisB and that as for church, and %riests, and %atriarch, he cared for none of the!# Towards e"ening, the youth a ready !entioned entered the house, ready to faint with excessi"e fear and fatigue# +e had f ed fro! the !ountains in a haste, under the absurd a%%rehension, that he shou d be sus%ected and taken u% as an acco!% ice with *saad# +a"ing thrown hi!se f u%on a seat, and taken a itt e breath, he began to re ate what had ha%%ened# +e was at the con"ent, when it was first disco"ered that *saad had f ed# The %atriarch and his train were occu%ied in the re igious ser"ices of the !orning, so that no great sensation was at first a%%arent a!ong the!# )ne indi"idua s%oke bo d y in fa"our of *saad, saying, C@hy shou d he not ea"e youT @hat induce!ent had he to re!ain hereT @hat had he here to doT @hat had he to enjoyT Books he had noneB friend y society noneB con"ersation against re igion abundantB insu ts u%on his o%inions and his fee ings abundant# @hy shou d he not ea"e youTC )thers, es%ecia y the great ones, %itied the %oor !aniac, Qas they ca ed hi!,R and sent in Euest of hi! to e"ery direction, est %erad"enture, he !ight be found star"ing in so!e ca"ern, or f oating in the sea, or dashed in %ieces at the botto! of a %reci%ice# )n earning of *saad a that had %assed during his absence, we reEuested hi! to write a state!ent of the facts so!ewhat in the for! of a journa # @e

wished this not on y for our own infor!ation, but to %roduce it to those who sha inEuire on the subject of *saad's unacy hereafter# Publi& Statement of Asaad Shidia . #eyroot( Mar&h -,0*. .es%ected Brethren and Friends,D,ince !any ha"e heard a re%ort, that 8 ha"e beco!e insaneB and others, that 8 ha"e beco!e a hereticB 8 ha"e wished to write an account of !yse f in few words, and then et e"ery ref ecting !an judge for hi!se f, whether 8 a! !ad, or a! s anderedB whether fo owing after heresy, or after the truth of the orthodox faith# E"ery serious !an of understanding wi concede, that true re igion is not that of co!%u sion, nor that which !ay be bought and so dB but that which %roceeds fro! attending to the word of God, be ie"ing it, and endea"ouring to wa k according to it to the g ory of God, and that e"ery one, whose object is so e y contention, and who does not obey the truth, but fo ows after unrighteousness, is far distant fro! the true re igion# This is the standard, by which 8 wou d be judged by e"ery one who reads this narrati"e# *bout eight or nine !onths ago, 8 was e!% oyed, by an *!erican by the na!e of J# <ing, in teaching hi! the ,yriac anguage# *t that ti!e, 8 was "ery fond of engaging with hi! in dis%utatious con"ersations, to %ro"e hi! to be in errorB but with none but wor d y !oti"es, to dis% ay !y ta ents and know edge, and acEuire the %raise of !en# *fter this, 8 a%% ied !yse f to reading of the word of God with intense interest# ;ow this %erson wrote a farewe etter to his friends, in which he excuses hi!se f fro! uniting hi!se f with the .o!an 9atho ic church# *fter reading this etter, 8 found, in the +o y scri%tures, !any %assages, which !ade against the o%inions of the writer# These %assages 8 se ected, and fro! the! and other e"idences, co!%osed a re% y to hi!# But when 8 was co%ying the first rough draught of the sa!e, and had arri"ed to the answer to the ast of the objections, which he said %re"ented his beco!ing a !e!ber of the .o!an 9atho ic church, "iA( that the .o!an 9atho ic church teaches, that it is wrong for the co!!on %eo% e to %ossess or read the word of God but that they ought to earn fro! the %o%es and counci s, 8 obser"ed the writer brings a %roof against the doctrine fro! the %ro%het 8saiah, "iA( CTo the aw and to the testi!ony, if they s%eak not according to !y word, it is because there is no ight in the!#C @hi e 8 was endea"ouring to ex% ain this %assage a so, according to the "iews of the .o!an 9atho ic church, with no other object than the %raise of !en, and other wor d y !oti"es, 8 chanced to read the /Ith cha%ter of 8saiah, fro! the F0th "erse to the end# 8 read, and was afraid# 8 !editated u%on the cha%ter a ong whi e, and feared that 8 was doing what 8 did, with a !oti"e far different fro! the on y %ro%er one, "iA# the g ory and the % easure of God# 8 therefore threw by !y %a%er without finishing the co%y, and a%% ied !yse f di igent y to the reading of the %ro%hecy of 8saiah# 8 had wished to find, in the %ro%hets, % ain %roofs, by which to estab ish, beyond contradiction, that Jesus 9hrist is the Messiah, so ong ex%ected fro! ancient daysB %roofs that !ight be !ade use of in answer to Mos e!s and Jews# @hi e 8 was thus searching, 8 found "arious %assages, that wou d bear an ex% anation according to !y "iews, but did not find the! sufficient to enforce con"iction

on others, unti 8 fina y ca!e to the 0/d cha%ter F5th "erse, and onward to the end of the next cha%ter# )n finding this testi!ony, !y heart rejoiced, and was exceeding g ad, for it re!o"ed !any dark doubts fro! !y own !ind a so# Fro! that ti!e, !y desire to read the ;ew Testa!ent, that 8 !ight disco"er the best !eans of acting according to the doctrines of Jesus, was great y increased# 8 endea"oured to di"est !yse f of a se fish bias, and o"ed !ore and !ore to inEuire into re igious subjects# 8 saw, and continue to see, !any of the doctrines of the .o!an 9atho ic church, which 8 cou d not be ie"e, and which 8 found o%%osed to the truths of the Gos%e B and 8 wished !uch to find so!e of her best teachers to ex% ain the! to !e, that 8 !ight see how they %ro"ed the! fro! the +o y scri%tures# *s 8 was reading an a%%endix to a co%y of the sacred scri%tures, %rinted at .o!e by the Pro%aganda, and searching out the %assages referred to, for %ro"ing the duty of worshi%%ing saints, and other si!i ar doctrines, 8 found that these %roofs fai ed a together of estab ishing the %oints in Euestion, and that to infer such doctrines fro! such %re!ises, was e"en worthy of ridicu e# *!ong other things, in this a%%endix, 8 found the "ery horrib e 'eronian doctrines, that it is our duty to destroy hereti&s # ;ow e"ery one knows, that whoe"er does not be ie"e that the %o%e is infa ib e, is a heretic in his o%inions# This doctrine is not !ere y that it is allowable to ki heretics, but that we are bound to do it# Fro! this 8 was the !ore estab ished in !y con"ictions against the doctrines of the %o%e, and saw that they were the doctrines of the ra"enous beast, and not of the gent e a!b# *fter 8 had read this, 8 asked one of the %riests in Beyroot res%ecting this doctrine, and he assured !e, that it was e"en so as 8 had read# 8 then wished to go to so!e % ace, though it !ight be a distant country, that 8 !ight find so!e !an of the .o!an 9atho ic church sufficient y earned to %ro"e the doctrine abo"e a uded to# *fter this, as 8 was at Beyroot teaching a few Greek youths the *rabic gra!!ar, 8 recei"ed a etter fro! his ho iness the Maronite %atriarch, saying, that if 8 did not cease fro! a assistance whate"er to the Eng ish, and that if 8 did not ea"e the! within one day, 8 shou d, ipso fa&to, fa under the hea"iest exco!!unication# Thinking, as 8 did, that obeying !y su%eriors, in a things not sinfu , was we and good, 8 did not de ay to ea"e, and so went to !y friends at +adetB but sti thinking "ery !uch on the subject of re igion, so that so!e %eo% e thought !e !e ancho y# 8 o"ed exceeding y to con"erse on re igious subjects, indeed 8 took no % easure in any wor d y concerns, and found a wor d y %ossessions "ain# *fter this, 8 recei"ed a second etter fro! his ho iness the %atriarch, in which he said thus( C*fter we had written you the first etter, we wrote you a secondB see that you act according to it# *nd if you fu fi a that was co!!anded in it, and co!e u% to us when we co!e to <esran, we wi %ro"ide you a situation#C But 8 saw that nothing, in which 8 was accusto!ed to take de ight, % eased !e any onger# 8 returned again, after so!e ti!e, to BeyrootB and after 8 had been there no ong ti!e, +oory ;ico as arri"ed, brother to his ho iness the re"# %atriarch, with a reEuest fro! the atter, to co!e and see hi!, which 8 hastened to do# +oory ;ico as then began to con"erse with !e, in the way of re%ri!and, for being in connexion with the Eng ish# 8 re% ied that, as we ought not to deny the unity of God, because the Musse !ans be ie"e it, so we ought not to hate the gos%e

because the Eng ish o"e it# +e then began to te !e of the wish of his ho iness, the re"# %atriarch, that 8 shou d co!e out to hi!, and of his great o"e to !eB and said that he Qthe %atriarchR had heard, that 8 had recei"ed thirty or forty %urses of !oney fro! the Eng ishB and he assured !e of their readiness not to suffer this to be any hindrance to !y co!ing out fro! the!# ;ow if !y object were !oney, as so!e see!ed to think, 8 had then a fair o%%ortunity to te hi! a fa sehood, and say, C8 indeed recei"ed fro! the Eng ish that su!, but 8 ha"e ex%ended so and so, and cannot ea"e the! un ess 8 restore the who e#C 8n this way 8 !ight ha"e contri"ed to take what 8 wished# $et 8 did not so answer hi!, but dec ared to hi! the truth, how !uch wages 8 had recei"ed, and which was nothing extraordinary# +e then ga"e !e a %a%er fro! his ho iness the %atriarch, in which he says, C$ou wi ha"e recei"ed fro! us an answer, reEuesting that when we co!e to * !a, you wi co!e u% and see us# @e ex%ect your %resence, and, if God % ease, we wi %ro"ide you so!e %ro%er situation, with an inco!e that sha be sufficient for your sustenance# -e ay not your co!ing, est the %resent ha%%y o%%ortunity shou d %ass by#C <nowing, as 8 did, that !any %eo% e su%%osed !y object, in continuing with the Eng ish, to be gain, 8 did not de ay fu fi ing the reEuest of his re"erence, ho%ing to re!o"e this sus%icion, and to enjoy an o%%ortunity of s%eaking the truth without being hired to do it# ,o, about the 2th of January, 8 eft Beyroot, with +oory ;ico as, and arri"ed at -er * !a the sa!e night# +is ho iness, the %atriarch, was not there# )n the next day, when he ca!e, 8 !et hi!, and sa uted hi! in the road# 8n the e"ening he ca ed !e into his cha!ber, and began to ask !e Euestions, that he !ight disco"er what 8 wasB and 8 answered hi! te ing hi! the who e truth, a though this course was o%%osed to !y %ersona con"enience# *t this he see!ed sur%rised, for he !ust ha"e %ercei"ed it was contrary to what he had been accusto!ed to see in !e# *fterwards, when 8 dec ared to hi!, that 8 ne"er had before been a be ie"er, according to the true i"ing faith, he was %robab y sti !ore astonished# +e then asked !e if 8 be ie"ed as the .o!ish church be ie"ed# 8 again to d hi! the truth, that 8 did not# +e asked then what was !y faith, and 8 answered to the fo owing %ur%ort, CTrue and i"ing faith !ust be di"ine, connected with ho%e, o"e and re%entance, and that a these "irtues are the gift of God Kc#B that 8 be ie"ed the truth as God had ins%ired itB and that it wou d be but a ie, if 8 shou d say that 8 be ie"ed as the .o!ish church does, whi e in fact 8 do not# 8 !ust ha"e %roofs#C *fter so!e con"ersation ike this, he to d !e that this doctrine of !ine was heretica , and that as ong as 8 re!ained in this state of o%inion, he wou d suffer no one to ha"e intercourse with !e in buying and se ing, Kc# This %rohibition of his brought to !y !ind the words in the .e"e ation, xiii, F2# 3G6 Then he ga"e !e to understand, that if, after three days, 8 did not get back out of this state, 8 !ust no !ore enter the church# *t other ti!es, he wished !e to swear by the eucharist and by the gos%e , that !y faith was ike the faith of the .o!an catho ic church# +e asked !e if 8 was a Bib e !anB 8 re% ied, C8 do not fo ow the o%inions of the Bib e !enB but if you think !e a Bib e !an on account of the o%inions 8 ha"e ad"anced, "ery we #C The su! of what 8 said was, that without e"idence 8 cou d not be ie"e what the .o!ish church be ie"es# Fro! that ti!e, after three days, 8 did not enter the church for a s%ace# ,o!e ti!e %assed again, and the %atriarch inEuired

of !e !y faith# 8 then ex% ained to hi! what 8 be ie"ed res%ecting the unity and trinity of God, and that the Messiah was one %erson with two natures, and that the +o y ,%irit %roceeds fro! the Father and ,on# Then arose a dis%utation about, who is the ?icar that 9hrist has a%%ointed to ex% ain his aw# 8 answered in substance as 8 afterwards did in writing, that by reason, and earning, and %rayer to God, with %urity of !oti"e, we !ay know, fro! the ho y scri%tures, e"ery thing necessary to our sa "ation# This was the %ur%ort of !y re% y, which %erha%s was not ex%ressed with sufficient c earness, or %erha%s 8 was not ab e to say it in the !anner that was a%%ro%riate, for such a tu!u t and stor! were excited in the co!%any that they see!ed to !e to be intent on o"erco!ing !e by dint of "ociferation, rather than by argu!ent, and to drown !y "oice, rather than to understand !y o%inions# @hen, after so!e days, ca!e bisho% *bda a B abu and Padre Bernardus of GAir, the %atriarch one day ca ed !e to the! in his cha!ber, and asked !e what 8 wished, whether !oney or office, or whate"er it !ight be, %ro!ising to gratify !e, s%eaking of his o"e to !e and of his great interest in !y we fare# These %rofessions 8 know to be sincere, but they are according to the wor d, and not according to the Gos%e # 8 assured hi! that 8 wanted nothing of the things he had !entionedB that 8 was sub!issi"e and obedient to hi!B and that if he thought of !e, that 8 had taken !oney of the Eng ish, he was we co!e to shut !e u% in !y cha!ber as to a %rison, and take fro! !e e"ery thing that 8 %ossessedB that 8 wished fro! the! !ere y !y necessary food and c othing, and that 8 wou d gi"e the! this assurance in writing# The bisho% and %riest then begged !e, in %resence of the %atriarch, to say that !y faith was ike that of the .o!ish church# 8 re% ied, that 8 feared to te a fa sehood by saying a thing, whi e actua y, in !y reason, 8 did not be ie"e it# CBut,C said they, Cthe %atriarch here wi abso "e you fro! the sin of the fa sehood#C 8 turned to the Patriarch and %ut the Euestion whether he wou d so abso "e !e# +e answered, that he wou d# 8 said, C@hat the aw of nature itse f conde!ns, it is out of the %ower of any !an to !ake awfu #C +e then again asked !e what 8 wished to do# 8 said, 8 wish to go and see the *r!enian %atriarch Gregory, and inEuire of hi! what 8 ought to do# +e consented, and reEuested !e, when 8 had done this, to return to hi!, to which 8 agreed# 8 was acco!%anied by a %riest fro! the station of the %atriarch to the 9o ege of *in @arka, where 8 found +oory Jose%h ,haheen, with who! 8 con"ersed a considerab e ti!e, and with great % easureB for 8 found that for hi!se f, he did not be ie"e that the %o%e was infa ib e in !atters of faith, that is to say, un ess in concert with the congregated church# 8 then began to confess to hi!( but when 8 saw that he he d steadfast y so!e o%inions for no other reason than that the church so be ie"ed, and without bringing any %ro%er e"idence of the fact, "iA# fro! counci s or fro! the fathers, and burst out u%on !e with exceeding bitter words, saying, C<now that the church neither decei"es, nor is decei"ed, and be EuietBC and when 8 wished hi! to instruct !e according to the word of God, with the si!% e object of g orifying God and fu fi ing his wi , 8 saw that he was not dis%osed to su%%ort any o%inion because it was according to the word of God, but because so thought the churchB and 8 saw hi! a so ready to retain these o%inions, a though 8 shou d bring the strongest e"idences

against the! fro! the ho y ,cri%tures# +e to d !e that it was i!%ossib e for hi! to teach any thing contrary to the counci of Trent# ,o 8 found 8 cou d not recei"e his syste!, because, though you shou d shew hi! that it was wrong, he wou d not gi"e it u%, est with it he shou d be ob iged to gi"e u% his office# 8 therefore to d hi!, you are bound, i# e# shut u% as between wa s, by the doctrines of the %o%e and the counci of Trent# 8n con"ersation on the i!ages, he wou d ha"e %ro"ed their %ro%riety fro! Baronius' church history# @e found this author Euoting the sacred scri%tures to %ro"e that our ,a"iour sent a %icture of hi!se f to the king of *bgar# 8 dec ared that it was fa se, in so far as he stated that the Gospel !ade any such state!ent, and on that account 8 cou d not be ie"e the story# To this he ga"e !e no answer# *fter this, as we were reading the book, and found a state!ent res%ecting the bisho%s co ected in 9onstantino% e, to the nu!ber of HFHB that they decreed the abo ition of the use of i!ages, because it was ido atrous, and that in the c earest ter!s,D8 asked hi! the Euestion, C8f an asse!b y co!%osed of the bisho%s of the church were infa ib e, how is it that this counci is said to ha"e co!!itted an errorTC *bout this ti!e, 8 heard that a certain indi"idua wished to con"erse with !e on the subject of re igion, which rejoiced !e exceeding y, and 8 was i!%atient for an inter"iew# +e ca!e on a ,abbath day to *in @arka, for the study of the *rabic gra!!ar, according to his custo!, and we had a short con"ersation together on works un awfu on the ,abbath day, and other subjects# +e then excused hi!se f fro! further con"ersation for want of ti!eB but %ro!ised that when we shou d !eet again, he ho%ed to ha"e a sufficient o%%ortunity to dwe on these subjects at arge# 8 continued at *in @arka the who e week, reading with the rest at %rayers and confessing to +oory Jose%h abo"e !entionedB and on the next 'ord's day, the *r!enian %riest aforesaid ca!e again, and 8 fu y ex%ected to ha"e ti!e and o%%ortunity to ascertain his o%inionsB but 8 was disa%%ointed againB for he wished to ha"e the dis%ute carried on in writing, and to ha"e an assistant with hi!, with other conditions# 8n these circu!stances 8 fai ed of !y objectB but was on the who e !ore inc ined than before to recei"e the doctrines of the .o!ish churchB since the %riest had %ro!ised to bring his e"idence, on a %oints, fro! the word of God, that they Qthe %a%istsR were wa king in ight and not in darkness# *t this ti!e one infor!ed !e that his ho iness, bisho% Jacob, su%erior of the con"ent of BAu!ar, wished to see !e# *nd because +oory Jose%h, at first to d !e that this state in which 8 had fa en was a te!%tation of ,atan, and at one ti!e shewed !e that it was usua for %eo% e, when they ca!e to the age of !anhood, to be te!%ted on the subject of their re igion, and at another, assured !e, that this was a state of de iriu!(Dand again, because 8 had heard for!er y that this bisho% Jacob had hi!se f been de irious, and that he was a !an of infor!ation, 8 wished "ery !uch to see hi!B and on the sa!e day 8 went to +oory Jose%h and dec ared to hi! % ain y !y o%inions, and shewed hi! that the beast !entioned in the .e"e ation was a figure, as the a!b e"ident y was, and how dreadfu !ust be the tor!ents of those who worshi% the i!age of the beast# 8 then disc osed to hi! !y intention of going u% to the con"ent of BAu!ar, where were the %atriarch Gregory, bisho% Jacob, and the *r!enian %riest a ready !entioned#

8 set off the sa!e day, and on !y arri"a sa uted the %atriarch, and on the sa!e night reasoned on the subjects of faith, ho%e and o"e# 8t a%%eared that the %atriarch's o%inion was, that a !an !ay be %ossessed of i"ing faith, faith unto sa "ation, a though he shou d fee nothing in his heart# 8 answered hi! with a Euotation fro! ,t# Pau , C@ith the heart !an be ie"eth unto righteousness, and with the !outh confession is !ade unto sa "ation#C But this did not con"ince hi!# +e ex% ained the heart to !ean the will# 8t then a%%eared to !e that he was not a true be ie"er, and fro! that ti!e forward 8 cou d not be ie"e hi!, as 8 wou d be ie"e a rea 9hristian, but 8 wished to hear his wor d y argu!ents# )n the fo owing day, 8 asked hi! how it can he said, that the %o%e was infa ib e if there were no %roofs of the fact to be brought# 8 asked hi! if this %retension of the %o%e was that of an a%ost e, or a %ro%hetT if an a%ost e, or a %ro%het, he cou d not be be ie"ed without !irac es, and that we christians were not to be ie"e any one, though he were to bring down fire fro! +ea"en#3+6 +is re% ies to !e were weakB and after considerab e con"ersation on what is the church of 9hrist, on the ignorance that is %ardonab e, Kc# he began to %ro"e that if the %o%e is not infa ib e, then there is no reli1ion, no 1ospel, and e"en no God# But 8 obser"ed a his %roofs so weak, that 8 cou d not be con"inced, and 8 fe into dee% %er% exity as to what 8 shou d do# For so!eti!es 8 great y endea"oured to sub!it !y judg!ent to his ru es and o%inions, and !ade these efforts unti !y "ery head wou d ache# The next day 8 asked hi! what was that 1reat &ity, ru ing o"er the kings of the earth, !entioned in the .e"# x"ii, FGT *fter he had brought his book of co!!entaries, he answered that it was .o!e, which is a so ca ed s%iritua Baby on, or Babe , and after wishing !e to yie d to his o%inion or that of the book, he said nothing !ore# Fro! this ti!e 8 was with the %atriarch e"ery day for three or four hours, and his best ad"ice to !e was, to %ray to ,t# *ntony of Padua, together with one re%etition of the 'ord's %rayer, and one of +ai Mary, Kc# e"ery day for three days# @hen 8 was thus in doubt fro! the weakness of their %roofs, one of the !onks said to !e, C8f you wish to know 1ood toba&&o, ask the %atriarch#C 8 ho%ed that this %riest wou d ex% ain to !e those doctrines of the .o!ish church, which 8 cou d not be ie"eB so 8 went into his cha!ber and Euestioned hi! "ery %articu ar y on a %oints# +e ex%ressed his wish that we !ight discuss together a the %oints one by one, but on condition that the %atriarch Jose%h shou d a%%oint hi! to do so# +e to d !e he had in his %ossession a book refuting the o%inions of 'uther and 9a "in# 8 begged %er!ission to read itB but he refused, te ing !e that the doctrines of the church a re!ained unrefuted# +e wished !e to go down to the %atriarch Jose%h on this business# ,o after a stay of four days fro! !y arri"a , 8 de%arted for *in @arka according to !y %ro!ise to +oory Jose%h# +ere 8 found one of !y friends of who! 8 had heard that he had been "ery !uch astonished at !y connexion with the Bib e !en# *fter 8 had seen hi!, and had con"ersed with hi! a itt e on so!e %oints, he wou d no onger hear !e, fearing a!ong other things est he shou d be craAed# @hen we touched on the subject of the great city abo"e !entioned, he to d !e that he had seen a book of co!!entaries on the .e"e ation, which !ade the city c ear y to be .o!e# *t this 8 wondered great y, since the !eaning was so c ear that not e"en the teachers of the .o!ish church herse f cou d deny it# 8 then finished !y confession to +oory Jose%h ,haheen, and about sunset the sa!e

day, went down to the %atriarch to the con"ent * !a# +e reEuested !e again to write a %a%er stating that !y faith was according to the faith of the .o!ish church# Fro! this 8 excused !yse f, begging that such a thing !ight not be reEuired of !e, for the counci of Trent had added nothing to the ru e of faith, which was estab ished by that of ;ice, which begins, C8 be ie"e in one God,C Kc# * short s%ace after, 8 ga"e hi! !y ad"ice, with !odest argu!ents, and !i d suggestions, on his duty to cause the gos%e to be %reached in the church a!ong the Maronite %eo% eB and offered hi! the o%inion that this shou d be done by the %riests in the "u gar anguage, e"ery ,abbath day, for the s%ace of one or two hoursB and if this shou d a%%ear too burthenso!e to the %eo% e, to take off fro! the! so!e of the feast days# *fter this, 8 re!ained si ent in !y cha!ber near to his ownB and as there ca!e to !e a few of the deacons of the %atriarch, and others, 8 read to the! at their reEuest in the ;ew Testa!ent %rinted in .o!e# But in a itt e ti!e after, 8 entered !y roo!, and found in it none of a the books that had been there, neither ;ew Testa!ent nor any other, and 8 knew that the %atriarch had gi"en the order for this %ur%ose, for he re%ro"ed !e for reading the gos%e to the!, but he cou d accuse !e of no fa se or erroneous ex% anations, or that 8 taught the! any thing heretica # )ne day after this, he ca ed !e to his %resence and began to threaten !e in a !ost unusua !anner# 8 said, C@hat do you wish of !e, your re"erenceT @hat ha"e 8 done, and what wou d you ha"e !e doT @hat is !y sin, exce%t that 8 con"ersed with so!e indi"idua s, shewing the! the errors of the church of .o!eTC Then he reEuested !e again, to say, that 8 be ie"ed as did that church, and said, gras%ing !e fir! y by the chin, Csee how 8 wi take you if you do not re%ent#C 8 begged hi! to a%%oint so!e one to shew !e the truth, by way of discussion, but he wou d not, and continued ex%ressing his own senti!ent, that we are bound to ho d fast to the church, e"en to such a ength, that if she shou d e"en reject the gos%e , we shou d reject it too# *nd here 8 wish to say a word to e"ery reader that regards and o"es the truthB how does such doctrine a%%ear to youT and how cou d 8 be ie"e in a which the .o!ish church ho ds, without nowin1 a of itT and how cou d 8 say, without a ie, that 8 be ie"e, when 8 do not be ie"eT @hen 8 saw the %atriarch breaking out with an exceeding oud and unusua "oice, 8 was afraid that 8 shou d be found a!ong Cthe fearful,C Q.e"# xxi# G#R and rose to de%art# @hen 8 reached the door, 8 turned and said to hi!, C8 wi ho d fast the re igion of Jesus 9hrist, and 8 a! ready for the sake of it to shed !y b oodB and though you shou d a beco!e infide s, yet wi not 8BC and so eft the roo!# )ne of !y friends to d !e, that he had suggested to the %atriarch the grand reason why 8 did not be ie"e in the %o%e, which was, that a!ong other doctrines of his, he taught, that he cou d not co!!it an error, and that now, though a %o%e shou d see any one of his %redecessors had erred, he cou d not say this, for fear that he a so shou d a%%ear to be an unbe ie"er# This friend a so to d !e, that the %atriarch wondered how 8 shou d %retend that 8 he d to the 9hristian re igion, and sti con"erse in such abusi"e ter!s against itB and I a so wondered, that after he saw this, he shou d not be wi ing so !uch as to ask !e, in !i dness, and se f&%ossession, and forbearance, for what reasons 8 was unwi ing to recei"e the doctrines of the %o%e, or to say 8 be ie"ed as he didB but he wou d not consent that the abo"e

!entioned *r!enian %riest shou d ho d a discussion with !e, and !ore than this, aid e"ery %erson, and e"en his own brother, under exco!!unication, if he shou d %resu!e to dis%ute or con"erse with !e on the subject of re igion# :nder this %rohibition fro! con"ersation, and this berea"e!ent of books, fro! what Euarter cou d 8 get the necessary e"idence to be ie"e in their o%inionT *nother cause 8 had of wonder, which was, that not one of a with who! 8 con"ersed, after he saw !e to be heretica and dec ining fro! the truth, thought %ro%er to ad"ise !e to use the on y !eans of beco!ing strong in the faith, "iA# %rayer to God the Most +igh, and searching his +o y @ord, which a chi d !ay understand# 8 wondered, too, that they shou d ridicu e !e, and re%ort !e abroad as one !ad and after a this, be so fearfu to engage in a dis%ute with the !ad!an, est he shou d "anEuish the! in argu!ent, or s%oi their understandings, or turn the! away fro! the truth# *fter so!e ti!e ca!e the bisho% of Beyroot# 8 ga"e hi! the usua sa utation, and was great y rejoiced to see hi!, as 8 knew the exce ency of his understanding, and his Euickness of a%%rehension, and ho%ed that, after so!e discussion between us, he wou d ex% ain the truth, and that he wou d rest on c ear e"idence to su%%ort his "iews# But in this case a so, 8 was disa%%ointedB for one day, when 8 asked hi! a Euestion, and during the who e short con"ersation which fo owed, whene"er 8 began to bring e"idence against hi!, he was angry, and fina y dro"e !e fro! !y cha!ber in a fury, and that with no other cause, as he %retended, than that he did not wish to con"erse with a heretic# ,o!e ti!e after this, +oory Jose%h ,haheen ca!e down to the con"ent of * !a, and 8 endea"oured to get hi! to unite with !e in %ersuading the %atriarch to send out a!ong the %eo% e %reachers of the gos%e , or that there shou d be %reaching in the churches as before !entioned# But he wou d not co&o%erate with !e in this, and 8 was again disa%%ointed# Then, when the %atriarch and the bisho% of Beyroot wished to dis%ute with !e, 8 ex%ressed the ho%e that the discussion !ight be in !eekness, and without anger# 8t was conc uded that the discussion shou d be in writing, that no one afterwards shou d be ab e to a ter what he had once said# They then co!!enced by asking !e EuestionsB the first Euestion was, in a!ount, this, C+as the Messiah gi"en us a new awTC *t first, 8 did not grant that he had, strict y s%eaking, gi"en us a new aw, and Euoted the words of John, that Cthe aw was gi"en by Moses, but grace and truth ca!e by Jesus 9hristBC but when 8 afterwards saw that by Ca new law,C they !eant !ere y the gos%e , or the ;ew Testa!ent, 8 answered in the affir!ati"e# They then asked !e if there was not to be found in this new aw so!e obscurities# 8 answered, C$es#C They then asked !e, ,u%%ose any difference of senti!ent shou d arise between the teachers of 9hristianity, how are we to distinguish the truth fro! the errorT 8 answered thusBDC@e ha"e no other !eans of arri"ing at the truth, than searching the word of God, with earning, and reason, and inEuiry of earned s%iritua teachers, with %urity of !oti"e, and with disinterestedness of inc ination# 8f the obscurities of the word of God cannot be understood by these !eans, our ignorance is excusab e, and wi not %re"ent our sa "ation# 8f the %assages, which sti re!ain obscure, concern faith, it is sufficient for a !an to say, 8 be ie"e according as the truth is in itse f before God, or 8 be ie"e in the thing as God ins%ired it to the writer# *nd

if the obscurity res%ects our %ractice, after !aking use of the !eans abo"e !entioned, if that branch of our %ractice be forbidden, or under a doubt, desist fro! it, but if it is not forbidden, do it, and #lessed is he that &ondemneth not himself in the thin1 whi&h he alloweth.C *fter 8 had gi"en the! this answer, they brought no e"idence to %ro"e any error in it, and !oreo"er afterwards ne"er %ut to !e any Euestion to writing# )nce, as 8 was wa king with the bisho% of Beyroot, he began to te !e how !uch they a fe t for !eB and how unwi ing they shou d be to %ut !e in chains to die a ingering deathB and that were it not for the sy!%athy and their o"e towards !e, there were %eo% e who had con"ersed with the!, who were ready to take !y ife# ,o!e further con"ersation %assed, and 8 began to introduce the subject of re igion, and to ask how we cou d be ie"e in the %o%e that he was infa ib e# +e Euoted for %roof the words of our ,a"iour, $hou art Peter( :&. 8 asked hi! if it was %ro%er to su%%ose that a things bestowed on Peter, were a so gi"en to the %o%eT 8f so, why does not the %o%e s%eak with tonguesB and why is he not secure fro! the e"i effects of %oison, Kc#T +e answered, that these ast things were not necessary# CBut how do you %ro"e it necessary,C said 8, Cthat the %o%e shou d not errT 8s it not sufficient if any one has doubts, to ask his teacher who is not infa ib eT if you say yes, then the o%inion of the fa ib e !an wi answer# But if you say no, and that we must go to the %o%e, what !ust beco!e of the !an who dies before the answer of the %o%e can reach hi!TC +e then resorted to another !ode of %roof, saying, C8s it not desirab e that the %o%e shou d be infa ib eTC 8 assured hi! 8 wished he !ight be so# C@e , is not God ab e to render hi! soTC C$es, +e is ab e to do a things#C +e wished to infer his %oint fro! these two %re!ises# But 8 said, Cyour reasoning with regard to the pope, !ay be a%% ied to a the bisho%s of the churchB for it is desirab e that they shou d a be infa ib e, and God is ab e to !ake the! so#C +e said, C;o, for the bisho%s fee ing ess their need of the %o%e, wou d not ook to hi!, or sub!it to hi! as their head, and then there wou d be di"isions and contentions in the church#C But why, said 8, did not di"isions and contentions arise a!ong the a%ost esT @ere they not a infa ib e as we as PeterT +e wou d not say they were infa ib e# 8 to d hi!, that was an o%inion that cou d not be be ie"ed, that the %o%e was infa ib e, and the a%ost es notB for it was we known to a , that the +o y ,%irit descended u%on the a%ost es in a %ecu iar !anner# 8 asked hi! again, how it cou d be !ade to a%%ear that di"isions wou d be %roduced if a bisho%s were infa ib e, for if they were a of one o%inion, as they of course wou d be, their union !ust be the !ore %erfect# @e con"ersed farther at so!e ength, when he conc uded by saying, C$ou are %ossessed of a de"i #C The next day, as the %atriarch and the bisho% of Beyroot were seated under a tree without the con"ent, 8 went out to the!, and said, C$our ho iness sent to !e to co!e hither for e!% oy!ent, and 8 ca!e, and ha"e re!ained here a considerab e ti!e# @hat do you wish !e to do for you, for 8 cannot re!ain here in id enessTC +e said, C@hat do you wish to doTC 8f your ho iness % eases, that 8 teach in the schoo of *in @arka, 8 wi do that# C;o, 8 cannot ha"e you go to *in @arka, to corru%t the !inds of those who are studying science, and to contradict !y o%inions#C But 8 wi instruct in gra!!ar# C;o, the youths of the co ege are now attending to moral science#C @e , 8 on y beg you wi et !e know what 8 a! to do, and if you ha"e no e!% oy!ent for

!e, 8 wish to return ho!e# The bisho% here broke in u%on the con"ersation, saying, 8 wi not suffer you to go back a!ong !y f ock to decei"e the!, and turn the! away to heresy# @i you then debar !e, said 8, fro! !y ho!eT 8f so, et !e know where 8 sha go, what 8 sha doT The bisho% then said to the %atriarch, C8ndeed 8 wi not suffer this !an to go abroad a!ong !y %eo% e, for he is e"en atte!%ting to !ake heretics of us a so#C $es re% ied the %atriarch, it wi not do after this, to afford hi! a residence in any %art of the and# The bisho% then turned to !e, in the bitterest anger and rage, re"i ing !e and saying, C8f you go a!ong !y %eo% e again, 8 wi send and take your ife, though it be in the boso! of your own house#C 8 said, C@e , what wou d you ha"e !e to do, and what wi you do with !eT 8f you wish to ki !e, or shut !e u% in %rison, or gi"e !e u% to the go"ern!ent, or whate"er it !ay be, 8 wish to know it#C C$ou !ust wait here ti s%ring or su!!er,C said the %atriarch, Cand then we sha see how you are#C 8 answered hi! in the words of that christian who was gi"en by his judge ten days to de iberate whether he wou d worshi% an i!age( C 8onsider the time already past( and do what you please.C 8 asked the bisho% his reasons for wishing to ki !e# @hat e"i had 8 doneT +e was fi ed with high and bitter indignation, saying, C@hat, !iscreantS ,ha we et you go forth to corru%t !y f ock for !eT 8s not what has %assed enoughTC 8 rose and said to the!, CGod at east is with !e,C and eft the!# The %atriarch sent after !e his ne%hew, reEuesting !e, in soothing words to return, and saying that he wou d do what 8 wished# But when 8 conte!% ated the hardness of heart !anifested by the bisho%, 8 cou d not restrain !yse f fro! re%ro"ing hi!, ho%ing that he wou d grow !i d# 8 said, therefore, C)ur 'ord Jesus 9hrist said, out of the abundan&e of the heart the mouth spea eth, and that ,atan, who was in his heart, wished to ki !e, for ,atan was a !urderer fro! the beginning#C 8 to d hi!, !oreo"er, that he was not a true disci% e of 9hrist# *nd when 8 had eft the! a second ti!e, the %atriarch again sent his ne%hew to enEuire of !e what 8 wishedB whether it was !oney, or what e se, %ro!ising that he wou d answer !y enEuiries# 8 returned and to d hi!, that 8 had a reEuest to !ake of one thin1 only, and that 8 ho%ed he wou d answer !e, not as to a itt e chi d, who wou d ask a chi dish thing# +e asked !e what it was# 8 said 8 ha"e to ask of you the fa"our to send fro! your %riests two faithfu !en to %reach the gos%e through the country, and 8 a! ready, if necessary, to se a that 8 %ossess to gi"e to the! as %art of their wages# +e %ro!ised !e it shou d be done# But 8 had reason to ex%ect that he wou d recei"e such a reEuest as fro! the !outh of one out of his reason# ;ow there was at the con"ent a !an ca ed +oory Gabrie , who was said to be insane, and was known to a his acEuaintance as a !an that ne"er wou d say a word on the subject of re igion, and he was a scribe of the %atriarch, and fro! the ti!e of !y arri"a unti that day, had ne"er asked !e a sing e Euestion about !y faith, or o%inions, nor had gi"en !e the east word of ad"ice about any of !y errors# The sa!e night, as this %riest was %assing the e"ening in co!%any with the %atriarch, bisho%, and other indi"idua s, as if they had been con"ersing on !y idiocy in !aking the reEuest of to&day, the %atriarch sent for !e to co!e and sit with the!# 8 ca!e# The %atriarch then asked this %riest and the others %resent, if two %ro%er !en cou d be found to go and %reach the gos%e # They then answered

one to another, such an one, and such an one, wou d be the fittest %ersons, so!e !entioning one and so!e another, ooking at !e in the !ean ti!e aughing, to see what 8 wou d say# 8 s!i ed in a % easant !anner at a this, and when one asked !e, why 8 aughedT 8 said to the %atriarch, C+a"e you not %erfect confidence in the integrity of the %riest Gabrie TC +e said, C$es#C 8 then said, %ray et this %riest then exa!ine !e for the s%ace of a few days, and if he does not conc ude that 8 a! a heretic, 8 wi for one, take u%on !yse f this duty of %reaching# This re!ark %ut an i!!ediate end to the con"ersation# The third day, when the bisho% wished to !ock !e before the %atriarch and a shekh of the country, 8 answered his Euestions according to his own !annerB but in a itt e ti!e he began to re"i e !e, and rebuke !e for b as%he!y against the eucharist, against the "irgin Mary and the %ictures, and that because 8 had said before one of his deacons, that were it not for fear of the %atriarch, 8 wou d tear a the %ictures to %ieces and burn the!# 8 ga"e hi! answer to e"ery %articu ar by itse f, and when he found that he cou d %roduce against !e no accusation, he increased in wrath# 8 then said, if this is your % easure, 8 wi say no !ore# 8 to d hi! that 8 had said, that %ictures were not GodsB that such was !y o%inion a waysB and that 8 wished to te a the co!!on %eo% e so, that they !ight understand it# But to this he wou d not consent# +e then began to accuse !e of saying of the eucharist, C'et the! s!e the scent of it, and know that it is but bread and wine sti #C 8 to d hi! that if he wou d gi"e !e ea"e to s%eak, or if he wished to hear !y "iews, 8 wou d s%eakB Cbut how is it that you bring against !e accusations, and do not suffer !e to !ake !y defenceTC +ere again he was not wi ing that 8 shou d s%eak, but the %atriarch said to !e, C Spea #C 8 then obser"ed, that ,t# E%hrai! says, C9o!e, eat the fire of the bread, and drink the s%irit of the wineBC and began to say fro! this, that our eating the body of 9hrist was not natura , but s%iritua # Then again he fe into a rage against !e# 8 said to hi!, C8t is written, be ye an1ry and sin not # 8 to d you before, that 8 wou d kee% si ence and not s%eak without your consent, and whate"er you wish, te !e that 8 !ay act or refrain according y#C *t this the %atriarch s!i ed# But the bisho% fe into a %assion sti !ore "io ent, against the %atriarch as we as !yse f, and rose and went away# 8 a so eft the roo!# 8n the e"ening, when were co ected together the %atriarch and bisho% and a the !onks, with %riest ;icho as, who! they were about to ordain bisho% on the !orrow, the %atriarch began to ask !e Euestions res%ecting !y faith# @hen 8 saw that their object was neither to benefit !e, nor recei"e benefit, 8 ga"e the! answers ca cu ated to continue the con"ersation in a trif ing strain, saying, CMy faith is the faith of Peter, and the faith of Peter is !y faith# 8 be ie"e a that God has gi"en by ins%iration to the one on y ho y catho ic church#C +e asked !e, @hat is the churchT 8 answered, CThe church is the who e co!%any of those who be ie"e in the Messiah and his aw, on a the face of the earth#C But where is the % ace of the churchT CThe % ace of the church is the who e wor d, it is !ade u% of e"ery nation and %eo% e#C C@hat,C said he Cthe "n1lish a!ong the restTC C$es, of the Eng ish a so#C *fterwards, when he continued to Euestion !e, and 8 saw that he had no other object than to try !e, 8 assured hi!, this is !y faith, and to this faith wi 8 ho d, whether it is worth any thing in your esti!ation or not# 8 then asked hi! if he was wi ing to ho d a discussion on the subjectB but he wou d not %er!it it in

any sha%e# +e afterwards reEuested !e to te !y faith again without fear and without concea !ent# 8 referred the! to the %riest that was about to be ordained, saying, that 8 had con"ersed with hi! on a %oints %articu ar y, and that he was ab e to !ake answer for !e# The %riest then bore testi!ony on the s%ot, that 8 had said before hi! that 8 be ie"ed the %o%e to be infa ib e, whi e 8 ne"er said this to hi! at any ti!e# *fterward, when 8 was in his co!%any %ri"ate y, 8 inEuired how he cou d bear such testi!ony as he had done# +e confessed in the fu est ter!s, that he knew it was a fa sehood, but that he said what he did, that they !ight cease ta king with !e# The sa!e night 8 had reso "ed on Euitting the!B so at about !idnight 8 eft the con"ent, co!!itting !yse f to the %rotection of God, who ne"er deserts the! who %ut their trust in hi!, and arri"ed at Beyroot, on the !orning of Thursday, March /, FG/J# +ere then 8 re!ain at %resent, not that 8 !ay take !y "iews fro! the Eng ish, or fro! the Bib e !en, nor that 8 !ay recei"e !y re igion fro! the!# ;o, by no !eansB for 8 ho d to the word of God# This is beyond a danger of error# 8n this 8 be ie"eB in this is !y faithB and according to it 8 desire to regu ate !y ife, and enjoy a !y conso ations# By this 8 wish to show what 8 be ie"e and not to confer with f esh and b ood, that 8 !ay not run now nor hereafter in "ainB for 8 know and a! %ersuaded, that the true re igion is not according to the teaching of !en, but according to the ins%iration of God( not according to the custo! of education, but according to the truth, which is !ade !anifest by the word of God# 8 therefore say to !yse f now, as 8 did in the con"ent with the %atriarch, where 8 wrote thus( CFar fro! !e be a the co!!and!ents of !en# ;othing is to co!e into co!%arison with the teaching of Jesus by reading the ;ew Testa!ent# 8f our hearts are not transformed, there is the greatest danger that we die in our sins# 8f any thing in the doctrine of Jesus see!s burdenso!e, et us %ray that he !ay !ake it ightB and if there is any thing that we do not understand, et us %ray that he wou d instruct us and re"ea the obscurity to a who tru y be ie"e in Jesus# There is nothing !ore de ightfu to the sou than he# ) taste and see that the 'ord is goodS B essed are a that %ut their trust in hi!S 9ast thy burthen on the 'ord and he wi sustain thee# ,weet is the sorrow %roduced by his wordB for it gi"es us an a"ersion to a the conso ations of ti!e# 'et us therefore seek refuge in God# * as for thee, ) thou that trustest to the doctrines of !en, es%ecia y if they gi"e rest to your conscience, for that rest is fa se and deceitfu , %roceeding fro! the thoughts of !en, and %re"enting you fro! attaining that true rest, of which the *%ost es s%eak, saying, 9e do rest from our labours. Take heed est there be in any of you an e"i heart of unbe ief in de%arting fro! the i"ing God# .ead the word and it sha teach you a things necessary to your sa "ation# 8f you say you do not understand it, beho d the %ro!ise of ,t# Ja!es, If any may la& wisdom( let him as of God( who 1i2eth to all men liberally and upbraideth not( and it shall be 1i2en him. The di"ine word is a !ost %recious treasure, fro! which a wise !en are enriched# -rink fro! the fountain itse f# *gain, 8 say, "ain is the %hi oso%hy of !enB for it reco!!ends to us doctrines new y in"ented, and %re"ents our increase in "irtue, rather than %ro!otes it# 9ast it far fro! you#C This is what 8 wrote so!e ti!e since, and 8 wou d re"o "e these thoughts in !y !ind at a ti!es# The object in a that 8 ha"e done, or atte!%ted, or

written, in this ate occurrence, is, that 8 !ay act as a disci% e and ser"ant of 9hrist# 8 cou d not, therefore, recei"e any ad"ice, which shou d direct !e to hide !y re igion under a bushe # 8 cannot regu ate !yse f by any ru es contrary to those of 9hristB for 8 be ie"e that a who fo ow his word in truth, are the good grain, and that a those who add to his word, are the tares sown by the ene!y, which sha soon be gathered in bund es and cast into the fire unEuenchab e# *nd 8 beg e"ery !e!ber of !y sect, i# e# of the Maronite church, who o"es truth, if he sees !e in an error to %oint it out to !e, that 8 !ay ea"e it, and c ea"e to the truth# But 8 !ust reEuest those who wou d rectify !y "iews, not to do as did a %riest at Beyroot, who after a considerab e discussion, denied the ins%iration of the ;ew Testa!ent# Men ike hi! 8 do not wish to atte!%t to %oint out !y errorsB for such !en, it is e"ident, need rather to be %reached to, than to %reachB and to be guided, rather than to guide# But if any understanding !an wi take the word of God and %ro"e to !e fro! it any doctrine whate"er, 8 wi res%ect hi! and honour hi! with a % easure# But if a doctrine cannot be estab ished thus, it is not on y o%%osed to the doctrines of 9hrist, but to the "iews of the ear y christians, the fathers of the churchB such as ,t# E%hrai! and others# ,uch doctrines 8 cannot confess to be correct, a though it shou d cost !e the shedding of !y b ood# Be it known, that 8 a! not seeking !oney, nor officeB nor do 8 fear any thing fro! conte!%t, nor fro! the cross, nor fro! the %ersecution of !en, nor fro! their insu ts, nor their e"i accusations, so far as they are fa se# For 8 a! ready for the sake of 9hrist to die dai y, to be accounted as a shee% for the s aughter, for he, in that he suffered being te!%ted, is ab e to succour those that are te!%ted# 8 consider that the sufferings of this %resent ti!e are not worthy to be co!%ared with the g ory that sha be re"ea ed in us# 8 be ie"e that Jesus is our +igh Priest for e"er and hath an unchangeab e %riesthood, wherefore he is ab e to sa"e the! to the utter!ost that co!e unto God by hi!, for he is the one Mediator between God and !an, and he e"er i"eth to !ake intercession with the Father for usB and he is the %ro%itiation for our sins, and to hi! be g ory with the Father and his +o y ,%irit of ife for e"er and e"erDAmen. 8 wou d on y add, if there is any one, whoe"er he !ay be, that wi shew !e to be under a !istake, and that there is no sa "ation for !e un ess 8 sub!it to the %o%e, or at east shew !e that it is awfu to do so, 8 a! ready to gi"e u% a !y %ecu iar "iews and sub!it in the 'ord# But without e"idence that !y "iews are thus !istaken, 8 cannot gi"e the! u%, and yie d a b ind obedience, unti it sha be not on y told that 8 a! !ad, but unti 8 sha be so in fa&t, and a !y understanding ea"es !e# ;ot unti !en sha ha"e burned not on y the Bib es %rinted by the Eng ish, but a the Bib es of the wor d# But these two things, understanding and the Bib e, 8 %ray God to %reser"e both to !e and to a the fo owers of 9hrist, and that he wi %reser"e and sa"e a you, !y friends, in the 'ord#

*saad ,hidiak#

Inter2iew with se2eral of his ;elati2es. J# *!ong those who ca!e to see *saad to&day, were three of his brothers and an unc e# Mansoor, the o dest of the brothers, we had ne"er before seen# +e is a furious bigot, and %erfect y ignorant and regard ess of the first %rinci% es of re igion# The second, Tannoos, or *ntony, has i"ed a!ong us as a teacher, and has good nati"e and acEuired ta entsB but, though he !ight be a %rotestant if he were eft at iberty, he thinks it a together %re%osterous to atte!%t to Euarre with bisho%s and %atriarchs on the subject of re igion# These two brothers, and the unc e, Qthe ast worse than the first,R ca!e and con"ersed together with *saad in his cha!ber a considerab e ti!e# +earing the! "ery earnest, 8 took the iberty a so to go in# They continued their rebukes and argu!ents, Qes%ecia y the unc e,R in so harsh and unfee ing a !anner, that it !ade !e tre!b e to hear the!# They contradicted *saad, scoffed at and threatened hi!, ca ing hi! %ossessed, !ad, under the %ower of ,atan, and so on# *saad consented to go ho!e and ea"e the Eng ish, which was the great %oint they wished to gain, %ro"ided they wou d get an assurance fro! the %atriarch in writing, to say, on the faith of a christian, that he wou d not !o est hi!# CBut,C said they, Cthen you !ust ho d your tongue, and not broach your new o%inions a!ong the %eo% e#C C@hat,C re% ied *saad, C!ust 8 go and i"e ike a dumb !anT ;o, that 8 wi ne"er do# My re igion binds !e not to do it# 8 !ust o"e !y neighbour as !yse f#C C@hy do you not go,C said they, Cto the -ruses, and the Mos e!s, and %reach the gos%e to the!T $ou answer, because there is danger# ,o there is danger in the %resent caseB this is not a and of iberty, therefore be si ent#C Asaad.DC,ecure !e but the free exercise of !y conscience, and 8 wi go with you# My re igion is !y a , and 8 !ust be free in it#C $hey.DC@e can gi"e you no such security# ;obody dares go to the %atriarch with such a reEuest# $ou cannot be %er!itted to %ub ish your notions abroad a!ong the %eo% e#C CThen,C said *saad, Cthere is no !ore to be saidBCDrising, and with c as%ed hands wa king the roo!BDC;eli1ion unsha& ledJ;eli1ion unsha& led, is !y doctrine#C They rose and eft the roo! in an angry des%air# Mansoor returned, and wished to s%eak a word with *saad at the door# 8n a !o!ent, *saad returned# C-o you know what Mansoor has to d !eTC said he# C+is ast words were, 'E"en if the %atriarch and the e!ir shou d do nothingB if they !ake no atte!%ts to take your ifeB be assured, we oursel2es wi do the work( so take heed to your se f according y#'C *saad was !uch affected by the inter"iew# *s soon as he found hi!se f at iberty, he ste%%ed u% into the oft where he s ee%s, and threw hi!se f on his couch in %rayer#

@hi e in this attitude his next younger brother, Ga ed, knocked at the door# 8 ca ed to *saad to infor! hi! of the factB but he ga"e !e no answer# 8 then in"ited Ga ed to another roo!, where *saad soon joined us with a fu and hea"y heart# The two brothers sa uted each other with e!barrass!ent# *saad e"ident y wished to be a one, and the brother, after a few !i d, un!eaning inEuiries, eft hi!# #e1ins to &on2erse more pointedly with the People. 2# 8 yesterday ad"ised *saad to direct his con"ersations with the %eo% e, as !uch as %ossib e to their hearts, and say itt e or nothing on the corru%tion of their church# +e objected to the counse # 8 referred hi! to si!i ar ad"ice he ga"e !e so!e !onths ago# C*h,C said he, C8 thought so then, but 8 now see that you cannot stir a ste%, but you !eet so!e of their corru%tions#C +owe"er, he to&day !ade the ex%eri!ent, and he d an hour's con"ersation with two "isiters on the subject of regeneration# They both thought the!se "es renewed, but took too itt e interest in the subject to confine their attention to it# C$ou see,C said *saad, after they had gone, Chow itt e they fee on such a subject# 8t is %ainfu to ta k with such !en# 8 wou d rather see the! contradict, and dis%ute, and get angry, or any thing, than to a%%ear so dead#C Inter2iew with a youn1er #rother. *saad's brother Ga ed ca!e again to&day, and disco"ered !ore fee ing than yesterday on the subject of his brother's ea"ing the Eng ish# +e said he had brought an insu%%ortab e sha!e u%on the fa!i y# *saad insisted, that such sha!e was no argu!ent whate"er for his ea"ing usB that a the disci% es of 9hrist were to ex%ect it as a thing of course# Ga ed assured hi!, that nobody wou d think of !o esting hi!, if he were at +adet# 8 asked Ga ed if his brother Mansoor did not threaten yesterday to ki hi!# +e turned away, co ored, and !uttered so!ething that 8 did not understandB but the who e was a fu acknow edg!ent of the fact# *saad said, C8 cannot confide in you#C CBut,C said Ga ed, Cif any one were dis%osed to take your ife, cou d they not do it as we here, as at ho!eTC 8 answered, CnoB that the e!ir Beshir hi!se f cou d not enter !y house without !y %er!ission, and that if the re ati"es of *saad did not cease fro! their threats, 8 shou d fee !yse f bound to shut the! out of it#C *fter a ong con"ersation, at the end of which he found *saad as inf exib e as e"er, he rose abru%t y, and was going out without a co!% i!ent, when *saad started u%, and asked, C@e , what do you conc ude to doT -o you rea y intend to send so!e assassin to take !y ife in !y roo!TC The youth, without deigning to ook at hi!, c osed the door in su en grief, and de%arted# *saad turning to !e, said, C8 cannot % ease these %eo% e# @hate"er 8 say, they are sure to be angry# ,oft words, or hard words, it !akes no difference to the!# They co!e as if 8 were under their king y authority# They ay ho d of !y c oak, and say, 'Gi"e !e this#' 8f 8 say, '8 wi not gi"e it,' they are angryB and if 8 reason with the! with a the !i dness of which 8 a! ca%ab e, and say, '9annot you be acco!!odated e sewhereT 9an you not wait u%on !e in a few daysT' Kc# they are eEua y angry#C

8orresponden&e with his family. G# * !essenger ca ed this !orning with the fo owing note# CTo our brother *saad Esh ,hidiak( May God b ess you#D@e beg you to co!e ho!e to&night, and not wait ti ,unday# @e ha"e % edged our !other that you sha co!e# 8f you fai to do so, you wi troub e us a # $our brother, Ga ed#C To this etter, *saad sat down, and instant y wrote the fo owing re% y( CTo our !uch honoured and "ery dear brother Ga ed( God %reser"e hi!#D $our note has reached us, in which you s%eak of our co!ing ho!e to&night, and say, that if we do not co!e, we troub e you a # C;ow if we were in so!e distant and, your onging after us in this !anner !ight be "ery %ro%erB but we are near you, and you ha"e been here, and seen us in a hea th, and we ha"e seen you# Then Euiet our !other, that we, through the bounty of God, are in %erfect hea th, and that we ha"e great %eace in the 'ord Jesus 9hrist, %eace abo"e a that the wor d can afford, and abundant joy in the +o y Ghost abo"e a earth y joy# But as to our co!ing u% this e"ening, we do not find it con"enient, not e"en though we had the strongest desire to see our !other and you# C8 beg you a to o"e God, and to ser"e hi! in our 'ord Jesus 9hrist# This is of a things the !ost i!%ortantB for if we o"e God, if he but renew our hearts by the ho y Ghost, we sha enjoy each other's society for e"er and e"er# C*nd now we are %re"ented fro! co!ing to you, and you know we are not "oid of a desire to see you, but the hindrances to which we ha"e a uded, are, we think, a sufficient a%o ogy# @e beg you to acce%t our excuse, and to a%o ogiAe for us to our !other, and we %ray God to %our out his grace rich y on you a , and engthen your days# C$our brother, *saad# CP# ,# Te our !other not to think so !uch of these earth y things but rather of God our ,a"iour#C Is 2isited by his Mother. This etter had been gone scarce y ti!e sufficient to reach +adet, when the !other herse f was announced at the door# @e we co!ed her with a cordia ity, and treated her with a the res%ect and attention we cou d# But a we cou d do or say did not a ter her reso ution to get her son away, if in her %ower# ,he besought hi! by the honour he owed her, by the o"e he %rofessed for her, by his regard for the re%utation of her fa!i y, for re igion itse f, and for his own %ersona safety, that he wou d i!!ediate y acco!%any her ho!eB and when she found hi! inf exib e, she dec ared she wou d ne"er stir out of the house un ess he went with her# To a this *saad re% ied, CTo what %ur%ose wou d it be, that 8 shou d go ho!eT $ou wish !e to go, you say, that %eo% e !ay be con"inced that 8 a! not !ad# But you, who co!e hither, and see, and con"erse with !e, say, after a , that 8 am !ad# +ow can it be ex%ected that 8 shou d con"ince others that 8 a! not !ad, when !y own !other wi not be ie"e it# )r do you think

that if 8 once get out a!ong you, the air of +adet wi change !y o%inions, or induce !e to be si entT * these are "ain ex%ectations# 8 see no object to be gained# 8f 8 shou d go to +adet, and be constant y dis%uting with the %eo% e, and te ing the!, that you are a going astrayB that you are worshi%%ing ido s instead of the i"ing GodB that 8 cou d wish to tear down e"ery %icture in your churchesB that the bread and wine of the 'ord's ,u%%er are not Jesus 9hristB that 8 be ie"e the %o%e to be the beast in the re"e ation, 386 whose business is to decei"e the %eo% e and ruin their sou sBDby a this, 8 shou d injure your fee ings, enrage the %eo% e, excite the o%%osition of the e!irs, and bisho%s, and %atriarchs, and then return here just in the state 8 a! in now#C The youngest brother, Phares, who acco!%anied his !other, con"ersed free y and in good te!%er, and istened with attention to a *saad's argu!ents, by which he endea"oured to justify his "iews and deter!inations# But no argu!ent or e"idence cou d con"ince the disconso ate !other# *saad had re%eated the na!e of 9hrist, and the word of God so often, that she, at ast, in a fit of i!%atience exc ai!ed, C*way, with 9hrist, and the word of GodB what ha"e we to do with the!SC and when we %ointed out to *saad so!e text of ,cri%ture, which we thought a%% icab e in any case, she wou d endea"our to c ose the book, or catch it fro! hi!, as if it taught %aganis!, or witchcraft# -uring her stay we dined, and as *saad took the !eat u%on his % ate, and ate it without a scru% e, in this season of 'ent, it was re!arked with what a gaAe of wonder she regarded hi!# ,he see!ed to say in her heart, C* is o"erD!y son is ostSC *fter so!e hours of troub eso!e ex%ostu ation and entreaty, during which *saad once said he cou d bear it no onger, and rose, and shook !y hand to go, it was fina y sett ed that the !other shou d go ho!e without hi!, but that to sa"e the fa!i y fro! the insu%%ortab e sha!e, which threatened it, *saad shou d gi"e her a %a%er, stating, in effect, that he was not a fo ower of the Eng ish# @hen the %a%er was finished, C;ow,C said *saad, Cgo to your ho!e in %eaceBC and wa ked awayB but sudden y reco ecting hi!se f, he ca ed his brother back, and said, CPhares, 8 wish you fu y to understand, that 8 o"e you, and 8 ha"e one reEuest to !ake of you, which is, that you wi take the ;ew Testa!ent, and read it attenti"e y#CDCGi"e !e a ;ew Testa!ent,C said Phares, Euick y# @e ga"e hi! the book, and he went his way, e"ident y affected and softened by the inter"iew# I# The shekh before !entioned co!!unicated to *saad, through the !ediu! of a %riest, the offer of his daughter in !arriage, on condition he shou d ea"e the Eng ish# F1# ,et a%art a day of fasting and %rayer on *saad's account# +e was obser"ed not to be in a ha%%y te!%er# Towards e"ening he s%oke of going ho!e# 8 ho%ed he wou d finish writing the state!ent we had reEuested of hi!, Cfor,C said 8, Cif you go ho!e 8 sha not see you again for !onths#C C;o,C said he, C%erha%s not for years#C +is !anner was "ery %ecu iar# 8 knew not what was the !atter, ti , in the e"ening, after a ong con"ersation on the e"idences of ins%iration, he said, C8 ha"e been in dee% darkness to&day# My heart has been fu of b as%he!y, such as 8 ha"e scarce y e"er known# 8 ha"e e"en doubted the existence of God# But now 8 a! re ie"ed, and 8 wou d just say, 8 sha not go ho!e to&!orrow, as 8 hinted#C This te!%tation see!s to ha"e arisen chief y fro! a discre%ancy in the scri%tures, which 8 had shewed hi!, and which 8 knew not how to reconci e#

+e begged that, for the %resent, 8 wou d by no !eans shew hi! another such# Suspe&ts himself to ha2e been poisoned. FF# )ne of the neighbours brought ,hidiak a etter, cautioning hi!, if he went to the shekh's house, not to s!oke or drink with hi!# F/# @ord ca!e to *saad, that the shekh was with the fa!i y be ow, and wou d be g ad to see hi!# *saad went down, but in a few !inutes ca!e u%, %a e and tre!b ing, and said he was exceeding y diAAy and faint# +e had just taken coffee be ow, attended with sus%icious circu!stances, and begged to know if he !ight not be %oisoned# @e o%ened a !edica book we had, and ex% ained to hi!, as ra%id y as %ossib e, the sy!%to!s of a %oisoned %erson# C)hS these are !y fee ings,C said he, and fe u%on his knees before his seat in si ent %rayer# @e i!!ediate y ga"e hi! an e!etic, which o%erated we , and before night he was re ie"ed of e"ery a ar!ing sy!%to!# The youth who ga"e the coffee, being sent for, ga"e good e"idence of ha"ing had no bad intentionsB and notwithstanding !any sus%icious circu!stances, we did not think the e"idence of an atte!%t at %oison sufficient y strong, to %rosecute any %ub ic inEuiry into the !atter# FJ# * youth fro! -er e <a!er ca ed to see *saad# +e re!arked, that he once saw a %riest at his "i age tear in %ieces fi"e of these books of ours, but he cou d not te for what reasons# +e had, a%%arent y, ne"er seen the ten co!!and!ents before, and was "ery !uch sur%rised to find i!age&worshi% so ex%ress y conde!ned in the!# * etter was recei"ed by *saad fro! the %atriarch, written in "ery % ausib e ter!s# Visits his ;elati2es at Hadet. F2# Four of the re ati"es of *saad ca!e down, and succeeded in %ersuading hi! to acco!%any the! ho!e# +e said he cou d not be ie"e, after a that has been said, that they wou d do hi! "io ence, and he strong y ex%ected that his "isit to +adet wou d do good# * !ajority of us o%%osed his going with a we cou d sayB but he thinks he knows the %eo% e here better than we do# +e eft us toward e"ening, ex%ecting to be absent on y a few days# $heir 2iolen&e( and the &onsequent pro&eedin1s of Phares Shidia . /5# Phares ,hidiak ca!e to !y house to day, and wished to s%eak with !e in %ri"ate# C$esterday !orning,C said he, Cas 8 was in !y roo! reading the ;ew Testa!ent, !y brother Mansoor entered, drew a sword he had, and ga"e !e a b ow u%on the neck# 8 continued with the book in !y hand, unti one snatched it fro! !e# Mansoor afterwards drew u% his !usket, threatening to shoot !eB but !y !other interfered to %re"ent hi!# My brother Tannoos hearing a bust e, ca!e in with a cane, and began cudge ing !e, without sto%%ing to inEuire at a into the !erits of the case, ca ing out, '@i you ea"e off your heresy, and go to church ike other %eo% e, or notT' Mansoor not finding *saad %resent, as he see!ed to ha"e ex%ected, went to *saad's chest which stood near !e, seiAed a the books he had recei"ed of you,

+ebrew, ,yriac, 8ta ian, and *rabic, tore the!, one by one, in %ieces, and strewed the! on the f oor# C8n the course of the day, 8 ca!e down near where the so diers of the e!ir are enca!%ed, and %assed the night in co!%any with !y brother Ga eb# This !orning he returned, with a ine fro! !e to *saad, and I ca!e off to Beyroot, with the fu deter!ination ne"er to go ho!e again# *nd now 8 wi either go to so!e % ace in this country where 8 can enjoy !y iberty or 8 wi take shi%, and ea"e the country a together#C *s he wished !y ad"ice, 8 counse ed hi! neither to go fro! the country, nor fro! his ho!e, but to return, and at east !ake a further tria of doing good to his re ati"es, and bearing their %ersecutions# +e, howe"er, continued inf exib e# 8n the s%ace of a few hours, Ga eb ca!e in search of Phares, with a etter fro! *saad, of which the fo owing is a co%y# Asaad?s letter to his brother Phares. CTo !y be o"ed brother PharesB the 'ord Most +igh %reser"e hi!# $our de%arture caused !e great grief# %irst, because you were i!%atient when tria and %ersecution ca!e u%on you# 8t is a thing we are regu ar y to ex%ect, that if we ho%e in God in this wor d, we sha gi"e uni"ersa offence# But we ha"e another city, for which we ho%e# -o not ose your courage, for you ha"e not yet resisted unto b ood, stri"ing against sin# .e!e!ber, we cannot share in the g ory of 9hrist, if we share not a so in his sufferings# Therefore, rejoice whene"er you are triedB rejoice, and ne"er be sadB for our faith is sure# CSe&ondly, 8 was grie"ed because you ga"e !e no infor!ation where you were going, and what you intended to do# ;ow, it is not beco!ing, that we shou d do any thing rash y, that is, ti we ha"e %rayed to God for direction# 9o!e ho!e, then, and et us set a%art a season of fasting and %rayer to God, and do what is !ost agreeab e to hi!# Perha%s it is best to et our works %reach in si ence, in these e"i days# C$ou !ust know, that if you fai to co!e ho!e, you wi gi"e us great %ain, and this, you know, wou d be inconsistent with o"e# Jesus says, 'By this sha a !en know that ye are !y disci% es, if ye ha"e o"e one to another#' $ou we know how !uch joy and conso ation it wou d gi"e us to see youB do not then deny us this % easure, but co!e at a e"ents# 8f you do not co!e, it !ay be an injury both to yourse f and !e# 8 wish to see you, if it be on y to say to you two words, and then act your % easureB for not e"ery word can be said with %a%er and %en# Farewe # C$our brother and co!%anion in tribu ation, *saad#C Ga eb took !e aside, and begged !e to urge his brother to go ho!e# 8 said 8 had a ready ad"ised hi! to do so, but that 8 cou d not force hi! to goDthat if he found he cou d not enjoy iberty of conscience, and the %ri"i ege of reading the word of God, in +adet, he was we co!e to stay with !e as ong as he % eased# C$ou are a !an,C said Ga eb, Cthat s%eaks the truth and acts u%right y, but *saad and Phares are not ike youB they ta k "ery i!%ro%er things#C *!ong these things, he !entioned a re%ort to which *saad had gi"en circu ation, res%ecting the %atriarch, to which 8 was ob iged to re% y,

that instead of taking it for granted to be a false re%ort, he ought to be ie"e it to be true, and that such a re%ort was not abroad res%ecting the %atriarch a one, but res%ecting a !ajority of %atriarchs and bisho%s of the who e and# *fter so!e further con"ersation on the wickedness of treating brothers, as they had done Phares and *saad, we went to Phares, and endea"oured to %ersuade hi! to go ho!e with his brother# But it was a in "ain# C8f 8 ea"e this house,C said he, Cinstead of going to +adet, 8 wi go in the o%%osite direction#C The brother returned without hi!# 8on2ersation of Phares with the #ishop of #eyroot. *fter Ga eb had gone, we %ut a great !any Euestions to Phares, and he co!!unicated so!e interesting %articu ars# *!ong others was the fo owing( CThe day that *saad and !yse f eft you, Qthe F2th,R the bisho% of Beyroot was at the next house, and 8 went to sa ute hi!# C+e said to !e, '8 understand you ha"e beco!e Eng ish, too# $ou reason on the sub.e&t of reli1ion#' CBut,C said 8, Cis e"ery one Eng ish, if he reasons on that subjectTC #ishop.DCBut you read in the Bib es of the Eng ish#C Phares.DC$es, and fro! who! is the Bib eT is it fro! the Eng ish, or fro! GodTC #.DCBut it is printed by the Eng ish#C P.DC@e , is it a tered in any % aceTC #.DC,ee, now you ha"e begun again to argue on the subject of re igion# 8 te you, young !an, cease this heretica habit, or you are exco!!unicated#C Phares infor!ed us of three or four Bib es and ;ew Testa!ents, that we had gi"en at different ti!es to indi"idua s in +adet, which had ate y been destroyed by order of the bisho%# This news, together with a disco"ery we yesterday !ade in the neighbouring house, of two co"ers of the ;ew Testa!ent, whose contents had ong ago been torn out, shews us anew, if new e"idence were wanting, that if the Gos%e is e"er introduced again in its %ower and %urity into this country, it wi be with a des%erate strugg e# Two brothers of Phares, Mansoor and Ga eb, ca!e to con"erse with hi! anew# @e saw the! seated together on the ground, at a itt e distance fro! the house, but afterwards saw the! no !ore# 8t is singu ar that Phares shou d ha"e eft without co!ing either to take his c oak, or bid us farewe #3J6 /G# +a"ing heard nothing %articu ar direct y fro! *saad since he eft, es%ecia y since the affair of the books, 8 yesterday sent hi! a ine, and to& day recei"ed the fo owing re% y( Letter from Asaad to Mr. #ird. C-ear ,ir,D*fter ex%ressing i!%erfect y the o"e 8 bear you, and the desire 8 ha"e to see you in a hea th, 8 ha"e to say, that in due ti!e your etter ca!e to hand, and 8 read and understood it# $ou ask res%ecting our hea th# 8 answer, 8 a! in a state of anxiety, but not so great as so!e days ago# C)n Thursday ast, ha"ing co!e ho!e fro! a "isit to the e!ir ,u !an, 8 found the re!nants of the +o y ,cri%tures, torn in %ieces, as there is reason to be ie"e, by order of the bisho%# @hen 8 was to d, that !y brother Mansoor had done this !ischief, 8 returned to the e!ir, and infor!ed hi! of the affair# +e sent to ca Mansoor, whi e 8 returned again to our house# 8 now earned, that !y brother Phares had gone off# *fter searching for hi! so!e ti!e, 8

went down to the inn in Euest of hi!, but he was not to be found# *s 8 was on !y way returning fro! the inn, where 8 had gone in search of !y brother, 8 %rayed to God, that he wou d take e"ery thing fro! !e, if necessary, on y et faith and o"e towards hi! re!ain in !y heart# C*s 8 %roceeded on, a !an ca!e u%, and ga"e !e infor!ation that a the consu s of Beyroot were s ain, and that you a so were s ain with the!# The re%ort ca!e fro! a !an, who said he had de%osited goods with you for safety# 8n order to be the !ore sure, 8 asked the !an if it were rea y true, and he again assured !e, that it was# *sk !e not the state of !y fee ings at that !o!ent# C)n reaching ho!e, 8 heard this terrib e news confir!edB at the sa!e ti!e ooking out, and seeing the hea% of ashes near the house, a that re!ained of the FF co%ies of the ho y scri%tures which !y brothers had destroyed, 8 burst into tears, and co!!itted a !y concerns into the hands of God, saying, 'B essed be his ho y na!e( the 'ord ga"e, and the 'ord hath taken awayB'Dand so 8 %rayed on, with tears and groanings, which 8 cannot describe# C8 afterwards heard, that Phares was %robab y in the neighbourhood, and set off to search after hi! by night, but found hi! not# @hen 8 heard the news of your death confir!ed, 8 sent off a !essenger, that, where"er Phares !ight be found, he !ight returnB and when 8 recei"ed his etter, saying that he had gone to your house, 8 cou d not yet be ie"e that the re%ort res%ecting you was fa se# CBut when the truth on this subject began to a%%ear, then 8 heard by a %erson who ca!e to the yesterday e"ening, that the %atriarch and the e!ir had !ade an agree!ent to ki me, and that they had sent !en to ie in wait for that %ur%ose# 8 was afterwards to d, by another %erson, that so!e of the ser"ants of the e!ir were a%%ointed to acco!% ish this end# C+ere 8 a!, then, in a sort of i!%rison!ent, ene!ies within, and ene!ies without# C)ne of !y brothers, the other day, ad"ised !e to surrender !y se f entire y to the !ercy of the bisho%, whereu%on 8 wrote the bisho% a etter, Qof which 8 send you the enc osed co%y,R and ga"e it to !y brother Tannoos, begging hi! to carry it to the bisho%, and bring !e his re% y# Tannoos read the etter, and without saying a word, threw it down in conte!%t# 8 then ga"e it to !y unc e with the sa!e reEuest, but as yet 8 ha"e got no re% y#3<6 C* !y concerns 8 co!!it into the hands of God, who created !e# Through the b ood of our 'ord Jesus 9hrist, 8 ho%e that a !y distresses wi be for the best# C8 acce%t with % easure a your kind wishes, and send you !any sa utations in the 'ord, and %ray for you ength of days# C$ours, Kc# *saad#C

CMarch

/2, His relati2es deli2er him up to the Patriar&h.

FG/J#C

HF# 8nfor!ation is recei"ed, that *saad has been taken away against his wi , to the %atriarch# April 7. Phares ,hidiak arri"ed here in the e"ening direct fro! -er * !a, and said he had acco!%anied *saad to that con"ent a week ago, that *saad was sti there, and that the %atriarch, ha"ing in the !orning set off for 9annobeen, wou d send down for *ssad after a few days# +e then handed !e the fo owing ine fro! *saad# C8f you can find a "esse setting off for Ma ta, in the course of four or fi"e days, send !e wordB if not, %ray for your brother# *saad#C @e were dis%osed to send off a !essenger this "ery e"ening, but Phares said it wou d not be necessary# +ad so!e serious con"ersation with Phares, in which 8 exhorted hi! to continue reading the ;ew Testa!ent, and take %articu ar notice of the genera s%irit of itB and then to judge, if a this deceit, confining, beating, and threatening to ki , was consistent with that s%irit# @e obser"ed, that we su%%osed the %atriarch and the bisho% were we % eased with a the "io ence that Mansoor had used in this affair# C$es,C said Phares, C%riest +anna ,ta!bodi, at *in @arka, to d !e yesterday, that none of us had any re igion, exce%t Mansoor#C 8n a subseEuent %art of his journa , Mr# Bird records the fo owing %articu ars res%ecting *saad, during his ast "isit to +adet, and when about to be "io ent y re!o"ed fro! thence# They were recei"ed fro! Phares# * neighbouring e!ir being sick, one day, *saad carried hi! a %a%er of !edicine, on the outside of which he had written how it was to be taken# @hi e *saad stood without, a ser"ant took in this !edicine, and ga"e it to the %rince, saying, CThis is fro! *saad Esh ,hidiak, and here he has written the directions on the %a%er#C The %rince, who is not re!arkab e for !i dness, and %erha%s was not conscious that *saad o"erheard hi!, s%oke out angri y, C* fig for the %a%er and writingB 'tis the !edicine 8 want#C C$our ordshi% is in the right,C re% ied *saad, Cthe truth is with you# The medi&ine is the thingB the paper that ho ds it, is nothing# ,o we ought to say of the gos%e , the great !edicine for the sou # 'Tis the pure 1ospel we want, and not the &hur&h that ho ds it#C *fter Mansoor, in his catho ic Aea , had torn u% and burned a his Bib es and Testa!ents, *saad cou d not re!ain without the scri%tures, but sent and obtained a co%y fro! the itt e church, which he dai y read, !arking the !ost striking and i!%ortant %assages# @hen his re ati"es, to the nu!ber of twenty or !ore, had asse!b ed, and *saad %ercei"ed they were co!e to take hi! to the %atriarch by force, he began to ex%ostu ate with Tannoos, and besought hi! to desist fro! a ste% so inconsistent with fraterna o"e# +e besought in "ain# Tannoos turned away fro! hi! with a co d indifference# *ffected with his hardness, *saad went aside, and we%t and %rayed a oud# The e"ening before he was taken away, he said to those who had asse!b ed, C8f 8 had not read the gos%e , 8 shou d ha"e been sur%rised at this new !o"e!ent of yours# But now it is just what 8 !ight ha"e ex%ected# 8n this b essed book, 8 a! to d, the brother shall deli2er up the brother to death(

and a man?s foes shall be they of his own household # +ere you see it is just so# $ou ha"e co!e together to fu fi this %ro%hecy of the gos%e # @hat ha"e 8 done against youT @hat is !y cri!eT * owing that 8 do take the Bib e as !y on y and sufficient guide to hea"en, what sin is there in thisTC -uring the e"ening, he aid hi!se f down to s ee%, as he was to set off ear y in the !orning# But he was often interru%tedB for, whene"er he caught a word of fa se doctrine fro! the i%s of those who continued their con"ersation, he wou d rise u%, refute the!, and again co!%ose hi!se f to rest# )ne of his unc es, s%eaking of his going to the %atriarch, said in a great rage, C8f you don't go off with us %eaceab y, we wi take your ife#C *saad re% ied, C,oft y, soft y, !y dear unc e, don't be hasty# #lessed are the mee .C Phares wrote a etter this e"ening to *saad, in a hand that had been agreed on between the!, saying, that if he wou d co!e to Beyroot, he need not fear, and that it !ight be a !atter for further consideration whether he shou d ea"e the country# 0# The etter of Phares was sent off by a !os e!, who returned at e"ening, saying that when he arri"ed at the con"ent, he was accosted by two or three !en, inEuiring his business, te ing hi! he was a Greek, and had etters fro! the Eng ish# They then seiAed hi!, and took the etter by force, and, had he not shewn the! that he was a !os e!, wou d ha"e %robab y sent hi! to the e!ir of the district for further exa!ination# They then asked hi! so!e Euestions about the Eng ish, and assured hi! that after eight days *saad wou d no onger be a i"ing !an# Thus were our ho%es of a second de i"erance of this sufferer of %ersecution, for the %resent, b asted# *fter a the threats, which ha"e been thrown out without being %ut in execution, we rather ho%e, that this ast wi %ro"e ike the restB yet we cannot te how far their hatred of the truth !ay, with the di"ine forbearance, carry the!# @e ea"e a with hi!, in whose hands our ife and breath are, and whose are a our ways, with the hu!b e ho%e, that ight !ay yet arise out of darkness, and that !uch g ory !ay be added to his na!e, fro! this e"ident work of ,atan# J# ,ent word, in a b ind hand, on a torn scra% of %a%er, to Phares res%ecting the fate of our !essage to his brother# +e returns answer that he is co!ing to Beyroot to&!orrow# 2# Phares ca!e, according to his notice of yesterday, saying, that if the %atriarch shou d get his etter to *saad, there wou d be danger in his staying at +adet# +e shou d be g ad to go to Ma ta, or a !ost any other % ace out of the Maronite inf uence, est his brothers shou d seiAe hi!, and de i"er hi! u% to the fury of the %atriarch, as they had done his brother *saad# Mansoor, the e dest and !ost "io ent of the!, when he heard, yesterday, that a etter had arri"ed for Phares fro! Beyroot, breathed out threatenings and s aughter, not on y against Phares, but against the innocent !essenger hi!se f# G# @rote to DD, a friend y Maronite bisho%, to gi"e !e whate"er infor!ation he !ight be ab e to %rocure res%ecting ,hidiak# May F1# * !essenger who! we sent to 9annobeen, returned with the re%ort that he was denied the %ri"i ege of seeing *saad, under %retence that he was going through a course of confession, during which the ru e is, that the %erson so confessing, sha %ass his ti!e, for a nu!ber of days, a one, and see no co!%any#

F5# @e were, to&day, credib y infor!ed, that ,hidiak is sti fir! in his adherence to the gos%e , but that he was ke%t under rigid ins%ection, not being %er!itted to ste% out of his roo! without an attendant# F2# Phares ,hidiak infor!ed us to&day, that he had been to d that his brother *saad had been at the co ege of *in @arka# +e thought it !ight be true, as one object in de i"ering hi! u% to the %atriarch was, to gi"e the %eo% e the genera i!%ression, that he had no onger any thing to do with the Eng ish# +e had now been a sufficient ti!e absent fro! us to gi"e genera currency to the re%ort, that he was no onger with us, and now, %erha%s, the %atriarch had et hi! go free# Asaad is &ruelly treated. /2# The !essenger, who went before to 9annobeen, had set out to go for us a second ti!e, and this !orning ear y returned with the fo owing story(D Being !et by a !an near Batroon, who! he sus%ected to be fro! 9annobeen, he inEuired hi! out, and found hi! to be a !essenger sent by *saad hi!se f to his unc es and other connexions, to beg the! to co!e and de i"er hi!# *saad saw the !an, and ga"e hi! his co!!ission fro! the window of the con"ent, without the know edge of the %atriarch, or the others in his ser"ice# This !essenger said, that Asaad was in &lose &onfinement( in &hains( and was daily beatenA and that the great cause of co!% aint against hi! was, that he refused to worshi% either the %ictures, or the "irgin Mary# 8 had written a etter of !ere sa utation to ,hidiak by !y !essenger, which etter he enc osed in one fro! hi!se f, and sent it on by his brother, returning hi!se f with the !essenger fro! *saad# This brother of his, he is !uch afraid, !ay be i &treated by the %atriarch# /G# J#, the !essenger, ca ed, and said, that he hi!se f shou d not go to 9annobeen, but twe "e or fifteen of his other re ati"es wou d go and endea"our at east to sa"e hi! fro! chains and stri%es# J# had been to the e!ir Beshir the ess, who i"es at +adet, begging hi!, Qwith a %resentR to sa"e his brother, if it shou d %ro"e that he had suffered by the sus%icion or the resent!ent of the %atriarch# The e!ir %ro!ised to interfereDCBut why,C said he, Cshou d *saad go and join the Eng ishT they are a %eo% e 8 do not o"e#C June /# * youth of the neighbourhood said it was re%orted that *saad was a co!% ete !aniacB that he rent his gar!ents, ra"ed, re"i ed, Kc# and that he had been sent to the con"ent at <oshia, ike other unatics, for a !iracu ous cure# This news was brought by %riest Bernardus, of GAir, !entioned in ,hidiak's state!ent# H# The brother of J# about who! he was so so icitous, returned ast e"ening in safety, with the fo owing etter in *saad's own hand writing# CTo our res%ected brother J# DD# *fter ex%ressing !y o"e to you, 8 ha"e to say, that your etter by your brother DD, arri"ed in safety, and 8 ha"e understood it# 8n it you and DD, inEuire after !y hea th# May the 'ord %our out his grace u%on you, and fo ow you with his b essings# *s to !e, 8 a! at %resent in hea th, with regard to !y body, but as to other circu!stances, your brother wi gi"e you infor!ation# 'o"e to cousin DD, your wife# Pray send !e word res%ecting you e"ery o%%ortunity, and !ay the 'ord engthen your days# Fro! your brother#

C*saad Esh ,hidiak#C This etter is certain y genuine, and is a fu %roof of what nature the insanity is, under which he abours# 8t has great y re ie"ed the anxiety we fe t fro! the re%ort of yesterday# Fro! the "erba account, gi"en by the ad who brought the etter, the fo owing are se ected as the !ost i!%ortant %articu ars# +e entered the con"ent on his arri"a , and seeing nobody but the kee%er of the %rison&roo!, obtained ea"e to go in, and see *saad a one# +e found hi! sitting on the bare f oor, with a hea2y &hain around his ne& ( and firmly fastened at the other end into the wall# +is bed had been re!o"ed together with a his books and writing !ateria s, and Qwhat is considered here the extre!e of %ri"ation,R he was eft without a %i%e# The ad continued with hi! an hour or two, without being disco"ered by any one but the kee%er# -uring the con"ersation, *saad obser"ed, that not ong since he was sent to <oshia, as a !an %ossessed of a de"i , and that he esca%ed fro! that % ace and had arri"ed near Tri%o i, when he was taken by a %arty of Maronites, and brought back to the %atriarch# +e had, since that ti!e, been ke%t regu ar y at 9annobeen, subject occasiona y to beating and insu t, fro! such as !ight ca in to see the heretic# @e understood the !an to say, that the %atriarch e"en instructed the co!!on %eo% e to s%it in his face, and ca hi! by odious na!es, in order to sha!e hi! into sub!ission# *saad ga"e his ad"ice that we shou d either send so!e one with a horse, and get hi! away by stea th, or get the consu to interfere by writing to the %asha# The etter written by *saad was done through the contri"ance of his kee%er for a s!a reward# Attempts made to pro&ure his release. *fter hearing a this, we went direct y to the consu to infor! hi! of the case, and to urge hi! to an interference# +e consented, that we shou d first %rocure so!e one to write a fir! and consistent etter to the %atriarch, de!anding by what right he had taken a !an fro! an Eng ish e!% oyer, and under Eng ish %rotection, and i!%risoned hi! unheard, Kc# inti!ating, that if the !an was not soon gi"en u%, so!ething !ore wou d be done# Toward e"ening, J# ca!e again to inEuire what we had conc uded on# @hen he found what ste% we had taken, he see!ed !uch a ar!ed for his own safety, and begged us not to %roceed, for he shou d be i!!ediate y sus%ected as the !ediator of the affair, and shou d be in danger of being %ersecuted as such# +e !entioned, as a justification of his fears, that the kee%er o"erheard *saad when he reco!!ended that course to his brother, and that the kee%er, when inEuired of, wou d of course !ention the fact to the %atriarch# 8nstead of the !easure we were about taking, he reco!!ended to a%% y to the e!ir, through one of his re ati"es, who was our !utua friend, and to this we consented# 8t is, howe"er, %robab e, that the object of J# is not so !uch to a"oid danger, as to %ut his friend the e!ir in a way to get a s!a %resent# 0# J# has been to see the e!ir, in order to %ersuade hi! to intercede with his unc e, the e!ir Beshir, but the for!er was not at ho!e, and therefore the atter was not consu ted# J# then went to the e!ir M# but found hi! Euite

a"erse to do any thing, saying, that to iberate a !an, who had beco!e Eng ish, wou d ne"er do# +e next saw Mansoor, the brother, and asked hi! if he knew that *saad was in c ose confine!ent# C$es,C answered he, Cand he !ay end his days there, un ess he can earn to beha"e hi!se f better#C )ne characteristic !ark of a heathen is, that he is C without natural affe&tion( impla&able( unmer&iful#C J# says, that his brother has to d hi! in addition, that *saad hi!se f, on the who e, wished not to ha"e the consu interfere, but that so!e one !ight, for the %resent, be sent e"ery week or two, to see how he got a ong, and in the !ean ti!e, he ho%ed to !ake his own esca%e, for that on y a few days before, he had oosed hi!se f fro! his chains, and got out of the con"ent, but not understanding the %ath, he beca!e afraid to %roceed, and returned of his own accord# J# @ent again to confer with the consu with regard to *saad# @hen we !entioned the fact, that *saad was under a sort of oath of obedience to the %atriarch, an agree!ent which a !ake who are educated fro! the funds of the *in @arka co ege, he see!ed to think different y of the case, because, though an oath to bind the conscience, as in this case, can ne"er be binding, and is neither acknow edged by Turks or Eng ish, yet, in the o%inion of a Maronites, it justifies what the %atriarch has done# This Eng ish %rotection, they wou d say, is of no a"ai , since he was under a %re"ious engage!ent to ser"e the %atriarch# The consu thinks the case, if %resented to the chief e!ir, wou d be rejected without consideration, on the ground, that it was ecc esiastica , and not ci"i B and if %resented to the %asha, he wou d exact fines fro! !any innocent con"ents, and other wise o%%ress the!, without %erha%s, after a , %rocuring the re ease of the %risoner# +e wou d %refer so!e secret !ode of effecting the object# Priest Bernardus, of GAir, a ready !entioned was on a "isit to the fa!i y be ow, and sent u% to beg the fa"our of a sight at ,hidiak's state!ent# 8 at first refused, but on a second a%% ication, and being assured that the %riest was a friend of ,hidiak, 8 consented, and in"ited the !an to co!e and take with !e a cu% of coffee, which he did# 8t wi be obser"ed, that this Bernardus was one of those, who wished ,hidiak to say that his faith was ike that of the .o!an catho ic church, a though it shou d be a fa sehood, saying that the %atriarch wou d bestow on hi! a %ardon for the ie# The %riest acknow edged to the fa!i y be ow, that ,hidiak's state!ent of that affair was correct# F5# .ecei"ed a ine fro! the friend y Maronite bisho%, to who! 8 had written, Q*%ri G,R who says that he has been assured, %robab y afresh, that ,hidiak is in %rison, and suffers beating# F0# The e!ir *# ca!e and con"ersed a ength of ti!e on the case of ,hidiak# 8 offered to reward hi! we for his troub e, if he wou d %rocure his re ease, which he has %ro!ised to atte!%t# /F# J# ca!e to say, that he had ne"er seen the e!ir *# who had endea"oured to %ersuade his unc e to write to the %atriarch# The unc e, howe"er, refused, but added, CDou !ay write in !y na!e, and say, that it is !y % easure, that ,hidiak shou d be iberated#C The !essenger has, therefore, gone with such a etter# //# This !orning, ca!e Tannoos ,hidiak, acco!%anied by a young e!ir, saying, that they had know edge of our atte!%t to iberate *saad, through the !ediu! of the e!ir *# C8t wi not do,C said he, Cyou wi not acco!% ish

your object so#C They both said, that the e!ir *# was a great iar, had a itt e !ind, and itt e, if any, inf uence with his unc e# 8n short, they %ro%osed a more exce ent way, "iA# that we shou d gi"e them a so a good reward to engage in this nob e work of brother y o"e# /5# The !essenger fro! the e!ir *# arri"ed fro! 9annobeen, with the fo owing etter fro! the %atriarch, in answer to his own# C*fter kissing the hands of your honourab e exce ency, Kc# Kc# @ith regard to your s a"e, Asaad "sh Shidia , the state into which he is fa en, is not unknown to your exce ency# +is understanding is sub"erted# 8n so!e res%ects he is a de!oniac, in others not# E"ery day his !a ady increases u%on hi!, unti 8 ha"e been ob iged to take se"ere !easures with hi!, and %ut hi! under kee%ers, est he shou d esca%e fro! here, and grow worse, and infuse his %oison into others# Two days ago, he succeeded in getting away in the night, and ob iged !e to send !en to bind hi! and bring hi! backB and after he was co!e, he showed signs of returning sanity, and begged to be forgi"en# But he does not abide by his word, for he is "ery fick eB and the !ost %robab e o%inion res%ecting hi! is, that he is %ossessed of the de"i # +owe"er, as he was, to a%%earance, dis%osed to yie d !e obedience, 8 treated hi! kind y and hu!ane y, and used e"ery !eans to %ro!ote his %er!anent cure# This is what 8 ha"e to co!!unicate to your exce ency, and the bearer wi infor! you further# @hate"er your exce ency co!!ands, 8 obey, and the 'ord engthen your ife# Jose%h, Patriar&h of Antio&h.C /2# * youth fro! *in @arka infor!ed us, that he had seen a etter in *saad's own hand&writing, saying, that he had yie ded obedience to the %atriarch, and %rofessed again the faith of the .o!an catho ic church# This re%ort, excited great joy, he says, at the co ege# @e are rather %ained by the news, because, if *saad has done this, we are a !ost sure it has been done insincere y, and !ere y to esca%e the %ains of his %ersecution# The sa!e %erson says, that a re ati"e of the %atriarch at 9annobeen, has been in the habit of writing, e"ery week or two, to the co ege, to gi"e the news of what was done with *saad fro! ti!e to ti!e, in which he s%oke of his &hains and stripes, and so on# +e a so obser"es, that !any %eo% e ha"e bo d y Euestioned the right of the %atriarch to %roceed to such extre!ities with the !e!bers of his church, saying, they saw not, at this rate, which was chief go"ernor of the !ountains, the %rince, or the %atriarch# July -. )ne who see!ed certain of de i"ering ,hidiak, if he shou d set about it, went, with our reco!!endation to Tri%o i, fro! which % ace he ho%es to ha"e a con"enient co!!unication with 9annobeen# F5# The youth who went to Tri%o i to atte!%t so!ething, ca!e back unsuccessfu # F2# *%% ication has been !ade by Phares to the e!ir M#, but he refused to do any thing for *saad, a eging that it is an affair of re igion, and be ongs exc usi"e y to the %atriarch# Phares says, that notwithstanding the su%erstition and anger, which his !other exhibited when here, she has !ore than once said, that the Eng ish are better than the Maronites, for they take an interest in the fate of *saad, whi e the Maronites a see! to care nothing about hi!, whether he is dead or a i"e, ha%%y or wretched#

Phares, as we as others, says, that Tannoos is *saad's ene!y fro! jea ousy# *saad is younger than Tannoos, but has been !uch !ore noticed# This Tannoos cou d not bear, and has therefore been Euite wi ing to see hi! disgraced and %unished# Phares obser"es, that Tannoos was Euite as fa"ourab y dis%osed to %rotestant %rinci% es as *saad, but the !o!ent *saad took the start of hi!, he fe back, and is a !uch fir!er Maronite than e"er# +e see!ed to be affected at the death of Mr# Fisk, but inferred fro! it, that God did not a%%ro"e the efforts of the %rotestants in this country# The death of Mr# -a ton, a so, his for!er %u%i , %robab y confir!ed this fee ing# Great diffi&ulties in the way of Asaad?s release. FG# Tannoos ca!e to con"erse about his brother *saad# +e had just recei"ed a etter in *saad's own hand&writing, saying, that he was reduced to a great extre!ity of distress, and %erha%s had not ong to i"e, and begging Tannoos to co!e u% and see if nothing cou d be done to end or !itigate his sufferings# Tannoos dec ares that he wou d be "ery g ad to get hi! away fro! 9annobeen, if he cou d be safe, but that in any other % ace in the do!inions of the e!ir Beshir, he wou d be ki ed# +e !ight be safe at the consu 's, but with !e, he wou d not be# CThere are !en in these !ountains,C said he, Cthat can ki and ha2e ki ed %atriarchs and e!irs, and that in their own housesB and why cou d they not ki *saad with you, if they choseT 8s your house !ore secure than the con"ent of the %atriarch, or the %a ace of the e!irT * !an in entering your house, wou d "io ate a aw, but the Eng ish wou d not !ake war for the ki ing of a sing e !an#C 8 obser"ed, that an a%% ication wou d "ery %ossib y be !ade to the %asha, by the consu , if *saad was not soon de i"ered u%# C*n a%% ication of that sort,C re% ied T# Cwou d be Euite use ess# The %asha wou d send the a%% ication to the e!ir, and do you not think the e!ir wou d arrange the affair as he % easedT +e knows we this sort of dea ing# +e has known how to !anage these !ountains for forty years, and do you think he wou d be at a oss about such a trif e as thisT For exa!% e, what wou d be !ore easy for the e!ir, if he chose to detain the !an, than to say he had co!!itted !urder, and therefore cou d not be gi"en u%TC CBut,C said 8, Csuch a charge !ust be estab ished by co!%etent witnesses, and under the consu 's ins%ection#C CTrue,C re% ied he, Cand where wou d be the difficu ty in thatT $he emir would brin1 6// witnesses toBmorrow to establish any &rime he was pleased to alle1e. *nd as to his fearing the %asha, though he ho ds his office under hi!, yet his %ower is e"en su%erior to the %asha's#CDDCThe %atriarch,C continued Tannoos, Ccan do just what he chooses, in s%ite of the Eng ish# $ou ha"e brought books here, and the %atriarch has burned the! in s%ite of you# +e has issued to a deno!inations a %roc a!ation fu of ies against you, and what ha"e you been ab e to doT $ou ha"e indeed written a re% y to the %roc a!ation, and ho d it u% to the %eo% e, and say, ''ook how the %atriarch ies about usB' but what does he care for a that#C ,o ta ks a 'ebanon !ountaineer, of !ore sense, infor!ation and truth, than !ost others, res%ecting the !ora character and god y fear of his %atriarch and %rince#

His family attempt his liberation. FI# Phares brought us a etter, which had just been recei"ed by the fa!i y at +adet, fro! the %atriarch, wishing the! to co!e i!!ediate y to 9annobeen# Tannoos and his !other ha"e gone, and intend, if %ossib e, to bring *saad away, either to <esroan, or to +adet# The !other insisted on going, and wished to %ass through Beyroot on her way, that she !ight consu t us before she wentB but this was not %er!itted her# The abo"e !entioned etter, in Eng ish, runs thus(DC*fter te ing you how !uch 8 desire to see you in a hea th and %ros%erity, 8 send you news res%ecting the wretch *saad Esh ,hidiak, otherwise ca ed lord of hell# +is obduracy, with which you are acEuainted, has exceeding y increased# 8t is not unknown to you, how !uch care 8 ha"e bestowed on hi! for his good, how !uch 8 ha"e aboured for his sa "ation, and under what se"ere disci% ine 8 ha"e %ut hi!B and a to no effect# *nd now, as !ight be ex%ected, he has fa en i , and therefore can no onger run away, according to his custo!, and we ha"e been thus constrained to take off the se"erity of our treat!ent# But fearing est his disease shou d increase u%on hi!, 8 ha"e sent you word, that you !ay co!e and see how he is, and consu t what is best to be done with hi!# Make no de ay, therefore, in co!ing, and the a%osto ic b essing be u%on you#C This atte!%t of his fa!i y to effect his iberation fai ed, for so!e reason unknownB and he continued i!!ured in %rison, suffering %ersecution# +e was confined in a s!a roo! with an iron co ar round his neck fastened to the wa with a strong chain# 8n )ctober, FG/J, another atte!%t was !ade to effect the iberation of *saad# The ci"i authorities were consu ted, but cou d not be %re"ai ed u%on to en ist in his beha f# 8n ;o"e!ber, FG/J, howe"er, he effected his esca%e, but was soon arrested, and treated !ore crue y than e"er# 8n the +era d for *%ri , FG/G, we find the fo owing history of *saad fro! the ti!e he was betrayed into the hands of the %atriarch ti the s%ring of FG/J# 8t is thus %refaced by Mr# Bird, one of the !issionaries# CThis account of our suffering friend, though by no !eans co!% ete, !ay ne"erthe ess be re ied on as authentic, and is by far the !ost fu and satisfactory account which we ha"e been ab e to obtain# 8t was sent us, as you wi see in the journa , by the friend y young shekh, ;aa!i 'atoof, who, so!e ti!e %re"ious, s%ent a few weeks in our fa!i ies, and whose heart see!s to ha"e been touched with the truths of the gos%e # The %riest, who has %ro"ed so great a benefactor to *saad, is a re ati"e of the shekh, and they ha"e grown u% together fro! chi dhood on the !ost inti!ate ter!s of fa!i iarity and friendshi%# Many of the occurrences here re ated, the %riest found written a!ong the !onks, who %ass their ti!e id y with the %atriarch, and to !any he was an eye&witness# The account was drawn u% under his own ins%ection# +e see!s a !an unusua y conscientious for an *rab, unusua y o%en to con"iction in argu!ent, and has %ro!ised to do his ut!ost to sa"e *saad fro! further abuse, and in the end to de i"er hi! fro! his state of confine!ent# Thus, whi e a our own efforts ha"e fai ed of essentia y benefitting the %oor !an, the 'ord, without any of our instru!enta ity, has raised u% a friend fro! the !idst of his %ersecutors, who has a ready sa"ed

hi! fro! i!%ending death, and we ho%e and %ray, wi soon o%en the way for his co!% ete de i"erance fro! this ,yrian 8nEuisition#C #rief history of *saad "sh Shidia ( from the time of his bein1 betrayed into the hands of the Maronite Patriar&h( in the sprin1 of -,0*. T$%&'(%)*+ ,$-. )/* A$%012 -, N%%.1 L%)--,. @hen the re ati"es of *saad brought hi! to the con"ent of * !a in the district of <esroan, and ga"e hi! u% to the %atriarch, the atter began by way of f attery to %ro!ise hi! a the wor d y ad"antages he cou d bestowB but witha de!anding that he shou d %ut away a the heretica notions, and a the corru%t know edge, which the Bib e&!en, those ene!ies of the %o%e, had taught hi!# +e re% ied, CThese things which you ho d out to !e, are to !e of no "a ue# 8 no onger troub e !yse f about the!, for they are "ain and of short duration# E"ery christian is bound to think, and abour, and stri"e to be accounted worthy to hear that b essed we co!e, '9o!e ye b essed of !y Father, inherit the kingdo! %re%ared for you fro! the foundation of the wor d#' *s to rejecting fro! !y !ind those things which 8 ha"e earned fro! the Bib e&!en, 8 ha"e to say, that, for !any years, 8 had read, occasiona y, the ho y scri%tures, which are ab e to !ake us wise unto sa "ation, but cou d not i"e according to the!B for 8 was gi"en to the indu gence of a wicked %assions( but since !y acEuaintance with these !en, 8 see !yse f, through the !erits of !y ,a"iour, %ossessed of a new heart, though it is not yet, 8 confess, in a res%ects such as 8 cou d wish it to be#C -uring the few days they re!ained in the <esroan, the %atriarch shewed hi! e"ery attention, and suffered no one to o%%ose his o%inions saying, CThe %rotestants, by the great su!s they ha"e gi"en hi!, ha"e b inded his eyes, and inc ined hi! to join the!, and diffuse their %oisonous senti!ents, so that he cannot, at once, be brought to ea"e the!# 'et hi! a one for the %resent, do nothing to o%%ose or to offend hi!, unti we sha arri"e at 9annobeen, where we !ay exa!ine into his faith and state at our eisure, and if we find that he sti c ings to his heresy, we then can do with hi! as circu!stances !ay reEuire#C *fter a short ti!e they %roceeded with hi! to 9annobeen, and there began to use argu!ents to con"ince hi! of his errors, and %ersuade hi! to confess and forsake the!, and e!brace whate"er the counci s and the church had enactedBDreEuiring that he shou d surrender his conscience to the ho y catho ic church, and b ess a who! she b essed, and curse a who! she cursedB and this they did in the !ost stern and threatening !anner# +e re% ied, C8t has been said, by the !outh of the +o y )ne, #less and &urse not.C They sti %ressed hi! to yie d his o%inions, but he said, C8 can gi"e u% nothing, nor can 8 be ie"e any thing but as it is written in the ho y scri%turesB for in these is contained a doctrines necessary to sa "ation#CDCBut,C said they, Cis e"ery thing then, worth ess, that has been ordained by the counci s and the fathersTC +e answered, CThe counci s !ay ha"e enacted aws good for the!se "es, but we are not bound to fo ow the!#C *fter urging hi!, day after day, to no %ur%ose, they fina y asked in des%air, C*re you then sti of the sa!e senti!entTC C)f the sa!e senti!ent,C said heB C8 sti be ie"e and ho d whate"er is written in the ho y scri%tures, and neither !ore nor ess#C C@i e"ery one, then, who reads the gos%e , be sa"edTC CBy

no !eansBDbut as it is written, 'he that hath !y co!!ands and eepeth the!, he it is that o"eth !e#'C C8t is the duty of e"ery %erson to %ossess the gos%e , and read itTC C$es, it is the duty of e"ery one# 'For,' said Pau , 'if our gos%e be hid, it is hid to the! that are ost, in who! the god of this wor d hath b inded the !inds of the! which be ie"e not, est the ight of the g orious gos%e shou d shine unto the!#'C They then re"i ed hi!, and s%urned hi! away fro! their sight, and began to !editate !easures of "io ence against hi!# +e was se%arated fro! a around hi!, and co!%e ed to take his !ea s by hi!se fB and est he shou d atte!%t to esca%e, a %erson was set o"er hi! to kee% hi! under a constant watch# +e was !ade to fee hi!se f in the owest state of disgrace, a taking the fu est iberty to re%roach and ridicu e hi!# Fro! this state of debase!ent he soon began to !editate his esca%e# *ccording y, one e"ening, just as the sun had set, and whi e his kee%er's eye was off hi!, he f ed# *n i!!ediate and di igent search was !ade for hi!, but he cou d not be found unti the second day, when he was disco"ered sti hiding in a gro"e near by, for he was tota y ignorant of the way he ought to take# They brought hi! i!!ediate y to the %atriarch# @hen he arri"ed, he was !et by re%roaches and re"i ings, and the ser"ants, by order of the %atriarch beat hi!, and %ut hi! into confine!ent# This was at -i!an, a % easant, airy situation be onging to 9annobeen, and about an hour's distance fro! it# ,oon after this, he was taken u% to the atter % ace, when he was eft a itt e !ore at arge, but was a ways under the watch of a kee%er# )ne e"ening, when a had gone in the cha%e for %rayers, he ay as if he had been as ee%, and the !onk, his kee%er, thinking hi! rea y so, went in with the rest, but took with hi!, as a %recaution, *saad's si "er inkhorn, su%%osing that if he shou d wake, and think of esca%ing, he wou d not be wi ing to ea"e behind hi! so "a uab e an artic e# @hen *saad saw that a were gone, knowing the ength of their %rayers, he at once eft the con"ent, and ran about an hour's distance# Peo% e were des%atched in search of hi! with a di igence, but they returned without finding hi!# )n account of his ignorance of the way, he re!ained secreted near the road ti the day broke, when he continued his f ight unti he had reached the distance of three hours or !ore fro! his %rison, when a cou% e of !en in the ser"ice of the %atriarch, ha"ing been a%%riAed of his esca%e by the %ursuers during the night, disco"ered hi!, and ca ed out, C@ho are youT *re you *saadTC +e re% ied, C8 a! *saad#C They at once took hi! into custody, and brought hi! back, but without any "io ence or indignity, to the %atriarch# * different treat!ent, howe"er, awaited hi! at the con"ent# +e had no sooner reached it, than they co"ered hi! with insu t, beating hi!, and !ocking hi!, and saying, Cfoo that you are, why did you answer to your na!eTC +e re% ied, CGod has aid a curse u%on the ying !outh, and therefore 8 cannot use it#C They said, C8f you do not return to your faith, and ho d to a that has been ordained by the church and the fathers, you are ruined# $ou wi die under your tortures, and go to %erdition#C +e re% ied, C@hoe"er sha ca on the na!e of the 'ord sha be sa"ed# 8 a! wi ing to ex%ose !yse f to e"ery indignity and suffering for the sake of +i! who o"ed us, and shed his %recious b ood for our sa "ation# These things 8 a! bound to say and do, and 8 a! bound to exhort you a so, as be o"ed friends#C @hen he had said this, they a aughed hi! to scorn, ca ed hi! a !ad!an, and were about to beat

hi! for atte!%ting, as they %retended, to !ake heretics of the! a so# @hen he saw their anger, he cried out, C@hy are you enraged at !e, and what are you about to do to !eT 8 a! a dying !an ike yourse "es, and %reach unto you that you shou d turn fro! your "anities unto the i"ing God, who !ade hea"en, and earth, and the sea, and a that are therein#C They then renewed their cries that he was !ad, and thrust hi! into his %rison roo!, and ocked the door u%on hi!, and strict orders were gi"en that no one shou d say any thing to hi! !ore or ess# 8n this state he re!ained for so!e days# The %atriarch then sent to hi! to inEuire after his faith, es%ecia y res%ecting his trust in the i!ages of the church, dec aring to hi! that without faith in these, he cou d not be sa"ed# +e re% ied, C'et no !an begui e you of your reward in a "o untary hu!i ity and worshi%%ing of ange s#C They brought hi! %roofs fro! the counci s, that i!ages were used by the fathers, and ought to be set u% and worshi%%ed in the churches, in honour of the saints, and to obtain their intercession# +e answered, C8 wi a so bring you %roof fro! the counci s, that the worshi% of i!ages, and a use of the! in the churches, was forbidden and re%robated by the fathers#C +ere they contradicted hi!# CBe it as it !ay,C said he, Cit is i!%ossib e for !e to fo ow the o%inions of any !an or set of !en#, and ea"e the word of God behind !e# This word te s !e, that 'foras!uch as we are the offs%ring of God, we ought not to think that the Godhead is ike unto go d, or si "er, or stone, gra"en by art or !an's de"ice#'C The !essengers then Euit hi!, and !ade their re%ort to the %atriarch, who eft hi! in his %rison for a considerab e ti!e, in the !ost abject and suffering state# 8n %rocess of ti!e, certain indi"idua s, %ossessed of a itt e hu!anity, beca!e interested in his situation, sy!%athiAed in his sufferings, interceded for hi!, and %rocured iberty to o%en the %rison door, so that any one who chose cou d go in and see hi! without restraint# *gain he began to !editate an atte!%t to esca%e, and on a certain e"ening, set off fro! the con"ent# But, as before, his ignorance of the %ro%er %ath to esca%e in, %re"ented the acco!% ish!ent of his %ur%ose# +e soon saw the ighted torches strea!ing off in e"ery direction in search of hi!, and to a"oid his %ursuers, turned aside a short distance, and c i!bed into a tree# Fro! this situation he did not dare to co!e down ti the night was fair y gone, when he shifted the %osition of his c othes, turning his c oak inside out, using his turban for a gird e and his gird e for a turban, and took his way# +e had, howe"er, not %roceeded far, when one of the %atriarch's !en disco"ered hi!, and ca ed out, C*saad is it youTC +e answered, Cit is 8#C The !an i!!ediate y caught hi!, ike a greedy wo f, bound hi!, beat hi!, and dro"e hi! before hi!, as a s a"e, or a brute, to 9annobeen# )n their way they were !et by !any others who had been sent off in Euest of hi!, who a united with the ca%tor in his bruta treat!ent# )n his arri"a , the %atriarch ga"e i!!ediate orders for his %unish!ent, and they fe u%on hi! with re%roaches, caning hi! and s!iting hi! with their handsB and so it was, that as often as they struck hi! on one cheek, he turned to the! the other a so# CThis,C said he, Cis a joyfu day to !e# My b essed 'ord and Master has said, 'B ess the! that curse you, and if they strike you on the right cheek turn to the! the eft a so#' This 8 ha"e been enab ed to do, and 8 a! ready to suffer e"en !ore than this for hi!, who was beaten, and s%it u%on, and ed as a shee% to the s aughter, on our account#C @hen they heard this, they fe to beating hi! anew saying, C+a"e

we need of your %reaching, thou decei"erT )f what a"ai are such %retensions in one who is in the broad way to %erditionTC +e re% ied, Che that be ie"eth that Jesus 9hrist is the ,on of God, hath eterna ife#C C*h,C said they, Cthis is what b inds you# $our sa "ation is by faith alone in 8hristA thus you cast conte!%t on his !other, and his saintsB you deny the %resence of his ho y body on earthBCDand they threw hi! on the ground, o"erwhe !ed with the !u titude of their b ows# For three successi"e days, he was subjected to the bastinado, by order of the %atriarch, who, after that, su!!oned hi! to his %resence, and de!anded of hi! his faith# C8 a! a 9hristian, a fo ower of Jesus of ;aAareth#C Those %resent exhorted hi! to acknow edge the intercession of the saints, and to re%air to the! for he % in this hour of tria # But he refused, saying, CMy he % is in hi! who shed his b ood for sinners#C CBut ha"e the saints,C said they, Cno intercession, and is it "ain to worshi% the!, and %ray to the!TC +e said, C@e are not taught to seek he % or %rotection fro! any, but fro! hi! who is the Great ,he%herd, who has said with his own b essed !outh, '9o!e unto !e, a ye that abour and are hea"y aden, and 8 wi gi"e you rest#' To any other than God, we are not co!!anded to %ray or seek for refuge#C They then returned hi! to his %rison as before# Those who sy!%athiAed with hi!, went and begged hi! to confess that the canons of the counci s were binding on a 9hristians, and that the i!ages were "ery %ro%er y !ade use of in the churches# +e answered, CProfessing the!se "es to be wise, they beca!e foo s, and changed the g ory of the incorru%tib e God into an i!age !ade ike unto corru%tib e !an#C *t this they turned away fro! hi! in des%air and disgust, and re%orted to the %atriarch that he was in the !ost sett ed state of obstinacy, and was doubt ess %ossessed of a de"i # :%on this, the %atriarch ordered hi! to be %ut in chains, and the door to be barred u%on hi!, as for!er y, and his food to be gi"en hi! in short a owance# 8n this condition he re!ained ti he was !uch reduced, and began to entreat the! to ha"e %ity on hi! and take off the irons fro! his feet, and o%en the door of his %rison# ,o!e were !o"ed by his su%% ications, interceded for hi!, unbarred the door, took off his chains, and eft hi!# +e arose, wa ked out, and sat down with one of the! and con"ersed# +e then begged the %atriarch to gi"e hi! so!e books to co%y, to rid hi!se f of the tediu! of his id eness# But he refused, nor wou d he suffer any to ho d con"ersation with hi!# *fter so!e days, there ca!e into the con"ent two !en, in the character of beggars, and wished to %ass the night, but were turned away# That sa!e night *saad !ade another atte!%t to esca%e# *s soon as it was disco"ered that he was gone, a "igorous search was !ade to find hi!, but a to no %ur%ose# The uni"ersa cry now was, that the two !en a ready !entioned had been sent by the %rotestants to stea hi! away for a arge reward# 8!!ediate y his ho iness, the %atriarch, sent etters to the e!eer *bda ah infor!ing hi! of *saad's esca%e, and reEuesting hi! to guard the roads of the <esroan, and search the neighbourhood, if %ossib y *saad !ight sti be found urking in that district# *ccording y search was !ade, *saad was disco"ered a!ong his re ati"es by a cou% e of so diers, was bound, and taken off to the e!eer, who sent hi! direct to the %atriarch# )n his arri"a , he was oaded with chains, cast into a dark, fi thy roo!, and bastinadoed, e"ery day, for eight days, so!eti!es fainting under the

o%eration, unti he was near death# +e was then eft in his !isery, his bed a thin f ag !at, his co"ering his co!!on c othes# The door of his %rison was fi ed u% with stone and !ortar, and his food was six thin cakes of bread a day, and a scanty cu% of water# 8n this oathso!e dungeon, fro! which there was no access but a s!a oo% ho e, through which they %assed his food, he ay for se"era daysB and he wou d ift u% his "oice, and cry, C'o"e ye the 'ord Jesus 9hrist according as he hath o"ed us, and gi"en hi!se f to die for us# Think of !e, ) ye that %ass by, ha"e %ity u%on !e, and de i"er !e fro! these sufferings#C ;ow when his groans and cries were thus heard, a certain %riest, who had been a for!er friend of *saad, was touched with co!%assion# +is for!er friendshi% re"i"ed, his bowe s yearned o"er his suffering brother, and he besought e"ery one who cou d s%eak with the %atriarch, that they wou d intercede and endea"our to soften his fee ings towards his %risoner# By dint of %erse"erance, the %riest at ength succeeded, and obtained %er!ission to o%en the %rison door of his friend and take off his irons# The first reEuest he !ade of the %riest on his entering, was, that he wou d gi"e hi! a itt e food, for he was fa!ishing with hunger# The %riest i!!ediate y brought hi! a itt e bread and cooked "ictua s, which he ate, and said, CThe na!e of the 'ord be b essed#C Those %resent began to exhort hi! to turn to the !other of God, if, %erad"enture, she wou d ha"e !ercy u%on hi!, and bring hi! back to the way of sa "ation# +e answered, C8f she has the %ower of intercession, et her intercede for us with her be o"ed ,on#C The %riest was "ery assiduous in su%% ying hi! with e"ery thing necessary for his co!fortB in %articu ar he obtained the return of his c othes, of which he had been %art y stri%%edB for the snow was u%on the ground, and the co d fi ed hi! with %ains# ;ow when the others saw the care and attention of the %riest, they said, C$ou ha"e beco!e a con"ert to his heretica o%inions#C But he re% ied, CGod has said, 'B essed are the !ercifu B'C and continued fir! in his %ur%ose# +is assiduity was such, that whene"er he eft the con"ent for any ti!e, he wou d gi"e !oney to the cook to %re"ai on hi! to su%% y *saad with %ro%er food, and to attend u%on hi! in whate"er he !ight need# The ene!ies of the %riest accused hi! to the %atriarch, but they cou d not succeed in their object, for the %riest is of b a!e ess !ora s, and has a good na!e a!ong a # The %riest now %assed !uch of his ti!e in co!%any with *saad, and con"ersed with hi! free y# )n a certain occasion they began to con"erse on the subject of the cross, the %riest saying it ought to be worshi%%ed# *saad re% ied, CFor what reasonT and where is the use of itTC The %riest said, C8n !e!ory of the ,a"iour#C *saad,DC@hy do you kiss the cross, and who has co!!anded itTC Priest,DC@e kiss it in honour of hi! who hung u%on it#C *saad#DCBut why then do you not %aint the ass a so, and %ay it a obeisance, and a honours, for our ,a"iour, when he rode u%on the ass, was in a honour, and a %aid hi! obeisanceB but when he was on the cross, he was in sorrow and disgrace#C The %riest re%ro"ed hi! gent y for returning such an answer, and when he saw that the %riest was dis% eased, he said, C)n account of your o"e to !e, and the fa"our you ha"e done !e, 8 wish to %ro"e to you this %oint, that a re igious re"erence and worshi% and ser"ice to any but God, is "ainB for it is said, '+e that heareth !y word, and be ie"eth on hi! that sent !e, hath e"er asting ife,' and 8 ha"e to beg of you, that you

wi continua y search the ho y scri%tures, and %ray as -a"id %rayed, '9reate in !e a c ean heart, ) God, and renew a right s%irit within !e#'C -uring this ti!e, one of their ene!ies was standing without the door, and istened to the who e con"ersation# This !an went i!!ediate y, to the %atriarch, and to d hi! a that he had heard, and that the %riest was con"ersing with *saad in so gent e a !anner, that he was ike y soon to be won o"er to heresy# +is ho iness was start ed at the inte igence, and hastening down inEuired the truth of the re%ort# *saad concea ed nothing# The %atriarch, howe"er, at first, re%ressed his own fee ings, and exhorted hi! in the !ost winning !anner he cou d assu!e, %ro!ising that if he wou d but return to the ho y church and fathers and counci s, worshi% the i!ages, and saints, and the !other of God, he wou d again i!!ediate y !ake hi! his secretary# +e re% ied, C@ith regard to the o%inions which 8 ho d, 8 assure you 8 wish to ho d none which are o%%osed to the word of GodB and as to resorting to the "irgin Mary, 8 say, as 8 ha"e before said, that if she has any %ower of intercession, et her intercede for us# *s to gi"ing u% !y o%inions to the church and counci s, how can 8 do it, so ong as 8 a! %ossessed of satisfactory e"idence that these counci s are o%%osed to one anotherT @e are in no need of the counci s, but ha"e sufficient ight without the! to guide us in the way of sa "ation# Moreo"er 8 can say, that I do surrender !y o%inions to the ho y catho ic church, for 8 %rofess the faith of the church of 9hrist, and unite !y conscience with it#C The %atriarch cou d no onger restrain his fee ings, but broke out in the anguage of re%roach, saying, C$ou are a worth ess fe ow, obstinate y bent on !aintaining your fo y# 8 gi"e you to understand that 8 a! c ear of your gui t# $ou wi not be taught, but o"e to shew your conte!%t of the cross, and of the worshi% of the i!ages, whose worshi% is on y in honour of those to whose !e!ory they are set u%, and who aboured and died in the ser"ice of 9hrist#C *saad re% ied, C@ith regard to worshi%%ing such things as these, it is said, 'Thou sha t worshi% the 'ord thy God, and hi! on y sha t thou ser"eB' and as to those who aboured and shed their b ood for the ,a"iour, they are abo"e our honours, for they ha"e gone to inherit uns%eakab e g ory in their !aster's %resence#C The %atriarch was !ore angry than e"er, and taking off his s i%%er, beat both hi! and the %riest, and dro"e the atter fro! the roo!, and ocked the door# *fter six days of additiona confine!ent, the friend y %riest again %rocured his re ease fro! his %rison, and obtained the fa"our of taking the entire o"ersight of hi!# 8n this condition the %ersecuted !an re!ains# May the Most +igh grant hi! s%eedy de i"erance# Feb# F0th, FG/2#

The atest accounts fro! Pa estine state that *saad is sti in confine!ent, but re!ains fir! to the %rinci% es he has e!braced# 8n a etter fro! Mr# Goode , dated *%ri , FGH1, we find the fo owing sentence#DC Asaad Shidia is still ali2e( and there is e2ery reason to belie2e that he lo2es and obeys the truth( that he is san&tified by it( rooted and 1rounded in it( and ready to suffer for it.C @e take our ea"e of this interesting narrati"e, co!!ending the suffering subject of it to God, and the word of his grace, accounting hi!

!ore b essed if he %erse"eres steadfast unto the end, than if his brows were endowed with an i!%eria diade!#

CHAPTER IX.
PERSECUTIONS OF THE BAPTIST MISSIONARIES IN INDIA, DURING THE YEAR 1!" .
A&&ount of the S&enes at A2a durin1 the 9ar. Mr# and Mrs# Judson were a!ong the nu!ber of the first !issionaries who eft this country for 8ndia# *fter abouring for so!e ti!e in +indostan they fina y estab ished the!se "es at .angoon in the Bur!an E!%ire, in FGFH# 8n FG/5 war broke out between the British East 8ndia 9o!%any and the e!%eror of Bur!ah# Mr# and Mrs# Judson and -r# Price, who were at *"a, the ca%ita of the Bur!an E!%ire, when the war co!!enced, were i!!ediate y arrested and confined for se"era !onths# The account of the sufferings of the !issionaries was written by Mrs# Judson, and is gi"en in her own words# The sufferings of the !issionaries, during this ong and disastrous %eriod, sur%assed a that the !ost a ar!ed and ferti e i!agination had concei"ed# )f the dreadfu scenes at *"a, a !inute account was written by Mrs# Judson to -r# E nathan Judson# 8t wi be read with strong and %ainfu interest# Fiction itse f has se do! in"ented a ta e !ore re% ete with terror# C;an1oon( May /J, FG/J# CMy be o"ed Brother, C8 co!!ence this etter with the intention of gi"ing you the %articu ars of our ca%ti"ity and sufferings at *"a# +ow ong !y %atience wi a ow !y re"iewing scenes of disgust and horror, the conc usion of this etter wi deter!ine# 8 had ke%t a journa of e"ery thing that had trans%ired fro! our arri"a at *"a, but destroyed it at the co!!ence!ent of our difficu ties# CThe first certain inte igence we recei"ed of the dec aration of war by the Bur!ese, was on our arri"a at Tsen%yoo&kywon, about a hundred !i es this side of *"a, where %art of the troo%s, under the co!!and of the ce ebrated Bandoo a, had enca!%ed# *s we %roceeded on our journey, we !et Bandoo a hi!se f, with the re!ainder of his troo%s, gai y eEui%%ed, seated on his go den barge, and surrounded by a f eet of go d war boats, one of which was instant y des%atched the other side of the ri"er to hai us, and !ake a necessary inEuiries# @e were a owed to %roceed Euiet y on, when he had infor!ed the !essenger that we were *!ericans, not "n1lish, and were going to *"a in obedience to the co!!and of his Majesty# C)n our arri"a at the ca%ita , we found that -r# Price was out of fa"our at court, and that sus%icion rested on !ost of the foreigners then at *"a# $our brother "isited at the %a ace two or three ti!es, but found the king's !anner toward hi! "ery different fro! what it for!er y had beenB and the Eueen, who had hitherto ex%ressed wishes for !y s%eedy arri"a , now !ade no inEuiries after !e, nor inti!ated a wish to see !e# 9onseEuent y, 8 !ade no effort to "isit at the %a ace, though a !ost dai y in"ited to "isit so!e of the branches of the roya fa!i y, who were i"ing in their own houses, out of the

%a ace enc osure# :nder these circu!stances, we thought our !ost %rudent course ay in %rosecuting our origina intention of bui ding a house, and co!!encing !issionary o%erations as occasion offered, thus endea"ouring to con"ince the go"ern!ent that we had rea y nothing to do with the %resent war# C8n two or three weeks after our arri"a , the king, Eueen, a the !e!bers of the roya fa!i y, and !ost of the officers of go"ern!ent, returned to *!ara%ora, in order to co!e and take %ossession of the new %a ace in the custo!ary sty e# *s there has been !uch !isunderstanding re ati"e to *"a and *!ara%ora, both being ca ed the ca%ita of the Bur!ese E!%ire, 8 wi here re!ark, that %resent *"a was for!er y the seat of go"ern!entB but soon after the o d king had ascended the throne, it was forsaken, and a new %a ace bui t at *!ara%ora, about six !i es fro! *"a, in which he re!ained during his ife# 8n the fourth year of the reign of the %resent king, *!ara%ora was in its turn forsaken, and a new and beautifu %a ace bui t at *"a, which was then in ruins, but is now the &apital of the Bur!ese E!%ire, and the residence of the E!%eror# The king and roya fa!i y had been i"ing in the te!%orary bui dings at *"a, during the co!% etion of the new %a ace, which ga"e occasion for their returning to *!ara%ora# C8 dare not atte!%t a descri%tion of that s% endid day, when !ajesty with a its attendant g ory entered the gates of the go den city, and a!id the acc a!ations of !i ions, 8 !ay say, took %ossession of the %a ace# The sau%wars of the %ro"inces bordering on 9hina, a the ?iceroys and high officers of the kingdo!, were asse!b ed on the occasion, dressed in their robes of state, and orna!ented with the insignia of their office# The white e e%hant, rich y adorned with go d and jewe s, was one of the !ost beautifu objects in the %rocession# The king and Eueen a one were unadorned, dressed in the si!% e garb of the countryB they, hand in hand, entered the garden in which we had taken our seats, and where a banEuet was %re%ared for their refresh!ent# * the riches and g ory of the e!%ire were on this day exhibited to "iew# The nu!ber and i!!ense siAe of the e e%hants, the nu!erous horses, and great "ariety of "ehic es of a descri%tions, far sur%assed any thing 8 ha"e e"er seen or i!agined# ,oon after his !ajesty had taken %ossession of the new %a ace, an order was issued that no foreigner shou d be a owed to enter, exce%ting 'ansago# @e were a itt e a ar!ed at this, but conc uded it was fro! %o itica !oti"es, and wou d not, %erha%s, essentia y affect us# CFor se"era weeks nothing took % ace to a ar! us, and we went on with our schoo # Mr# J# %reached e"ery ,abbath, a the !ateria s for bui ding a brick house were %rocured, and the !asons had !ade considerab e %rogress in raising the bui ding# C)n the /Hd of May, FG/5, just as we had conc uded worshi% at the -octor's house, the other side of the ri"er, a !essenger ca!e to infor! us that .angoon was taken by the Eng ish# The inte igence %roduced a shock, in which was a !ixture of fear and joy# Mr# Gouger, a young !erchant residing at *"a, was then with us, and had !uch !ore reason to fear than the rest of us# @e a , howe"er, i!!ediate y returned to our house, and began to consider what was to be done# Mr# G# went to %rince Thar&yar&wa&dee, the king's !ost inf uentia brother, who infor!ed hi! he need not gi"e hi!se f any uneasiness, as he had !entioned the subject to his !ajesty, who had

re% ied, that 'the few foreigners residing at *"a, had nothing to do with the war, and shou d not be !o ested#' CThe go"ern!ent were now a in !otion# *n ar!y of ten or twe "e thousand !en, under the co!!and of the <yee&woon&gyee, were sent off in three or four days, and were to be joined by the ,akyer&woon&gyee, who had %re"ious y been a%%ointed ?iceroy of .angoon, and who was on his way thither, when the news of its attack reached hi!# ;o doubt was entertained of the defeat of the Eng ishB the on y fear of the king was, that the foreigners hearing of the ad"ance of the Bur!ese troo%s, wou d be so a ar!ed, as to f ee on board their shi%s and de%art, before there wou d be ti!e to secure the! as s a"es# 'Bring for !e,' said a wi d young buck of the %a ace, 'six ka a %yoo, Qwhite strangers,R to row !y boatB' and 'to !e,' said the ady of a @oongyee, 'send four white strangers to !anage the affairs of !y house, as 8 understand they are trusty ser"ants#' The war boats, in high g ee, %assed our house, the so diers singing and dancing, and exhibiting gestures of the !ost joyous kind# Poor fe owsS said we, you wi %robab y ne"er dance again# *nd it so %ro"ed, for few if any e"er saw again their nati"e ho!e# C*s soon as the ar!y were des%atched, the go"ern!ent began to inEuire the cause of the arri"a of the strangers at .angoon# There !ust be s%ies in the country, suggested so!e, who ha"e in"ited the! o"er# *nd who so ike y to be s%ies, as the Eng ish!en residing at *"aT * re%ort was in circu ation, that 9a%tain 'aird, ate y arri"ed, had brought Benga %a%ers which contained the intention of the Eng ish to take .angoon, and it was ke%t a secret fro! his Majesty# *n inEuiry was instituted# The three Eng ish!en, Gouger, 'aird, and .ogers, were ca ed and exa!ined# 8t was found they had seen the %a%ers, and were %ut in confine!ent, though not in %rison# @e now began to tre!b e for ourse "es, and were in dai y ex%ectation of so!e dreadfu e"ent# C*t ength Mr# Judson and -r# Price were su!!oned to a court of exa!ination, where strict inEuiry was !ade re ati"e to a they knew# The great %oint see!ed to be whether they had been in the habit of !aking co!!unications to foreigners, of the state of the country, Kc# They answered, they had a ways written to their friends in *!erica, but had no corres%ondence with Eng ish officers, or the Benga go"ern!ent# *fter their exa!ination, they were not %ut in confine!ent as the Eng ish!en had been, but were a owed to return to their houses# 8n exa!ining the accounts of Mr# G# it was found that Mr# J# and -r# Price had taken !oney of hi! to a considerab e a!ount# 8gnorant, as were the Bur!ese, of our !ode of recei"ing !oney, by orders on Benga , this circu!stance, to their sus%icious !inds, was a sufficient e"idence, that the !issionaries were in the %ay of the Eng ish, and "ery %robab y s%ies# 8t was thus re%resented to the king, who, in an angry tone, ordered the i!!ediate arrest of the 'two teachers#' C)n the Gth of June, just as we were %re%aring for dinner, in rushed an officer, ho ding a b ack book, with a doAen Bur!ans, acco!%anied by one, who!, fro! his s%otted face, we knew to be an executioner, and a 'son of the %rison#' '@here is the teacherT' was the first inEuiry# Mr# Judson %resented hi!se f# '$ou are ca ed by the king,' said the officerB a for! of s%eech a ways used when about to arrest a cri!ina # The s%otted !an instant y seiAed Mr# Judson, threw hi! on the f oor, and %roduced the s!a cord, the instru!ent of torture# 8 caught ho d of his ar!B ',tay, Qsaid 8,R 8 wi gi"e you !oney#' 'Take her too,' said the officerB 'she a so is a foreigner#' Mr#

Judson, with an i!% oring ook, begged they wou d et !e re!ain ti further orders# The scene was now shocking beyond descri%tion# The who e neighbourhood had co ectedDthe !asons at work on the brick house threw down their too s, and ranDthe itt e Bur!an chi dren were screa!ing and cryingDthe Benga ee ser"ants stood in a!aAe!ent at the indignities offered their !asterDand the hardened executioner, with a he ish joy, drew tight the cords, bound Mr# Judson fast, and dragged hi! off, 8 knew not whither# 8n "ain 8 begged and entreated the s%otted face to take the si "er, and oosen the ro%es, but he s%urned !y offers, and i!!ediate y de%arted# 8 ga"e the !oney, howe"er, to Moung 8ng to fo ow after, to !ake so!e further atte!%t to !itigate the torture of Mr# JudsonB but instead of succeeding, when a few rods fro! the house, the unfee ing wretches again threw their %risoner on the ground, and drew the cords sti tighter, so as a !ost to %re"ent res%iration# CThe officer and his gang %roceeded on to the court house, where the Go"ernor of the city and officers were co ected, one of who! read the order of the king, to co!!it Mr# Judson to the death %rison, into which he was soon hur ed, the door c osedDand Moung 8ng saw no !ore# @hat a night was now before !eS 8 retired into !y roo!, and endea"oured to obtain conso ation fro! co!!itting !y case to God, and i!% oring fortitude and strength to suffer whate"er awaited !e# But the conso ation of retire!ent was not ong a owed !e, for the !agistrate of the % ace had co!e into the "erandah, and continua y ca ed !e to co!e out, and sub!it to his exa!ination# But %re"ious y to going out, 8 destroyed a !y etters, journa s, and writings of e"ery kind, est they shou d disc ose the fact that we had corres%ondents in Eng and, and had !inuted down e"ery occurrence since our arri"a in the country# @hen this work of destruction was finished, 8 went out and sub!itted to the exa!ination of the !agistrate, who inEuired "ery !inute y of e"erything 8 knewB then ordered the gates of the co!%ound to be shut, no %erson be a owed to go in or out, % aced a guard of ten ruffians, to who! he ga"e a strict charge to kee% !e safe, and de%arted# C8t was now dark# 8 retired to an inner roo! with !y four itt e Bur!an gir s, and barred the doors# The guard instant y ordered !e to unbar the doors and co!e out, or they wou d break the house down# 8 obstinate y refused to obey, and endea"oured to inti!idate the! by threatening to co!% ain of their conduct to higher authorities on the !orrow# Finding !e reso "ed in disregarding their orders, they took the two Benga ee ser"ants, and confined the! in the stocks in a "ery %ainfu %osition# 8 cou d not endure thisB but ca ed the head !an to the window, and %ro!ised to !ake the! a a %resent in the !orning, if they wou d re ease the ser"ants# *fter !uch debate, and !any se"ere threatenings, they consented, but see!ed reso "ed to annoy !e as !uch as %ossib e# My un%rotected, deso ate state, !y entire uncertainty of the fate of Mr# Judson, and the dreadfu carousings and a !ost diabo ica anguage of the guard, a cons%ired to !ake it by far the !ost distressing night 8 had e"er %assed# $ou !ay we i!agine, !y dear brother, that s ee% was a stranger to !y eyes, and %eace and co!%osure to !y !ind# CThe next !orning, 8 sent Moung 8ng to ascertain the situation of your brother, and gi"e hi! food, if sti i"ing# +e soon returned, with the inte igence, that Mr# Judson, and a the white foreigners, were confined in

the death prison, with three %airs of iron fetters each, and fastened to a ong %o e, to %re"ent their !o"ingS The %oint of !y anguish now was, that 8 was a %risoner !yse f, and cou d !ake no efforts for the re ease of the Missionaries# 8 begged and entreated the !agistrate to a ow !e to go to so!e !e!ber of go"ern!ent to state !y caseB but he said he did not dare to consent, for fear 8 shou d !ake !y esca%e# 8 next wrote a note to one of the king's sisters, with who! 8 had been inti!ate, reEuesting her to use her inf uence for the re ease of the teachers# The note was returned with this !essageD,he 'did not understand it,'Dwhich was a %o ite refusa to interfereB though 8 afterwards ascertained, that she had an anxious desire to assist us, but dared not on account of the Eueen# The day dragged hea"i y away, and another dreadfu night was before !e# 8 endea"oured to soften the fee ings of the guard by gi"ing the! tea and segars for the nightB so that they a owed !e to re!ain inside of !y roo!, without threatening as they did the night before# But the idea of your brother being stretched on the bare f oor in irons and confine!ent, haunted !y !ind ike a s%ectre, and %re"ented !y obtaining any Euiet s ee%, though nature was a !ost exhausted# C)n the third day, 8 sent a !essage to the go"ernor of the city, who has the entire direction of %rison affairs, to a ow !e to "isit hi! with a %resent# This had the desired effectB and he i!!ediate y sent orders to the guards, to %er!it !y going into town# The go"ernor recei"ed !e % easant y, and asked !e what 8 wanted# 8 stated to hi! the situation of the foreigners, and %articu ar y that of the teachers, who were *!ericans, and had nothing to do with the war# +e to d !e it was not in his %ower to re ease the! fro! %rison or irons, but that he cou d !ake their situation !ore co!fortab eB there was his head officer, with who! 8 !ust consu t, re ati"e to the !eans# The officer, who %ro"ed to be one of the city writers, and whose countenance at the first g ance %resented the !ost %erfect asse!b age of a the e"i %assions attached to hu!an nature, took !e aside, and endea"oured to con"ince !e, that !yse f, as we as the %risoners, was entire y at his dis%osa Dthat our future co!fort !ust de%end on !y ibera ity in regard to %resentsDand that these !ust be !ade in a %ri"ate way and unknown to any officer in the go"ern!entS @hat !ust 8 do, said 8, to obtain a !itigation of the %resent sufferings of the two teachersT 'Pay to !e,' said he, 'two hundred ticka s, Qabout a hundred do ars,R two %ieces of fine c oth, and two %ieces of handkerchiefs#' 8 had taken !oney with !e in the !orning, our house being two !i es fro! the %risonD8 cou d not easi y return# This 8 offered to the writer, and begged he wou d not insist on the other artic es, as they were not in !y %ossession# +e hesitated for so!e ti!e, but fearing to ose the sight of so !uch !oney, he conc uded to take it, %ro!ising to re ie"e the teachers fro! their !ost %ainfu situation# C8 then %rocured an order fro! the go"ernor, for !y ad!ittance into %risonB but the sensations, %roduced by !eeting your brother in that wret&hed( horrid situation, and the affecting scene which ensued, 8 wi not atte!%t to describe# Mr# Judson craw ed to the door of the %risonDfor 8 was ne"er a owed to enterDga"e !e so!e directions re ati"e to his re easeB but before we cou d !ake any arrange!ent, 8 was ordered to de%art, by those iron hearted jai ers, who cou d not endure to see us enjoy the %oor conso ation of !eeting in that !iserab e % ace# 8n "ain 8 % eaded the order of the go"ernor

for !y ad!ittanceB they again, harsh y re%eated, '-e%art, or we wi %u you out#' The sa!e e"ening, the !issionaries, together with the other foreigners, who had %aid an eEua su!, were taken out of the co!!on %rison, and confined in an o%en shed in the %rison enc osure# +ere 8 was a owed to send the! food, and !ats to s ee% onB but was not %er!itted to enter again for se"era days# CMy next object was to get a %etition %resented to the EueenB but no %erson being ad!itted into the %a ace, who was in disgrace with his Majesty, 8 sought to %resent it through the !ediu! of her brother's wife# 8 had "isited her in better days, and recei"ed %articu ar !arks of her fa"our# But now ti!es were a tered( Mr# Judson was in %rison, and 8 in distress, which was a sufficient reason for gi"ing !e a co d rece%tion# 8 took a %resent of considerab e "a ue# ,he was o ing on her car%et as 8 entered, with her attendants around her# 8 waited not for the usua Euestion to a su%% iant, '@hat do you wantT' but in a ho d, earnest, yet res%ectfu !anner, stated our distresses and our wrongs, and begged her assistance# ,he %art y raised her head, o%ened the %resent 8 had brought, and coo y re% ied, '$our case is not singu arB a the foreigners are treated a ike#' 'But it is singu ar,' said 8, 'the teachers are *!ericansB they are !inisters of re igion, ha"e nothing to do with war or %o itics, and ca!e to *"a in obedience to the king's co!!and# They ha"e ne"er done any thing to deser"e such treat!entB and is it right they shou d be treated thusT' 'The king does as he % eases,' said sheB '8 a! not the king, what can 8 doT' '$ou can state their case to the Eueen, and obtain their re ease,' re% ied 8# 'P ace yourse f in !y situation,Dwere you in *!erica, your husband, innocent of cri!e, thrown into %rison, in irons, and you a so itary, un%rotected fe!a eDwhat wou d you doT' @ith a s ight degree of fee ing, she said, '8 wi %resent your %etition,Dco!e again to& !orrow#' 8 returned to the house, with considerab e ho%e, that the s%eedy re ease of the !issionaries was at hand# But the next day Mr# Gouger's %ro%erty, to the a!ount of fifty thousand do ars, was taken and carried to the %a ace# The officers, on their return, %o ite y infor!ed !e, they shou d 2isit our house on the !orrow# 8 fe t ob iged for this infor!ation, and according y !ade %re%arations to recei"e the!, by secreting as !any itt e artic es as %ossib eB together with considerab e si "er, as 8 knew, if the war shou d be %rotracted, we shou d be in a state of star"ation without it# But !y !ind was in a dreadfu state of agitation, est it shou d be disco"ered, and cause !y being thrown into %rison# *nd had it been %ossib e to %rocure !oney fro! any other Euarter, 8 shou d not ha"e "entured on such a ste%# CThe fo owing !orning, the roya treasurer, %rince Tharyawadees, chief @oon, and <oung&tone Myoo&tsa, who was in future our steady friend, attended by forty or fifty fo owers, ca!e to take %ossession of a we had# 8 treated the! ci"i y, ga"e the! chairs to sit on, tea and sweet!eats for their refresh!entB and justice ob iges !e to say, that they conducted the business of confiscation with !ore regard to !y fee ings than 8 shou d ha"e thought it %ossib e for Bur!ese officers to exhibit# The three officers, with one of the roya secretaries, a one entered the houseB their attendants were ordered to re!ain outside# They saw 8 was dee% y affected, and a%o ogiAed for what they were about to do, by saying, that it was %ainfu for the! to take %ossession of %ro%erty not their own, but they were co!%e ed thus to do by order of the king# '@here is your si "er, go d, and jewe sT' said the roya

treasurer# '8 ha"e no go d or jewe sB but here is the key of a trunk which contains the si "erDdo with it as you % ease#' The trunk was %roduced, and the si "er weighed# 'This !oney,' said 8, 'was co ected in *!erica, by the disci% es of 9hrist, and sent here for the %ur%ose of bui ding a kyoung, Qthe na!e of a %riest's dwe ingR and for our su%%ort whi e teaching the re igion of 9hrist# 8s it suitab e that you shou d take itT QThe Bur!ans are a"erse to taking what is offered in a re igious %oint of "iew, which was the cause of !y !aking the inEuiry#R '@e wi state this circu!stance to the king,' said one of the!, 'and %erha%s he wi restore it# But this is a the si "er you ha"eT' 8 cou d not te a fa sehood( 'The house is in your %ossession,' 8 re% ied, 'search for yourse "es#' '+a"e you not de%osited si "er with so!e %erson of your acEuaintanceT' 'My acEuaintances are a in %rison, with who! shou d 8 de%osit si "erT They next ordered !y trunk and drawers to be exa!ined# The secretary on y was a owed to acco!%any !e in this search# E"erything nice or curious, which !et his "iew, was %resented to the officers, for their decision, whether it shou d be taken or retained# 8 begged they wou d not take our wearing a%%are , as it wou d be disgracefu to take c othes %art y worn, into the %ossession of his !ajesty, and to us they were of uns%eakab e "a ue# They assented, and took a ist on y, and did the sa!e with the books, !edicines, Kc# My itt e work tab e and rocking chair, %resents fro! !y be o"ed brother, 8 rescued fro! their gras%, %art y by artifice, and %art y through their ignorance# They eft a so !any artic es, which were of inesti!ab e "a ue, during our ong i!%rison!ent# C*s soon as they had finished their search and de%arted, 8 hastened to the Eueen's brother, to hear what had been the fate of !y %etitionB when, a asS a !y ho%es were dashed, by his wife's coo y saying, '8 stated your case to the EueenB but her !ajesty re% ied,D'$he tea&hers will not dieK let them remain as they are.' My ex%ectations had been so !uch excited, that this sentence was ike a thunderbo t to !y fee ings# For the truth at one g ance assured !e, that if the Eueen refused assistance, who wou d dare to intercede for !eT @ith a hea"y heart 8 de%arted, and on !y way ho!e, atte!%ted to enter the %rison gate, to co!!unicate the sad tidings to your brother but was harsh y refused ad!ittance( and for the ten days fo owing notwithstanding !y dai y efforts, 8 was not a owed to enter# @e atte!%ted to co!!unicate by writing, and after being successfu for a few days, it was disco"eredB the %oor fe ow who carried the co!!unications was beaten and %ut in the stocksB and the circu!stance cost !e about ten do ars, besides two or three days of agony, for fear of the conseEuences# CThe officers who had taken %ossession of our %ro%erty, %resented it to his !ajesty, saying, 'Judson is a true teacherB we found nothing in his house, but what be ongs to %riests# 8n addition to this !oney, there are an i!!ense nu!ber of books, !edicines, trunks of wearing a%%are , Kc# of which we ha"e on y taken a ist# ,ha we take the!, or et the! re!ainT' ''et the! re!ain,' said the king, 'and %ut this %ro%erty by itse f, for it sha be restored to hi! again, if he is found innocent#' This was an a usion to the idea of his being a s%y# CFor two or three !onths fo owing, 8 was subject to continua harass!ents, %art y through !y ignorance of %o ice !anage!ent and %art y through the insatiab e desire of e"ery %etty officer to enrich hi!se f through our !isfortunes# @hen the officers ca!e to our house, to confiscate our

%ro%erty, they insisted on knowing how !uch 8 had gi"en the go"ernor and %rison officers, to re ease the teachers fro! the inner %rison# 8 honest y to d the!, and they de!anded the su! fro! the go"ernor, which threw hi! into a dreadfu rage, and he threatened to %ut a the %risoners back into their origina % ace# 8 went to hi! the next !orning, and the first words with which he accosted !e, were, '$ou are "ery badB why did you te the roya treasurer that you had gi"en !e so !uch !oneyT' 'The treasurer inEuiredB what cou d 8 sayS' 8 re% ied# ',ay that you had gi"en nothing,' said he, 'and 8 wou d ha"e !ade the teachers co!fortab e in %risonB but now 8 know not what wi be their fate#' 'But 8 cannot te a fa sehood,' 8 re% ied# 'My re igion differs fro! yours, it forbids %re"aricationB and had you stood by !e with your knife raised, 8 cou d not ha"e said what you suggested#' +is wife, who sat by his side, and who a ways, fro! this ti!e, continued !y fir! friend, instant y said, '?ery trueDwhat e se cou d she ha"e saidT 8 ike such straight&forward conductB you !ust not Qturning to the go"ernorR be angry with her#' 8 then %resented the go"ernor with a beautifu o%era g ass, 8 had just recei"ed fro! Eng and, and begged his anger at !e wou d not inf uence hi! to treat the %risoners with unkindness, and 8 wou d endea"our, fro! ti!e to ti!e, to !ake hi! such %resents, as wou d co!%ensate for his oss# '$ou !ay intercede for your husband on yB for your sake, he sha re!ain where he isB but et the other %risoners take care of the!se "es#' 8 % eaded hard for -r# PriceB but he wou d not isten, and the sa!e day had hi! returned to the inner %rison, where he re!ained ten days# +e was then taken out, in conseEuence of the -octor's %ro!ising a %iece of broad c oth, and !y sending two %ieces of handkerchiefs# C*bout this %eriod, 8 was one day su!!oned to the T owtdan, in an officia way# @hat new e"i was before !e, 8 knew not, but was ob iged to go# @hen arri"ed, 8 was a owed to stand at the botto! of the stairs, as no fe!a e is %er!itted to ascend the ste%s, or e"en to stand, but sit on the ground# +undreds were co ected around# The officer who %resided, in an authoritati"e "oice, beganB ',%eak the truth in answer to the Euestions 8 sha ask# 8f you s%eak true, no e"i wi fo owB but if not, your ife wi not be s%ared# 8t is re%orted that you ha"e co!!itted to the care of a Bur!ese officer, a string of %ear s, a %air of dia!ond ear&rings, and a si "er tea&%ot# 8s it trueT '8t is not,' 8 re% iedB 'and if you or any other %erson can %roduce these artic es, 8 refuse not to die#' The officer again urged the necessity of 's%eaking true#' 8 to d hi! 8 had nothing !ore to say on this subject, but begged he wou d use his inf uence to obtain the re ease of Mr# Judson fro! %rison# C8 returned to the house, with a heart !uch ighter than 8 went, though conscious of !y %er%etua ex%osure to such harass!ents# ;otwithstanding the re%u se 8 had !et in !y a%% ication to the Eueen, 8 cou d not re!ain without !aking continua effort for your brother's re ease, whi e there was the east %robabi ity of success# Ti!e after ti!e !y "isits to the Eueen's sister&in& aw were re%eated, ti she refused to answer a Euestion, and to d !e by her ooks, 8 had better kee% out of her %resence# For the se"en fo owing !onths, hard y a day %assed, that 8 did not "isit so!e one of the !e!bers of go"ern!ent, or branches of the roya fa!i y, in order to gain their inf uence in our beha fB but the on y benefit resu ting was, their encouraging %ro!ises %reser"ed us fro! des%air, and induced a ho%e of the

s%eedy ter!ination of our difficu ties, which enab ed us to bear our distresses better than we otherwise shou d ha"e done# 8 ought, howe"er, to !ention, that by !y re%eated "isits to the different !e!bers of go"ern!ent, 8 gained se"era friends, who were ready to assist !e with artic es of food, though in a %ri"ate !anner, and who used their inf uence in the %a ace to destroy the i!%ression of our being in any way engaged in the %resent war# But no one dared to s%eak a word to the king or Eueen in fa"or of a foreigner, whi e there were such continua re%orts of the success of the Eng ish ar!s# C-uring these se"en !onths, the continua extortions and o%%ressions to which your brother, and the other white %risoners were subject, are indescribab e# ,o!eti!es su!s of !oney were de!anded, so!eti!es %ieces of c oth and handkerchiefsB at other ti!es, an order wou d be issued, that the white foreigners shou d not s%eak to each other, or ha"e any co!!unication with their friends without# Then again, the ser"ants were forbidden to carry in their food, without an extra fee# ,o!eti!es, for days and days together, 8 cou d not go into the %rison ti after dark, when 8 had two !i es to wa k, in returning to the house# ) how !any, !any ti!es, ha"e 8 returned fro! that dreary %rison at nine o'c ock at night, so itary and worn out with fatigue and anxiety, and thrown !yse f down in that sa!e rocking chair which you and -eacon '# %ro"ided for !e in Boston and endea"oured to in"ent so!e new sche!e for the re ease of the %risoners# ,o!eti!es, for a !o!ent or two, !y thoughts wou d g ance toward *!erica, and !y be o"ed friends thereDbut for near y a year and a ha f, so entire y engrossed was e"ery thought with %resent scenes and sufferings, that 8 se do! ref ected on a sing e occurrence of !y for!er ife, or reco ected that 8 had a friend in existence out of *"a# C$ou, !y dear brother, who know !y strong attach!ent to !y friends, and how !uch % easure 8 ha"e hitherto ex%erienced fro! retros%ect, can judge fro! the abo"e circu!stances, how intense were !y sufferings# But the %oint, the ac!e of !y distresses, consisted in the awfu uncertainty of our fina fate# My %re"ai ing o%inion was, that !y husband wou d suffer "io ent deathB and that 8 shou d, of course, beco!e a s a"e, and anguish out a !iserab e though short existence, in the tyrannic hands of so!e unfee ing !onster# But the conso ations of re igion, in these trying circu!stances, were neither 'few nor s!a #' 8t taught !e to ook beyond this wor d, to that rest, that %eacefu , ha%%y rest, where Jesus reigns, and o%%ression ne"er enters# But how ha"e 8 digressed fro! !y re ation# 8 wi again return# CThe war was now %rosecuted with a the energy the Bur!ese go"ern!ent %ossessed# ;ew troo%s were continua y raised and sent down the ri"er, and as freEuent re%orts returned of their being a cut off# But that %art of the Bur!ese ar!y stationed at *rracan, under the co!!and of Bandoo a, had been !ore successfu # Three hundred %risoners, at one ti!e, was sent to the ca%ita , as an e"idence of the "ictory that had been gained# The king began to think that none but Bandoo a understood the art of fighting with foreignersB conseEuent y his !ajesty reca ed hi! with the design of his taking co!!and of the ar!y that had been sent to .angoon# )n his arri"a at *"a, he was recei"ed at court in the !ost f attering !anner, and was the reci%ient of e"ery fa"our in the %ower of the king and Eueen to bestow# +e was, in fact, whi e at *"a, the acting king# 8 was reso "ed to a%% y to hi! for

the re ease of the !issionaries, though so!e !e!bers of go"ern!ent ad"ised !e not, est he, being re!inded of their existence, shou d issue an i!!ediate order for their execution# But it was !y ast ho%e, and as it %ro"ed, !y ast a%% ication# C$our brother wrote a %etition %ri"ate y, stating e"ery circu!stance that wou d ha"e a tendency to interest hi! in our beha f# @ith fear and tre!b ing 8 a%%roached hi!, whi e surrounded by a crowd of f atterers, and one of his secretaries took the %etition, and read it a oud# *fter hearing it, he s%ake to !e in an ob iging !annerDasked se"era Euestions re ati"e to the teachers Dsaid he wou d think of the subjectDand bade !e co!e again# 8 ran to the %rison to co!!unicate the fa"ourab e rece%tion to Mr# JudsonB and we both had sanguine ho%es that his re ease was at hand# But the go"ernor of the city ex%ressed his a!aAe!ent at !y te!erity, and said he doubted not it wou d be the !eans of destroying a the %risoners# 8n a day or two, howe"er, 8 went again, and took a %resent of considerab e "a ue# Bandoo a was not at ho!eB but his lady, after ordering the %resent to be taken into another roo!, !odest y infor!ed !e that she was ordered by her husband to !ake the fo owing co!!unicationDthat he was now "ery busi y e!% oyed in !aking %re%arations for .angoonB but that when he had re&taken that % ace and ex%e ed the Eng ish, he wou d return and re ease a the %risoners# CThus again were a our ho%es dashedB and we fe t that we cou d do nothing !ore, but sit down and sub!it to our ot# Fro! this ti!e we ga"e u% a idea of being re eased fro! %rison, ti the ter!ination of the warB but 8 was sti ob iged to "isit constant y so!e of the !e!bers of go"ern!ent, with itt e %resents, %articu ar y the go"ernor of the city, for the %ur%ose of !aking the situation of the %risoners to erab e# 8 genera y s%ent the greater %art of e"ery other day at the go"ernor's house, gi"ing hi! a the infor!ation re ati"e to *!erican !anners, custo!s, go"ern!ent, Kc# +e used to be so !uch gratified with !y co!!unications, as to fee great y disa%%ointed, if any occurrence %re"ented !y s%ending the usua hours at his house# C,o!e !onths after your brother's i!%rison!ent, 8 was %er!itted to !ake a itt e ba!boo roo! in the %rison enc osures, where he cou d be !uch by hi!se f, and where 8 was so!eti!es a owed to s%end two or three hours# 8t so ha%%ened that the two !onths he occu%ied this % ace, was the co dest %art of the year, when he wou d ha"e suffered !uch in the o%en shed he had %re"ious y occu%ied# *fter the birth of your itt e niece, 8 was unab e to "isit the %rison and the go"ernor as before, and found 8 had ost considerab e inf uence, %re"ious y gainedB for he was not so forward to hear !y %etitions when any difficu ty occurred, as he for!er y had been# @hen Maria was near y two !onths o d, her father one !orning sent !e word that he and a the white %risoners were %ut into the inner %rison in fi"e %airs of fetters each, that his itt e roo! had been torn down, and his !at, %i ow, Kc# been taken by the jai ers# This was to !e a dreadfu shock, as 8 thought at once it was on y a %re ude to greater e"i s# C8 shou d ha"e !entioned before this, the defeat of Bandoo a, his esca%e to -anooboo, the co!% ete destruction of his ar!y and oss of a!!unition, and the consternation this inte igence %roduced at court# The Eng ish ar!y had eft .angoon, and were ad"ancing towards Pro!e, when these se"ere !easures were taken with the %risoners#

C8 went i!!ediate y to the go"ernor's house# +e was not at ho!e, but had ordered his wife to te !e, when 8 ca!e, not to ask to ha"e the additiona fetters taken off, or the %risoners re eased, for it &ould not be done# 8 went to the %rison gate, but was forbid to enter# * was as sti as deathDnot a white face to be seen, or a "estige of Mr# J#'s itt e roo! re!aining# 8 was deter!ined to see the go"ernor and know the cause of this additiona o%%ressionB and for this %ur%ose returned to town the sa!e e"ening, at an hour 8 knew he wou d be at ho!e# +e was in his audience roo!, and, as 8 entered, ooked u% without s%eaking, but exhibited a !ixture of sha!e and affected anger in his countenance# 8 began by sayingD$our 'ordshi% has hitherto treated us with the kindness of a father# )ur ob igations to you are "ery great# @e ha"e ooked to you for %rotection fro! o%%ression and crue ty# $ou ha"e in !any instances !itigated the sufferings of those unfortunate, though innocent beings, co!!itted to your charge# $ou ha"e %ro!ised !e %articu ar y, that you wou d stand by !e to the ast, and though you shou d recei"e an order fro! the king, you wou d not %ut Mr# J# to death# @hat cri!e has he co!!itted to deser"e such additiona %unish!entT The o d !an's hard heart was !e ted, for he we%t ike a chi d# '8 %ity you, Tsa&yar&ga&dau, Qa na!e by which he a ways ca ed !eR 8 knew you wou d !ake !e fee B 8 therefore forbade your a%% ication# But you !ust be ie"e !e when 8 say, 8 do not wish to increase the sufferings of the %risoners# @hen 8 a! ordered to execute the!, the east that 8 can do is, to %ut the! out of sight# 8 wi now te you Qcontinued heR what 8 ha"e ne"er to d you before, that three ti!es 8 ha"e recei"ed inti!ations fro! the Eueen's brother, to assassinate a the white %risoners %ri"ate yB but 8 wou d not do it# *nd 8 now re%eat it, though 8 execute a the others, 8 wi ne"er execute your husband# But 8 cannot re ease hi! fro! his %resent confine!ent, and you !ust not ask it#' 8 had ne"er seen hi! !anifest so !uch fee ing, or so reso ute in denying !e a fa"our, which circu!stance was an additiona reason for thinking dreadfu scenes were before us# CThe situation of the %risoners was now distressing beyond descri%tion# 8t was at the co!!ence!ent of the hot season# There were abo"e a hundred %risoners shut u% in one roo!, without a breath of air exce%ting fro! the cracks in the boards# 8 so!eti!es obtained %er!ission to go to the door for fi"e !inutes, when !y heart sickened at the wretchedness exhibited# The white %risoners, fro! incessant %ers%iration and oss of a%%etite, ooked !ore ike the dead than the i"ing# 8 !ade dai y a%% ications to the go"ernor, offering hi! !oney, which he refusedB but a that 8 gained, was %er!ission for the foreigners to eat their food outside, and this continued but a short ti!e# C8t was at this %eriod that the death of Bandoo a was announced in the %a ace# The king heard it with si ent a!aAe!ent, and the Eueen, in eastern sty e, s!ote u%on her breast, and cried, a!aS a!aS Qa as, a as#R @ho cou d be found to fi his % aceT who wou d "enture since the in"incib e Bandoo a had been cut offT ,uch were the exc a!ations constant y heard in the streets of *"a# The co!!on %eo% e were s%eaking low of a rebe ion, in case !ore troo%s shou d be e"ied# For as yet the co!!on %eo% e had borne the weight of the war, not a ticka had been taken fro! the roya treasury# *t ength the Pakan @oon, who a few !onths before had been so far disgraced by the king as to be thrown into %rison and irons, now offered hi!se f to head a new

ar!y that shou d be raised on a different % an fro! those which had been hitherto raisedB and assured the king in the !ost confident !anner, that he wou d conEuer the Eng ish, and restore those % aces that had been taken, in a "ery short ti!e# +e %ro%osed that e"ery so dier shou d recei"e a hundred ticka s in ad"ance, and he wou d obtain security for each !an, as the !oney was to %ass through his hands# 8t was afterwards found that he had taken, for his own use, ten ticka s fro! e"ery hundred# +e was a !an of enter%rise and ta ents, though a "io ent ene!y to a foreigners# +is offers were acce%ted by the king and go"ern!ent, and a %ower i!!ediate y co!!itted to hi!# )ne of the first exercises of his %ower was, to arrest 'ansago and the Portuguese %riest, who had hitherto re!ained un!o ested, and cast the! into %rison, and to subject the nati"e Portuguese and Benga ees to the !ost !enia occu%ations# The who e town was in a ar!, est they shou d fee the effects of his %owerB and it was owing to the !a ignant re%resentations of this !an, that the white %risoners suffered such a change in their circu!stances, as 8 sha soon re ate# C*fter continuing in the inner %rison for !ore than a !onth, your brother was taken with a fe"er# 8 fe t assured he wou d not i"e ong, un ess re!o"ed fro! that noiso!e % ace# To effect this, and in order to be near the %rison, 8 re!o"ed fro! our house and %ut u% a s!a ba!boo roo! in the go"ernor's enc osure, which was near y o%%osite the %rison gate# +ere 8 incessant y begged the go"ernor to gi"e !e an order to take Mr# J# out of the arge %rison, and % ace hi! in a !ore co!fortab e situationB and the o d !an, being worn out with !y entreaties, at ength ga"e !e the order in an officia for!B and a so ga"e orders to the head jai er, to a ow !e to go in and out, a ti!es of the day, to ad!inister !edicines, Kc# 8 now fe t ha%%y indeed, and had Mr# J# instant y re!o"ed into a itt e ba!boo ho"e , so ow, that neither of us cou d stand u%rightDbut a %a ace in co!%arison with the % ace he had eft# ;emo2al of the prisoners to >un1BpenBlaJMrs. Judson follows them. C;otwithstanding the order the go"ernor had gi"en for !y ad!ittance into %rison, it was with the greatest difficu ty that 8 cou d %ersuade the under jai er to o%en the gate# 8 used to carry Mr# J's# food !yse f, for the sake of getting in, and wou d then re!ain an hour or two, un ess dri"en out# @e had been in this co!fortab e situation but two or three days, when one !orning, ha"ing carried in Mr# Judson's breakfast, which, in conseEuence of fe"er, he was unab e to take, 8 re!ained onger than usua , when the go"ernor in great haste sent for !e# 8 %ro!ised hi! to return as soon as 8 had ascertained the go"ernor's wi , he being !uch a ar!ed at this unusua !essage# 8 was "ery agreeab y disa%%ointed, when the go"ernor infor!ed, that he on y wished to consu t !e about his watch, and see!ed unusua y % easant and con"ersab e# 8 found afterwards, that his on y object was, to detain !e unti the dreadfu scene, about to take % ace in the %rison, was o"er# For when 8 eft hi! to go to !y roo!, one of the ser"ants ca!e running, and with a ghast y countenance infor!ed !e, that a the white %risoners were carried away# 8 wou d not be ie"e the re%ort, but instant y went back to the go"ernor, who said he had just heard of it, but did not wish to te !e# 8 hasti y ran into the street, ho%ing to get a g i!%se of the! before they were out of sight, but

in this was disa%%ointed# 8 ran first into one street, then another, inEuiring of a 8 !et, but none wou d answer !e# *t ength an o d wo!an to d !e the white %risoners had gone towards the itt e ri"erB for they were to be carried to *!ara%ora# 8 then ran to the banks of the itt e ri"er, about ha f a !i e, but saw the! not, and conc uded the o d wo!an had decei"ed !e# ,o!e of the friends of the foreigners went to the % ace of execution, but found the! not# 8 then returned to the go"ernor to try to disco"er the cause of their re!o"a , and the %robabi ity of their future fate# The o d !an assured !e that he was ignorant of the intention of go"ern!ent to re!o"e the foreigners ti that !orning# That since 8 went out, he had earned that the %risoners were to be sent to *!ara%oraB but for what %ur%ose, he knew not# '8 wi send off a !an i!!ediate y,' said he, 'to see what is to be done with the!# $ou can do nothing !ore for your husband,' continued he, ' ta e &are of yourself#' @ith a hea"y heart 8 went to !y roo!, and ha"ing no ho%e to excite !e to exertion, 8 sunk down a !ost in des%air# For se"era days %re"ious, 8 had been acti"e y engaged in bui ding !y own itt e roo!, and !aking our ho"e co!fortab e# My thoughts had been a !ost entire y occu%ied in contri"ing !eans to get into %rison# But now 8 ooked towards the gate with a kind of !e ancho y fee ing, but no wish to enter# * was the sti ness of deathB no %re%aration of your brother's food, no ex%ectation of !eeting hi! at the usua dinner hour, a !y e!% oy!ent, a !y occu%ations see!ed to ha"e ceased, and 8 had nothing eft but the dreadfu reco ection that Mr# Judson was carried off, 8 knew not whither# 8t was one of the !ost insu%%ortab e days 8 e"er %assed# Towards night, howe"er, 8 ca!e to the deter!ination to set off the next !orning for *!ara%oraB and for this %ur%ose was ob iged to go to our house out of town# C;e"er before had 8 suffered so !uch fro! fear in tra"ersing the streets of *"a# The ast words of the go"ernor, 'Take care of yourse f,' !ade !e sus%ect there was so!e design with which 8 was unacEuainted# 8 saw, a so, he was afraid to ha"e !e go into the streets, and ad"ised !e to wait ti dark, when he wou d send !e in a cart, and a !an to o%en the gates# 8 took two or three trunks of the !ost "a uab e artic es, together with the !edicine chest, to de%osit in the house of the go"ernorB and after co!!itting the house and %re!ises to our faithfu Moung 8ng and a Benga ee ser"ant, who continued with us, Qthough we were unab e to %ay his wages,R 8 took ea"e, as 8 then thought %robab e, of our house in *"a fore"er# C)n !y return to the go"ernor's, 8 found a ser"ant of Mr# Gouges, who ha%%ened to be near the %rison when the foreigners were ed out, and fo owed on to see the end, who infor!ed !e, that the %risoners had been carried before the 'a!ine @oon, at *!ara%ora, and were to be sent the next day to a "i age he knew not how far distant# My distress was a itt e re ie"ed by the inte igence that our friend was yet a i"e, but sti 8 knew not what was to beco!e of hi!# The next !orning 8 obtained a %ass fro! go"ern!ent, and with !y itt e Maria, who was then on y three !onths o d, Mary and *bby +asse tine, Qtwo of the Bur!an chi drenR and our Benga ee cook, who was the on y one of the %arty who cou d afford !e any assistance, 8 set off for *!ara%ora# The day was dreadfu y hotB but we obtained a co"ered boat, in which we were to erab y co!fortab e, ti within two !i es of the go"ern!ent house# 8 then %rocured a cartB but the "io ent !otion, together with the dreadfu heat and dustB !ade !e a !ost distracted# But what was !y

disa%%oint!ent on !y arri"ing at the court house, to find that the %risoners had been sent on two hours before, and that 8 !ust go in that unco!fortab e !ode four !i es further with itt e Maria in !y ar!s, who! 8 he d a the way fro! *"a# The cart !an refused to go any furtherB and after waiting an hour in the burning sun, 8 %rocured another, and set off for that ne"er to be forgotten % ace, )ung&%en& a# 8 obtained a guide fro! the go"ernor and was conducted direct y to the %rison&yard# But what a scene of wretchedness was %resented to !y "iewS The %rison was an o d shattered bui ding, without a roofB the fence was entire y destroyedB eight or ten Bur!ese were on the to% of the bui ding, trying to !ake so!ething ike a she ter with the ea"esB whi e under a itt e ow %rojection outside of the %rison sat the foreigners, chained together two and two, a !ost dead with suffering and fatigue# The first words of your brother were, '@hy ha"e you co!eT 8 ho%ed you wou d not fo ow, for you cannot i"e here#' 8t was now dark# 8 had no refresh!ent for the suffering %risoners, or for !yse f, as 8 had ex%ected to %rocure a that was necessary at the !arket of *!ara%ora, and 8 had no she ter for the night# 8 asked one of the jai ers if 8 !ight %ut u% a itt e ba!boo house near the %risonersB he said no, it was not custo!ary# 8 then begged he wou d %rocure !e a she ter for the night, when on the !orrow 8 cou d find so!e % ace to i"e in# +e took !e to his house, in which there were on y two s!a roo!sDone in which he and his fa!i y i"edDthe other, which was then ha f fu of grain, he offered to !eB and in that itt e fi thy % ace, 8 s%ent the next six !onths of wretchedness# 8 %rocured so!e ha f boi ed water, instead of !y tea, and, worn out with fatigue, aid !yse f down on a !at s%read o"er the %addy, and endea"oured to obtain a itt e refresh!ent fro! s ee%# The next !orning your brother ga"e !e the fo owing account of the bruta treat!ent he had recei"ed on being taken out of %rison# C*s soon as 8 had gone out at the ca of the go"ernor, one of the jai ers rushed into Mr# J's itt e roo!Drough y seiAed hi! by the ar!D%u ed hi! outDstri%%ed hi! of a his c othes, exce%ting shirt and %anta oonsDtook his shoes, hat, and a his beddingDtore off his chainsDtied a ro%e round his waist, and dragged hi! to the court house, where the other %risoners had %re"ious y been taken# They were then tied two and two, and de i"ered into the hands of the 'a!ine @oon, who went on before the! on horseback, whi e his s a"es dro"e the %risoners, one of the s a"es ho ding the ro%e which connected two of the! together# 8t was in May, one of the hottest !onths in the year, and e e"en o'c ock in the day, so that the sun was into erab e indeed# They had %roceeded on y ha f a !i e, when your brother's feet beca!e b istered, and so great was his agony, e"en at this ear y %eriod, that as they were crossing the itt e ri"er, he onged to throw hi!se f into the water to be free fro! !isery# But the sin attached to such an act a one %re"ented# They had then eight !i es to wa k# The sand and gra"e were ike burning coa s to the feet of the %risoners, which soon beca!e %erfect y destitute of skinB and in this wretched state they were goaded on by their unfee ing dri"ers# Mr# J#'s debi itated state, in conseEuence of fe"er, and ha"ing taken no food that !orning, rendered hi! ess ca%ab e of bearing such hardshi%s than the other %risoners# @hen about ha f way on their journey, as they sto%%ed for water, your brother begged the 'a!ine @oon to a ow hi! to ride his horse a !i e or two, as he cou d %roceed no farther in that dreadfu state# But a scornfu , !a ignant ook, was a the re% y that was

!ade# +e then reEuested ca%tain 'aird, who was tied with hi!, and who was a strong, hea thy !an, to a ow hi! to take ho d of his shou der, as he was fast sinking# This the kind&hearted !an granted for a !i e or two, but then found the additiona burden insu%%ortab e# Just at that %eriod, Mr# Gouger's Benga ee ser"ant ca!e u% to the!, and seeing the distresses of your brother, took off his head dress, which was !ade of c oth, tore it in two, ga"e ha f to his !aster, and ha f to Mr# Judson, which he instant y wra%t round his wounded feet, as they were not a owed to rest e"en for a !o!ent# The ser"ant then offered his shou der to Mr# J# and was a !ost carried by hi! the re!ainder of the way# +ad it not been for the su%%ort and assistance of this !an, your brother thinks he shou d ha"e shared the fate of the %oor Greek, who was one of their nu!ber, and when taken out of %rison that !orning was in %erfect hea th# But he was a cor%u ent !an, and the sun affected hi! so !uch that he fe down on the way# +is inhu!an dri"ers beat and dragged hi! unti they the!se "es were wearied, when they %rocured a cart, in which he was carried the re!aining two !i es# But the %oor creature ex%ired in an hour or two after their arri"a at the court house# The 'a!ine @oon seeing the distressing state of the %risoners, and that one of their nu!ber was dead, conc uded they shou d go no farther that night, otherwise they wou d ha"e been dri"en on unti they reached )ung&%en& a the sa!e day# *n o d shed was a%%ointed for their abode during the night, but without e"en a !at or %i ow, or any thing to co"er the!# The curiosity of the 'a!ine @oon's wife, induced her to !ake a "isit to the %risoners, whose wretchedness considerab y excited her co!%assion, and she ordered so!e fruit, sugar, and ta!arinds, for their refresh!entB and the next !orning rice was %re%ared for the!, and as %oor as it was, it was refreshing to the %risoners, who had been a !ost destitute of food the day before# 9arts were a so %ro"ided for their con"eyance, as none of the! were ab e to wa k# * this ti!e the foreigners were entire y ignorant of what was to beco!e of the!B and when they arri"ed at )ung&%en& a, and saw the di a%idated state of the %rison, they i!!ediate y, a as one, conc uded that they were there to be burnt, agreeab y to the re%ort which had %re"ious y been in circu ation at *"a# They a endea"oured to %re%are the!se "es for the awfu scene antici%ated, and it was not unti they saw %re%arations !aking for re%airing the %rison, that they had the east doubt that a crue ingering death awaited the!# My arri"a was in an hour or two after this# CThe next !orning 8 arose and endea"oured to find so!ething ike food# But there was no !arket, and nothing to be %rocured# )ne of -r# Price's friends, howe"er, brought so!e co d rice and "egetab e curry, fro! *!ara%ora, which, together with a cu% of tea fro! Mr# 'ansago, answered for the breakfast of the %risonersB and for dinner, we !ade a curry of dried sa t fish, which a ser"ant of Mr# Gouger had brought# * the !oney 8 cou d co!!and in the wor d, 8 had brought with !e, secreted about !y %ersonB so you !ay judge what our %ros%ects were, in case the war shou d continue ong# But our hea"en y Father was better to us than our fearsB for notwithstanding the constant extortions of the jai ers, during the who e six !onths we were at )ung&%en& a, and the freEuent straits to which we were brought, we ne"er rea y suffered for the want of !oney, though freEuent y for want of %ro"isions, which were not %rocurab e# +ere at this % ace !y %ersona bodi y sufferings co!!enced# @hi e your brother was confined in the city %rison, 8

had been a owed to re!ain in our house, in which 8 had !any con"eniences eft, and !y hea th continued good beyond a ex%ectations# But now 8 had not a sing e artic e of con"enienceDnot e"en a chair or seat of any kind, exce%ting a ba!boo f oor# The "ery !orning after !y arri"a , Mary +asse tine was taken with the s!a %ox, the natura way# ,he, though "ery young, was the on y assistant 8 had in taking care of itt e Maria# But she now reEuired a the ti!e 8 cou d s%are fro! Mr# Judson, whose fe"er sti continued in %rison, and whose feet were so dreadfu y !ang ed, that for se"era days he was unab e to !o"e# 8 knew not what to do, for 8 cou d %rocure no assistance fro! the neighbourhood, or !edicine for the sufferers, but was a day ong going backwards and forwards fro! the house to the %rison, with itt e Maria in !y ar!s# ,o!eti!es 8 was great y re ie"ed by ea"ing her, for an hour, when as ee%, by the side of her father, whi e 8 returned to the house to ook after Mary, whose fe"er ran so high as to %roduce de iriu!# ,he was so co!% ete y co"ered with the s!a %ox, that there was no distinction in the %ustu es# *s she was in the sa!e itt e roo! with !yse f, 8 knew Maria wou d take itB 8 therefore inocu ated her fro! another chi d, before Mary's had arri"ed at such a state as to be infectious# *t the sa!e ti!e, 8 inocu ated *bby, and the jai er's chi dren, who a had it so ight y as hard y to interru%t their % ay# But the inocu ation in the ar! of !y %oor itt e Maria did not takeDshe caught it of Mary, and had it the natura way# ,he was then on y three !onths and a ha f o d, and had been a !ost hea thy chi dB but it was abo"e three !onths before she %erfect y reco"ered fro! the effects of this dreadfu disorder# C$ou wi reco ect 8 ne"er had the s!a %ox, but was "accinated %re"ious y to ea"ing *!erica# 8n conseEuence of being for so ong a ti!e constant y ex%osed, 8 had near y a hundred %ustu es for!ed, though no %re"ious sy!%to!s of fe"er, Kc# The jai er's chi dren ha"ing had the s!a %ox so ight y, in conseEuence of inocu ation, !y fa!e was s%read a o"er the "i age, and e"ery chi d, young and o d, who had not %re"ious y had it, was brought for inocu ation# *nd a though 8 knew nothing about the disorder, or the !ode of treating it, 8 inocu ated the! a with a need e, and to d the! to take care of their diet,Da the instructions 8 cou d gi"e the!# Mr# Judson's hea th was gradua y restored, and he found hi!se f !uch !ore co!fortab y situated, than when in the city %rison# CThe %risoners were at first chained two and twoB but as soon as the jai ers cou d obtain chains sufficient, they were se%arated, and each %risoner had but one %air# The %rison was re%aired, a new fence !ade, and a arge airy shed erected in front of the %rison, where the %risoners were a owed to re!ain during the day, though ocked u% in the itt e c ose %rison at night# * the chi dren reco"ered fro! the s!a %oxB but !y watchings and fatigue, together with !y !iserab e food, and !ore !iserab e odgings, brought on one of the diseases of the country, which is a !ost a ways fata to foreigners# My constitution see!ed destroyed, and in a few days 8 beca!e so weak as to be hard y ab e to wa k to Mr# Judson's %rison# 8n this debi itated state, 8 set off in a cart for *"a, to %rocure !edicines, and so!e suitab e food, ea"ing the cook to su%% y !y % ace# 8 reached the house in safety, and for two or three days the disorder see!ed at a standB after which it attacked !e so "io ent y, that 8 had no ho%es of reco"ery eftDand !y on y anxiety now was, to return to )ung&%en& a to die near the %rison# 8t was with the greatest difficu ty that 8

obtained the !edicine chest fro! the go"ernor, and then had no one to ad!inister !edicine# 8 howe"er got at the audanu!, and by taking two dro%s at a ti!e for se"era hours, it so far checked the disorder, as to enab e !e to get on board a boat, though so weak that 8 cou d not stand, and again set off for )ung&%en& a# The ast four !i es was in that %ainfu con"eyance, the cart, and in the !idst of the rainy season, when the !ud a !ost buries the oxen# $ou !ay for! so!e idea of a Bur!ese cart, when 8 te you their whee s are not constructed ike oursB but are si!% y round thick % anks with a ho e in the !idd e, through which a %o e that su%%orts the body is thrust# C8 just reached )ung&%en& a when !y strength see!ed entire y exhausted# The good nati"e cook ca!e out to he % !e into the house but so a tered and e!aciated was !y a%%earance, that the %oor fe ow burst into tears at the first sight# 8 craw ed on to the !at in the itt e roo!, to which 8 was confined for !ore than two !onths, and ne"er %erfect y reco"ered, unti 8 ca!e to the Eng ish ca!%# *t this %eriod, when 8 was unab e to take care of !yse f, or ook after Mr# Judson, we !ust both ha"e died, had it not been for the faithfu and affectionate care of our Benga ee cook# * co!!on Benga ee cook wi do nothing but the si!% e business of cooking( But he see!ed to forget his cast, and a !ost his own wants, in his efforts to ser"e us# +e wou d %ro"ide, cook, and carry your brother's food, and then return and take care of !e# 8 ha"e freEuent y known hi! not to taste of food ti near night, in conseEuence of ha"ing to go so far for wood and water, and in order to ha"e Mr# Judson's dinner ready at the usua hour# +e ne"er co!% ained, ne"er asked for his wages, and ne"er for a !o!ent hesitated to go any where, or to %erfor! any act we reEuired# 8 take great % easure in s%eaking of the faithfu conduct of this ser"ant, who is sti with us, and 8 trust has been we rewarded for his ser"ices# C)ur dear itt e Maria was the greatest sufferer at this ti!e, !y i ness de%ri"ing her of her usua nourish!ent, and neither a nurse nor a dro% of !i k cou d be %rocured in the "i age# By !aking %resents to the jai ers, 8 obtained ea"e for Mr# Judson to co!e out of %rison, and take the e!aciated creature around the "i age, to beg a itt e nourish!ent fro! those !others who had young chi dren# +er cries in the night were heart&rending, when it was i!%ossib e to su%% y her wants# 8 now began to think the "ery aff ictions of Job had co!e u%on !e# @hen in hea th, 8 cou d bear the "arious tria s and "icissitudes through which 8 was ca ed to %ass# But to be confined with sickness, and unab e to assist those who were so dear to !e, when in distress, was a !ost too !uch for !e to bearB and had it not been for the conso ations of re igion, and an assured con"iction that e"ery additiona tria was ordered by infinite o"e and !ercy, 8 !ust ha"e sunk under !y accu!u ated sufferings# ,o!eti!es our jai ers see!ed a itt e softened at our distress, and for se"era days together a owed Mr# Judson to co!e to the house, which was to !e an uns%eakab e conso ation# Then again they wou d be as iron&hearted in their de!ands, as though we were free fro! sufferings, and in aff uent circu!stances# The annoyance, the extortions, and o%%ressions, to which we were subject, during our six !onths residence in )ung&%en& a, are beyond enu!eration or descri%tion# C8t was so!e ti!e after our arri"a at )ung&%en& a, that we heard of the execution of the Pakan @oon, in conseEuence of which our i"es were sti %reser"ed# For we afterwards ascertained, that the white foreigners had

been sent to )ung&%en& a, for the ex%ress %ur%ose of sacrificing the!, and that he hi!se f intended witnessing the horrid scene# @e had freEuent y heard of his intended arri"a at )ung&%en& aB but we had no idea of his diabo ica %ur%oses# +e had raised an ar!y of fifty thousand !en, Qa tenth %art of whose ad"anced %ay was found in his house,R and ex%ected to !arch against the Eng ish ar!y in a short ti!e, when he was sus%ected of high treason, and instant y executed without the east exa!ination# Perha%s no death in *"a e"er %roduced such uni"ersa rejoicings, as that of the Pakan @oon# @e ne"er, to this day, hear his na!e !entioned, but with an e%ithet of re%roach or hatred# *nother brother of the king was a%%ointed to the co!!and of the ar!y now in readiness, but with no "ery sanguine ex%ectations of success# ,o!e weeks after the de%arture of these troo%s, two of the @oongyees were sent down for the %ur%ose of negotiating# But not being successfu , the Eueen's brother, the a&tin1 in1 of the country, was %re"ai ed on to go# Great ex%ectations were raised in conseEuenceB but his cowardice induced hi! to enca!% his detach!ent of the ar!y at a great distance fro! the Eng ish, and e"en at a distance fro! the !ain body of the Bur!ese ar!y, whose head&Euarters were then at Ma oun# Thus he effected nothing, though re%orts were continua y reaching us, that %eace was near y conc uded# CThe ti!e at ength arri"ed for our re ease fro! that detested % ace, the )ung&%en& a %rison# * !essenger fro! our friend, the go"ernor of the north gate of the %a ace, who was for!er y <oung&tone, Myoo&tsa, infor!ed us that an order had been gi"en, the e"ening before, in the %a ace, for Mr# Judson's re ease# )n the sa!e e"ening an officia order arri"edB and with a joyfu heart 8 set about %re%aring for our de%arture ear y the fo owing !orning# But an unex%ected obstac e occurred, which !ade us fear that I shou d sti be retained as a %risoner# The a"aricious jai ers, unwi ing to ose their %rey, insisted, that as !y na!e was not inc uded in the order, 8 shou d not go# 8n "ain 8 urged that 8 was not sent there as a %risoner, and that they had no authority o"er !eDthey sti deter!ined 8 shou d not go, and forbade the "i agers fro! etting !e a cart# Mr# Judson was then taken out of %rison, and brought to the jai er's house, where, by %ro!ises and threatenings, he fina y gained their consent, on condition that we wou d ea"e the re!aining %art of our %ro"isions we had recent y recei"ed fro! *"a# 8t was noon before we were a owed to de%art# @hen we reached *!ara%ora, Mr# Judson was ob iged to fo ow the guidance of the jai er, who conducted hi! to the go"ernor of the city# +a"ing !ade a necessary inEuiries, the go"ernor a%%ointed another guard, which con"eyed Mr# Judson to the court&house in *"a, to which % ace he arri"ed so!e ti!e in the night# 8 took !y own course, %rocured a boat, and reached our house before dark# CMy first object the next !orning, was to go in search of your brother, and 8 had the !ortification to !eet hi! again in %rison, though not the death %rison# 8 went i!!ediate y to !y o d friend the go"ernor of the city, who now was raised to the rank of a @oongyee# +e infor!ed !e that Mr# Judson was to be sent to the Bur!ese ca!%, to act as trans ator and inter%reterB and that he was %ut in confine!ent for a short ti!e on y, ti his affairs were sett ed# Ear y the fo owing !orning 8 went to this officer again, who to d !e that Mr# Judson had that !o!ent recei"ed twenty ticka s fro! go"ern!ent, with orders to go i!!ediate y on board a boat for Ma oun, and that he had

gi"en hi! %er!ission to sto% a few !o!ents at the house, it being on his way# 8 hastened back to the house, where Mr# Judson soon arri"edB but was a owed to re!ain on y a short ti!e, whi e 8 cou d %re%are food and c othing for future use# +e was crowded into a itt e boat, where he had not roo! sufficient to ie down, and where his ex%osure to the co d da!% nights threw hi! into a "io ent fe"er, which had near y ended a his sufferings# +e arri"ed at Ma oun on the third day, where, i as he was, he was ob iged to enter i!!ediate y on the work of trans ating# +e re!ained at Ma oun six weeks, suffering as !uch as he had at any ti!e in %rison, exce%ting he was not in irons, nor ex%osed to the insu ts of those crue jai ers# CFor the first fortnight after his de%arture, !y anxiety was ess than it had been at any ti!e %re"ious, since the co!!ence!ent of our difficu ties# 8 knew the Bur!ese officers at the ca!% wou d fee the "a ue of Mr# Judson's ser"ices too !uch to a ow their using any !easures threatening his ife# 8 thought his situation, a so, wou d be !uch !ore co!fortab e than it rea y wasDhence !y anxiety was ess# But !y hea th, which had ne"er been restored, since that "io ent attack at )ung&%en& a, now dai y dec ined, ti 8 was seiAed with the s%otted fe"er, with a its attendant horrors# 8 knew the nature of the fe"er fro! its co!!ence!entB and fro! the shattered state of !y constitution, together with the want of !edica attendants, 8 conc uded it !ust be fata # The day 8 was taken, a Bur!ese nurse ca!e and offered her ser"ices for Maria# This circu!stance fi ed !e with gratitude and confidence in GodB for though 8 had so ong and so constant y !ade efforts to obtain a %erson of this descri%tion, 8 had ne"er been ab eB when at the "ery ti!e 8 !ost needed one, and with out any exertion, a "o untary offer was !ade# My fe"er raged "io ent y and without any inter!ission# 8 began to think of sett ing !y wor d y affairs, and of co!!itting !y dear itt e Maria to the care of a Portuguese wo!an, when 8 ost !y reason, and was insensib e to a around !e# *t this dreadfu %eriod, -r# Price was re eased fro! %risonB and hearing of !y i ness, obtained %er!ission to co!e and see !e# +e has since to d !e that !y situation was the !ost distressing he had e"er witnessed, and that he did not then think 8 shou d sur"i"e !any hours# My hair was sha"ed, !y head and feet co"ered with b isters, and -r# Price ordered the Benga ee ser"ant who took care of !e, to endea"our to %ersuade !e to take a itt e nourish!ent, which 8 had obstinate y refused for se"era days# )ne of the first things 8 reco ect was, seeing this faithfu ser"ant standing by !e, trying to induce !e to take a itt e wine and water# 8 was in fact so far gone, that the Bur!ese neighbours who had co!e in to see !e ex%ire, said, ',he is deadB and if the king of ange s shou d co!e in, he cou d not reco"er her#' CThe fe"er, 8 afterwards understood, had run se"enteen days when the b isters were a%% ied# 8 now began to reco"er s ow yB but it was !ore than a !onth after this before 8 had strength to stand# @hi e in this weak, debi itated state, the ser"ant who had fo owed your brother to the Bur!ese ca!%, ca!e in, and infor!ed !e that his !aster had arri"ed, and was conducted to the court&house in town# 8 sent off a Bur!an to watch the !o"e!ents of go"ern!ent, and to ascertain, if %ossib e, in what way Mr# Judson was to be dis%osed of# +e soon returned with the sad inte igence, that he saw Mr# Judson go out of the %a ace yard, acco!%anied by two or three Bur!ans, who conducted hi! to one of the %risonsB and that it was re%orted in town, that he was to be sent back to the )ung&%en& a %rison# 8

was too weak to bear i tidings of any kindB but a shock so dreadfu as this, a !ost annihi ated !e# For so!e ti!e, 8 cou d hard y breatheB but at ast gained sufficient co!%osure to dis%atch Moung 8ng to our friend, the go"ernor of the north gate, and begged hi! to !ake one more effort for the re ease of Mr# Judson, and %re"ent his being sent back to the country %rison, where 8 knew he !ust suffer !uch, as 8 cou d not fo ow# Moung 8ng then went in search of Mr# JudsonB and it was near y dark when he found hi! in the interior of an obscure %rison# 8 had sent food ear y in the afternoon, but being unab e to find hi!, the bearer had returned with it, which added another %ang to !y distresses, as 8 feared he was a ready sent to )ung&%en& a# C8f 8 e"er fe t the "a ue and efficacy of %rayer, 8 did at this ti!e# 8 cou d not rise fro! !y couchB 8 cou d !ake no efforts to secure !y husbandB 8 cou d on y % ead with that great and %owerfu Being who has said, '9a u%on !e in the day of troub e, and I will hear, and thou sha t g orify !eB'C and who !ade !e at this ti!e fee so %owerfu y this %ro!ise, that 8 beca!e Euite co!%osed, fee ing assured that !y %rayers wou d be answered# C@hen Mr# Judson was sent fro! Ma oun to *"a, it was within fi"e !inutes' notice, and without his know edge of the cause# )n his way u% the ri"er, he accident y saw the co!!unication !ade to go"ern!ent res%ecting hi!, which was si!% y this( '@e ha"e no further use for $oodathan, we therefore return hi! to the go den city#' )n arri"ing at the court&house, there ha%%ened to be no one %resent who was acEuainted with Mr# J# The %residing officer inEuired fro! what % ace he had been sent to Ma oun# +e was answered fro! )ung&%en& a# 'et hi! then, said the officer, be returned thitherDwhen he was de i"ered to a guard and conducted to the % ace abo"e&!entioned, there to re!ain unti he cou d be con"eyed to )ung&%en& a# 8n the !ean ti!e the go"ernor of the north gate %resented a %etition to this high court of the e!%ire, offered hi!se f as Mr# Judson's security, obtained his re ease, and took hi! to his house, where he treated hi! with e"ery %ossib e kindness, and to which 8 was re!o"ed as soon as returning hea th wou d a ow# CThe ra%id strides of the Eng ish ar!y towards the ca%ita at this ti!e, threw the who e town into the greatest state of a ar!, and con"inced the go"ern!ent that so!e s%eedy !easures !ust be taken to sa"e the go den city# They had hitherto rejected a the o"ertures of ,ir *rchiba d 9a!%be , i!agining, unti this ate %eriod, that they cou d in so!e way or other, dri"e the Eng ish fro! the country# Mr# Judson and -r# Price were dai y ca ed to the court&house and consu tedB in fact, nothing was done without their a%%robation# Two Eng ish officers, a so, who had ate y been brought to *"a as %risoners, were continua y consu ted, and their good offices reEuested in endea"ouring to %ersuade the British Genera to !ake %eace on easier ter!s# 8t was fina y conc uded that Mr# Judson and one of the officers abo"e& !entioned, shou d be sent i!!ediate y to the Eng ish ca!%, in order to negotiate# The danger attached to a situation so res%onsib e, under a go"ern!ent so fick e as the Bur!ese, induced your brother to use e"ery !eans %ossib e to %re"ent his being sent# -r# Price was not on y wi ing, but desirous of goingB this circu!stance Mr# Judson re%resented to the !e!bers of go"ern!ent, and begged he !ight not be co!%e ed to go, as -r# Price cou d transact this business eEua y as we as hi!se f# *fter so!e hesitation

and de iberation, -r# Price was a%%ointed to acco!%any -r# ,andford, one of the Eng ish officers, on condition that Mr# Judson wou d stand security for his returnB whi e the other Eng ish officer, then in irons, shou d be security for -r# ,andford# The king ga"e the! a hundred ticka s each, to bear their ex%enses, Qtwenty&fi"e of which -r# ,andford generous y sent to Mr# Gouger, sti a %risoner at )ung&%en& a,R boats, !en, and a Bur!ese officer, to acco!%any the!, though he "entured no farther than the Bur!an ca!%# @ith the !ost anxious so icitude the court waited the arri"a of the !essengers, but did not in the east re ax in their exertions to fortify the city# Men and beasts were at work night and day, !aking new stockades and strengthening o d ones, and whate"er bui dings were in their way were i!!ediate y torn down# )ur house, with a that surrounded it, was e"e ed to the ground, and our beautifu itt e co!%ound turned into a road and a % ace for the erection of cannon# * artic es of "a ue were con"eyed out of town and safe y de%osited in so!e other % ace# C*t ength the boat in which the a!bassadors had been sent was seen a%%roaching a day ear ier than was ex%ected# *s it ad"anced towards the city, the banks were ined by thousands, anxious y inEuiring their success# But no answer was gi"enDthe go"ern!ent !ust first hear the news# The %a ace gates were crowded, the officers at the T owtdau were seated, when -r# Price !ade the fo owing co!!unication( 'The genera and co!!issioners wi !ake no a teration in their ter!s, exce%t the hundred acks Qa ack is a hundred thousandR of ru%ees, !ay be %aid at four different ti!es# The first twenty&fi"e acks to be %aid within twe "e days, or the ar!y wi continue their !arch#' 8n addition to this, the %risoners were to be gi"en u% i!!ediate y# The genera had co!!issioned -r# Price to de!and Mr# Judson and !yse f and itt e Maria# This was co!!unicated to the king, who re% ied, 'They are not Eng ish, they are !y %eo% e, and sha not go#' *t this ti!e, 8 had no idea that we shou d e"er be re eased fro! *"a# The go"ern!ent had earned the "a ue of your brother's ser"ices, ha"ing e!% oyed hi! the ast three !onthsB and we both conc uded they wou d ne"er consent to our de%arture# The foreigners were again ca ed to a consu tation, to see what cou d be done# -r# Price and Mr# Judson to d the! % ain y that the Eng ish wou d ne"er !ake %eace on any other ter!s than those offered, and that it was in "ain to go down again without the !oney# 8t was then %ro%osed that a third %art of the first su! de!anded shou d he sent down i!!ediate y# Mr# Judson objected, and sti said it wou d be use ess# ,o!e of the !e!bers of go"ern!ent then inti!ated that it was %robab e the teachers were on the side of the Eng ish, and did not try to !ake the! take a s!a er su!B and a so threatened if they did not !ake the Eng ish co!% y, they and their fa!i ies shou d suffer# C8n this inter"a , the fears of the go"ern!ent were considerab y a ayed, by the offers of a genera , by na!e 'ayarthoo&yah, who desired to !ake one !ore atte!%t to conEuer the Eng ish, and dis%erse the!# +e assured the king and go"ern!ent, that he cou d so fortify the ancient city of Pagan, as to !ake it i!%regnab eB and that he wou d there defeat and destroy the Eng ish# +is offers were heard, he !arched to Pagan with a "ery considerab e force, and !ade strong the fortifications# But the Eng ish took the city with %erfect ease, and dis%ersed the Bur!ese ar!yB whi e the genera f ed to *"a, and had the %resu!%tion to a%%ear in the %resence of the king, and de!and

new troo%s# The king being enraged that he had e"er istened to hi! for a !o!ent, in conseEuence of which the negotiation had been de ayed, the Eng ish genera %ro"oked, and the troo%s dai y ad"ancing, that he ordered the genera to be i!!ediate y executedS The %oor fe ow was soon hur ed fro! the %a ace, and beat a the way to the court&houseDwhen he was stri%%ed of his rich a%%are , bound with cords, and !ade to knee and bow towards the %a ace# +e was then de i"ered into the hands of the executioners, who, by their crue treat!ent, %ut an end to his existence, before they reached the % ace of execution# CThe king caused it to be re%orted, that this genera was executed, in conseEuence of disobeying his co!!ands, 'not to fi1ht the "n1lish#' C-r# Price was sent off the sa!e night, with %art of the %risoners, and with instructions to %ersuade the genera to take six acks instead of twenty&fi"e# +e returned in two or three days with the a%%a ing inte igence, that the Eng ish genera was "ery angry, refused to ha"e any co!!unication with hi!, and was now within a few days' !arch of the ca%ita # The Eueen was great y a ar!ed, and said the !oney shou d be raised i!!ediate y, if the Eng ish wou d on y sto% their !arch# The who e %a ace was in !otion, go d and si "er "esse s were !e ted u%, the king and Eueen su%erintended the weighing of a %art of it, and were deter!ined, if %ossib e, to sa"e their city# The si "er was ready in the boats by the next e"eningB but they had so itt e confidence in the Eng ish, that after a their a ar!, they conc uded to send down six acks on y, with the assurance that if the Eng ish wou d sto% where they then were, the re!ainder shou d be forthco!ing i!!ediate y# CThe go"ern!ent now did not e"en ask Mr# Judson the Euestion whether he wou d go or notB but so!e officers took hi! by the ar! as he was wa king in the street, and to d hi! he !ust go i!!ediate y on board the boat, to acco!%any two Bur!ese officers, a @oongyee and @oondouk, who were going down to !ake %eace# Most of the Eng ish %risoners were sent at the sa!e ti!e# The genera and co!!issioners wou d not recei"e the six acks, neither wou d they sto% their !archB but %ro!ised, if the su! co!% ete reached the! before they shou d arri"e at *"a, they wou d !ake %eace# The genera a so co!!issioned Mr# Judson to co ect the re!aining foreigners, of whate"er country, and ask the Euestion before the Bur!ese go"ern!ent, whether they wished to go or stay# Those who ex%ressed a wish to go shou d be de i"ered u% i!!ediate y, or %eace wou d not be !ade# CMr# Judson reached *"a at !idnightB had a the foreigners ca ed the next !orning, and the Euestion asked# ,o!e of the !e!bers of go"ern!ent said to hi!, '$ou wi not ea"e usDyou sha beco!e a great !an if you wi re!ain#' +e then secured hi!se f fro! the odiu! of saying that he wished to ea"e the ser"ice of his !ajesty by recurring to the order of ,ir *rchiba d, that whoe"er wished to ea"e *"a shou d be gi"en u%, and that 8 had ex%ressed a wish to go, so that he of course !ust fo ow# The re!aining %art of the twenty&fi"e acks was soon co ectedB the %risoners at )ung&%en& a were a re eased, and either sent to their houses, or down the ri"er to the Eng ishB and in two days fro! the ti!e of Mr# Judson's return, we took an affectionate ea"e of the good natured officer who had so ong entertained us at his house, and who now acco!%anied us to the water side, and we then eft fore"er the banks of *"a#

8t was on a coo , !oon ight e"ening, in the !onth of March, that with hearts fi ed with gratitude to God, and o"erf owing with joy at our %ros%ects, we %assed down the 8rrawaddy, surrounded by six or eight go den boats, and acco!%anied by a we had on earth# The thought that we had sti to %ass the Bur!an ca!%, wou d so!eti!es occur to da!% our joy, for we feared that so!e obstac e !ight there arise to retard our %rogress# ;or were we !istaken in our conjectures# @e reached the ca!% about !idnight, where we were detained two hoursB the @oongyee, and high officers, insisting that we shou d wait at the ca!%, whi e -r# Price, Qwho did not return to *"a with your brother, but re!ained at the ca!%,R shou d go on with the !oney and first ascertain whether %eace wou d be !ade# The Bur!ese go"ern!ent sti entertained the idea, that as soon as the Eng ish had recei"ed the !oney and %risoners, they wou d continue their !arch, and yet destroy the ca%ita # @e knew not but that so!e circu!stance !ight occur to break off the negotiationsB Mr# Judson, therefore strenuous y insisted that he wou d not re!ain, but go on i!!ediate y# The officers were fina y %re"ai ed on to consent, ho%ing !uch fro! Mr# Judson's assistance in !aking %eace# C@e now, for the first ti!e, for !ore than a year and a ha f, fe t that we were free, and no onger subject to the o%%ressi"e yoke of the Bur!ese# *nd with what sensations of de ight, on the next !orning, did 8 beho d the !asts of the stea!&boat, the sure %resage of being within the bounds of ci"i iAed ife# *s soon as our boat reached the shore, brigadier *# and another officer ca!e on board, congratu ated us on our arri"a , and in"ited us on board the stea!& boat, where 8 %assed the re!ainder of the dayB whi e your brother went on to !eet the genera , who, with a detach!ent of the ar!y, had enca!%ed at $andaboo, a few !i es further down the ri"er# Mr# Judson returned in the e"ening, with an in"itation fro! ,ir *rchiba d, to co!e i!!ediate y to his Euarters, where 8 was the next !orning introduced, and recei"ed with the greatest kindness by the genera , who had a tent %itched for us near his own Dtook us to his own tab e, and treated us with the kindness of a father, rather than as strangers of another country# C@e fee that our ob igations to genera 9a!%be can ne"er be cance ed# )ur fina re ease fro! *"a, and our reco"ering a the %ro%erty that had there been taken, was owing entire y to his efforts# This subseEuent hos%ita ity and kind attention to the acco!!odations for our %assage to .angoon, ha"e eft an inde ib e i!%ression on our !inds, which can ne"er be forgotten# @e dai y recei"ed the congratu ation of the British officers, whose conduct towards us for!ed a striking contrast to that of the Bur!ese# 8 %resu!e to say, that no %ersons on earth were e"er ha%%ier than we were, during the fortnight we %assed at the Eng ish ca!%# For se"era days, this sing e idea who y occu%ied !y !ind, that we were out of the %ower of the Bur!ese go"ern!ent, and once !ore under the %rotection of the Eng ish# )ur fee ings continua y dictated ex%ressions ike these( 9hat shall we render to the Lord for all his benefits towards usL CThe treaty of %eace was soon conc uded, signed by both %arties, and a ter!ination of hosti ities %ub ic y dec ared# @e eft $andaboo, after a fortnight's residence, and safe y reached the !ission house in .angoon, after an absence of two years and three !onths# C* re"iew of our tri% to, and ad"entures in, *"a, often, excites the inEuiry, @hy were we %er!itted to goT @hat good has been effectedT @hy did 8 not

isten to the ad"ice of friends in Benga , and re!ain there ti the war was conc udedT But a that we can say is, It is not in man that wal eth to dire&t his steps. ,o far as !y going round to .angoon, at the ti!e 8 did, was instru!enta in bringing those hea"y aff ictions u%on us, 8 can on y say, that if 8 e"er acted fro! a sense of duty in !y ife, it was at that ti!eB for !y conscience wou d not a ow !e any %eace, when 8 thought of sending for your brother to co!e to 9a cutta, in %ros%ect of the a%%roaching war# )ur society at ho!e ha"e ost no %ro%erty in conseEuence of our difficu tiesB but two years of %recious ti!e ha"e been ost to the !ission, un ess so!e future ad"antage !ay be gained, in conseEuence of the se"ere disci% ine to which we ourse "es ha"e been subject# @e are so!eti!es induced to think, that the esson we found so "ery hard to earn, wi ha"e a beneficia effect through our i"esB and that the !ission !ay, in the end, be ad"anced rather than retarded# C@e shou d ha"e had no hesitation about re!aining in *"a, if no %art of the Bur!ese e!%ire had been ceded to the British# But as it was, we fe t it wou d be an unnecessary ex%osure, besides the !issionary fie d being !uch !ore i!ited, in conseEuence of into eration# @e now consider our future !issionary %ros%ects as bright indeedB and our on y anxiety is, to be once !ore in that situation where our ti!e wi be exc usi"e y de"oted to the instruction of the heathen#C 8n a conc uding %aragra%h, dated *!herst, Ju y /2, she adds( CFro! the date at the co!!ence!ent of this ong etter, you see, !y dear brother, that !y %atience has continued for two !onths# 8 ha"e freEuent y been induced to throw it aside a together, but fee ing assured that you and !y other friends are ex%ecting so!ething of this kind 8 a! induced to send it with a its i!%erfections# This etter, dreadfu as are the scenes herein described, gi"es you but a faint idea of the awfu rea ity# The anguish, the agony of !ind, resu ting fro! a thousand itt e circu!stances i!%ossib e to de ineate on %a%er, can be known by those on y who ha"e been in si!i ar situations# Pray for us, !y dear brother and sister, that these hea"y aff ictions !ay not be in "ain, but !ay be b essed to our s%iritua good, and the ad"ance!ent of 9hrist's church a!ong the heathen#C *t the c ose of this ong and !e ancho y narrati"e, we !ay a%%ro%riate y introduce the fo owing tribute to the bene"o ence and ta ents of Mrs# Judson, written by one of the Eng ish %risoners, who were confined at *"a with Mr# Judson# 8t was %ub ished in a 9a cutta %a%er after the conc usion of the war( CMrs# Judson was the author of those e oEuent and forcib e a%%ea s to the go"ern!ent, which %re%ared the! by degrees for sub!ission to ter!s of %eace, ne"er ex%ected by any, who knew the hauteur and inf exib e %ride of the Bur!an court# C*nd whi e on this subject, the o"erf owing of gratefu fee ings, on beha f of !yse f and fe ow&%risoners, co!%e !e to add a tribute of %ub ic thanks to that a!iab e and hu!ane fe!a e, who, though i"ing at a distance of two !i es fro! our %rison, without any !eans of con"eyance, and "ery feeb e in hea th, forgot her own co!fort and infir!ity, and a !ost e"ery day "isited us, sought out and ad!inistered to our wants, and contributed in e"ery way to a e"iate our !isery#

C@hi e we were eft by the go"ern!ent destitute of food, she, with unwearied %erse"erance, by so!e !eans or other, obtained for us a constant su%% y# C@hen the tattered state of our c othes e"inced the extre!ity of our distress, she was e"er ready to re% enish our scanty wardrobe# C@hen the unfee ing a"arice of our kee%ers confined us inside, or !ade our feet fast in the stocks, she, ike a !inistering ange , ne"er ceased her a%% ications to the go"ern!ent, unti she was authoriAed to co!!unicate to us the gratefu news of our en arge!ent, or of a res%ite fro! our ga ing o%%ressions# CBesides a this, it was unEuestionab y owing, in a chief degree, to the re%eated e oEuence, and forcib e a%%ea s of Mrs# Judson, that the untutored Bur!an was fina y !ade wi ing to secure the we fare and ha%%iness of his country, by a sincere %eace#C

CHAPTER XX.
PERSECUTION OF THE WESLEYAN MISSIONARIES IN THE WEST INDIES.
The exertions of 9hristians to s%read the truths of the gos%e a!ong the *fricans in the @est 8ndies, ha"e !et with !uch o%%osition fro! the white %o%u ation# Mora"ian !issionaries, at first, so d the!se "es as s a"es, and aboured with the negroes on the % antations for the %ur%ose of %reaching the gos%e during the inter"a s of abour# The Methodist !issionaries ha"e been treated with !uch indignity, and ha"e had their i"es endangered by the "io ence of the white !ob# 8n FGFJ, the white rabb e of Barbadoes, co ected together, and tota y destroyed the Methodist cha%e # The destruction of the cha%e occu%ied two successi"e nights, and so ist ess were the authorities, that no atte!%t was !ade to %re"ent it# *nd when the go"ernor issued a %roc a!ation, offering a reward to any %erson who shou d a%%rehend the eaders in this outrageous %roceeding, the !ob i!!ediate y issued a counter %roc a!ation, threatening with death any one who shou d dare to co!% y with the go"ernor's orders# 8n *ugust, FG/H, an insurrection took % ace at -e!erara, a!ong the negroes, which was !ost unjust y attributed to the efforts of the !issionaries# The %rinci%a e"ents in re ation to this affair are detai ed in the subjoined account fro! the Missionary +era d# ?arious accounts ha"e, fro! ti!e to ti!e, a%%eared in the %ub ic %rints, of the insurrection of the s a"es in the co ony of -e!erara, and of the conde!nation of the .e"# Mr# ,!ith, a !issionary fro! the 'ondon Missionary ,ociety, on an accusation of ha"ing been accessary to the % ot# @e ha"e co ected and e!bodied such of the eading facts, re ati"e to these transactions, as ha"e co!e to our know edge# The s a"es of !any % antations on the eastern coast of -e!erara had for!ed a cons%iracy to obtain their freedo!# The % ot was disc osed by a ser"ant to his !aster on the FGth of *ugustB not ti the cons%iracy was thorough y organiAed, and arrange!ents !ade to secure si!u taneous !o"e!entsB and on y a few hours before the ti!e a%%ointed for action# 8nfor!ation was i!!ediate y co!!unicated to the co!!ander&in&chief, and

the !ost efficient !easures takenB but before a sufficient force cou d be asse!b ed to resist a arge body of negroes, who were i!!ediate y under ar!s, the e"ening, which was the ti!e for executing the first grand enter%rise, had arri"ed# This was si!u taneous y to seiAe u%on the whites at the different % antations, confine the! in the stocks, and take %ossession of their ar!s# This was effected on near y fifty % antations, containing, inc usi"e of wo!en and chi dren, F1 or F/,111 negroes# The whites, to the nu!ber of about /01, were i!%risoned# 8n so!e % aces an ineffectua resistance was !ade, and se"era i"es ost on both sides# )n the !orning of the FIth, the go"ernor issued a %roc a!ation, dec aring the co ony under !artia aw, and ordered a who were ca%ab e of bearing ar!s, without distinction, to be i!!ediate y enro ed# The !ost "igorous !easures were %ursuedB and in the course of a few days, after se"era skir!ishes, in which a considerab e nu!ber of negroes ost their i"es, the insurrection was subdued# * court !artia was then constituted, and !any of the negroes brought to tria , conde!ned and executed# ,ubseEuent accounts state that !ore than F111 had suffered death, in conseEuence of the insurrection, and that !any of their heads had been fixed u% on %o es in "arious %arts of the country# @e !ight easi y be !ore %articu ar in regard to the circu!stances of the insurrection, but our object is chief y to re ate what concerns the !issionary who was accused of ha"ing a %art in the sche!e, and the other !issionaries in the co ony# )n these %oints we ha"e to regret that the infor!ation which has yet been recei"ed is "ery scanty and in !any res%ects indefinite# The extract which fo ows is fro! the Missionary 9hronic e, and was %ub ished in the na!e of the -irectors of the 'ondon Missionary ,ociety# The insurrection it shou d see!, !anifested itse f first in Mahaica, the district to the east of that in which Mr# ,!ith resides# 8ts a%%earance on the 'e .essou"enir estate, where Mr# ,!ith resides, was on Monday, the FGth *ugust, in conseEuence of an order to take into custody two s a"es be onging to an adjoining % antation, who! the negroes of the 'e .essou"enir, as the %risoners had to %ass o"er it, rose to rescue# Mr# ,!ith was at ho!e# +e successfu y used his endea"ours, on %ercei"ing the tu!u t, to rescue the !anager fro! the negroes, and continued his exertions to induce the! to return to their duty, ti he hi!se f was dri"en with "io ence, and with a wea%on he d to his body, fro! the estate# Mr# ,!ith was taken into custody on the e"ening of the /Fst *ugust, and a his %a%ers seiAed# +e is ke%t a %risoner in the 9o ony&house, and has, since the /5th of *ugust, had a guard stationed o"er hi!# Mr# E iot, another !issionary, who aboured about /1 !i es fro! Mr# ,!ith, was a so taken into custody, on the ground of disobedience of orders, Cwhich he had not understood to be such,C in "isiting Mr# ,!ith in his confine!ent# +e was ke%t about ten days, and then re eased# ;o charge was %referred against hi!# The estates on which he abours had been Euiet, and none of the negroes under his instructions were i!% icated in the rebe ion# 8n a etter to the -irectors of the 'ondon Missionary ,ociety, Mr E iot writes thus( ;u!erous fa se re%orts ha"e been sent forth against Mr# ,!ith, but assure yourse f and a the directors, that whate"er re%orts you !ay hear, the on y cri!e the !issionaries ha"e co!!itted is their Aea for the con"ersion of the

negroes# $hey ha2e neither been so wea nor so wi& ed as to e4&ite the ne1roes to rebellion. The !issionaries want justice on yB they ha"e no fa"our to askB they ha"e nothing to fear# The !issionaries ha"e not degraded their ho y ca ing, nor dishonoured the society of which they are !e!bers, by sowing the seeds of rebe ion instead of the @ord of 'ife# The rea causes of the rebe ion are far, "ery far fro! being the instructions gi"en by the !issionaries# )n the FHth of )ctober, Mr# ,!ith was brought to tria before a &ourt martial# * the accounts which we ha"e yet seen of the charges brought against hi! are "ery obscure and i!%erfect# The January nu!ber of the Missionary 9hronic e, fro! which we ha"e a ready Euoted, says,D The %ub ic %a%ers ha"e stated four charges as for!ing the indict!ent against hi!, but of their accuracy the directors are not enab ed to judge# They trust that, under the direction of -i"ine Pro"idence, he has been ab e to %ro"e hi!se f 1uiltless of the! a # 8t is not, howe"er, to be concea ed, that he wi ha"e had !uch to contend with fro! the "io ence of %ub ic %rejudice in the 9o ony, and it is to be feared fro! the fa se assertions of so!e of the unha%%y negroes, who! the ho%e of fa"our towards the!se "es !ay ha"e ed to bring against hi! Cthings that he knew not#C 8ndeed, the directors are infor!ed, u%on authority on which they can re y, that so!e of the conde!ned negroes, finding the ho%e of ife taken away, had in the !ost so e!n !anner dec ared that they had been induced so to actB and that others, on being Euestioned whether they had not been induced to rebe ion by Mr# ,!ith, had in the strongest ter!s which their broken anguage cou d su%% y, denied the i!%utation# 8t is stated by the writer of one etter, that he has often heard charges circu ated against the !issionaries, as if s%oken by the negroes at the ti!e of their execution, which he knew, Qfor he was a near s%ectator,R that they ne"er had uttered# @e can as yet earn itt e !ore res%ecting the e"idence which was %roduced before the court than that so!e of the negroes testified that the instructions of Mr# ,!ith had a tendency to !ake the! dissatisfied with their condition, and that he knew of the % ot before it was carried into execution# +e was conde!ned, and sentenced to death# The sentence was howe"er trans!itted by the go"ernor, to Eng and, for the consideration and u ti!ate decision of the king# @hat we know of the decision wi be seen in the fo owing %aragra%h, co%ied fro! the ;ew&$ork )bser"er of March /2th# 8t a%%ears fro! the 'ondon %a%ers, that Cthe king has re!itted the sentence of death of the court !artia on Mr# ,!ith, the !issionary of the 'ondon ,ociety in -e!erara, Qwhich sentence was acco!%anied by a reco!!endation for !ercy on the %art of the court,R but has gi"en orders that he shou d be dis!issed fro! the co ony, and shou d co!e under ob igations not to reside within any of his !ajesty's co onia %ossessions in the @est 8ndies#C The charges against Mr# ,!ith a%%ear to ha"e originated in the %erjury of so!e of the negroes engaged in the insurrection# 8n the !ean ti!e Mr# ,!ith was anguishing under the inf uence of disease, which rendered the stroke of the executioner unnecessary to re!o"e hi! fro! the earth# +e died in %rison, before the inte igence had arri"ed that his sentence was re"ersed# The fo owing notice of his death a%%eared in the -e!erara 9ourant#

)ied(D8n the 9o onia Jai , at -e!erara, February Ith, where he had been confined, as a state %risoner since the /Jth of ;o"e!ber ast, on the ter!ination of his tria by the genera court !artia , on a charge of high treason, sentence thereon ha"ing been trans!itted to his !ajesty for his fina decisionDJ)+; ,M8T+, !issionaryB he had been in a %oor state of hea th, and had been attended regu ar y by ski fu %hysicians# @e are ha%%y to state, fro! %ersona inEuiry and ins%ection, that this unha%%y !an had the ut!ost attention and kindness shewn to hi!, by the hu!ane kee%er of the %rison, QMr# Pad!ore,R a the ti!e of his confine!ent# +is a%art!ent was airy and co!!odious, he had a ways at his co!!and e"ery co!fort which his taste fancied or his necessities reEuired# +e has eft a widow to de% ore his fate, and de% ore his oss# The con"iction which resu ts fro! the %resent state of our infor!ation on this subject, is that, through %rejudice and exas%erated fee ing, Mr# ,!ith was conde!ned, being innocent# The directors of the society under which he aboured, ha"e, howe"er, gi"en us reason to ook for further inte igence in a future nu!ber of the Missionary 9hronic er, which we ho%e wi soon arri"e# 8t a%%ears that none of the negroes under the instruction of any !issionary, either of the 'ondon or @es eyan Missionary ,ociety exce%t Mr# ,!ith, were i!% icated in the insurrection# .es%ecting the Methodists in the co ony we Euote the fo owing state!ent fro! the @es eyan Methodist MagaAine( @e stated in our ast nu!ber, that Messrs# Mortier and 9heesewright, our !issionaries in -e!erara were safe, and that only two of the !e!bers of our society there had been a%%rehended on sus%icion of being i!% icated in the ate re"o t# @e ha"e recei"ed a second etter fro! Mr# Mortier, dated -e!erara, ,e%te!ber se"enteenth, which co!!unicated the gratifying inte igence that these two %ersons, who were ser"ants of the go"ernor, had been iberated u%on fu con"iction of their entire innocence, and that no one of the !e!bers of our arge society of twe "e hundred and sixteen, chief y s a"es, had been in the east concerned in the re"o t( and that the s a"es of another estate, under the care of Mr# 9heesewright, had not on y refused to join the rebe s, but had conducted their !aster to a "esse , by which he reached Georgetown in safety#

8ase of ;e2. John Smith. The 'ondon Missionary 9hronic e for March contains a state!ent res%ecting Mr# ,!ith's case, occu%ying, with acco!%anying docu!ents near y twe "e %ages, which confir!s the i!%ression that Mr# ,!ith was innocent# The -irectors of the 'ondon Missionary ,ociety, after stating so!e circu!stances re ati"e to his tria , says# The -irectors ha"ing stated these %oints of serious objection Qand !ore !ight easi y be found,R to the %roceedings on the tria , conc ude that the !e!bers of the society, and the candid beyond its circ e, wi a%%ro"e of their dec aring that they retain the con"iction for!er y ex%ressed, of the !ora and ega innocence of their !issionary, ,!ithB that they do not withdraw fro! hi! their confidenceB and that they are Cnot asha!ed of his bonds#C They regard hi! as an un!erited sufferer, in the di igent and faithfu , and it !ay be added, usefu discharge of his duties, as a !issionaryB and they earnest y wish the -i"ine forgi"eness !ay be extended to those who !ay ha"e been instru!enta in causing his sufferings# The .e"# Mr# *ustin, a c ergy!an of the church of Eng and, and 9ha% ain of the 9o ony, thus ex%resses his o%inion in a %ri"ate etter# C8 fee no hesitation in dec aring, fro! the inti!ate know edge which !y !ost anxious inEuiries ha"e obtained, that in the ate scourge which the hand of an a &wise 9reator has inf icted on this i &fated country, nothing but those re igious i!%ressions which, under Pro"idence, Mr# ,!ith has been instru!enta in fixingDnothing but those %rinci% es of the gos%e of %eace which he has been %roc ai!ingDcou d ha"e %re"ented a dreadfu effusion of b ood here, and sa"ed the i"es of these "ery %ersons who are now Q8 shudder to write it,R seeking his#C The fo owing extract of a etter fro! @i ia! *rrinde , EsE# of -e!erara, Mr# ,!ith's counse , addressed to Mrs# ,!ith, after the tria , is a so inserted# C8t is a !ost %resu!%tuous in !e to differ fro! the sentence of a 9ourt, but, before God, 8 do be ie"e Mr# ,!ith to be innocentB nay, 8 wi go further, and defy any !inister, of any sect whate"er, to ha"e shewn a !ore faithfu attention to his sacred duties, than he has been %ro"ed, by the e"idence on his tria , to ha"e done#C The -irectors had reso "ed to take further !easures for obtaining, in Eng and the re"ersa of his sentence# This subject was brought before the Eng ish %ar ia!ent, and after a fu and fair discussion, the innocence of Mr# ,!ith was estab ished beyond a Euestion# The fo owing fro! the 'ondon 9hristian )bser"er gi"es an account of the %roceedings in Par ia!ent# * debate of two days' continuance on the case of the !issionary ,!ith has taken % ace in the +ouse of 9o!!ons# * !otion was !ade by Mr# Brougha!, to ex%ress the serious a ar! and dee% sorrow with which the house conte!% ated the "io ation of aw and justice, !anifested in the unexa!% ed %roceedings against Mr# ,!ith in -e!erara, and their sense of the necessity of ado%ting !easures to secure a just and hu!ane ad!inistration of aw in that co ony, and to %rotect the "o untary instruction of the negroes, as we as the negroes the!se "es, and the rest of his Majesty's subjects fro!

o%%ression# This !otion was su%%orted by Mr# Brougha! with a %ower of argu!ent and e oEuence which has se do! been eEua edB and he was fo owed on the sa!e side by ,ir Ja!es Mackintosh, -r# 'ushington, Mr# J @i ia!s, Mr# @i berforce, Mr# -en!an, and ,ir Jose%h $orke# The !otion was o%%osed by Mr# +orton, Mr# ,car ett, Mr# Tinda , the *ttorney Genera , and Mr# 9anning, on the ground, not of the ega ity of the %roceedings, or of the justice of the sentence, but that the !otion went to conde!n unheard the go"ernor of -e!erara, and the court that tried Mr# ,!ith# )n this ground the %re"ious Euestion was !o"ed and carried by FIH to F5J, the argest !inority in the %resent session# The di"ision, under a the circu!stances of the case !ay be considered as a triu!%h# ;ot an indi"idua atte!%ted to defend the %roceedings# 8n short, nothing cou d ha"e been !ore decisi"e of the innocence of Mr# ,!ith, and the injustice of his conde!nation# Perse&utions of the 9esleyan Methodists in St. )omin1o. @e extract fro! the %ub ications of the @es eyan Missionary ,ociety, the fo owing account of the aggressions co!!itted u%on the Protestant %o%u ation of +ayti, by the .o!an 9atho ics of that 8s and, during the year FG/5# Perse&utions at Port au Prin&e. The fo owing extracts fro! the journa of Mr# ,t# -enis, and etters of Mr# Pressoir, !e!bers of the Methodist ,ociety at Port au Prince, we co%ied fro! the @es eyan MagaAine# The first extracts are fro! the journa of Mr# ,t# -enis# )n ,unday, Feb# /d, our asse!b y was he d at Be air# -uring the !orning ser"ice se"era stones were thrown# %eb. 7. @hi st we were singing, a shower of stones was thrown, but no one recei"ed any injury# That e"ening QFeb# 2thR we had a s!a asse!b y of thirty&two %ersons# * % an had been aid for a%%rehending us, which was %ut in execution# @e had ti!e to sing a hy!n, read a cha%ter, and a ho!i yB but whi st singing the second hy!n, the noise of the so diers was so great in a%%roaching our house of %rayer, that we were ob iged to cease singing# @ishing, howe"er, to continue our !eeting, an officer of the %o ice said, C8n the na!e of the aw, ea"e off that %rayerSC Then we eft off# ;ot finding J# 9# Pressoir, they !ade !e his second# @e were taken to genera Tho!as's, who %retended to be ignorant of the !atter# 9o one ?ictor %retended to be ignorant a so# @hen we reached the house of the Ju1e de Pai4, we were ordered to ha t for a !o!ent# 9o one ?ictor knocked at his door, the Ju1e de Pai4 asked who we were, and was answered, C* band of !ethodists#C The Ju1e de Pai4 said, C+aS haS take the! to the jai SC 9o # ?ictor re% ied, C$esSC @e were ed to %rison, and each of our na!es was taken# The sisters were %ut in the debtor's % ace, and the !en were shut u% in c ose confine!ent# The next !orning, the %erson who kee%s the keys of the %rison under the jai er to d us, that the Juge de Paix wou d not a ow our door to be o%enedB but the jai er went and s%oke res%ecting it, and our door was o%ened about nine o'c ock# * !o!ent after the Juge de Paix ca!e to "isit us, and addressing hi!se f to !e in anger, 8 wished to re% y( he wou d not isten to

!eB but began to b as%he!e re igion, des%ising the 'ord# +e withdrew in anger, without being ab e to do any thing with us# * !o!ent after he eft us, we were taken into the debtor's %rison, near to the sisters, in a se%arate cha!ber# @hen Mr# Pressoir heard of this e"ent, he "isited his brethren at the %rison# The fo owing extract is fro! one of his etters# 8 wou d not run into %rison of !y own accord, but ha"ing waited, and finding nothing was said to us, 8 went to see !y brethren and sisters# 8 found there were thirty&two, and ,t# -enis %re%aring to write to the %resident, which he did, and 8 carried this etter to his exce ency, by which we reEuested hi! to cause us to be judged, and %unished, if we were found gui ty by the aw# @hen 8 arri"ed under the %iaAAa of the %a ace, 8 asked an officer on duty if 8 cou d see the %resident, who answered, $es# 8 entered the ha , where 8 found the %resident seated, and surrounded by a circ e, as we of officers as ci"i ians# *fter sa uting the!, 8 %resented the etter to the %resident, who asked !e fro! whence it ca!e# 8 re% ied, CFro! the !ethodists who are in %rison#C +is good hu!our was i!!ediate y changed# CMethodists,C said he, C8 did not know that#C 9o one ?ictor, who was %resent, thinking that through fear 8 wou d wish to concea !yse f, addressed hi!se f to the %resident, saying, CPresident, this is a !ethodist,C as if the %resident did not know it# 8!!ediate y the %resident re% ied, C$ou are fanatics#C CPardon !e, %resident, we are not#C C@hy, you ha"e changed your re igion#C C8f 8 ha"e changed !y re igion, %resident, it is the go"ern!ent which has !ade !e do it#C C+ow is thatTC said he# C8t was the ate %resident who sent for the !issionaries# 8 heard the etter read, and saw the ate %resident's signature( this is what 8 can te you#C CEnough, enough,C said he, C8 wi send an answer#C 8 went to the %rison and waited ti it was ateB but hearing nothing, and being i of the fe"er, 8 returned to !y !other's# The next day orders were gi"en for the brethren and sisters to a%%ear before the chief judge# * do ar was de!anded of each on ea"ing %rison, and they were conducted by a sing e serjeant# )n their arri"a the chief judge forbade the!, in the na!e of the %resident, to asse!b e together again# C;o one can hinder you fro! worshi%%ing God as you % easeB but et e"ery one abide at ho!e, for as often as you are found asse!b ed you sha be %ut in %risonB and if you unha%%i y %ersist, 8 ha"e recei"ed orders to dis%erse you e"ery where#C ,e"era wished to re% y, but he refused to isten, saying, C8t is not fro! !eB it is not !y fau tB these orders are gi"en !e#C * our brethren and sisters went out, ani!ated with a ho y Aea , deter!ining not to abandon their asse!b ies# The next day we were asse!b ed# *fter an exhortation we sung a hy!n which being finished, we knee ed down to %ray( a shower of stones ca!e, as if they wou d ha"e de!o ished the house, and ha"e stoned us ike ,te%hen# @ith one accord we co!!ended ourse "es to our faithfu 9reator, and continued in %rayer ti they had ceased# 8n a subseEuent etter, dated Ju y HFst, he writes(D ,ince the 'ord has granted us the fa"our of !eeting again, we ha"e continued our asse!b ies without inter!ission, a though forbidden to do this under %ain of %rison and exi e# The on y interru%tion we !eet with is bad words, and a few stones now and thenB and 8 a! beco!e so !arked, that 8 cannot go out without %eo% e crying after !e, CMethodistS ParsonSCDwith a conte!%tuous sneer, and a thousand other things not fit to write, but which

ser"e on y to strengthen !y faith in the %ro!ises of +i! who is faithfu B ti ast ,unday so!e foo ish young wo!en ca!e to re"i e usB and on Tuesday e"ening, whi st reading, stones were thrown, and whi st we were at %rayer a great nu!ber rushed in, ar!ed with sabres, sticks, and, if 8 !istake not, with stones, crying out, C8n the na!e of the aw,C as if they had been authoriAed by the heads of the %eo% e to arrest us# This band consisted of boys, ed on to co!!it disorders by a set of id e, good&for&nothing %ersons, of the worst c ass, who had ar!ed the!se "es with sabres, and were disguised with o d cocked hatsB trying thus to show their bra"ery o"er those who wou d !ake no resistance# But the hairs of our head are a nu!beredB nor ha"e they been %er!itted to hurt any of us to the %resent# 8t wou d be use ess for us to ask or ho%e for the %rotection of the awB and we are thus ed to % ace a our confidence in God, who can and wi de i"er us in his ti!e# *nd if the 'ord is for !e, of who! shou d 8 be afraidT +e that s%ared not his own ,on, but de i"ered hi! u% for !e, wi he not with hi! free y gi"e !e a thingsT 8 ha"e a ready ex%erienced that a !y sufferings for his na!e are great b essings to !e# * !y care is about +is churchB and what wisdo! does it reEuire to conduct so !any %ersons of such different dis%ositionsS 8 fee new wants dai y# The fo owing brief "iew of the %ersecutions of the !ethodists, in +ayti, is taken fro! CMissionary ;otices,C %ub ished by the @es eyan Missionary ,ociety# This account ga"e so!e %articu ars in addition to those narrated in the detai s inserted abo"e( @e regret to find,Dsay the co!!ittee of that society,Dfro! the fo owing etter recei"ed fro! Mr# Pressoir, that our %oor %ersecuted society at Port&au& Prince, so ong the object of %o%ish rancour, has again had to sustain the bruta outrages of an ignorant !ob, incited it wou d see!, in another % ace, by %ersons ca ing the!se "es Cres%ectab e,C and without ex%eriencing any %rotection fro! the oca authorities# The co!!ittee ha"e endea"oured to obtain for the! the co!!on %rotection of the aws of their own country, by a%% ications through "arious Euarters, and ho%e they !ay be u ti!ate y successfu # 8n the !ean ti!e this exce ent and suffering %eo% e are entit ed to the s%ecia sy!%athies, and earnest %rayers, of the friends of !issions# @e trust that they !ay yet, by their !eek and %atient suffering, and heroic %erse"erance, obtain that iberty of worshi% which they so earnest y desire# The etter fro! Mr# Pressoir is dated about a year since# The fo owing extracts describe the "io ence of the !ob( 8 ha"e read of !any instances of !artyrdo! for the testi!ony of Jesus 9hrist, but 8 ha"e not yet read a %assage which re ates that the %eo% e of a city rose u% ike !urderers, with a "ery few exce%tions, to stone a few %ersons !et together in a house, as our fathers, !others, brethren, and chi dren ha"e done unto us not ong ago# ) crue %eo% eS They began to throw stones at us at fi"e o'c ock in the afternoon, and continued their assau ts ti ten o'c ock, co!!itting a kinds of "io ence# They broke down the doors, broke o%en the windows, destroyed the first and second %artitions in the u%%er cha!bersB in a word, e"ery thing that was in the house, and beat with their cowskin&whi%s the brethren and sisters there, without showing co!%assion for either age or youth or e"en infancy# 8 be ie"e 8 suffered the east of any# )n y a great e!issary of ,atan, seiAed !y eft hand, and ifting u% his whi% dec ared he wou d knock !e down, if 8 did not

say C* !ighty God, the ?irgin Mary#C My on y answer was, turning !y back# ,e"era ti!es he e"en brought his whi% to !y neck, and afterwards aid it on !y shou der, raging and abusing !e with a the fury of *nti&christ# But he that nu!bered !y hairs did not a ow one of the! to fa to the ground# Thanks be to hi! for confidence in his ho y word, which is fir!er than hea"en on earth# @hen the %o%u ace entered to knock down our sisters 8 was in the first cha!ber, and hearing their cries, 8 tried to force !y way to the!, to try if 8 cou d render the! any assistanceB then the tyrant %ersecutor struck !e se"era ti!es on !y hat, but 8 recei"ed no injury# But we were in great dangerB those who wished to go out were stoned, beaten, torn, outraged, and brought back to the house, where they exercised their dark crue ty# 8t a%%eared as if ,atan was unchained, and had co!e forth to !ake war against those who! the truth of the gos%e had !ade free, and to crush those who had be ie"ed the testi!ony of the ,on of God# 8 ask, then, by who! ha"e we been %rotected, and de i"ered unto this dayT @as it by !agistrates, judges, and %o ice officersT )r by the other guards a%%ointed to a%%ease riots and defend the awT 8t is true, they were %resent in great nu!bers, but it was rather to ad"ise and direct others# ,o!e brought barrows fu of stones, and others threw the!, and said to the crue %o%u ace, that, since we were so obstinate, the go"ern!ent had gi"en us into their hands, and they !ight do to us whate"er they % easedB and they did treat us with inhu!anity and the greatest "io ence# 8t was i!%ossib e to go out without being beaten, stoned, dragged, abused, and co"ered with dirt, and in the end we cou d neither buy nor se without being dragged before a !agistrate, beat, and co"ered with s%itting and !ud, and a kinds of outrages# They went beyond Porte Marchant to brother F oran's, sister 9 aire's, and J# P# J# 'usant's# *t brother F oran's they destroyed e"ery thing in the garden, and treated his wife, a ready broken with age, with the greatest inhu!anityB dragging sister 9 aire by her feet out of the house, as a so her god&daughter# *nd at J# P# J# 'usant's what disorders ha"e they not co!!itted a!ongst those %oor %ersons, who ha"e f ed fro! the town to ha"e so!e tranEui ity# 8 !ust te you one circu!stance which J# P# J# '# to d !e, to show you the cowardice of %ersecutorsB fi"e or six of the! entered his gate, concea ing their swords, !aking u% to hi! with oud "ociferationsB seeing the! co!ing, he went into his house, took an o d rusty !usket without f int, and e"e ing it at the!, they a instant y f ed with a s%eed, saying, CThe Luakers don't carry ar!s, and see this o d Luaker hero intends ki ing us#C * uding to the etter of Mr# Pressoir, abo"e noticed, and to other co!!unications recei"ed about the sa!e ti!e, the @es eyan 9o!!ittee re!ark, in their %ub ication for Ju y, FG/5# 8n a recent nu!ber we aid before our readers so!e extracts of etters fro! our aff icted and %ersecuted society at Port&au&Prince, +aytiB fro! which it a%%eared that se"era of the! had again been ca ed to suffer bonds for the cause of 9hristB that the house in which they were in the habit of asse!b ing for re igious worshi% was de!o ishedB and that they the!se "es were de i"ered u% to the wi of a b ind and infuriated %o%u ace, the !agistrates refusing to afford the! any %rotection against the outrages to which they were dai y ex%osed# Fro! ater co!!unications we earn, that, on an a%%ea being !ade by etter to the %resident, those in %rison were set at ibertyB and

that a %roc a!ation was !ade by his exce ency's orders, forbidding any one to stone, injure, or otherwise %ersecute the !ethodists, but at the sa!e ti!e %rohibiting a !eetings of our society for re igious worshi%B on %ain of being arrested# ;otwithstanding the abo"e %roc a!ation, our %eo% e ha"e sti to suffer, in "arious ways, the insu ts and %ersecutions of the rabb e# They continue, as they are ab e, and can find o%%ortunity, to !eet together for %rayer, Kc# The etter to %resident Boyer shows "ery c ear y the %acific character and object of these %rotestants# 8t is too i!%ortant a %art of these docu!ents to be o!itted# President,D$ou are acEuainted with our society, for!ed here six years ago# The end of our !eeting together is, to in"oke the b essing of God, not on y on ourse "es, but a so on the go"ern!ent, its !agistrates, and e"en on those who e"i entreat us without causeB for we do not hate the!, nor render e"i for e"i # This is what our re igion co!!ands# 8t is not that we wish by our !eetings to disobey our %residentB but our desire is to obey God our so"ereign, and his aw reEuires that we shou d o"e the head that he has % aced o"er us# @e know that your exce ency wi not a%%ro"e the conduct of those who ha"e stoned and e"i entreated us without cause# @e ha"e been treated as ene!ies to the go"ern!ent, yet are not such# $esterday we were arrested and %ut in %rison, by order of genera Tho!as, who at once without exa!ination, %ronounced our sentence# *nd we know this was not by order of the %resident, which renders it our indis%utab e duty to gi"e you infor!ation thereof# President, et our society be narrow y exa!ined, and if fau t is found in us, we are wi ing to suffer the %unish!ent we !erit# 9onfident y ex%ecting your fa"ourab e re% y, we ha"e the honour of sa uting you !ost res%ectfu y# To this etter the %resident did not re% y, but ordered those, who had been arrested, to be set at iberty# Ten days after the date of the etter to the %resident, a etter was written, fro! which the fo owing %aragra%hs are taken# The conc uding sentences o%en the way for %utting a fa"ourab e construction on the intentions of the %resident# * %roc a!ation was !ade in the na!e of genera Tho!as, co!!andant of the % ace, to %re"ent any one fro! throwing stones at the !ethodists, forbidding e"ery one to e"i entreat the!, or to go before their houses to insu t the!# But by that %roc a!ation we were a so forbidden to !eet together, and infor!ed that shou d we !eet, the %o ice is ordered to arrest usB but as for the %eo% e, they ought not to interfere, nor throw stones, because we are citiAens of the re%ub ic# This is the substance of the %roc a!ation# * though this %roc a!ation was !ade, yet the %eo% e did not cease to i treat us, and cry after us, as we went a ong# Genera Tho!as gets out of that affair by saying, that they on y !ade use of his na!e when he had nothing to do in it# CBut, take care,C said he, Cif that continue, that it do not cost the ife of so!e one#C )ne of our sisters "isited the %resident, to who! she !ade her co!% aints, and infor!ed hi! that it was said, that it was by his order that these things were done# +e recei"ed her "ery %o ite y, assured her that this was not so,

but that he was exceeding y sorry that we shou d be i!%ro%er y treated, and that he had written to genera Tho!as to that effect, and if the genera did not attend to his orders he cou d not ho d any co!!and in the re%ub ic# 8n conseEuence of this the genera !ade the abo"e %roc a!ation# The %resident a so to d her, that he cou d not a ow us to ho d our !eetings, because we were not in %eaceB that France was %ro%osing to !arch u%on us, Kc# Kc# ,ince the ast %ersecution, we enjoy, by the grace of God, the !eans of %raying, when se"era of us !eet together#

CHAPTER XXI.
PERSECUTIONS IN SWIT3ERLAND FROM 1!14 TO 1!4#.
The infor!ation contained in the fo owing account of the %ersecution in ,witAer and, is deri"ed %rinci%a y fro! the 9hristian ,%ectator and the 'ondon 9hristian )bser"er# ,carce y any country of 9ontinenta Euro%e, has excited so dee% an interest in the !inds of *!ericans, as ,witAer and# 8ts "a eys and akes, its strea!s and cataracts, its ofty !ountains and the seas of ice and deserts of snow which crown their su!!its, ha"e been the : ti!a Thu e of the tra"e er, fro! whate"er and# But we ha"e dwe t u%on the! fro! the "ery days of boyhood, with an interest be onging to scarce y any thing earth y, because we regarded a this !agnificent and beautifu dis% ay, as the !ere scenery and decoration of the stage, on which an i!%ortant act in the great dra!a of iberty, was exhibited# 8n the christian, these !agnificent objects awaken e!otions %erha%s ess tu!u tuous, but dee%er and !ore e e"atingB for it is here that another scene of that great dra!a was ear y o%ened, in"o "ing interests inco!%arab y !ore "a uab e, and a strugg e far !ore dead y, not for the ci"i iberty of ,witAer and, but to free the wor d fro! a tyranny, in co!%arison with which, that of *ustrian dukes was %aterna kindness,Da des%otis! that he d the sou itse f chained to the %a%a throne, and assu!ed the tri% e crown of hea"en and earth and he , which its re%resentati"e sti wears# To the christian, the na!es of Te and @inke reid, sink into insignificance beside those of Nuing e and 9a "inB and the war of ,wiss inde%endence scarce y deser"es a thought, in co!%arison with that strugg e for the !ora refor!ation of the wor d, in which these !en were such distinguished actors, and to whose inf uence we ourse "es owe that re igious iberty, which is the !ost %recious %art of our birthright# But it is an hu!b ing ref ection, that the %a adiu! of iberty cou d not be ke%t in"io ate, e"en in the fastnesses of the * %s# * few years on y ha"e e a%sed, since so!e of the fairest %ortions of this C and of the free,C were he d as conEuered tributaries by other cantons, and were go"erned by a bai iff residing in his cast e, and exercising a %ower ike that of a feuda baron# * considerab e %ortion of ,witAer and is sti subject to an aristocracy, as abso ute in its sway, and as !uch o%%osed to the extension of ight and iberty, as any other branch of the ho y a iance# The %ress is, in !any cantons, under se"ere restrictions, and industry and enter%rise are checked by the regu ations of the incor%orated trades, which % ace the rod of o%%ression in the hands of ignorance and se f&interestB and which bring ho!e its inf uence to the work&bench of the !echanic, and too often %ara yAe the

ar! of aborious %o"erty# @ithin ten years, and in one of the !ost en ightened cantons, !en and wo!en ha"e been arrested, and fined, and i!%risoned, in the !ost crue !anner, for asse!b ing to read the word of GodB ha"e e"en been banished under %ain of death, and without any %ass%ort to secure the! fro! i!%rison!ent as "agrants in the neighbouring countries, !ere y for %reaching and hearing the gos%e , out of the estab ished church# 8n the %rotestant churches of Ger!an ,witAer and, the +e "etic confession and the +eide berg catechis!, both in the strictest sense orthodox, are recogniAed as standards of faith# This, howe"er, is the only bond of union between the different %ortions of the +e "etic church# The s%iritua concerns of each canton are under the direction of what is ca ed the Cchurch counci ,C estab ished by the go"ern!ent, and co!%osed of so!e of its !e!bers united with so!e of the c ergy# This body icense, ocate and %ay the c ergyB and for! the court of a%%ea in the affairs of the church# * congregation ha"e no "oice in the se ection of their %astor# Ba%tis! and confir!ation, or ad!ission to the 'ord's su%%er, in the estab ished church, are reEuired by aw, as indis%ensab e to the exercise of ci"i rightsB and the atter cere!ony is genera y regarded as a !ere introduction into ife# 8n the canton of Berne, no %erson can enter the !ost !enia station as a do!estic, without exhibiting his certificate of co!!unionB and so far is this fro! being an obso ete aw, that we ha"e known a %erson incur its %ena ty, because he de ayed for a few days the exhibition of this certificate to the %o ice# 8n this canton, Qand we be ie"e in !ost others,R no %erson can be exc uded fro! the co!!union, exce%t by go"ern!entB and, as a necessary conseEuence, no disci% ine exists in the church# The 'ord's su%%er is recei"ed with great regu arity by the who e %arishB and in so!e districts at east, the o%inion %re"ai s, that this ordinance is a sea of the %ardon of their sins# ,uch is the externa state of the church in Ger!an ,witAer and# 8n regard to its s%iritua condition, we ha"e itt e encouraging to %resent# The !ercenary troo%s which ,witAer and has so ong been accusto!ed to se to France, ,%ain and 8ta y, ha"e usua y brought back corru%t %rinci% es and icentious habitsB and the young !en of %atrician fa!i ies, fro! who! the ru ers are u ti!ate y chosen, ha"e been %re%ared, by ser"ing as officers to these troo%s, to exert a banefu inf uence u%on their country# Those who were destined to the !inistry, or to the earned %rofessions, were accusto!ed to seek an education, if %ossib e, in the Ger!an uni"ersities, where they wou d i!bibe a taste for any thing but e"ange ica %rinci% es# .ousseau, ?o taire, and Gibbon, during their residence in ,witAer and, contributed not a itt e to the increase of infide ityB and the French re"o ution see!ed to swee% away the and!arks of re igion and !ora ity, and to banish whate"er !ight ha"e re!ained, of the character of ,witAer and, fro! the %ortions to which its e!issaries had i!!ediate access# 8t wi not be su%%osed that the church esca%ed untainted, a!idst a these causes of corru%tion# The fee ing which we found extensi"e y %re"a ent, that it was indecorous to inEuire into the o%inions of the c ergy and the doctrines actua y !aintained in the church, and which %resented a serious obstac e to in"estigation on this subject, sufficient y indicates, that there is so!ething which wi not bear a co!%arison with the %ub ic standard# But !ore uneEui"oca e"idence of the change of o%inion is found in the fact, that

candidates for the !inistry are now on y reEuired to a"ow their be ief in the new testa!ent, and these regu ations are a"owed y ado%ted, in order not to exc ude those who are ca ed C ibera C or Crationa C in their o%inions# @e trust indeed, that there are !any thousands in ,witAer and, who ha"e not bowed the knee to Baa , in any for!# @e be ie"e es%ecia y, that in the cantons of Bas e, Nurich, *%%enAe , and ,chaffhausen, as we as Gene"a and ?aud, there are !any faithfu !inisters of the gos%e # @e know that in the !idst of decayed churches, there are itt e bands, who, without se%arating the!se "es, or exciting %ub ic attention, ha"e ado%ted the %rinci% es and the de"otiona habits of the :nited Brethren, or Mora"ians# The !issionary se!inary at Bas e is a radiating %oint, fro! which di"ine truth is going forth to the ends of the earthB and there is a c uster of christian institutions around it, which are a !onu!ent of o"e and Aea # 'ight is s%ringing u% in "arious directions in the !idst of darkness and these first g ea!ings of the dawn are a sure and de ightfu %resage, that the ,un of righteousness is about to arise u%on ,witAer and, with hea ing in its bea!s# For se"era years %ast, two or three of the c ergy of the estab ished church in the city of Berne, ha"e %reached the doctrines of the gos%e , as exhibited in the standards of the church, with si!% icity and faithfu ness# Much interest was thus excited in a s!a nu!ber of %ersons, se"era of who! were a!ong the c ass of %atricians, and the resu t !ight be ter!ed a itt e re"i"a # Pub ic attention was ca ed to it, by the change of conduct in those who were its subjects# Their consciences wou d no onger a ow the! to %artake in those "io ations of the ,abbath, and those Euestionab e a!use!ents which were custo!ary in the wor d around the!B and they fe t the need of asse!b ing the!se "es for socia de"otion and christian intercourse, during the week# Those who fe t re%ro"ed by such conduct, s%ared neither censure nor ridicu e# The na!es of Cpriest,C Cmethodist,C Cmummer,C etc#, were uns%aring y a%% ied to the!B and in one instance, the windows of a %erson who was obnoxious on this account, were broken# 8t is but justice to the go"ern!ent to state, that i!!ediate and "igorous !easures were taken to re%ress a "io enceB and no one was suffered to interru%t the!, so ong as they continued in connexion with the estab ished church# Much hosti ity was indeed ex%ressed against these %ri"ate asse!b iesB but so !uch %atrician inf uence was exerted in their fa"our, that the go"ern!ent did not "enture to execute the threats, so!eti!es thrown out, of %rohibiting the!# Pietis! continued to increase, fro! the increased action %roduced by these socia !eetingsB and the f a!e was undoubted y nourished by the con"ersation and corres%ondence of %ious British tra"e ers, whose inf uence !ay now be traced in e"ery %art of the continent, fro! 9a ais to ;a% es, and exhibits one of these re!arkab e traits in the di"ine go"ern!ent, by which the seed of the word is scattered o"er the wor d, often by the consent of those who wish to destroy it# The wea th of the Eng ish gi"es the! access e"ery where# E"en the court of .o!e, rather than ose this source of re"enue, a ows heresy to rear its standard of rebe ion on the banks of the TiberB and the efforts of such as are %ious y dis%osed to s%read ight around the!, are winked at, to a"oid offending or a ar!ing the national s%irit, e"en of those who are de"oted to the % easures of the wor d# -uring the year FG/G, a s!a nu!ber of the %ersons who were thus awakened, fe t it their duty to se%arate the!se "es entire y fro! the

estab ished church# Their consciences were wounded by the %rostitution of the ordinance of the su%%er, in ad!itting a who chose to co!eB since !any of the o%en y "icious, and a !u titude who had no a%%arent interest in re igion, be onged to the nu!ber# They urged the necessity of disci% ine fro! Matt# x"i# and x"iii#, F 9or# "#, etc#, and !aintained that that cou d not be dee!ed a church of 9hrist, which to erated "ice in its "ery boso!# They fe t the!se "es bound by the %rece%t, / Thess# iii# J, F5, F0, and / John F1, FF, to withdraw fro! a church in which the gos%e was not genera y %reachedB and which cherished in its boso!, so !any who crucified 9hrist afresh, and who! they considered the!se "es as recogniAing as brethren, by %artaking of the sa!e bread and the sa!e cu%# This !easure was %ro!oted by a %erson who had been banished fro! the canton de ?audB and who was recei"ed at Berne, under a % edge to the %o ice, that he wou d not s%eak of se%aration# The "io ation of this % edge ed to his ex%u sion, which was the first act of the go"ern!ent on this subject# This excited no serious o%%osition, since those who agreed with hi! in senti!ent, did not a%%ro"e of his "io ation of truth# 8t did not howe"er %re"ent the continuance of the asse!b ies of se%aratists, and their distinct a"owa of their senti!entsB and they obtained fro! a !e!ber of the go"ern!ent be onging to the estab ished church, the use of a roo! to his own house, on condition that nothing shou d be said there in direct %ro!otion of se%aratis!# This decided course of conduct, notwithstanding !any hints and threats, % aced the go"ern!ent in an e!barrassing situation# Eight years before, the canton of ?aud had treated a si!i ar sect Qof which indeed, so!e of these "ery indi"idua s had been !e!bersR with great se"erityB but with so itt e effect, that their nu!ber had been constant y increasing, and their s%irit had been diffused through a arge nu!ber of the estab ished churchesB to the great annoyance of those who did not o"e the gos%e # Thus warned of the danger of "io ent !easures, and yet anxious to find reasons for ex%e ing the eaders of the obnoxious %arty, they directed the su%erintendent of the %o ice to kee% the! and their asse!b ies under constant and rigid ins%ectionB and a who were concerned with the!, were watched with the sa!e "iew# *t the sa!e ti!e, one of the e"ange ica c ergy!en was sent for, and warned to a ter his !ode of %reachingB and a though he did not a%%ro"e or %reach se%aration, he was accused of contributing to the excite!ent of fee ing, which ga"e rise to it, by his !ode of exhibiting the doctrines of the bib e# @e need scarce y add, that the warning was without effect on this faithfu !inister of 9hrist# 8n the year FGFH, a few %ious indi"idua s began to !eet in %ri"ate, for the %ur%ose of seeking and cherishing that ho y truth which was banished fro! the %ub ic asse!b ies# These %ersons were directed by so!e students of theo ogy, a!ong who! was M# E!%aytaA# The "enerab e co!%any of %astors soon heard of these unauthoriAed %roceedings, and ost no ti!e in e"incing their disa%%robation res%ecting the!# M# E!%aytaA, was es%ecia y !arked out as the object of their dis% easureB and they refused to ordain hi!, un ess he wou d a"oid e"ery re igious asse!b y which had not their sanction# +e chose rather to incur their anathe!a than to wound his conscience, and de%arted fro! the city# But the ight had broke forth, and it was not easy again to extinguish it# The honourab e co!%any see! to ha"e been extre!e y troub ed as to the course

to be %ursued# To sit sti , howe"er, was to yie d to the rising s%irit of refor!ation, and they deter!ined to bestir the!se "es# *ccording y, after due de iberation, they issued certain regu ations, bearing date May H, FGF2, which they ho%ed wou d be recei"ed as artic es# These artic es howe"er, did not %roduce the antici%ated effect# The doctrine of the di"inity of 9hrist, and others eEua y offensi"e to :nitarians, continued to be %reached# 8n FGFG, M# Ma an, a %ious orthodox di"ine, was de%ri"ed of his % ace of regent of the co egeB and another, M# Mejane , was ordered to Euit Gene"a# For so!e ti!e, howe"er, the indi"idua s who retained their a egiance to the +e "etic 9onfession, and re!ained at Gene"a, sti he d their !eetings, with itt e other %ro"ocation than that of a few hard na!es, such as Centhusiasts,C C;aAarenes,C Cad"ocates for ex% oded doctrines,C Kc#, which the :nitarians, in the exuberance of their wit, and the o"erf owing of their ibera ity, had the gratification to bes%atter the!# These attacks %roduced "ery itt e i!%ression u%on the %ersons assai ed# The argu!ents next ado%ted, were ca cu ated to su%% y the defect# *bout the beginning of Ju y, FGFG, the % ace of !eeting being changed, when the %ersons asse!b ed, they found a arge !ob %re%ared to insu t the!# These en ightened and worthy abettors of the refor!ed church of Gene"a, and citiAens of that free re%ub ic, asse!b ed at the house of !eeting, and "ociferated a!idst other ex%ressions of hosti ityD we transcribe the words with sha!e and horror,D A bas Jesus 8hristG A bas les Mora2esG A mort( a la lanterne , Kc# and %ursued the obnoxious !inisters as they ca!e out, with si!i ar cries# ;either did they sto% here( their "a our and Aea , as is the case with a !obs, beca!e !ore i!%etuous as they were not resisted# C)ur si ence,C says one who was %resent, Cin the !idst of these insu ts, did not satisfy the!( we had to suffer !enaces, !a edictionsB stoning through the streets, and the "io ation of our houses#C +ad not the %o ice exerted the!se "es to su%%ress these disorders, the conseEuences wou d %robab y ha"e been sti !ore fearfu # Perse&ution in the Pays de Vaud. 8n the !onth of -ece!ber, FG/H, a etter was addressed by three young !en, !inisters of that canton, and subseEuent y signed by a few others, to the counci of state, inti!ating a deter!ination to withdraw fro! the estab ished church, and reEuesting %er!ission to constitute % aces of worshi% inde%endent of it# The cause assigned was, that the +e "etic 9onfession had been "irtua y set aside, both by %astors and %eo% eB and that the disci% ine of the church was annihi ated# Their % an was to %reach according to that 9onfession, and to restore the disci% ine# The %etition to the counci of state is dated -ec# /5, FG/H# The officia answer bears date Jan# F0, FG/5B and has a the for!a ities with which the s%irit of into erance and %ersecution genera y in"ests itse f, and is signed, 'e 'anda!!an en 9harge, F# 9 a"e , 'e 9hande ier, Boisot# 8n this instru!ent, the !inisters and their friends are ca ed CMo!iersBC and it is su!!ari y decreed, that those who se%arate the!se "es fro! the nationa church sha not be to eratedB that the justices of the %eace, Kc# are s%ecia y charged instant y to disso "e their !eetings, and to re%ort their %roceedings to the counci of state, and e"ery %erson who attends these %rohibited asse!b ies,

and who has disobeyed the orders to ea"e the!, and rendered it necessary to e!% oy force, sha be i!%risoned three days, besides the %ossib e inf iction of other %ains and %ena tiesB and that a %ersons whose !easures sha ha"e tended to gain %rose ytes, sha be fined J11 i"res, or i!%risoned two yearsB the sa!e %unish!ent to be awarded to hi! who furnishes a % ace of !eeting, or who has ca ed or directed a %rohibited asse!b y, or who has taken any %art whate"er in Eua ity of a chief or director# The abo"e decree was acco!%anied by a circu ar, dated Jan# FJ, FG/5, e!anating fro! the sa!e high Euarter, addressed to the justices of the %eace, !unici%a ities, Kc# and concei"ed in the sa!e s%irit with its respe&table associate# This iniEuitous and anti&christian enact!ent has been carried into effect in se"era instances# M# 9har es .ochat, !inister of the gos%e , of the 9anton de ?aud, of a res%ectab e fa!i y, and whose brother is one of the nationa c ergy, of the 9anton, is the first on who! the se"erity of the aw has fa en# Fi"e %ersons were found seated round a tab e in his own house, with the bib e o%en before the!( the wife of M# .ochat, a co!!on friend, with two of his sisters, and a young %erson, a stranger# This was the who e cri!e# M# .ochat was found gui ty of reading in his own house, before his wife and four friends, a cha%ter of the ;ew Testa!entS For this he was at first conde!ned to three year's banish!ent, which, howe"er, the tribuna of a%%ea reduced to one year# ;ext, M# ) i"ier was banished for two years, by the sentence of the sa!e aw# 'ike judg!ents ha"e been %ronounced against M# M# 9ha"annes, Ju"et, and Fi"as, of who!, the two for!er, were %re"ious y confined ten wee s in prison# Two fe!a es a so were banished by the judg!ent de %re!iere instant, of the tribuna of )rbe and $"erden, on the charge of si!i ar !eetings being he d at their housesB one of who!, howe"er, has been since acEuitted at 'ausanne, as it was %ro"ed that she i"ed with her !other, and conseEuent y that it was at her house, and not at hers, that so!e friends, after dinner, read the bib e together# But it is not !ere y in the 9anton de ?aud that these enor!ous instances of injustice ha"e occurred( at ;eufchate , an act of arbitrary %ower has just been co!!itted, a !ost incredib e fro! its se"erity# *n o d aw, ong obso ete, has been disco"ered, which, it see!s, was %assed two or three hundred years back# *n agricu turer has been !ade the first "icti! of its re"i"ed %owers# +e recei"ed into his house M# Ju"et, one of the conde!ned !inisters of the 9anton de ?aud, and a owed hi! to ad!inister the sacra!ent# For this cri!e he was thrown into %rison for three !onths, and was then brought u% in chains, and with a ro%e drawn tight round his neck, to recei"e sentence# Ten years banish!ent was the %unish!ent %ronouncedB and that if he sha atte!%t to return before the ex%iration of this ter!, he is to be !arked with a hot iron for the first offence, and for the second to be han1ed# ;o %ass%ort was gi"en hi!, so that he was eft to be hunted about fro! % ace to % ace, ike the !ost degraded cri!ina # This worthy !an, whose na!e was Maguin, has a wife and three chi dren, for who! he has now no !eans of %rocuring a su%%ort# 3@i son's Tour, /d ed# %age H/0#6 These atrocities were %ractised by those who c ai! to be the on y en ightened and ibera characters of our dayDby :nitarians and ,ociniansD

by !en too, whose co!% aints res%ecting bigotry and into erance, ha"e been the burden of !any a ong artic e, ex%ress y designed to re%resent orthodoxy as %ecu iar y re ent ess and crue # * arge nu!ber of ,wiss %astors ha"e been dri"en into banish!ent, by the inEuisitoria %roceedings of those who sty e the!se "es the liberal %arty in ,witAer and# Many of the exi es are now residing in different %arts of France, !ost y near the frontiers of their own countryDothers ha"e found a ho!e in different %arts of ,witAer and# )ne of the! is now in that % ace where the wicked cease fro! troub ingD and another see!s ra%id y ad"ancing to it# M# Ju"et, who signed, with two other !inisters, the etter to the C9ounci of ,tate,C ha"ing been banished fro! his own canton, sought an asy u! in another canton( this was refused# +e then retired to Ferney ?o taire, and %ursued his abors# +e was at that ti!e weak fro! a %u !onary consu!%tionB but he "entured on an excursion to ''8s e of Mantrichen, to "isit those who were dis%osed to hear the word of God# C+e was insu ted, attacked and %ursued by the %o%u ace, fro! town to townB and at 'e 8s e, where he arri"ed Euite exhausted, and in %rofuse %ers%iration, he was thrown into a co d dungeon, with on y a chair and so!e cho%%ed straw, on which to %ass the night# +is friends were not %er!itted to gi"e hi! either food, fire, or c othing, and in this state he was detained fifteen hours#C For two !onths he was confined in the %rison of $"erden, under circu!stances of se"ere i ness and !edica attendance was denied hi!# *fter ea"ing the %rison, he was %resent y arrested and ex%e ed the co!!une# :nder such accu!u ated sufferings, nature at ength ga"e way( he s e%t in the 'ordB and a!ong his ast %rayers were %etitions for his %ersecutors whether the !agistrates or the !ob# .ecent infor!ation fro! Gene"a, and the other cantons of ,witAer and, infor! us that the s%irit of %ersecution is sti exhibited by the liberal %arty in that country# Those who adhere to the +e "etic 9onfession, and %reach confor!ab y to the doctrines of the creed of the estab ished church, are ca ed CMo!iers,C Centhusiasts,C and other ter!s eEua y, unkind and unchristian# The liberal, or infide %arty, do not confine the!se "es si!% y to re%roaches# They disturb the % aces of %ub ic worshi%Dthey stone the %eo% e as they return fro! their de"otionsDthey arraign the! before ci"i tribuna s for %reaching 9hrist and hi! crucifiedDthey i!%ose fines u%on the!, subject the! to i!%rison!ent, banish!ent, and e"en death itse f# * this is done too, in the FIth century, and by those who c ai! to be the on y en ightened and ibera %arty on the continent#

CHAPTER XXII.
SKETCHES OF THE LIVES OF SOME OF THE MOST EMINENT REFORMERS.
8t wi not be ina%%ro%riate to de"ote a few %ages of this work to a brief detai of the i"es of so!e of those !en who first ste%%ed forward, regard ess of the bigoted %ower which o%%osed a refor!ation, to ste! the tide of %a%a corru%tion, and to sea the %ure doctrines of the gos%e with their b ood# *!ong these, Great Britain has the honor of taking the ead, and first !aintaining that freedo! in re igious contro"ersy which astonished Euro%e,

and de!onstrated that %o itica and re igious iberty are eEua y the growth of that fa"ored is and# *!ong the ear iest of these e!inent %ersons was John 9i& liffe. This ce ebrated refor!er, deno!inated the Morning ,tar of the .efor!ation, was born about the year FH/5, in the reign of Edward 88# )f his extraction we ha"e no certain account# +is %arents designing hi! for the church, sent hi! to Lueen's 9o ege, )xford, about that %eriod founded by .obert Eag esfie d, confessor to Eueen Phi i%%i# But not !eeting with the ad"antages for study in that new y estab ished house which he ex%ected, he re!o"ed to Merton 9o ege, which was then estee!ed one of the !ost earned societies in Euro%e# The first thing which drew hi! into %ub ic notice, was his defence of the :ni"ersity against the begging friars, who about this ti!e, fro! their sett e!ent in )xford in F/H1, had been troub eso!e neighbours to the :ni"ersity# Feuds were continua y fo!entedB the friars a%%ea ing to the %o%e, the scho ars to the ci"i %owerB and so!eti!es one %arty, and so!eti!es the other, %re"ai ed# The friars beca!e "ery fond of a notion that 9hrist was a co!!on beggarB that his disci% es were beggars a soB and that begging was of gos%e institution# This doctrine they urged fro! the %u %it and where"er they had access# @ick iffe had ong he d these re igious friars in conte!%t for the aAiness of their i"es, and had now a fair o%%ortunity of ex%osing the!# +e %ub ished a treatise against ab e beggary, in which he ashed the friars, and %ro"ed that they were not on y a re%roach to re igion, but a so to hu!an society# The :ni"ersity began to consider hi! one of her first cha!%ions, and he was soon %ro!oted to the !astershi% of Ba io 9o ege# *bout this ti!e, archbisho% 8s i% founded 9anterbury +a , in )xford, where he estab ished a warden and e e"en scho ars# To this wardenshi% @ick iffe was e ected by the archbisho%, but u%on his de!ise, he was dis% aced by his successor, ,te%hen 'angha!, bisho% of E y# *s there was a degree of f agrant injustice in the affair, @ick iffe a%%ea ed to the %o%e, who subseEuent y ga"e it against hi! fro! the fo owing cause( Edward the Third, then king of Eng and, had withdrawn the tribute, which fro! the ti!e of king John had been %aid to the %o%e# The %o%e !enacedB Edward ca ed a %ar ia!ent# The %ar ia!ent reso "ed that king John had done an i ega thing, and gi"en u% the rights of the nation, and ad"ised the king not to sub!it, whate"er conseEuences !ight fo ow# The c ergy now began to write in fa"our of the %o%e, and a earned !onk %ub ished a s%irited and % ausib e treatise, which had !any ad"ocates# @ick iffe, irritated at seeing so bad a cause so we defended, o%%osed the !onk, and did it in so !aster y a way, that he was considered no onger as unanswerab e# +is suit at .o!e was i!!ediate y deter!ined against hi!B and nobody doubted but his o%%osition to the %o%e, at so critica a %eriod, was the true cause of his being non&suited at .o!e# @ick iffe was afterward e ected to the chair of the di"inity %rofessor( and now fu y con"inced of the errors of the .o!ish church, and the "i eness of its !onastic agents, he deter!ined to ex%ose the!# 8n %ub ic ectures he ashed their "ices and o%%osed their fo ies# +e unfo ded a "ariety of abuses co"ered

by the darkness of su%erstition# *t first he began to oosen the %rejudices of the "u gar, and %roceeded by s ow ad"ancesB with the !eta%hysica disEuisitions of the age, he !ing ed o%inions in di"inity a%%arent y no"e # The usur%ations of the court of .o!e was a fa"ourite to%ic# )n these he ex%atiated with a the keenness of argu!ent, joined to ogica reasoning# This soon %rocured hi! the c a!our of the c ergy, who, with the archbisho% of 9anterbury, de%ri"ed hi! of his office# *t this ti!e, the ad!inistration of affairs was in the hands of the duke of 'ancaster, we known by the na!e of John of Gaunt# This %rince had "ery free notions of re igion, and was at en!ity with the c ergy# The exactions of the court of .o!e ha"ing beco!e "ery burdenso!e, he deter!ined to send the bisho% of Bangor and @ick iffe to re!onstrate against these abuses, and it was agreed that the %o%e shou d no onger dis%ose of any benifices be onging to the church of Eng and# 8n this e!bassy, @ick iffe's obser"ant !ind %enetrated into the constitution and %o icy of .o!e, and he returned !ore strong y than e"er deter!ined to ex%ose its a"arice and a!bition# +a"ing reco"ered his for!er situation, he in"eighed, in his ectures, against the %o%eDhis usur%ationDhis infa ibi ityDhis %rideDhis a"ariceDand his tyranny# +e was the first who ter!ed the %o%e *ntichrist# Fro! the %o%e, he wou d turn to the %o!%, the uxury and tra%%ings of the bisho%s, and co!%ared the! with the si!% icity of %ri!iti"e bisho%s# Their su%erstitions and dece%tions were to%ics that he urged with energy of !ind and ogica %recision# Fro! the %atronage of the duke of 'ancaster, @ick iffe recei"ed a good beneficeB but he was no sooner sett ed in his %arish, than his ene!ies and the bisho%s began to %ersecute hi! with renewed "igor# The duke of 'ancaster was his friend in this %ersecution, and by his %resence and that of 'ord Percy, ear !arsha of Eng and, he so o"erawed the tria , that the who e ended in disorder# *fter the death of Edward 888# his grandson .ichard 88# succeeded, in the e e"enth year of his age# The duke of 'ancaster not obtaining to be the so e regent, as he ex%ected, his %ower began to dec ine, and the ene!ies of @ick iffe, taking ad"antage of this circu!stance, renewed their artic es of accusation against hi!# Fi"e bu s were des%atched in conseEuence by the %o%e to the king and certain bisho%s, but the regency and the %eo% e !anifested a s%irit of conte!%t at the haughty %roceedings of the %ontiff, and the for!er at that ti!e wanting !oney to o%%ose an ex%ected in"asion of the French, %ro%osed to a%% y a arge su!, co ected for the use of the %o%e to that %ur%ose# The Euestion was sub!itted to the decision of @ick iffe# The bisho%s, howe"er, su%%orted by the %a%a authority, insisted u%on bringing @ick iffe to tria , and he was actua y undergoing exa!ination at 'a!beth, when, fro! the riotous beha"iour of the %o%u ace without, and awed by the co!!and of sir 'ewis 9 ifford, a gent e!an of the court, that they shou d not %roceed to any definiti"e sentence, they ter!inated the who e affair in a %rohibition to @ick iffe, not to %reach those doctrines which were obnoxious to the %o%eB but this was aughed at by our refor!er, who, going about barefoot, and in a ong frieAe gown, %reached !ore "ehe!ent y than before# 8n the year FH2G, a contest arose between two %o%es, :rban ?8# and 9 e!ent ?88# which was the awfu %o%e, and true "icegerent of God# This was a

fa"ourab e %eriod for the exertion of @ick iffe's ta ents( he soon %roduced a tract against %o%ery, which was eager y read by a sorts of %eo% e# *bout the end of the year, @ick iffe was seiAed with a "io ent disorder, which it was feared !ight %ro"e fata # The begging friars, acco!%anied by four of the !ost e!inent citiAens of )xford, gained ad!ittance to his bed&cha!ber, and begged of hi! to retract, for his sou 's sake, the unjust things he had asserted of their order# @ick iffe sur%rised at the so e!n !essage, raised hi!se f in his bed, and with a stern countenance re% ied, C8 sha not die, but i"e to dec are the e"i deeds of the friars#C @hen @ick iffe reco"ered, he set about a !ost i!%ortant work, the trans ation of the bib e into Eng ish# Before this work a%%eared, he %ub ished a tract, wherein he showed the necessity of it# The Aea of the bisho%s to su%%ress the scri%tures, great y %ro!oted its sa e, and they who were not ab e to %urchase co%ies, %rocured transcri%ts of %articu ar gos%e s or e%ist es# *fterward, when 'o ardy increased, and the f a!es kind ed, it was a co!!on %ractice to fasten about the neck of the conde!ned heretic such of these scra%s of scri%ture as were found in his %ossession, which genera y shared his fate# 8!!ediate y after this transaction, @ick iffe "entured a ste% further, and affected the doctrine of transubstantiation# This strange o%inion was in"ented by Paschade .adbert, and asserted with a!aAing bo dness# @ick iffe, in his ecture before the uni"ersity of )xford, FHGF, attacked this doctrine, and %ub ished a treatise on the subject# -r# Barton, at this ti!e "ice&chance or of )xford, ca ing together the heads of the uni"ersity, conde!ned @ick iffe's doctrines as heretica , and threatened their author with exco!!unication# @ick iffe cou d now deri"e no su%%ort fro! the duke of 'ancaster, and being cited to a%%ear before his for!er ad"ersary, @i ia! 9ourteney, now !ade archbisho% of 9anterbury, he she tered hi!se f under the % ea, that, as a !e!ber of the uni"ersity, he was exe!%t fro! e%isco%a jurisdiction# This % ea was ad!itted, as the uni"ersity were deter!ined to su%%ort their !e!ber# The court !et at the a%%ointed ti!e, deter!ined, at east to sit in judg!ent u%on his o%inions, and so!e they conde!ned as erroneous, others as heretica # The %ub ication on this subject was i!!ediate y answered by @ick iffe, who had beco!e a subject of the archbisho%'s deter!ined !a ice# The king, so icited by the archbisho%, granted a icense to i!%rison the teacher of heresy, but the co!!ons !ade the king re"oke this act as i ega # The %ri!ate, howe"er, obtained etters fro! the king, directing the head of the uni"ersity of )xford to search for a heresies and the books %ub ished by @ick iffeB in conseEuence of which order, the uni"ersity beca!e a scene of tu!u t# @ick iffe is su%%osed to ha"e retired fro! the stor!, into an obscure %art of the kingdo!# The seeds, howe"er, were scattered, and @ick iffe's o%inions were so %re"a ent, that it was said, if you !et two %ersons u%on the road, you !ight be sure that one was a 'o ard# *t this %eriod, the dis%utes between the two %o%es continued# :rban %ub ished a bu , in which he earnest y ca ed u%on a who had any regard for re igion, to exert the!se "es in its causeB and to take u% ar!s against 9 e!ent and his adherents in defence of the ho y see# * war, in which the na!e of re igion was so "i e y %rostituted, roused @ick iffe's inc ination, e"en in his dec ining years# +e took u% his %en once

!ore, and wrote against it with the greatest acri!ony# +e ex%ostu ated with the %o%e in a "ery free !anner, and asks hi! bo d y, C+ow he durst !ake the token of 9hrist on the cross Qwhich is the token of %eace, !ercy and charityR a banner to ead us to s ay christian !en, for the o"e of two fa se %riests, and to o%%ress 9hristendo! worse than 9hrist and his a%ost es were o%%ressed by the JewsT @hen, said he, wi the %roud %riest of .o!e grant indu gences to !ankind to i"e in %eace and charity, as he now does to fight and s ay one anotherTC This se"ere %iece drew u%on hi! the resent!ent of :rbanB and was ike y to ha"e in"o "ed hi! in greater troub es than he had before ex%erienced, but %ro"identia y he was de i"ered out of their hands# +e was struck with the %a sy, and though he i"ed so!e ti!e yet in such a way, that his ene!ies considered hi! as a %erson be ow their resent!ent# To the ast he attended di"ine worshi%, and recei"ed the fata stroke of his disorder in his church at 'utterworth, in the year FHG5# Martin Luther. This i ustrious Ger!an di"ine and refor!er of the church, was the son of John 'uther and Margaret 'inde!an, and born at 8s eben, a town of ,axony, in the county of Mansfie d, ;o"e!ber F1, F5GH# +is father's extraction and condition were origina y but !ean, and his occu%ation that of a !iner( it is %robab e, howe"er, that by his a%% ication and industry he i!%ro"ed the fortunes of his fa!i y, as he afterward beca!e a !agistrate of rank and dignity# 'uther was ear y initiated into etters, and at the age of thirteen was sent to schoo at Madgeburg, and thence to Eysenach, in Thuringia, where he re!ained four years, %roducing the ear y indications of his future e!inence# 8n F01F he was sent to the uni"ersity of Erfurt, where he went through the usua courses of ogic and %hi oso%hy# @hen twenty, he took a !aster's degree, and then ectured on *ristot e's %hysics, ethics, and other %arts of %hi oso%hy# *fterward, at the instigation of his %arents, he turned hi!se f to the ci"i aw, with a "iew of ad"ancing hi!se f to the bar, but was di"erted fro! this %ursuit by the fo owing accident# @a king out into the fie ds one day, he was struck by ightning so as to fa to the ground, whi e a co!%anion was ki ed by his sideB and this affected hi! so sensib y, that, without co!!unicating his %ur%ose to any of his friends, he withdrew hi!se f fro! the wor d, and retired into the order of the her!its of ,t# *ugustine# +ere he e!% oyed hi!se f in reading ,t# *ugustine and the schoo !enB but, in turning o"er the ea"es of the ibrary, he accidenta y found a co%y of the 'atin Bib e, which he had ne"er seen before# This raised his curiosity to a high degree( he read it o"er "ery greedi y, and was a!aAed to find what a s!a %ortion of the scri%tures was rehearsed to the %eo% e# +e !ade his %rofession in the !onastery of Erfurt, after he had been a no"ice one yearB and he took %riest's orders, and ce ebrated his first !ass in F012# The year after, he was re!o"ed fro! the con"ent of Erfurt to the uni"ersity of @itte!bergB for this uni"ersity being just founded, nothing was thought !ore ike y to bring it into i!!ediate re%ute and credit, than the authority and %resence of a !an so ce ebrated, for his great %arts and earning, as 'uther# 8n F0F/, se"en con"ents of his order ha"ing a Euarre with their "icar& genera , 'uther was chosen to go to .o!e to !aintain their cause# *t .o!e

he saw the %o%e and the court, and had an o%%ortunity of obser"ing a so the !anners of the c ergy, whose hasty, su%erficia , and i!%ious way of ce ebrating !ass, he has se"ere y noted# *s soon as he had adjusted the dis%ute which was the business of his journey, he returned to @itte!berg, and was created doctor of di"inity, at the ex%ense of Frederic, e ector of ,axonyB who had often heard hi! %reach, was %erfect y acEuainted with his !erit, and re"erenced hi! high y# +e continued in the uni"ersity of @itte!berg, where, as %rofessor of di"inity, he e!% oyed hi!se f in the business of his ca ing# +ere then he began in the !ost earnest !anner to read ectures u%on the sacred books( he ex% ained the e%ist e to the .o!ans, and the Psa !s, which he c eared u% and i ustrated in a !anner so entire y new, and so different fro! what had been %ursued by for!er co!!entators, that Cthere see!ed, after a ong and dark night, a new day to arise, in the judg!ent of a %ious and %rudent !en#C The better to Eua ify hi!se f for the task he had undertaken, he a%% ied hi!se f attenti"e y to the Greek and +ebrew anguagesB and in this !anner was he e!% oyed, when the genera indu gences were %ub ished in F0F2# 'eo =# who succeeded Ju ius 88# in March, F0FH, for!ed a design of bui ding the !agnificent church of ,t# Peter's at .o!e, which was, indeed, begun by Ju ius, but sti reEuired "ery arge su!s to be finished# 'eo, therefore, F0F2 %ub ished genera indu gences throughout a Euro%e, in fa"our of those who contribute any su! to the bui ding of ,t# Peter'sB and a%%ointed %ersons in different countries to %reach u% these indu gences, and to recei"e !oney for the!# These strange %roceedings ga"e "ast offence at @itte!berg, and %articu ar y inf a!ed the %ious Aea of 'utherB who, being natura y war! and acti"e, and in the %resent case unab e to contain hi!se f, was deter!ined to dec are against the! at a ad"entures# :%on the e"e of * &saints, therefore, in F0F2, he %ub ic y fixed u%, at the church next to the cast e of that town, a thesis u%on indu gencesB in the beginning of which, he cha enged any one to o%%ose it either by writing or dis%utation# 'uther's %ro%ositions about indu gences, were no sooner %ub ished, than TetAe , the -o!inican friar, and co!!issioner for se ing the!, !aintained and %ub ished at Francfort, a thesis, containing a set of %ro%ositions direct y contrary to the!# +e did !oreB he stirred u% the c ergy of his order against 'utherB anathe!atiAed hi! fro! the %u %it, as a !ost da!nab e hereticB and burnt his thesis %ub ic y at Francfort# TetAe 's thesis was a so burnt, in return, by the 'utherans at @itte!burgB but 'uther hi!se f disowned ha"ing had any hand in that %rocedure# 8n F0FG, 'uther, though dissuaded fro! it by his friends, yet, to show obedience to authority, went to the !onastery of ,t# *ugustine, at +eide berg, whi e the cha%ter was he dB and here !aintained, *%ri /J, a dis%ute concerning Cjustification by faith,C which Bucer, who was %resent at, took down in writing, and afterward co!!unicated to Beatus .henanus, not without the highest co!!endations# 8n the !eanti!e, the Aea of his ad"ersaries grew e"ery day !ore and !ore acti"e against hi!B and he was at ength accused to 'eo =# as a heretic# *s soon as he returned therefore fro! +eide berg, he wrote a etter to that %o%e, in the !ost sub!issi"e ter!sB and sent hi!, at the sa!e ti!e, an ex% ication of his %ro%ositions about indu gences# This etter is dated on Trinity&,unday, F0FG, and was acco!%anied with a %rotestation, wherein he dec ared, that Che did not %retend to ad"ance or defend any thing contrary to the ho y scri%tures, or to

the doctrine of the fathers, recei"ed and obser"ed by the church of .o!e, or to the canons and decreta s of the %o%es( ne"erthe ess, he thought he had the iberty either to a%%ro"e or disa%%ro"e the o%inions of ,t# Tho!as, Bona"enture, and other schoo &!en and canonists, which are not grounded u%on any text#C The e!%eror Maxi!i ian was eEua y so icitous with the %o%e about %utting a sto% to the %ro%agation of 'uther's o%inions in ,axonyB troub eso!e both to the church and e!%ire# Maxi!i ian, therefore, a%% ied to 'eo, in a etter dated *ugust 0, F0FG, and begged hi! to forbid, by his authority, these use ess, rash, and dangerous dis%utesB assuring hi! a so, that he wou d strict y execute in the e!%ire whate"er his ho iness shou d enjoin# 8n the !eanti!e 'uther, as soon an he understood what was transacting about hi! at .o!e, used a i!aginab e !eans to %re"ent his being carried thither, and to obtain a hearing of his cause in Ger!any# The e ector was a so against 'uther's going to .o!e, and desired of cardina 9ajetan, that he !ight be heard before hi!, as the %o%e's egate in Ger!any# :%on these addresses, the %o%e consented that the cause shou d be tried before cardina 9ajetan, to who! he had gi"en %ower to decide it# 'uther, therefore, set off i!!ediate y for *ugsburg, and carried with hi! etters fro! the e ector# +e arri"ed here in )ctober, F0FG, and, u%on an assurance of his safety, was ad!itted into the cardina 's %resence# But 'uther was soon con"inced that he had !ore to fear fro! the cardina 's %ower, than fro! dis%utations of any kindB and, therefore, a%%rehensi"e of being seiAed, if he did not sub!it, withdrew fro! *ugsburg u%on the /1th# But, before his de%arture, he %ub ished a for!a a%%ea to the %o%e, and finding hi!se f %rotected by the e ector, continued to teach the sa!e doctrines at @itte!berg, and sent a cha enge to a the inEuisitors to co!e and dis%ute with hi!# *s to 'uther, Mi titius, the %o%e's cha!ber ain, had orders to reEuire the e ector to ob ige hi! to retract, or to deny hi! his %rotectionB but things were not now to be carried with so high a hand, 'uther's credit being too fir! y estab ished# Besides, the e!%eror Maxi!i ian ha%%ened to die u%on the F/th of this !onth, whose death great y a tered the face of affairs, and !ade the e ector !ore ab e to deter!ine 'uther's fate# Mi titius thought it best, therefore, to try what cou d be done by fair and gent e !eans, and to that end ca!e to so!e conference with 'uther# -uring a these treaties, the doctrine of 'uther s%read, and %re"ai ed great yB and he hi!se f recei"ed great encourage!ent at ho!e and abroad# The Bohe!ians about this ti!e sent hi! a book of the ce ebrated John +uss, who had fa en a !artyr in the work of refor!ationB and a so etters, in which they exhorted hi! to constancy and %erse"erance, owning, that the di"inity which he taught was the %ure, sound, and orthodox di"inity# Many great and earned !en had joined the!se "es to hi!# 8n F0FI, he had a fa!ous dis%ute at 'ei%sic with John Eccius# But this dis%ute ended at ength ike a others, the %arties not the east nearer in o%inion, but !ore to en!ity with each other's %ersons# *bout the end of this year, 'uther %ub ished a book, in which he contended for the co!!union being ce ebrated in both kindsB which was conde!ned by the bisho% of Misnia, January /5, F0/1# @hi e 'uther was abouring to excuse hi!se f to the new e!%eror and the bisho%s of Ger!any, Eccius had gone to .o!e, to so icit his conde!nationB which, it !ay easi y be concei"ed, was now beco!e not difficu t to be attained# 8ndeed the continua i!%ortunities

of 'uther's ad"ersaries with 'eo, caused hi! at ength to %ub ish a for!a conde!nation of hi!, and he did so according y, in a bu , dated June F0, F0/1B this was carried into Ger!any, and %ub ished there by Eccius, who had so icited it at .o!eB and who, together with Jero! * exander, a %erson e!inent for his earning and e oEuence, was entrusted by the %o%e with the execution of it# 8n the !eanti!e, 9har es ?# of ,%ain, after he had set things to rights in the 'ow 9ountries, went into Ger!any, and was crowned e!%eror, )ctober the /Fst, at *ix& a&9ha%e e# The diet of @or!s was he d in the beginning of F0/FB which ended at ength in this sing e and %ere!%tory dec aration of 'uther, that Cun ess he was con"inced by texts of scri%ture or e"ident reason Qfor he did not think hi!se f ob iged to sub!it to the %o%e or his counci s,R he neither cou d nor wou d retract any thing, because it was not awfu for hi! to act against his conscience#C Before the diet of @or!s was disso "ed, 9har es ?# caused an edict to be drawn u%, which was dated the Gth of May, and decreed that Martin 'uther be, agreeab y to the sentence of the %o%e, henceforward ooked u%on as a !e!ber se%arated fro! the church, a schis!atic, and an obstinate and notorious heretic# @hi e the bu of 'eo =# executed by 9har es ?# was thundering throughout the e!%ire, 'uther was safe y shut u% in the cast e of @itte!bergB but weary at ength of his retire!ent, he a%%eared %ub ick y again at @itte!berg, March J, F0//, after he had been absent about ten !onths# 'uther now !ade o%en war with the %o%e and bisho%sB and, that he !ight !ake the %eo% e des%ise their authority as !uch as %ossib e, he wrote one book against the %o%e's bu , and another against the order fa se y ca ed Cthe order of bisho%s#C +e %ub ished a so, a trans ation of the C;ew Testa!entC in the Ger!an tongue, which was afterward corrected by hi!se f and Me ancthon# *ffairs were now in great confusion in Ger!anyB and they were not ess so in 8ta y, for a Euarre arose between the %o%e and the e!%eror, during which .o!e was twice taken, and the %o%e i!%risoned# @hi e the %rinces were thus e!% oyed in Euarre ing with each other, 'uther %ersisted in carrying on the work of the refor!ation, as we by o%%osing the %a%ists, as by co!bating the *naba%tists and other fanatica sectsB which, ha"ing taken the ad"antage of his contest with the church of .o!e, had s%rung u% and estab ished the!se "es in se"era % aces# 8n F0/2, 'uther was sudden y seiAed with a coagu ation of the b ood about the heart, which had ike to ha"e %ut an end to his ife# The troub es of Ger!any being not ike y to ha"e any end, the e!%eror was forced to ca a diet at ,%ires, in F0/I, to reEuire the assistance of the %rinces of the e!%ire against the Turks# Fourteen cities, "iA# ,tratsburg, ;ure!berg, : !, 9onstance, .et ingen, @indshei!, Me!!ingen, 'indow, <e!%ten, +ai bron, 8sny, @eisse!burg, ;ort ingen, ,# Ga , joined against the decree of the diet %rotestation, which was %ut into writing, and %ub ished the FIth of *%ri , F0/I# This was the fa!ous %rotestation, which ga"e the na!e of Protestants to the refor!ers in Ger!any# *fter this, the %rotestant %rinces aboured to !ake a fir! eague and enjoined the e ector of ,axony and his a ies to a%%ro"e of what the diet had doneB but the de%uties drew u% an a%%ea , and the %rotestants afterwards %resented an a%o ogy for their C9onfessionCDthat fa!ous confession which was drawn u% by the te!%erate Me ancthon, as a so the a%o ogy# These were signed by a "ariety of %rinces, and 'uther had now nothing e se to do, but to

sit down and conte!% ate the !ighty work he had finished( for that a sing e !onk shou d be ab e to gi"e the church of .o!e so rude a shock, that there needed but such another entire y to o"erthrow it, !ay be we estee!ed a !ighty work# 8n F0HH, 'uther wrote a conso atory e%ist e to the citiAens of )schatA, who had suffered so!e hardshi%s for adhering to the *ugsburg confession of faith( and in F0H5, the Bib e trans ated by hi! into Ger!an was first %rinted, as the o d %ri"i ege, dated at Bib io%o is, under the e ector's own hand, showsB and it was %ub ished in the year after# +e a so %ub ished this year a book Cagainst !asses and the consecration of %riests#C 8n February, F0H2, an asse!b y was he d at ,!a ka d about !atters of re igion, to which 'uther and Me ancthon were ca ed# *t this !eeting 'uther was seiAed with so grie"ous an i ness, that there was no ho%e of his reco"ery# *s he was carried a ong he !ade his wi , in which he beEueathed his detestation of %o%ery to his friends and brethren# 8n this !anner was he e!% oyed ti his death, which ha%%ened in F05J# That year, acco!%anied by Me ancthon, he %aid a "isit to his own country, which he had not seen for !any years, and returned again in safety# But soon after, he was ca ed thither again by the ear s of Mansfe t, to co!%ose so!e differences which had arisen about their boundaries, where he was recei"ed by F11 horse!en, or !ore, and conducted in a "ery honourab e !annerB but was at the sa!e ti!e so "ery i , that it was feared he wou d die# +e said, that these fits of sickness often ca!e u%on hi!, when he had any great business to undertakeB of this, howe"er, he did not reco"er, but died February FG, in his JHd year# * itt e before he ex%ired, he ad!onished those that were about hi! to %ray to God for the %ro%agation of the gos%e B Cbecause,C said he, Cthe counci of Trent, which had sat once or twice, and the %o%e, wi de"ise strange things against it#C ,oon after, his body was %ut into a eaden coffin, and carried with funera %o!% to the church at 8se bein, when -r# Jonas %reached a ser!on u%on the occasion# The ear s of Mansfe t desired that his body shou d be interred in their territoriesB but the e ector of ,axony insisted u%on his being brought back to @itte!berg, which was according y doneB and there he was buried with the greatest %o!% that %erha%s e"er ha%%ened to any %ri"ate !an# Princes, ear s, nob es, and students without nu!ber, attended the %rocession of this extraordinary refor!erB and Me ancthon !ade his funera oration# @e wi c ose this account of the great founder of the refor!ation, by subjoining a few o%inions, which ha"e been %assed u%on hi!, by both %a%ists and Protestants# C'uther,C says Father ,i!on, Cwas the first Protestant who "entured to trans ate the Bib e into the "u gar tongue fro! the +ebrew text, a though he understood +ebrew but "ery indifferent y# *s he was of a free and bo d s%irit, he accuses ,t Jero! of ignorance in the +ebrew tongueB but he had !ore reason to accuse hi!se f of this fau t, and for ha"ing so %reci%itate y undertaken a work of this nature, which reEuired !ore ti!e than he e!% oyed about it# There is nothing great or earned in his co!!entaries u%on the Bib eB e"ery thing ow and !ean( and though he had studied di"inity, he has rather co!%osed a rha%sody of theo ogica Euestions, than a co!!entary u%on the scri%ture text( to which we !ay add, that he wanted understanding, and usua y fo owed his senses instead of his reason#C

This is the anguage of those in the church of .o!e who s%eak of 'uther with any degree of !oderationB for the genera ity a ow hi! neither %arts, nor earning, nor any attain!ent inte ectua or !ora # But et us ea"e these i!%otent rai ers, and attend a itt e to !ore eEuitab e judges# C'uther,C says @harton, in his a%%endix to 9a"e's +istoria 'iteraria, Cwas a !an of %rodigious sagacity and acuteness, "ery war!, and for!ed for great undertakingsB being a !an, if e"er there was one, who! nothing cou d daunt or inti!idate# @hen the cause of re igion was concerned, he ne"er regarded whose o"e he was ike y to gain, or whose dis% easure to incur#C +e is a so high y s%oken of by *tterbury and others# John 8al2in. This refor!er was born at ;oyon in Picardy, Ju y F1, F51I# +e was instructed in gra!!ar earning at Paris under Maturinus 9orderius, and studied %hi oso%hy in the co ege of Montaign under a ,%anish %rofessor# +is father, who disco"ered !any !arks of his ear y %iety, %articu ar y in his re%rehensions of the "ices of his co!%anions, designed hi! at first for the church, and got hi! %resented, May /F, F0/F, to the cha%e of ;otre -a!e de a Gesine, in the church of ;oyon# 8n F0/2 he was %resented to the rectory of Marie"i e, which he exchanged in F0/I for the rectory of Pont 'E"eEue, near ;oyon# +is father afterward changed his reso ution, and wou d ha"e hi! study awB to which 9a "in, who, by reading the scri%tures, had concei"ed a dis ike to the su%erstitions of %o%ery, readi y consented, and resigned the cha%e of Gesine and the rectory of Pont 'E"eEue, in F0H5# +e !ade a great %rogress in that science, and i!%ro"ed no ess in the know edge of di"inity by his %ri"ate studies# *t Bourges he a%% ied to the Greek tongue, under the direction of %rofessor @o !ar# +is father's death ha"ing ca ed hi! back to ;oyon, he stayed there a short ti!e, and then went to Paris, where a s%eech of ;icho as 9o%, rector of the uni"ersity of Paris, of which 9a "in furnished the !ateria s, ha"ing great y dis% eased the ,arbonne and the %ar ia!ent, ga"e rise to a %ersecution against the %rotestants, and 9a "in, who narrow y esca%ed being taken in the co ege of Forteret, was forced to retire to =aintonge, after ha"ing had the honour to be introduced to the Eueen of ;a"arre, who had raised this first stor! against the %rotestants# 9a "in returned to Paris in F0H5# This year the refor!ed !et with se"ere treat!ent, which deter!ined hi! to ea"e France, after %ub ishing a treatise against those who be ie"e that de%arted sou s are in a kind of s ee%# +e retired to Basi , where he studied +ebrew( at this ti!e he %ub ished his 8nstitutions of the 9hristian re igionB a work we ada%ted to s%read his fa!e, though he hi!se f was desirous of i"ing in obscurity# 8t is dedicated to the French king, Francis 8# 9a "in next wrote an a%o ogy for the %rotestants who were burnt for their re igion in France# *fter the %ub ication of this work, 9a "in went to 8ta y to %ay a "isit to the duchess of Ferrara, a ady of e!inent %iety, by who! he was "ery kind y recei"ed# Fro! 8ta y he ca!e back to France, and ha"ing sett ed his %ri"ate affairs, he %ro%osed to go to ,trasbourg or Basi , in co!%any with his so e sur"i"ing brother, *ntony 9a "inB but as the roads were not safe on account of the war, exce%t through the duke of ,a"oy's territories, he chose that road# CThis was a %articu ar direction of Pro"idence,C says Bay eB Cit was his destiny that he

shou d sett e at Gene"a, and when he was who y intent u%on going farther, he found hi!se f detained by an order fro! hea"en, if 8 !ay so s%eak#C *t Gene"a, 9a "in therefore was ob iged to co!% y with the choice which the consistory and !agistrates !ade of hi!, with the consent of the %eo% e, to be one of their !inisters, and %rofessor of di"inity# +e wanted to undertake on y this ast office, and not the otherB but in the end he was ob iged to take both u%on hi!, in *ugust, F0HJ# The year fo owing, he !ade a the %eo% e dec are, u%on oath, their assent to the confession of faith, which contained a renunciation of %o%ery# +e next inti!ated, that he cou d not sub!it to a regu ation which the canton of Berne had ate y !ade# @hereu%on the syndics of Gene"a, su!!oned an asse!b y of the %eo% eB and it was ordered that 9a "in, Fare , and another !inister, shou d ea"e the town in a few days, for refusing to ad!inister the sacra!ent# 9a "in retired to ,trasbourg, and estab ished a French church in that city, of which he was the first !inister( he was a so a%%ointed to be %rofessor of di"inity there# Meanwhi e the %eo% e of Gene"a entreated hi! so earnest y to return to the!, that at ast he consented and arri"ed ,e%te!ber FH, F05F, to the great satisfaction both of the %eo% e and the !agistratesB and the first thing he did, after his arri"a , was to estab ish a for! of church disci% ine, and a consistoria jurisdiction, in"ested with %ower of inf icting censures and canonica %unish!ents, as far as exco!!unication, inc usi"e y# A1en&y of 8al2in in the death of Mi&hael Ser2etus. 8t has ong been the de ight of both infide s and so!e %rofessed christians, when they wish to bring odiu! u%on the o%inions of 9a "in, to refer to his agency in the death of Michae ,er"etus# This action is used on a occasions by those who ha"e been unab e to o"erthrow his o%inions, as a conc usi"e argu!ent against his who e syste!# 9a "in burnt ,er"etusSD9a "in burnt ,er"etusS is good %roof with a certain c ass of reasoners, that the doctrine of the Trinity is not trueDthat di"ine so"ereignty is anti&scri%tura ,Dand christianity a cheat# @e ha"e no wish to %a iate any act of 9a "in's which is !anifest y wrong# * his %roceedings, in re ation to the unha%%y affair of ,er"etus, we think, cannot be defended# ,ti it shou d be re!e!bered that the true %rinci% es of re igious to eration were "ery itt e understood in the ti!e of 9a "in# * the other refor!ers then i"ing, a%%ro"ed of 9a "in's conduct# E"en the gent e and a!iab e Me ancthon ex%ressed hi!se f in re ation to this affair, in the fo owing !anner# 8n a etter addressed to Bu inger, he says, C8 ha"e read your state!ent res%ecting the b as%he!y of ,er"etus, and %raise your %iety and judg!entB and a! %ersuaded that the 9ounci of Gene"a has done right in %utting to death this obstinate !an, who wou d ne"er ha"e ceased his b as%he!ies# 8 a! astonished, that any one can be found to disa%%ro"e of this %roceeding#C Fare ex%ress y says, that C,er"etus deser"ed a ca%ita %unish!ent#C Bucer did not hesitate to dec are, that C,er"etus deser"ed so!ething worse than death#C The truth is, a though 9a "in had so!e hand in the arrest and i!%rison!ent of ,er"etus, he was unwi ing that he shou d be burnt at a # C8 desire,C says he, Cthat the se"erity of the %unish!ent shou d be re!itted#C C@e endea"oured to co!!ute the kind of death, but in "ain#C CBy wishing to !itigate the se"erity of the %unish!ent,C says Fare to 9a "in, Cyou discharge the office of a friend

towards your greatest ene!y#C CThat 9a "in was the instigator of the !agistrates that ,er"etus !ight be burned,C says Turritine, Chistorians neither any where affir!, nor does it a%%ear fro! any considerations# ;ay, it is certain, that he, with the co ege of %astors, dissuaded fro! that kind of %unish!ent#C 8t has been often asserted, that 9a "in %ossessed so !uch inf uence with the !agistrates of Gene"a, that he !ight ha"e obtained the re ease of ,er"etus, had he not been desirous of his destruction# This howe"er, is not true# ,o far fro! it, that 9a "in was hi!se f once banished fro! Gene"a, by these "ery !agistrates, and often o%%osed their arbitrary !easures in "ain# ,o itt e desirous was 9a "in of %rocuring the death of ,er"etus, that he warned hi! of his danger and suffered hi! to re!ain se"era weeks at Gene"a, before he was arrested# But his anguage, which was then accounted b as%he!ous, was the cause of his i!%rison!ent# @hen in %rison, 9a "in "isited hi!, and used e"ery argu!ent to %ersuade hi! to retract his horrib e b as%he!ies, without reference to his %ecu iar senti!ents# This was the extent of 9a "in's agency in this unha%%y affair# 8t cannot, howe"er, be denied, that in this instance, 9a "in acted contrary to the benignant s%irit of the gos%e # 8t is better to dro% a tear o"er the inconsistency of hu!an nature, and to bewai those infir!ities which cannot be justified# +e dec ares he acted conscientious y, and %ub ic y justified the act# 9ran!er acted the sa!e %art towards the %oor *naba%tists in the reign of Edward ?8# This doctrine they had earned at .o!e, and it is certain, that, with a "ery few exce%tions, it was at this ti!e the o%inion of a %arties# The author of the Me!oirs of 'iterature says, C8f the re igion of %rotestants de%ended on the doctrine and conduct of the refor!ers, he shou d take care how he %ub ished his account of ,er"etusB but as the %rotestant re igion is entire y founded on +o y ,cri%ture, so the defau ts of the refor!ers ought not to ha"e any i inf uence on the refor!ation# The doctrine of non&to eration, which obtained to the sixteenth century, a!ong so!e %rotestants, was that %ernicious error which they had i!bibed in the 9hurch of .o!eB and 8 be ie"e, 8 can say, without doing any injury to that church, that she is, in a great !easure, answerab e for the execution of ,er"etus# 8f the .o!an catho ics had ne"er %ut any %erson to death for the sake of re igion, 8 dare say that ,er"etus had ne"er been conde!ned to die in any %rotestant city# 'et us re!e!ber, that 9a "in, and a the !agistrates of Gene"a, in the year F00H, were born and bred u% in the church of .o!e( this is the best a%o ogy that can be !ade for the!#CD#io1raphia "2an1eli&a, "o # 88# %# 5/# The a%ost es John and Ja!es wou d ha"e ca ed down fire fro! hea"enB 9a "in and 9ran!er kind ed it on earth# This, howe"er, is the on y fau t a eged against 9a "inB but C'et hi! that is without sin cast the first stone#C C8t ought, howe"er,C says a sensib e writer, Cto be acknow edged that %ersecution for re igious %rinci% es was not at that ti!e %ecu iar to any %arty of christians, but co!!on to a , whene"er they were in"ested with ci"i %ower#C 8t was a detestab e errorB but it was the error of the age# They ooked u%on heresy in the sa!e ight as we ook u%on those cri!es which are ini!ica to the %eace of ci"i societyB and, according y, %roceeded to %unish heretics by the sword of the ci"i !agistrate# 8f ,ocinians did not %ersecute their ad"ersaries so !uch as Trinitarians, it was because they were not eEua y in"ested with the %ower of doing so# Mr# 'indsay acknow edges, that

Faustus ,ocinus hi!se f was not free fro! %ersecution in the case of Francis -a"id, su%erintendent of the :nitarian churches in Transy "ania# -a"id had dis%uted with ,ocinus on the in"ocation of 9hrist, and died in %rison in conseEuence of his o%inion, and so!e offence taken at his su%%osed indiscreet %ro%agation of it fro! the %u %it# C8 wish 8 cou d say,C adds Mr# 'indsay, Cthat ,ocinus, or his friend B andrata, had done a in their %ower to %re"ent his co!!it!ent, or %rocure his re ease afterwards#C The difference between ,ocinus and -a"id was "ery s ight# They both he d 9hrist to be a !ere !an# The for!er, howe"er, was for %raying to hi!B which the atter, with !uch greater consistency, disa%%ro"ed# 9onsidering this, the %ersecution to which ,ocinus was accessary was as great as that of 9a "inB and there is no reason to think, but that if -a"id had differed as !uch fro! ,ocinus, as ,er"etus did fro! 9a "in, and if the ci"i !agistrates had been for burning hi!, ,ocinus wou d ha"e concurred with the!# To this it !ight be added, that the conduct of ,ocinus was !arked with disingenuity( in that he considered the o%inion of -a"id in no "ery heinous %oint of ightB but was afraid of increasing the odiu! under which he and his %arty a ready ay, a!ong other 9hristian churches# 8t was the o%inion, that erroneous reli1ious prin&iples are punishable by the &i2il ma1istrate, that did the !ischief, whether at Gene"a, in Transy "ania, or in BritainB and to this, rather than to Trinitarianis!, or :nitarianis!, it ought to be i!%uted# The inf exib e rigour with which 9a "in asserted, on a occasions, the rights of his consistory, %rocured hi! !any ene!ies( but nothing daunted hi!B and one wou d hard y be ie"e, if there were not unEuestionab e %roofs of it, that, a!idst a the co!!otions at ho!e, he cou d take so !uch care as he did of the churches abroad, in France, Ger!any, Eng and, and Po and, and write so !any books and etters# +e did !ore by his %en than his %resenceB ne"erthe ess on so!e occasions, he acted in %erson, %articu ar y at Frankfort, in F00J, whither he went to %ut an end to the dis%utes which di"ided the French church in that city# +e was a ways e!% oyed, ha"ing a !ost constant y his %en in his hand, e"en when sickness confined hi! to his bedB and he continued the discharge of a those duties, which his Aea for the genera good of the churches i!%osed on hi!, ti the day of his death, May /2, F0J5# +e was a !an who! God had endowed with "ery e!inent ta entsB a c ear understanding, a so id judg!ent, and a ha%%y !e!ory( he was a judicious, e egant, and indefatigab e writer, and %ossessed of "ery extensi"e earning and a great Aea for truth# Jose%h ,ca iger, who was not a"ish of his %raise, cou d not forbear ad!iring 9a "inB none of the co!!entators, he said, had so we hit the sense of the %ro%hetsB and he %articu ar y co!!ended hi! for not atte!%ting to gi"e a co!!ent on the .e"e ation# @e understand fro! Guy Patin, that !any of the .o!an catho ics wou d do justice to 9a "in's !erit, if they dared to s%eak their !inds# 8t !ust excite a augh at those who ha"e been so stu%id as to accuse hi! of being a o"er of wine, good cheer, co!%any, !oney, Kc# *rtfu s anderers wou d ha"e owned that he was sober by constitution, and that he was not so icitous to hea% u% riches# That a !en who had acEuired so great a re%utation and such an authority, shou d yet ha"e had but a sa ary of F11 crowns, and refuse to acce%t !oreB and after i"ing 00 years with the ut!ost fruga ity, shou d ea"e but H11

crowns to his heirs, inc uding the "a ue of his ibrary, which so d "ery dear, is so!ething so heroica , that one !ust ha"e ost a fee ing not to ad!ire# @hen 9a "in took his ea"e of ,trasbourg, to return to Gene"a, they wanted to continue to hi! the %ri"i eges of a free!an of their town, and the re"enues of a %rebend, which had been assigned to hi!B the for!er he acce%ted, but abso ute y refused the other# +e carried one of the brothers with hi! to Gene"a, but he ne"er took any %ains to get hi! %referred to an honourab e %ost, as any other %ossessed of his credit wou d ha"e done# +e took care indeed of the honour of his brother's fa!i y, by getting hi! freed fro! an adu tress, and obtaining ea"e for hi! to !arry againB but e"en his ene!ies re ate that he !ade hi! earn the trade of a bookbinder, which he fo owed a his ife after# 8al2in as a friend of &i2il liberty. The .e"# -r# @isner, in his ate discourse at P y!outh, on the anni"ersary of the anding of the %i gri!s, !akes the fo owing assertion(DCMuch as the na!e of 9a "in has been scoffed at and oaded with re%roach by !any sons of freedo!, there is not an historica %ro%osition !ore susce%tib e of co!% ete de!onstration than this, that no man has li2ed to whom the world is under 1reater obli1ations for the freedom it now en.oys( than John 8al2in #C 8n a note a%%ended to the ser!on, -r# @isner gi"es the fo owing testi!onies, fro! history, of the truth of this %ro%ositionDtesti!onies which deser"e the !ore attention, as they co!e fro! 9a "in's o%%osers# @e co%y the note fro! the Boston .ecorder# C8t !ay not be unacce%tab e to the reader, to add a few %articu ars in confir!ation of the state!ent in reference to the inf uence of 9a "in in for!ing the o%inions and character of the Puritans, and thus contributing to the disco"ery and estab ish!ent of the %rinci% es of re igious and ci"i iberty# CThe %ecu iarities of the re igious doctrines of the Puritans had an i!%ortant inf uence in %roducing in the! deter!ined and %erse"ering resistance to arbitrary %ower, and a successfu "indication of their re igious and %o itica rights# The fact is sufficient y i ustrated in the Euotation in the ser!on fro! the Edinburg .e"iew# 8t is ad!itted by +u!e, and by a , whate"er their re igious o%inions, who ha"e thorough y in"estigated the s%rings of action in those disco"erers, and founders of re igious and ci"i freedo!# But the doctrina "iews of the Puritans were deri"ed fro! 9a "in# CTheir disa%%robation of the rites and cere!onies enjoined by the Eng ish go"ern!ent was a %ro!inent !eans of eading the! to the disco"ery, and sti!u ating to the successfu "indication of the %rinci% es of re igious and ci"i iberty# *nd that disa%%robation !ay be direct y traced to the inf uence of 9a "in# @ith hi! !any of the eading Puritan di"ines studied theo ogy, and were taught the i!%ortance of aying aside the who e !ass of %o%ish additions to the si!% icity of a%osto ic worshi%# @hen the difficu ties arose a!ong the exi es at Frankfort, in Mary's reign, about the use of <ing Edward's 'iturgy, they asked ad"ice of 9a "in, Cwho ha"ing %erused the Eng ish 'iturgy, took notice, 'that there were !any to erab e weaknesses in it, which, because at first they cou d not be a!ended, were to be sufferedB but that it behoo"ed the earned, gra"e, and god y !inisters of 9hrist to enter%rise farther, and to set u% so!ething !ore fi ed fro! rust, and %urer#'

'8f re igion,' says he 'had f ourished ti this day in Eng and, !any of these things wou d ha"e been corrected# But since the refor!ation is o"erthrown and a church is to be set u% in another % ace where you are at iberty to estab ish what order is !ost for edification, 8 cannot te what they !ean, who are so fond of the ea"ings of %o%ish dregs#'C @hen the confor!ist %arty had triu!%hed at Frankfort, they Cwrote to Mr# 9a "in to countenance their %roceedingsB which that great di"ine cou d not doB but after a !odest excuse for inter!edd ing in their affairs, to d the!, that, 'in his o%inion, they were too !uch addicted to the Eng ish cere!oniesB nor cou d he see to what %ur%ose it was to burden the church with such hurtfu and offensi"e things, when there was iberty to ha"e si!% e and !ore %ure order#'C The %uritan %art of the exi es retired to Gene"a, and there %re%ared and %ub ished a ser"ice book, in the dedication of which they say, that Cthey had set u% such an order as, in the judg!ent of Mr# 9a "in and other earned di"ines, was !ost agreeab e to scri%ture, and the best refor!ed churches# *nd when, subseEuent y, the i!%ortant ste% was taken, by se"era %uritans in and about 'ondon, of breaking off fro! the estab ished churches and setting u% a se%arate congregation, they ado%ted for use, Qas they say in their 'agree!ent' thus to se%arateR a book and order of %reaching, ad!inistration of sacra!ents and disci% ine, that the great Mr# 9a "in had a%%ro"ed of, and which was free fro! the su%erstitions of the Eng ish ser"ice#CD 'eal( i. -60( -65( -67( -66( 060. But !ost i!%ortant of a , in its inf uence on re igious and ci"i iberty, was the attach!ent of the %uritans to a %o%u ar church go"ern!ent# *nd of the origin of this syste!, we ha"e the fo owing account fro! 'the judicious +ooker,' %refixed to his fa!ous work on Ecc esiastica Po ity, written ex%ress y against it# C* founder it had, who!, for !ine own %art, 8 think inco!%arab y the wisest !an that e"er the French Q%rotestantR church, did enjoy, since the hour it enjoyed hi!# +is bringing u% was in the ci"i aw# -i"ine know edge he gathered, not by hearing or reading, so !uch as by teaching others# For thousands were debtors to hi!, as touching know edge in that kind, yet he to none, but on y to God, the author of that !ost b essed fountain the Book of 'ife, and of the ad!irab e dexterity of wit, together with the he %s of other earning, which were his guides# Two things of %rinci%a !o!ent there are, which ha"e deser"ed y %rocured hi! honour throughout the wor dB the one, his exceeding %ains in co!%osing the institutions of the christian re igionB this other, his no ess industrious tra"e s for the ex%osition of ho y scri%ture, according to the sa!e institutions# 8n which two things, whosoe"er they were that after hi! bestowed their abour, he gained the ad"antage, of %rejudice against the! if they gainsayed, and of g ory abo"e the! if they consented# )f what account the Master of ,entences was in the church of .o!e, the sa!e, and !ore, a!ong the %reachers of the refor!ed churches, 9a "in had %urchasedB so that the %erfectest di"ines were judged they who were ski fu est in 9a "in's writingsB his books being a !ost the "ery canon to judge both doctrine and disci% ine by#C CThese state!ents are confir!ed by abundant testi!ony fro! writers of authority who had no good o%inion of 9a "in or his %rinci% es# ,ays +u!e, Q+istory of Eng and, iii# 02,R CThese dis%utes 3about cere!onies, Kc#6 which had been started during the reign of Edward, were carried abroad by the %rotestants who f ed fro! the %ersecutions of MaryB and as the Aea of these

!en had recei"ed an increase fro! the %ious Aea of their ene!ies, they were genera y inc ined to carry their o%%osition to the ut!ost extre!ity against the %ractices of the church of .o!e# Their co!!unication with 9a "in, and the other refor!ers who fo owed the disci% ine and worshi% of Gene"a, confir!ed the! in this obstinate re uctanceB and though so!e of the refugees, %articu ar y those who were estab ished at Frankfort, sti adhered to king Edward's 'iturgy, the %re"ai ing s%irit carried these confessors to seek a sti further refor!ation#C CThe ce ebrated -ean ,wift, in a ser!on %reached on what tories and high church!en in Eng and, ha"e sty ed, Cthe !artyrdo! of king 9har es 8#C !akes the fo owing state!ents(D:%on the crue %ersecution raised against the %rotestants under Eueen Mary, a!ong great nu!bers who f ed the kingdo! to seek for she ter, se"era went and resided at Gene"a, which is a co!!onwea th, go"erned without a king, where the re igion contri"ed by 9a "in is without the order of bisho%s# @hen the %rotestant faith was restored by Eueen E iAabeth, those who f ed to Gene"a returned, a!ong the rest, ho!e to Eng and, and were grown so fond of the go"ern!ent and re igion of the % ace they had eft, that they used a %ossib e endea"ours to introduce both into their own countryB at the sa!e ti!e continua y %reaching and rai ing against cere!onies and distinct habits of the c ergy, taxing whate"er they dis iked as a re!nant of %o%eryB and continued exceeding y troub eso!e to the church and state, under that great Eueen, as we as her successor, king Ja!es 8# These %eo% e ca ed the!se "es %uritans, as %retending to a %urer faith than those of the estab ished church# *nd these were the founders of our dissenters# They did not think it sufficient to ea"e a the errors of %o%eryB but threw off !any audab e and edifying institutions of the %ri!iti"e church, and at ast e"en the go"ern!ent of bisho%s, which, ha"ing been ordained by the a%ost es the!se "es, had continued without interru%tion, in a christian churches, for abo"e fifteen hundred years# *nd a this they did, not because those things were e"i , but because they were ke%t by the %a%ists# Fro! hence they %roceeded, by degrees, to Euarre with the king y go"ern!ent, because, as 8 ha"e a ready said, the city of Gene"a, to which their fathers had f own for refuge, was a co!!onwea th, or go"ern!ent of the %eo% e#C +a"ing thus stated the foundation and %rinci% es of %uritanis!, the -ean %roceeds with an account of its growth ti the breaking out of the ci"i war, and conc udes the narrati"e as fo ows( CThat odious %ar ia!ent had ear y turned the bisho%s out of the +ouse of 'ords, in a few years after they !urdered their kingB then i!!ediate y abo ished the who e +ouse of 'ordsB and so, at ast obtained their wishes of ha"ing a go"ern!ent of the %eo% e, and a new re igion, both after the !anner of Gene"a, without a king, a bisho%, or a nob e!anB and this they b as%he!ous y ca ed, 'The kingdo! of 9hrist and +is ,aints#'C C8n the sa!e way, -ryden traced the origin of re%ub icanis! in Eng and, as a%%ears fro! his %o itica %oe! ca ed the Hind and the PantherA in which he characteriAes the .o!ish church under the na!e of the +ind, the Eng ish church under that of the Panther, and the Presbyterian under that of the @o f# 8n the fo owing extract, the 'kenne ' !eans the city of Gene"aB the '%udd e' its ake, and the 'wa ' its ra!%art# CThe ast of a the itter sca%'d by

chance, *nd fro! Gene"a first in"ested France# ,o!e authors thus his %edigree wi traceB But others write hi! of an u%start race, Because of @ick iffe's brood no !ark he brings #ut his innate antipathy to in1s. 7 7 7 7 7

@hat though your nati"e kenne sti be s!a , Bounded betwixt a %udd e and a wa T $et your "ictorious co onies are sent, @here the north ocean girds the continent# Luicken'd with fire be ow, your !onster's breed, 8n fenny +o and, and in fruitfu TweedB *nd ike the first, the ast effects to be -rawn to the dregs of a demo&ra&y# 7 7 7 7 7

But as the %oisons of the dead iest kind *re to their own unha%%y coasts confined, ,o Presbyt'ry and %esti entia Aea , 8an only flourish in a 9o!!onwea #C

$he Life of the ;e2. John %o4. John Fox, was born at Boston, in 'inco nshire, in F0F2, where his %arents are stated to ha"e i"ed in res%ectab e circu!stances# +e was de%ri"ed of his

father at an ear y ageB and notwithstanding his !other soon !arried again, he sti re!ained under the %arenta roof# Fro! an ear y dis% ay of ta ents and inc ination to earning, his friends were induced to send hi! to )xford, in order to cu ti"ate and bring the! to !aturity# -uring his residence at this % ace, he was distinguished for the exce ence and acuteness of his inte ect, which was i!%ro"ed by the e!u ation of his fe ow&co egians, united to an indefatigab e Aea and industry on his %art# These Eua ities soon gained hi! the ad!iration of a B and as a reward for his exertions and a!iab e conduct, he was chosen fe ow of Magda en co egeB which was accounted a great honour in the uni"ersity, and se do! bestowed un ess in cases of great distinction# 8t a%%ears that the first dis% ay of his genius was in %oetryB and that he co!%osed so!e 'atin co!edies, which are sti extant# But he soon directed his thoughts to a !ore serious subject, the study of the sacred scri%tures( to di"inity, indeed, he a%% ied hi!se f with !ore fer"ency than circu!s%ection, and disco"ered his %artia ity to the refor!ation, which had then co!!enced, before he was known to its su%%orters, or to those who %rotected the!B a circu!stance which %ro"ed to hi! the source of his first troub es# +e is said to ha"e often affir!ed, that the first !atter which occasioned his search into the %o%ish doctrine, was, that he saw di"ers things, !ost re%ugnant in their nature to one another, forced u%on !en at the sa!e ti!eB u%on this foundation his reso ution and intended obedience to that church were so!ewhat shaken, and by degrees a dis ike to the rest took % ace# +is first care was to ook into both the ancient and !odern history of the churchB to ascertain its beginning and %rogressB to consider the causes of a those contro"ersies which in the !eanti!e had s%rung u%, and di igent y to weigh their effects, so idity, infir!ities, Kc# Before he had attained his thirtieth year, he had studied the Greek and 'atin fathers, and other earned authors, the transactions of the counci s, and decrees of the consistories, and had acEuired a "ery co!%etent ski in the +ebrew anguage# 8n these occu%ations, he freEuent y s%ent a considerab e %art, or e"en the who e of the night, and in order to unbend his !ind after such incessant study, he wou d resort to a gro"e near the co ege, a % ace !uch freEuented by the students in the e"ening, on account of its seEuestered g oo!iness# 8n these so itary wa ks, he has been heard to ejacu ate hea"y sobs and sighs, and with tears to %our forth his %rayers to God# These night y retire!ents, in the seEue , ga"e rise to the first sus%icion of his a ienation fro! the church of .o!e# Being %ressed for an ex% anation of this a teration in his conduct, he scorned to ca in fiction to his excuseB he stated his o%inionsB and was, by the sentence of the co ege &on2i&ted( &ondemned as a hereti&( and e4pelled# +is friends, u%on the re%ort of this circu!stance, were high y offended, and es%ecia y his father&in& aw, who was now grown a together i!% acab e, either through a rea hatred concei"ed against hi! for this cause, or %retending hi!se f aggrie"ed, that he !ight now, with !ore show of justice, or at east with !ore security, withho d fro! Mr# Fox his %aterna estateB for he knew it cou d not be safe for one %ub ic y hated, and in danger of the aw, to seek a re!edy for his injustice# @hen he was thus forsaken by his own friends, a refuge offered itse f in the house of ,ir Tho!as 'ucy, of @arwickshire, by who! he was sent for to

instruct his chi dren# 8n this house he afterwards !arried# But the fear of the %o%ish inEuisitors hastened his de%arture thenceB as they were not contented to %ursue %ub ic offences, but began a so to di"e into the secrets of %ri"ate fa!i ies# +e now began to consider what was best to be done to free hi!se f fro! further incon"enience, and reso "ed either to go to his wife's father or to his father in& aw# +is wife's father was a citiAen of 9o"entry, whose heart was not a ienated fro! hi!, and he was !ore ike y to be we entreated, for his daughter's sake# +e reso "ed first to go to hi!B and, in the !eanwhi e, by etters, to try whether his father&in& aw wou d recei"e hi! or not# This he according y did, and he recei"ed for answer, Cthat it see!ed to hi! a hard condition to take one into his house who! he knew to be gui ty and conde!ned for a ca%ita offenceB neither was he ignorant what haAard he shou d undergo in so doingB he wou d, howe"er, show hi!se f a kins!an, and neg ect his own danger#C 8f he wou d a ter his !ind, he !ight co!e, on condition to stay as ong as he hi!se f desiredB but if he cou d not be %ersuaded to that, he !ust content hi!se f with a shorter stay, and not bring hi! and his !other into danger# ;o condition was to be refusedB besides, he was secret y ad"ised by his !other to co!e, and not to fear his father&in& aw's se"erityB Cfor that, %erchance, it was needfu to write as he did, but when occasion shou d be offered, he wou d !ake reco!%ense for his words with his actions#C 8n fact he was better recei"ed by both of the! than he had ho%ed for# By these !eans he ke%t hi!se f concea ed for so!e ti!e, and afterwards !ade a journey to 'ondon, in the atter %art of the reign of +enry, ?888# +ere, being unknown, he was in !uch distress, and was e"en reduced to the danger of being star"ed to death, had not Pro"idence interfered in his fa"our in the fo owing !anner( )ne day as Mr# Fox was sitting in ,t# Pau 's church, exhausted with ong fasting, a stranger took a seat by his side, and courteous y sa uted hi!, thrust a su! of !oney into his hand, and bade hi! cheer u% his s%iritsB at the sa!e ti!e infor!ing hi!, that in a few days new %ros%ects wou d %resent the!se "es for his future subsistence# @ho this stranger was, he cou d ne"er earn, but at the end of three days he recei"ed an in"itation fro! the dutchess of .ich!ond to undertake the tuition of the chi dren of the ear of ,urry who, together with his father, the duke of ;orfo k, was i!%risoned in the Tower, by the jea ousy and ingratitude of the king# The chi dren thus confided to his care were, Tho!as, who succeeded to the dukedo!B +enry, afterwards ear of ;ortha!%tonB and Jane who beca!e countess to @est!ore and# 8n the %erfor!ance of his duties, he fu y satisfied the ex%ectations of the dutchess, their aunt# These ha cyon days continued during the atter %art of the reign of +enry ?888# and the fi"e years of the reign of Edward ?8# ti Mary ca!e to the crown, who, soon after her accession, ga"e a %ower into the hands of the %a%ists# *t this ti!e Mr# Fox, who was sti under the %rotection of his nob e %u%i , the duke, began to excite the en"y and hatred of !any, %articu ar y -r# Gardiner, then bisho% of @inchester, who in the seEue beca!e his !ost "io ent ene!y# Mr# Fox, aware of this, and seeing the dreadfu %ersecutions then co!!encing, began to think of Euitting the kingdo!# *s soon as the duke knew his intention, he endea"oured to %ersuade hi! to re!ainB and his

argu!ents were so %owerfu , and gi"en with so !uch sincerity, that he ga"e u% the thought of abandoning his asy u! for the %resent# *t that ti!e the bisho% of @inchester was "ery inti!ate with the duke Qby the %atronage of whose fa!i y he had risen to the dignity he then enjoyed,R and freEuent y waited on hi! to %resent his ser"ice when he se"era ti!es reEuested that he !ight see his o d tutor# *t first the duke denied his reEuest, at one ti!e a eging his absence, at another, indis%osition# *t ength it ha%%ened that Mr# Fox, not knowing the bisho% was in the house, entered the roo! where the duke and he were in discourseB and seeing the bisho%, withdrew# Gardiner asked who that wasB the duke answered, Chis %hysician, who was so!ewhat uncourt y, as being new co!e fro! the uni"ersity#C C8 ike his countenance and as%ect "ery we ,C re% ied the bisho% Cand when occasion offers, 8 wi send for hi!#C The duke understood that s%eech as the !essenger of so!e a%%roaching dangerB and now hi!se f thought it high ti!e for Mr# Fox to Euit the city, and e"en the country# +e according y caused e"ery thing necessary for his f ight to be %ro"ided in si ence, by sending one of his ser"ants to 8%swich to hire a bark, and %re%are a the reEuisites for his de%arture# +e a so fixed on the house of one of his ser"ants, who was a far!er, where he !ight odge ti the wind beca!e fa"ourab eB and e"ery thing being in readiness, Mr# Fox took ea"e of his nob e %atron, and with his wife, who was %regnant at the ti!e, secret y de%arted for the shi%# The "esse was scarce y under sai , when a !ost "io ent stor! ca!e on, which asted a day and night, and the next day dro"e the! back to the %ort fro! which they had de%arted# -uring the ti!e that the "esse had been at sea, an officer, des%atched by the bisho% of @inchester, had broken o%en the house of the far!er with a warrant to a%%rehend Mr# Fox where"er he !ight be found, and bring hi! back to the city# )n hearing this news he hired a horse, under the %retence of ea"ing the town i!!ediate yB but secret y returned the sa!e night, and agreed with the ca%tain of the "esse to sai for any % ace as soon as the wind shou d shift, on y desiring hi! to %roceed, and not to doubt that God wou d %ros%er his undertaking# The !ariner suffered hi!se f to be %ersuaded, and within two days anded his %assengers in safety at ;ieu%ort# *fter s%ending a few days in that % ace, Mr# Fox set out for Bas e, where he found a nu!ber of Eng ish refugees, who had Euitted their country to a"oid the crue ty of the %ersecutors, with these he associated, and began to write his C+istory of the *cts and Monu!ents of the 9hurch,C which was first %ub ished in 'atin at Bas e, and short y after in Eng ish# 8n the !eanti!e the refor!ed re igion began again to f ourish in Eng and, and the %o%ish faction !uch to dec ine, by the death of Lueen MaryB which induced the greater nu!ber of the %rotestant exi es to return to their nati"e country# *!ong others, on the accession of E iAabeth to the throne, Mr# Fox returned to Eng andB where, on his arri"a , he found a faithfu and acti"e friend in his ate %u%i , the duke of ;orfo k, ti death de%ri"ed hi! of his benefactor( after which e"ent, Mr# Fox inherited a %ension beEueathed to hi! by the duke, and ratified by his son, the ear of ,uffo k# ;or did the good !an's successes sto% here# )n being reco!!ended to the Eueen by her secretary of state, the great 9eci , her !ajesty granted hi! the

%rebendary of ,hi%ton, in the cathedra of ,a isbury, which was in a !anner forced u%on hi!B for it was with difficu ty that he cou d be %ersuaded to acce%t it# )n his resett e!ent in Eng and, he e!% oyed hi!se f in re"ising and en arging his ad!irab e Martyro ogy# @ith %rodigious %ains and constant study he co!% eted that ce ebrated work in e e"en years# For the sake of greater correctness, he wrote e"ery ine of this "ast book with his own hand, and transcribed a the records and %a%ers hi!se f# But, in conseEuence of such excessi"e toi , ea"ing no %art of his ti!e free fro! study, nor affording hi!se f either the re%ose or recreation which nature reEuired, his hea th was so reduced, and his %erson beca!e so e!aciated and a tered, that such of his friends and re ations as on y con"ersed with hi! occasiona y, cou d scarce y recognise his %erson# $et, though he grew dai y !ore exhausted, he %roceeded in his studies as brisk y as e"er, nor wou d he be %ersuaded to di!inish his accusto!ed abours# The %a%ists, forseeing how detri!enta his history of their errors and crue ties wou d %ro"e to their cause, had recourse to e"ery artifice to essen the re%utation of his workB but their !a ice was of signa ser"ice, both to Mr# Fox hi!se f, and to the church of God at arge, as it e"entua y !ade his book !ore intrinsica y "a uab e, by inducing hi! to weigh, with the !ost scru%u ous attention, the certainty of the facts which he recorded, and the "a idity of the authorities fro! which he drew his infor!ation# But whi e he was thus indefatigab y e!% oyed in %ro!oting the cause of truth, he did not neg ect the other duties of his stationB he was charitab e, hu!ane, and attenti"e to the wants, both s%iritua and te!%ora , of his neighbours# @ith the "iew of being !ore extensi"e y usefu , a though he had no desire to cu ti"ate the acEuaintance of the rich and great on his own account, he did not dec ine the friendshi% of those in a higher rank who %roffered it, and ne"er fai ed to e!% oy his inf uence with the! in beha f of the %oor and needy# 8n conseEuence of his we known %robity and charity, he was freEuent y %resented with su!s of !oney by %ersons %ossessed of wea th, which he acce%ted and distributed a!ong those who were distressed# +e wou d a so occasiona y attend the tab e of his friends, not so !uch for the sake of % easure, as fro! ci"i ity, and to con"ince the! that his absence was not occasioned by a fear of being ex%osed to the te!%tations of the a%%etite# 8n short, his character as a !an and as a christian, was without re%roach# )f the estee! in which he was he d, the na!es of the fo owing res%ectab e friends and nob e %atrons, wi afford a!% e %roof# 8t has been a ready !entioned that the attach!ent of the duke of ;orfo k was so great to his tutor, that he granted hi! a %ension for ifeB he a so enjoyed the %atronage of the ear s of Bedford and @arwick, and the inti!ate friendshi% of ,ir Francis @a singha!, Qsecretary of state,R ,ir Tho!as, and Mr# Michae +ennage, of who! he was freEuent y heard to obser"e, that ,ir Tho!as had e"ery reEuisite for a co!% ete courtier, but that Mr# Michae %ossessed a the !erits of his brother, besides his own, sti untainted by the court# +e was on "ery inti!ate and affectionate ter!s with ,ir -rue -rury, ,ir Francis -rake, -r# Grinda , archbisho% of 9anterbury, -r# E !ar, bisho% of 'ondon, -r# Pi kington, bisho% of -urha!, and -r# ;owe , dean of ,t# Pau 's# )thers of his !ost inti!ate acEuaintances and friends were, -octors :!%hrey,

@hitaker, and Fu k, Mr# John 9row y, and Mr# Ba dwin 9o ins# *!ong the e!inent citiAens, we find he was !uch "enerated by ,ir Tho!as Gresha!, ,ir Tho!as .oe, * der!an Bacchus, Mr# ,!ith, Mr# -a e, Mr# ,herrington, Kc# Kc# Kc# *t ength, ha"ing ong ser"ed both the church and the wor d by his !inistry, by his %en, and by the unsu ied ustre of a bene"o ent usefu , and ho y ife, he !eek y resigned his sou to 9hrist, on the FGth of *%ri , F0G2, being then in the se"entieth year of his age# +e was interred in the chance of ,t Gi es', 9ri%% egateB of which %arish he had been, in the beginning of E iAabeth's reign, for so!e ti!e "icar# The 'ord had gi"en hi! a foresight of his de%artureB and so fu y was he assured that the ti!e was just at hand when his sou shou d Euit the body, that Q%robab y to enjoy un!o ested co!!union with God, and to ha"e no wor d y interru%tions in his ast hoursR he %ur%ose y sent his two sons fro! ho!e, though he o"ed the! with great tendernessB and before they returned, his s%irit, as he had foreseen wou d be the case, had f own to hea"en# +is death occasioned great a!entations throughout the city, and his funera was honoured with a great concourse of %eo% e, each of who! a%%eared to bewai the oss of a father or a brother# 8n his ab e !artyro ogy he has e aborate y treated of the "ices and absurdities of %a%a hierarchy, of which the fo owing is a brief enu!eration# "rrors( ;ites( 8eremonies( and Superstitious Pra&ti&es( of the ;omish 8hur&h. Traditions#6 The church of .o!e ha"ing de%ri"ed the aity of the Bib e, substitutes in its stead a%osto ic and ecc esiastica traditionsB and ob iges her disci% es to ad!it for truth whate"er she teaches the!( but what do the ho y scri%tures sayT C@hy do ye transgress the co!!and!ent of God by your traditionTC Matt# x"# H, I, Kc# They a so co!!and us Cto ca no !an !aster Qin s%iritua concernsBR to try the s%irit, and beware of fa se teachers#C Prayers and -i"ine ,er"ices in 'atin#6 The .o!an 9atho ics wi not inter%ret the scri%tures otherwise than according to the sense of ho y !other church, and the %retended unani!ous consent of the fathers( they assert a so, that the scri%tures ought not to be read %ub ic y, nor indifferent y by a B and, that the co!!on %eo% e !ay be ens a"ed by gross ignorance, they %erfor! %ub ic worshi% in an unknown tongue, contrary to the ru e aid down by the a%ost e, CThat a things shou d be done to edification#C ,t# Pau says, C8f 8 %ray in an unknown tongue, !y s%irit %rayeth, but !y understanding is unfruitfu #C ,e"en ,acra!ents#6 Two on y were instituted by 9hrist, to which the .o!ish church has added fi"e !ore, !aking in a se"en, necessary to sa "ation, na!e y, the eucharist, ba%tis!, confir!ation, %enance, extre!e unction, orders, and !atri!ony# To those two which 9hrist instituted, she has added a !ixture of her own in"entionsB for in the sacra!ent of ba%tis!, she uses, sa t, oi , or s%itt eB and in the sacra!ent of the 'ord's su%%er, the aity ha"e on y the bread ad!inistered to the!B and e"en that not after the !anner ordained by 9hrist, who broke the bread and ga"e it to his disci% esB instead of which the church of .o!e ad!inisters to her !e!bers not bread, but a

wafer, and the %riests on y drink the wine, though our b essed 'ord said, C-rink ye a of this#C Matt# xx"i# /2# The Mass#6 .o!an catho ics be ie"e it to be a true, %ro%er, and %ro%itiatory sacrifice, and therefore ca it the sacra!ent of the a tarB whereas, the death of 9hrist was a fu and co!% ete sacrifice, Cin which he hath, by one suffering, %erfected for e"er the! that are sanctified# +e hi!se f is a %riest for e"erB who, being raised fro! the dead, died no !oreB and who, through the eterna ,%irit, offered hi!se f without s%ot to God#C Pau 's E%ist# to the +ebrews, ch# ix# F1# 8t was on account of this gross absurdity, and the irre igious a%% ication of it, that our first refor!ers suffered, and so !any were %ut to death in the reign of Eueen Mary# Transubstantiation#6 .o!an catho ics %rofess, that in the !ost ho y sacra!ent of the 'ord's su%%er, there is rea y and substantia y the body and b ood, together with the sou and di"inity, of 9hrist, and that the who e substance of the bread is turned into his body, and the who e substance of the wine into his b oodB which con"ersion, so contradictory to our senses, they ca transubstantiation, but at the sa!e ti!e they affir!, that, under either kind or s%ecies, on y one who e entire 9hrist, and the true sacra!ent, is recei"ed# But why are those words, CThis is !y body,C to be taken in a itera sense, any !ore than those concerning the cu%T )ur ,a"iour says, C8 a! the true "ine, 8 a! the door#C ,t# Pau says, C)ur fathers drank of the rock that fo owed the!, and that rock was 9hristBC and writing to the 9orinthians, he affir!s, that, Che had fed the! with !i k#C 9an these %assages be taken itera yT @hy then !ust we be forced to inter%ret our ,a"iour's words in a itera sense, when the a%ost e has ex% ained the intention of the sacra!ent to be Cto show forth the 'ord's death ti he co!eSC Purgatory#6 This, they say, is a certain % ace, in which, as in a %rison, after death, those sou s, by the %rayers of the faithfu , are %urged, which in this ife cou d not be fu y c eansedB no not by the b ood of 9hrist( and notwithstanding it is asserted in the scri%tures, Cif we confess our sins, he is faithfu and just to forgi"e us, and to c eanse us fro! a unrighteousness#C F John i# I# This % ace of %urgatory is in the %ower of the %o%e, who dis%enses the indu gences, and directs the treasury of his !erits, by which the %ains are !itigated, and the de i"erance hastened# For the tor!ented sufferers, in this idea inEuisition, his !onks and friars say !asses, a of who! !ust be %aid for their troub eB because, no %enny, no %ater&nosterB by which bubb e the church of .o!e a!asses great wea th# 8do atry and 9reature&worshi%#6 8n a the .o!ish worshi% the b essed "irgin is a %rinci%a object of adoration# ,he is sty ed the Eueen of +ea"en, ady of the wor d, the on y ho%e of sinners, Eueen of ange s, %atroness of !en, ad"ocate for sinners, !other of !ercies, under which tit es they desire her, by the %ower of a !other, to co!!and her ,on# 8n so!e %rayers, they in"oke God to bring the! to hea"en by the !erits and !ediation of the ?irgin Mary and a her saints, and that they !ay enjoy %er%etua soundness both of body and !ind by her g orious intercession# +ence it !ight be i!agined by a %a%ist, that the sacred writings were fu of enco!iu!s on this %retended !other of GodB whereas, on the contrary, we do not find 9hrist in any %art of scri%ture ca ed the ,on of Mary, nor that he at any ti!e ca s her !otherB and when the wo!an cried, CB essed is the wo!b that bore thee, and the %a%s that thou hast sucked#C C$ea, Qreturns our 'ordR rather b essed

are they that hear the word of God, and kee% it#C ;or does our ,a"iour own any re ation but that of a disci% eB for when his !other and brethren stood without, desiring to s%eak with hi!, Jesus answered, C@ho are !y !other and brethrenTC *nd ooking round u%on his disci% es, he saith, CBeho d !y !other and !y brethrenB for whosoe"er sha t do the wi of !y Father who is in hea"en, the sa!e is !y brother, sister, and !other#C )f the sa!e nature are their %rayers to other saints and ange s, by which they derogate fro! the honour of our 9hrist, and transfer his offices to othersB though the scri%tures ex%ress y assert, there is but one !ediator between God and !an# ;or !ust we o!it under this head the ido atry of the !ass, in the e e"ation of the host# Thus is the second co!!and!ent infringed, which the .o!ish church has endea"oured as !uch as %ossib e to su%%ress, and in !any of their itt e !anua s it is a together o!itted# Pa%a ,o"ereignty#6 This is %o itica y su%%orted by a %retended infa ibi ityB auricu ar confession, founded u%on the %riest's %ower to forgi"e sinsB indu gencesB %retended re icsB %enanceB strings of beads for *"e&Marys and %ater&nostersB ce ibacyB !erits and works of su%ererogationsB restrictionsB !onkish austeritiesB re igious "ows and ordersB %a !sB cand esB decorated i!agesB ho y waterB christening of be sB ha owed f owers and branchesB agnus deiB ob ationsB consecrations, Kc#, Kc# 'udicrous For!s and 9ere!onies#6 *t the feast of 9hrist!as, the .o!an catho ics ha"e exhibited in their churches a crad e, with an i!age of an infant in it, which is rocked with great see!ing de"otionB and on Good&Friday they ha"e the figure of our ,a"iour on the cross, and then they %erfor! the ser"ice which they ca the TenebresB ha"ing abundance of ighted cand es, a of which they extinguish one by one, after which the body is taken down fro! the cross and %ut into a se%u chre, and !en stand to watch it# 9rue Maxi!s#6 Pa%ists ho d that heretics !ay not be ter!ed chi dren and kindredB that no faith is to be ke%t with hereticsB and that it is awfu to torture or ki the! for the good of their sou s#

CHAPTER XXIII.
SKETCH OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION OF 15!6, AS CONNECTED WITH THE HISTORY OF PERSECUTION.
The design of those who were the %ri!ary agents in originating the causes of the French .e"o ution, was the utter sub"ersion of the christian re igion# ?o taire, the eader in this crusade against re igion, boasted that Cwith one hand he wou d %u down, what took twe "e *%ost es to bui d u%#C The !otto on the sea of his etters was, C9rush the wretch,C ha"ing reference to Jesus 9hrist, and the syste! of re igion, which he %ro!u gated# To effect his object he wrote and %ub ished a great "ariety of infide tracts, containing the !ost icentious senti!ents and the !ost b as%he!ous attacks u%on the re igion of the Bib e# 8nnu!erab e co%ies of these tracts were %rinted, and gratuitous y circu ated in France and other countries# *s they were ada%ted to the ca%acity of a c asses of %ersons, they were eager y sought after, and read with a"idity# The doctrines incu cated in the! were sub"ersi"e of e"ery %rinci% e of !ora ity and re igion# The e"er asting distinctions between "irtue and "ice, were co!% ete y broken down# Marriage was ridicu edDobedience

to %arents treated as the !ost abject s a"eryDsubordination to ci"i go"ern!ent, the !ost odious des%otis!Dand the acknow edge!ent of a God, the height of fo y and absurdity# -ee% y tinged with such senti!ents, the re"o ution of F2GI, found the %o%u ar !ind in France %re%ared for a the atrocities which fo owed# The %ub ic conscience had beco!e so %er"erted, that scenes of treachery, crue ty and b ood were regarded with indifference, and so!eti!es excited the !ost unbounded a%% ause in the s%ectators# ,uch a change had been effected in the French character, by the %ro%agation of 8nfide and *theistica o%inions, Cthat fro! being one of the !ost ight hearted and kind te!%ered of nations,C says ,cott, Cthe French see!ed u%on the re"o ution to ha"e been ani!ated, not !ere y with the courage, but with the rabid fury of wi d beasts#C @hen the Basti e was stor!ed CFouton and Berthier, two indi"idua s who! they considered as ene!ies of the %eo% e, were %ut to death, with circu!stances of crue ty and insu t fitting on y at the death stake of an 8ndian enca!%!entB and in i!itation of itera canniba s, there were !en, or rather !onsters found, not on y to tear asunder, the i!bs of their "icti!s, but to eat their hearts, and drink their b ood#C 9ro y, in his new inter%retation of the *%oca y%se, ho ds the fo owing anguage# The %ri!ary cause of the French re"o ution was the exi e of Protestantis!# 8ts decency of !anners had arge y restrained the icentious tendencies of the higher ordersB its earning had co!%e ed the .o!ish Ecc esiastics to si!i ar aboursB and whi e christianity cou d a%%ea to such a church in France, the %rogress of the infide writers was checked by the i"ing e"idence of the %urity, %eacefu ness and wisdo! of the Gos%e # 8t is not e"en without sanction of scri%ture and history to concei"e that, the %resence of such a body of the ser"ants of God was a di"ine %rotection to their country# But the fa of the church was fo owed by the !ost %a %ab e, i!!ediate, and o!inous change# The great na!es of the .o!ish %riesthood, the "igorous iterature of Bossnett, the !ajestic oratory of Massi on, the %athetic and c assic e egance of Fene on, the !i dest of a enthusiastsB a race of !en who towered abo"e the genius of their country and of their re igionB %assed away without a successor# 8n the beginning of the FGth century, the !ost %rof igate !an in France was an ecc esiastic, the 9ardina -ubois, %ri!e !inister to the !ost %rof igate %rince in Euro%e, the .egent )r eans# The country was con"u sed with bitter %ersona dis%utes between Jesuit and Jansenist, fighting e"en to !utua %ersecution u%on %oints either beyond or beneath the hu!an inte ect# * third %arty stood by, unseen, occasiona y sti!u ating each, but eEua y des%ising both, a %otentia fiend, sneering at the b ind Aea otry and !iserab e rage that were doing its unsus%ected wi # .o!e, that boasts of her freedo! fro! schis! shou d b ot the FGth century fro! her %age# The French !ind, subt e, satirica , and de ighting to turn e"en !atters of seriousness into ridicu e, was i!!easurab y ca%ti"ated by the true bur esEue of those dis%utes, the chi dish "iru ence, the extra"agant %retensions, and the sti !ore extra"agant i!%ostures fabricated in su%%ort of the ri"a %re& e!inence in absurdityB the "isions of ha f&!ad nuns and friarsB the 9on"u sionariesB the !irac es at the to!b of the *bbe Paris, tres%asses on

the co!!on sense of !an, scarce y concei"ab e by us if they had not been renewed under our eyes by %o%ery# * France was in a burst of aughter# 8n the !idst of this te!%est of scorn an extraordinary !an arose, to guide and dee%en it into %ub ic ruin, ?o taireB a %ersona %rof igateB %ossessing a "ast "ariety of that su%erficia know edge which gi"es i!%ortance to fo yB frantic for %o%u arity, which he so icited at a haAardsB and sufficient y o%u ent to re ie"e hi! fro! the necessity of any abours but those of nationa undoing# +o ding but an inferior and strugg ing rank in a the !an ier %ro"inces of the !ind, in science, %oetry, and %hi oso%hyB he was the %rince of scorners# The s% enetic % easantry which sti!u ates the wearied tastes of high ifeB the grossness which ha f concea ed ca%ti"ates the oose, without offence to their feeb e decoru!B and the easy bri iancy which throws what co ours it wi on the darker features of its %ur%oseB !ade ?o taire, the "ery genius of France# But under this s!ooth and s%ark ing surface, ref ecting ike ice a the ights f ung u%on it, there was a dark fatho! ess de%th of !a ignity# +e hated go"ern!entB he hated !ora sB he hated !an, he hated re igion# +e so!eti!es bursts out into exc a!ations of rage and insane fury against a that we honour as best and ho iest, that sound ess the "oice of hu!an i%s than the echoes of the fina % ace of agony and des%air# * tribe worthy of his succession, showy, a!bitious, and !a ignant, fo owedB each with so!e "i"id iterary contribution, so!e %owerfu and %o%u ar work, a new des%otic of co!bustion in that !ighty !ine on which stood in thin and fata security the throne of France# .ousseau, the !ost i!%assioned of a ro!ancers, the great corru%ter of the fe!a e !ind# Buffon, a ofty and s% endid s%ecu ator, who daAA ed the who e !u titude of the !inor %hi oso%hers, and fixed the creed of Materia is!# MoutesEuieu, e!inent for know edge and sagacity in his C,%irit of 'awsC striking a the estab ish!ents of his country into conte!%tB and in his CPersian 'etters,C e"e ing the sa!e b ow at her !ora s# -'* e!bert, the first !athe!atician of his day, an e oEuent writer, the dec ared %u%i of ?o taire, and, by his secretary&shi% of the French acade!y, furnished with a the faci ities for %ro%agating his !aster's o%inions# *nd -iderot, the %rojector and chief conductor of the Encyc o%edia, a work just y exciting the ad!iration of Euro%e, by the no"e ty and !agnificence of its design, and by the co!%rehensi"e and so id extent of its know edgeB but in its %rinci% es utter y e"i , a condensation of a the treasons of the schoo of anarchy, the le4 s&ripta of the .e"o ution# * those !en were o%en infide sB and their attacks on re igion, such as they saw it before the!, roused the Ga ican church# But the warfare was tota y uneEua # The %riesthood ca!e ar!ed with the antiEuated and unwie dy wea%ons of o d contro"ersy, forgotten traditions and exhausted egends# They cou d ha"e conEuered the! on y by the bib eB they fought the! on y with the bre"iary# The histories of the saints, and the wonders of i!ages were but fresh food for the !ost o"erwhe !ing scorn# The bib e itse f, which %o%ery has a ways aboured to c ose, was brought into the contest, and used resist ess y against the %riesthood# They were conte!%tuous y asked, in what %art of the sacred "o u!e had they found the worshi% of the ?irgin, of the ,aints, or of the +ostT where was the %ri"i ege that conferred ,aintshi% at the hands of the %o%eT where was the %rohibition of the genera use of scri%ture by e"ery !an who had a sou to be sa"edT where was the re"e ation of that %urgatory, fro! which a !onk and a !ass cou d extract a

sinnerT where was the co!!and to i!%rison, torture, and s ay !en for their difference of o%inion with an 8ta ian %riest and the co ege of cardina sT To those for!idab e Euestions the c erics answered by frag!ents fro! the fathers, angry harangues, and !ore egends of !ore !irac es# They tried to en ist the nob es and the court in a crusade# But the nob es were a ready a!ong the !ost Aea ous, though secret, con"erts to the Encyc o%ediaB and the gent e s%irit of the !onarch was not to be urged into a ci"i war# The threat of force on y inf a!ed conte!%t into "engeance# The %o%u ace of Paris, ike a !obs, icentious, rest ess, and fick eB but beyond a , taking an interest in %ub ic !atters, had not been neg ected by the dee% designers who saw in the Euarre of the %en the growing Euarre of the sword# The Fronde was not yet out of their !indsB the barrier days of ParisB the !unici%a counci which in FJ5G, had e"ied war against the go"ern!entB the !ob&ar!y which had fought, and terrified that go"ern!ent into forgi"enessB were the strong !e!oria s on which the anarchists of F2IH founded their seduction# The %er%etua ridicu e of the nationa be ief was ke%t a i"e a!ong the!# The %o%u ace of the %ro"inces, whose re igion was in their rosary, were %re%ared for rebe ion by si!i ar !eans and the terrib e and fated "isitation of France began# *fter %assing through !any scenes fro! the recita of which the !ind turns away with oathing and disgust, the reign of terror co!!enced# Pre"ious to this, howe"er, there had been dreadfu riots, and disorders in Paris# The ,wiss Guards had been cut to %ieces, and the king and roya fa!i y i!%risoned# The %riests had near y a %erished or been banished fro! France# The nationa asse!b y was di"ided into des%erate factions, which often turned their ar!s against one another# @hen one %arty triu!%hed, %roscri%tion fo owed, and the gui otine was %ut in reEuisition, and b ood f owed in torrents# The grossest irre igion ikewise %re"ai ed# 'eaders of the atheistica !ob wou d extend their ar!s to hea"en and dare a God, if he existed, to "indicate his insu ted !ajesty, and crush the! with his thunderbo ts# )"er the entrance of their gra"e yards was % aced this inscri%tion, C-eath an eterna s ee%#C Men who dared to think different y fro! the do!inant faction, were i!!ediate y executed, in !ockery, often, of a the for!s of justice# The !ost ferocious of the b oody factions, were the jacobins, so ca ed fro! their % ace of !eeting# The eaders of this %arty were -anton, .obes%ierre, and Marat# They are thus described by ,cott in his ife of ;a%o eon# Three !en of terror, whose na!es wi ong re!ain, we trust, un!atched in history by those of any si!i ar !iscreants, had now the unri"a ed eading of the jacobins, and were ca ed the Triu!"irate# -anton deser"es to be na!ed first, as unri"a ed by his co eagues in ta ent and audacity# +e was a !an of gigantic siAe, and %ossessed a "oice of thunder# +is countenance was that of an )gre on the shou ders of a +ercu es# +e was as fond of the % easures of "ice as of the %ractice of crue tyB and it was said there were ti!es when he beca!e hu!aniAed a!idst his debauchery, aughed at the terror which his furious dec a!ation excited, and !ight be a%%roached with safety ike the Mae stro! at the turn of tide# +is %rofusion was indu ged to an extent haAardous to his %o%u arity, for the %o%u ace are jea ous of a a"ish ex%enditure, as raising their fa"ourites too

!uch abo"e their own degreeB and the charge of %ecu ation finds a ways ready credit with the!, when brought against %ub ic !en# .obes%ierre %ossessed this ad"antage o"er -anton, that he did not see! to seek for wea th, either for hoarding or ex%ending, but i"ed in strict and econo!ica retire!ent, to justify the na!e of the 8ncorru%tib e, with which he was honoured by his %artisans# +e a%%ears to ha"e %ossessed itt e ta ent, sa"ing a dee% fund of hy%ocrisy, considerab e %owers of so%histry, and a co d exaggerated strain of oratory, as foreign to good taste, as the !easures he reco!!ended were to ordinary hu!anity# 8t see!ed wonderfu , that e"en the seething and boi ing of the re"o utionary cau dron shou d ha"e sent u% fro! the botto!, and ong su%%orted on the surface, a thing so !iserab y "oid of c ai!s to %ub ic distinctionB but .obes%ierre had to i!%ose on the !inds of the "u gar, and he knew how to begui e the!, by acco!!odating his f attery to their %assions and sca e of understanding, and by acts of cunning and hy%ocrisy, which weigh !ore with the !u titude than the words of e oEuence, or the argu!ents of wisdo!# The %eo% e istened as to their 9icero, when he twanged out his a%ostro%hes of Pau2re Peuple( Peuple 2erteueu4G and hastened to execute whate"er ca!e reco!!ended by such honied %hrases, though de"ised by the worst of !en for the worst and !ost inhu!an of %ur%oses# ?anity was .obes%ierre's ru ing %assion, and though his countenance was the i!age of his !ind, he was "ain e"en of his %ersona a%%earance, and ne"er ado%ted the externa habits of a sans cu otte# *!ongst his fe ow jacobins he was distinguished by the nicety with which his hair was arranged and %owderedB and the neatness of his dress was carefu y attended to, so as to counterba ance, if %ossib e, the "u garity of his %erson# +is a%art!ents, though s!a , were e egant, and "anity had fi ed the! with re%resentations of the occu%ant# .obes%ierre's %icture at ength hung in one % ace, his !iniature in another, his bust occu%ied a niche, and on the tab e were dis%osed a few !eda ions exhibiting his head in %rofi e# The "anity which a this indicated was of the co dest and !ost se fish character, being such as considers neg ect as insu t, and recei"es ho!age !ere y as a tributeB so that, whi e %raise is recei"ed without gratitude, it is withhe d at the risk of !orta hate# ,e f& o"e of this dangerous character is c ose y a ied with en"y, and .obes%ierre was one of the !ost en"ious and "indicti"e !en that e"er i"ed# +e ne"er was known to %ardon any o%%osition, affront, or e"en ri"a ryB and to be !arked in his tab ets on such an account was a sure, though %erha%s not an i!!ediate sentence of death# -anton was a hero, co!%ared with this co d, ca cu ating, cree%ing !iscreantB for his %assions, though exaggerated, had at east so!e touch of hu!anity, and his bruta ferocity was su%%orted by bruta courage# .obes%ierre was a coward, who signed death&warrants with a hand that shook, though his heart was re ent ess# +e %ossessed no %assions on which to charge his cri!esB they were %er%etrated in co d b ood, and u%on !ature de iberation# Marat, the third of this inferna triu!"irate, had attracted the attention of the ower orders, by the "io ence of his senti!ents in the journa which he conducted fro! the co!!ence!ent of the re"o ution, u%on such %rinci% es that it took the ead in forwarding its successi"e changes# +is %o itica exhortations began and ended ike the how of a b ood&hound for !urderB or, if a wo f cou d ha"e written a journa , the gaunt and fa!ished wretch cou d

not ha"e ra"ined !ore eager y for s aughter# 8t was b ood which was Marat's constant de!and, not in dro%s fro! the breast of an indi"idua , not in %uny strea!s fro! the s aughter of fa!i ies, but b ood in the %rofusion of an ocean# +is usua ca cu ation of the heads which he de!anded a!ounted to two hundred and sixty thousandB and though he so!eti!es raised it as high as three hundred thousand, it ne"er fe beneath the s!a er nu!ber# 8t !ay be ho%ed, and, for the honour of hu!an nature, we are inc ined to be ie"e, there was a touch of insanity in this unnatura strain of ferocityB and the wi d and sEua id features of the wretch a%%ear to ha"e inti!ated a degree of a ienation of !ind# Marat was, ike .obes%ierre, a coward# .e%eated y denounced in the *sse!b y, he sku ked instead of defending hi!se f, and ay concea ed in so!e obscure garret or ce ar, a!ong his cut&throats, unti a stor! a%%eared, when, ike a bird of i o!en, his death&screech was again heard# ,uch was the strange and fata triu!"irate, in which the sa!e degree of canniba crue ty existed under different as%ects# -anton !urdered to g ut his rageB .obes%ierre to a"enge his injured "anity, or to re!o"e a ri"a who! he en"iedS Marat, fro! the sa!e instincti"e o"e of b ood, which induces a wo f to continue his ra"age of the f ocks ong after his hunger is a%%eased# These !onsters ru ed France for a ti!e with the !ost des%otic sway# The !ost sanguinary aws were enactedDand the !ost "igi ant syste! of %o ice !aintained# ,%ies and infor!ers were e!% oyedDand e"ery !ur!ur, and e"ery ex%ression unfa"ourab e to the ru ing %owers was fo owed with the sentence of death and its i!!ediate execution# CMen,C says ,cott, Cread 'i"y for the sake of disco"ering what degree of %ri"ate cri!e !ight be co!!itted under the !ask of %ub ic "irtue# The deed of the younger Brutus, ser"ed any !an as an a%o ogy to betray to ruin and to death, a friend or a %atron, whose %atriotis! !ight not be of the %itch which suited the ti!e# :nder the exa!% e of the e der Brutus, the nearest ties of b ood were re%eated y !ade to gi"e way before the ferocity of %arty Aea Da Aea too often assu!ed for the !ost infa!ous and se fish %ur%oses# *s so!e fanatics of yore studied the o d testa!ent for the %ur%ose of finding exa!% es of bad actions to "indicate those which the!se "es were te!%ted to co!!it, so the re%ub icans of France, we !ean the des%erate and outrageous bigots of the re"o ution, read history to justify, by c assica instances, their %ub ic and %ri"ate cri!es# 8nfor!ers, those scourges of a state, were encouraged to a degree scarce known in ancient .o!e in the ti!e of the e!%erors, though Tacitus has hur ed his thunders against the!, as the %oison and %est of his ti!e# The duty of odging such infor!ations was unb ushing y urged as indis%ensab e# The safety of the re%ub ic being the su%re!e charge of e"ery citiAen, he was on no account to hesitate in denoun&in1, as it was ter!ed, any one who!soe"er, or howsoe"er connected with hi!,Dthe friend of his counse s, or the wife of his boso!,D %ro"iding he had reason to sus%ect the de"oted indi"idua of the cri!e of in&i2ism,Da cri!e the !ore !ysterious y dreadfu , as no one knew exact y its nature#C 8n this % ace we sha gi"e an account of so!e of the scenes to which France was subject during this awfu %eriod# 8n order to render the triu!%h co!% ete, the eaders of the Jacobins deter!ined u%on a genera !assacre of a the friends of the unfortunate 'ouis and the constitution in the kingdo!# For this %ur%ose, sus%ected %ersons of a ranks were co ected in

the %risons and jai s, and on the /d of ,e%te!ber, F2I/, the work of death co!!enced#

Massa&re of Prisoners. The nu!ber of indi"idua s accu!u ated in the "arious %risons of Paris had increased by the arrests and do!ici iary "isits subseEuent to the F1th of *ugust, to about eight thousand %ersons# 8t was the object of this inferna sche!e to destroy the greater %art of these under one genera syste! of !urder, not to be executed by the sudden and furious i!%u se of an ar!ed !u titude, but with a certain degree of co d b ood and de iberate in"estigation# * force of ar!ed banditti, Marse ois %art y, and %art y chosen ruffians of the Fauxbourgs, %roceeded to the se"era %risons, into which they either forced their %assage, or were ad!itted by the jai ers, !ost of who! had been a%%rised of what was to take % ace, though so!e e"en of these stee ed officia s exerted the!se "es to sa"e those under their charge# * re"o utionary tribuna was for!ed fro! a!ong the ar!ed ruffians the!se "es, who exa!ined the registers of the %rison, and su!!oned the ca%ti"es indi"idua y to undergo the for! of a tria # 8f the judges, as was a !ost a ways the case, dec ared for death, their doo!, to %re"ent the efforts of !en in des%air, was ex%ressed in the words CGi"e the %risoner freedo!#C The "icti! was then thrust out into the street, or yardB he was des%atched by !en and wo!en, who, with s ee"es tucked u%, ar!s dyed e bow&dee% in b ood, hands ho ding axes, %ikes, and sabres, were executioners of the sentenceB and, by the !anner in which they did their office on the i"ing, and !ang ed the bodies of the dead, showed that they occu%ied the %ost as !uch fro! % easure as fro! o"e of hire# They often exchanged % acesB the judges going out to take the executioners' duty, the executioners, with reeking hands, sitting as judges in their turn# Mai ard, a ruffian a eged to ha"e distinguished hi!se f at the siege of the Basti e, but better known by his ex% oits on the !arch to ?ersai es, %resided during these brief and sanguinary in"estigations# +is co!%anions on the bench were %ersons of the sa!e sta!%# $et there were occasions when they showed so!e transient g ea!s of hu!anity, and it is not uni!%ortant to re!ark, that bo dness had !ore inf uence on the! than any a%%ea to !ercy or co!%assion# *n a"owed roya ist was occasiona y dis!issed uninjured, whi e the constitutiona ists were sure to be !assacred# *nother trait of a singu ar nature is, that two of the ruffians who were a%%ointed to guard one of these intended "icti!s ho!e in safety, as if they were acEuitted, insisted on seeing his !eeting with his fa!i y, see!ed to share in the trans%orts of the !o!ent, and on taking ea"e, shook the hand of their ate %risoner, whi e their own were c otted with the gore of his friends, and had been just raised to shed his own# Few, indeed, and brief, were these sy!%to!s of re enting# 8n genera , the doo! of the %risoner was death, and that doo! was instant y acco!% ished# 8n the !eanwhi e, the ca%ti"es were %enned u% in their dungeons ike catt e in a sha!b es, and in !any instances !ight, fro! windows which ooked outwards, !ark the fate of their co!rades, hear their cries, and beho d their strugg es, and earn fro! the horrib e scene, how they !ight best !eet their own a%%roaching fate# They obser"ed, according to ,t# Meard, who, in his we &na!ed *gony of Thirty&,ix +ours, has gi"en the account of this fearfu

scene, that those who interce%ted the b ows of the executioners, by ho ding u% their hands, suffered %rotracted tor!ent, whi e those who offered no show of strugg e were !ore easi y des%atchedB and they encouraged each other to sub!it to their fate, in the !anner east ike y to %ro ong their sufferings# Many adies, es%ecia y those be onging to the court, were thus !urdered# The Princess de 'a!ba e, whose on y cri!e see!s to ha"e been her friendshi% for Marie *ntoinette, was itera y hewn to %ieces, and her head, and that of others, %araded on %ikes through the !etro%o is# 8t was carried to the te!% e on that accursed wea%on, the features yet beautifu in death, and the ong fair cur s of the hair f oating around the s%ear# The !urderers insisted that the <ing and Lueen shou d be co!%e ed to co!e to the window to "iew this dreadfu tro%hy# The !unici%a officers who were u%on duty o"er the roya %risoners, had difficu ty, not !ere y in sa"ing the! fro! this horrib e inhu!anity, but a so in %re"enting their %rison fro! being forced# Three&co oured ribbons were extended across the street, and this frai barrier was found sufficient to inti!ate that the Te!% e was under the safeguard of the nation# @e do not read that the efficiency of the three& co oured ribbons was tried for the %rotection of any of the other %risoners# ;o doubt the executioners had their instructions where and when they shou d be res%ected# The c ergy, who had dec ined the constitutiona oath fro! %ious scru% es, were, during the !assacre, the %ecu iar objects of insu t and crue ty, and their conduct was such as corres%onded with their re igious and conscientious %rofessions# They were seen confessing the!se "es to each other, or recei"ing the confessions of their ay co!%anions in !isfortune, and encouraging the! to undergo the e"i hour, with as !uch ca !ness as if they had not been to share its bitterness# *s %rotestants, we cannot abstracted y a%%ro"e of the doctrines which render the estab ished c ergy of one country de%endant u%on the so"ereign %ontiff, the %rince of an a ien state# But these %riests did not !ake the aws for which they sufferedB they on y obeyed the!B and as !en and christians we !ust regard the! as !artyrs, who %referred death to what they considered as a%ostacy# 8n the brief inter"a s of this dreadfu butchery, which asted four days, the judges and executioners ate, drank, and s e%t( and awoke fro! s u!ber, or arose fro! their !ea , with fresh a%%etite for !urder# There were % aces arranged for the !a e, and for the fe!a e !urderers, for the work had been inco!% ete without the inter"ention of the atter# Prison after %rison was in"ested, entered, and under the sa!e for! of %roceeding !ade the scene of the sa!e inhu!an butchery# The Jacobins had reckoned on !aking the !assacre uni"ersa o"er France# But the exa!% e was not genera y fo owed# 8t reEuired, as in the case of ,t# Bartho o!ew, the on y !assacre which can be co!%ared to this in atrocity, the excitation of a arge ca%ita , in a "io ent crisis, to render such horrors %ossib e# The co!!unity of Paris were not in fau t for this# They did a they cou d to extend the s%here of !urder# Their warrant brought fro! )r eans near sixty %ersons, inc uding the -uke de 9osse&Brissac, -e 'esart the ate !inister, and other roya ists of distinction, who were to ha"e been tried before the high court of that de%art!ent# * band of assassins !et the!, by

a%%oint!ent of the co!!unity, at ?ersai es, who, uniting with their escort, !urdered a !ost the who e of the unha%%y !en# Fro! the /d to the Jth of ,e%te!ber, these inferna cri!es %roceeded uninterru%ted, %rotracted by the actors for the sake of the dai y %ay of a ouis to each, o%en y distributed a!ongst the!, by order of the 9o!!une# 8t was either fro! a desire to continue as ong as %ossib e a abour so we reEuited, or because these beings had acEuired an insatiab e ust of !urder, that, when the jai s were e!%tied of state cri!ina s, the assassins attacked the Bicetre, a %rison where ordinary de inEuents were confined# These unha%%y wretches offered a degree of resistance which cost the assai ants !ore dear than any they had ex%erienced fro! their %ro%er "icti!s# They were ob iged to fire on the! with cannon, and !any hundreds of the !iserab e creatures were in thus way exter!inated, by wretches worse than the!se "es# ;o exact account was e"er !ade of the nu!ber of %ersons !urdered during this dreadfu %eriodB but not abo"e two or three hundred of the %risoners arrested for state offences were known to esca%e, or be discharged, and the !ost !oderate co!%utation raises the nu!ber of those who fe to two or three thousand, though so!e carry it to twice the extent# Truchod announced to the 'egis ati"e *sse!b y, that four thousand had %erished# ,o!e exertion was !ade to sa"e the i"es of those i!%risoned for debt, whose nu!bers, with those of co!!on fe ons, !ay !ake u% the ba ance betwixt the nu!ber s ain and eight thousand who were %risoners when the !assacre began# The bodies were interred in hea%s, in i!!ense trenches, %re%ared beforehand by order of the co!!unity of ParisB but their bones ha"e since been transferred to the subterranean cataco!bs, which for! the genera charne &house of the city# 8n those !e ancho y regions, whi e other re ics of !orta ity ie ex%osed a around, the re!ains of those who %erished in the !assacres of ,e%te!ber, are a one sec uded fro! the eye# The "au t in which they re%ose is c osed with a screen of freestone, as if re ating to cri!es unfit to be thought of e"en in the %ro%er abode of deathB and which France wou d wi ing y hide in ob i"ion# *fter this dreadfu !assacre, the Jacobins eager y de!anded the ife of 'ouis =?8# +e was according y tried by the con"ention and conde!ned to be beheaded# )eath of Louis !VI. and other Members of the ;oyal %amily. )n the /Fst of January, F2IH, 'ouis =?8# was %ub ic y beheaded in the !idst of his own !etro%o is, in the Pla&e Louis EuinCe, erected to the !e!ory of his grandfather# 8t is %ossib e, for the critica eye of the historian, to disco"er !uch weakness in the conduct of this unha%%y !onarchB for he had neither the deter!ination to fight for his rights, nor the %ower of sub!itting with a%%arent indifference to circu!stances where resistance inferred danger# +e sub!itted, indeed, but with so bad a grace, that he on y !ade hi!se f sus%ected of cowardice, without getting credit for "o untary concession# But yet his beha"iour on !any trying occasions effectua y "indicate hi! fro! the charge of ti!idity, and showed that the unwi ingness to shed b ood, by which he was %ecu iar y distinguished, arose fro! bene"o ence, not fro! %usi ani!ity#

:%on the scaffo d, he beha"ed with the fir!ness which beca!e a nob e s%irit, and the %atience besee!ing one who was reconci ed to hea"en# *s one of the few !arks of sy!%athy with which his sufferings were softened, the attendance of a confessor, who had not taken the constitutiona oath, was %er!itted to the dethroned !onarch# +e who undertook the honourab e but dangerous office, was a gent e!an of gifted fa!i y of Edgeworth of EdgeworthstownB and the de"oted Aea with which he rendered the ast duties to 'ouis, had ike in the issue to ha"e %ro"ed fata to hi!se f# *s the instru!ent of death descended, the confessor %ronounced the i!%ressi"e words,DC,on of ,aint 'ouis, ascend to hea"enSC There was a ast wi of 'ouis =?8# circu ated u%on good authority, bearing this re!arkab e %assage(DC8 reco!!end to !y son, shou d you ha"e the !isfortune to beco!e king, to reco ect that his who e facu ties are due to the ser"ice of the %ub icB that he ought to consu t the ha%%iness of his %eo% e, by go"erning according to the aws, forgetting a injuries and !isfortunes, and in %articu ar those which 8 !ay ha"e sustained# But whi e 8 exhort hi! to go"ern under the authority of the aws, 8 cannot but add, that this wi be on y in his %ower, in so far as he sha be endowed with authority to cause right to be res%ected, and wrong %unishedB and that without such authority, his situation in the go"ern!ent !ust be !ore hurtfu than ad"antageous to the state#C ;ot to !ing e the fate of the i ustrious "icti! of the roya fa!i y with the genera ta e of the sufferers under the reign of terror, we !ust here !ention the deaths of the rest of that i ustrious house, which c osed for a ti!e a !onarchy, that existing through three dynasties, had gi"en sixty&six kings to France# 8t was not to be su%%osed, that the Eueen was to be ong %er!itted to sur"i"e her husband# ,he had been e"en !ore than he the object of re"o utionary detestationB nay, !any were dis%osed to throw on Marie *ntoinette, a !ost exc usi"e y, the b a!e of those !easures which they considered as counter&re"o utionary# The ter!s of her accusation were too base y de%ra"ed to be e"en hinted at here# ,he scorned to re% y to it, but a%%ea ed to a who had been !others, against the "ery %ossibi ity of the horrors which were stated against her# The widow of a king, the sister of an e!%eror, was conde!ned to death, dragged in an o%en tu!bri to the % ace of execution, and beheaded on the FJth )ctober, F2IH# ,he suffered death in her HIth year# The %rincess E iAabeth, sister of 'ouis, of who! it !ight he said, in the words of ord 9 arendon, that she rese!b ed a cha%e in a king's %a ace, into which nothing but %iety and !ora ity enter, whi e a around is fi ed with sin, id eness, and fo y, did not, by the !ost har! ess de!eanour and inoffensi"e character, esca%e the !iserab e fate in which the Jacobins had deter!ined to in"o "e the who e fa!i y of 'ouis =?8# Part of the accusation redounded to the honour of her character# ,he was accused of ha"ing ad!itted to the a%art!ents of the Tui eries so!e of the nationa guards, of the section of Fi es de ,aint Tho!as, and causing the wounds to be ooked to which they had recei"ed in a skir!ish with the Marse ois, i!!ediate y before the F1th of *ugust# The %rincess ad!itted her ha"ing done so, and it was exact y in consistence with her who e conduct# *nother charge stated the ridicu ous accusation, that she had distributed bu ets chewed by herse f and her

attendants, to render then !ore fata , to the defenders of the cast e of the Tui eriesB a ridicu ous fab e, of which there was no %roof whate"er# ,he was beheaded in May, F2I5, and !et her death as beca!e the !anner in which her ife had been s%ent# @e are weary of recounting these atrocities, as others !ust be of reading the!# $et it is not use ess that !en shou d see how far hu!an nature can be carried, in contradiction to e"ery fee ing the !ost sacred, to e"ery % eading, whether of justice or of hu!anity# The -au%hin we ha"e a ready described as a %ro!ising chi d of se"en years o d, an age at which no offence cou d ha"e been gi"en, and fro! which no danger cou d ha"e been a%%rehended# ;e"erthe ess, it was reso "ed to destroy the innocent chi d, and by !eans to which ordinary !urders see! deeds of !ercy# The unha%%y boy was %ut in charge of the !ost hard&hearted "i ain who! the co!!unity of Paris, we acEuainted where such agents were to be found, were ab e to se ect fro! their band of Jacobins# This wretch, a shoe!aker ca ed ,i!on, asked his e!% oyers, Cwhat was to be done with the young wo f&whe %B @as he to be s ainTCDC;oTCDCPoisonedTCDC;o#CDC,tar"ed to deathTCDC;o#C C@hat thenTCDC+e was to be got rid of#C *ccording y, by a continuance of the !ost se"ere treat!entDby beating, co d, "igi s, fasts, and i usage of e"ery kind, so frai a b osso! was soon b ighted# +e died on the Gth June, F2I0# *fter this ast horrib e cri!e, there was a re axation in fa"our of the daughter, and now the so e chi d of this unha%%y house# The %rincess roya , whose Eua ities ha"e honoured e"en her birth and b ood, ex%erienced fro! this %eriod a !itigated ca%ti"ity# Fina y, on the FIth -ece!ber, F2I0, this ast re!aining re ic of the fa!i y of 'ouis, was %er!itted to ea"e her %rison and her country, in exchange for 'a Fayette and others, who!, on that condition, *ustria de i"ered fro! ca%ti"ity# ,he beca!e afterwards the wife of her cousin, the duke d'*ngou e!e, e dest son of the reigning !onarch of France, and obtained, by the !anner in which she conducted herse f at Bourdeaux in FGF0, the highest %raise for ga antry and s%irit# )readful s&enes in La ?endOe. 8n 'a ?endOe, one of the de%art!ents of France, an insurrection broke out against the Jacobinica go"ern!ent, in F2IH# :%wards of two hundred batt es and skir!ishes were fought in this de"oted country# The re"o utionary fe"er was in its accessB the shedding of b ood see!ed to ha"e beco!e %ositi"e % easure to the %er%etrators of s aughter, and was "aried by each in"ention which crue ty cou d in"ent to gi"e it new Aest# The habitations of the ?endeans were destroyed, their fa!i ies subjected to "io ation and !assacre, their catt e houghed and s aughtered, and their cro%s burnt and wasted# )ne re%ub ican co u!n assu!ed and !erited the na!e of the 8nferna , by the horrid atrocities which they co!!itted# *t Pi au, they roasted the wo!en and chi dren in a heated o"en# Many si!i ar horrors cou d be added, did not the heart and hand recoi fro! the task# @ithout Euoting any !ore s%ecia instances of horror, we use the words of a re%ub ican eye witness, to ex%ress the genera s%ectac e %resented by the theatre of %ub ic conf ict#

C8 did not see a sing e !a e being at the towns of ,t# +er!and, 9hantonnay, or +erbiers# * few wo!en a one had esca%ed the sword# 9ountry&seats, cottages, habitations of whiche"er kind, were burnt# The herds and f ocks were wandering in terror around their usua % aces of she ter, now s!oking in ruins# 8 was sur%rised by night, but the wa"ering and dis!a b aAe of conf agration afforded ight o"er the country# To the b eating of the terrified f ocks, and be owing of the terrified catt e, was joined the dee% hoarse notes of carrion crows, and the ye s of wi d ani!a s co!ing fro! the recesses of the woods to %rey u%on the carcasses of the s ain# *t ength a distant co u!e of fire, widening and increasing as 8 a%%roached, ser"ed !e as a beacon# 8t was the town of Mortagne in f a!es# @hen 8 arri"ed there, no i"ing creatures were to be seen, sa"e a few wretched wo!en who were stri"ing to sa"e so!e re!nants of their %ro%erty fro! the genera conf agration#CD Les Memoires d?un An&ien Administrateur des Armees ;epubli&aines. S&enes at Marseilles and Lyons. Marsei es, Tou on, and 'yons, had dec ared the!se "es against the Jacobin su%re!acy# .ich fro! co!!erce and their !arati!e situation, and, in the case of 'yons, fro! their co!!and of interna na"igation, the wea thy !erchants and !anufacturers of those cities foresaw the tota insecurity of %ro%erty, and in conseEuence of their own ruin, in the syste! of arbitrary s%o iation and !urder u%on which the go"ern!ent of the Jacobins was founded# But %ro%erty, for which they were so icitous, though, if its natura force is used in ti!e, the !ost %owerfu barrier to withstand re"o ution, beco!es, after a certain %eriod of de ay, its he % ess "icti!# 8f the rich are in due season ibera of their !eans, they ha"e the %ower of en isting in their cause, and as adherents, those a!ong the ower orders, who, if they see their su%eriors dejected and des%airing, wi be te!%ted to consider the! as objects of % under# But this !ust be done ear y, or those who !ight be !ade the !ost acti"e defenders of %ro%erty, wi join with such as are %re%ared to !ake a %rey of it# Marsei es showed at once her good wi and her i!%otency of !eans# The ut!ost exertions of that wea thy city, whose re"o utionary band had contributed so !uch to the downfa of the !onarchy in the attack on the Tui eries, were ab e to eEui% on y a s!a and doubtfu ar!y of about H111 !en, who were des%atched to the re ief of 'yons# This inconsiderab e ar!y threw the!se "es into *"ignon, and were defeated with the ut!ost ease, by the re%ub ican genera 9artaux, des%icab e as a !i itary officer, and whose forces wou d not ha"e stood a sing e en1aillement of ?endean shar%& shooters# Marsei es recei"ed the "ictors, and bowed her head to the subseEuent horrors which it % eased 9artaux, with two for!idab e Jacobins, Barras and Ferron, to inf ict on that f ourishing city# The % ace underwent the usua terrors of Jacobin %urifaction, and was for a ti!e affected y ca ed Cna!e ess co!!une#C 'yons !ade a !ore honourab e stand# That nob e city had been subjected for so!e ti!e to the do!ination of 9ha ier, one of the !ost ferocious, and at the sa!e ti!e one of the !ost extra"agant y absurd, of the Jacobins# +e was at the head of a for!idab e c ub, which was worthy of being affi iated with the !other society, and a!bitious of treading in its footste%sB and he was

su%%orted by a garrison of two re"o utionary regi!ents, besides a nu!erous arti ery, and a arge addition of "o unteers, a!ounting in a to about ten thousand !en, for!ing what was ca ed a re"o utionary ar!y# This 9ha ier, was an a%ostate %riest, an atheist, and a thorough&%aced %u%i in the schoo of terror# +e had been %rocureur of the co!!unity, and had i!%osed on the wea thy citiAens a tax, which was raised fro! six to thirty !i ions of i"res# But b ood as we as go d was his object# The !assacre of a few %riests and aristocrats confined in the fortress of Pierre&,cixe, was a %itifu sacrificeB and 9ha ier, a!bitious of deeds !ore decisi"e, caused a genera arrest of an hundred %rinci%a citiAens, who! he destined as a hecato!b !ore worthy of the de!on who! he ser"ed# This sacrifice was %re"ented by the courage of the 'yonnoisB a courage which, if assu!ed by the Parisians, !ight ha"e %re"ented !ost of the horrors which disgraced the re"o ution# The !editated s aughter was a ready announced by 9ha ier to the Jacobin c ub# CThree hundred heads,C he said, Care !arked for s aughter# 'et us ose no ti!e in seiAing the !e!bers of the de%art!enta office&bearers, the %residents and secretaries of the sections, a the oca authorities who obstruct our re"o utionary !easures# 'et us !ake one fagot of the who e, and de i"er the! at once to the gui otine#C But ere he cou d execute his threat, terror was awakened into the courage of des%air# The citiAens rose in ar!s and besieged the +ote de ?i e, in which 9ha ier, with his re"o utionary troo%s, !ade a des%erate, and for so!e ti!e a successfu , yet u ti!ate y a "ain defence# But the 'yonnois unha%%i y knew not how to a"ai the!se "es of their triu!%h# They were not sufficient y aware of the nature of the "engeance which they had %ro"oked, or of the necessity of su%%orting the bo d ste% which they had taken, by !easures which %rec uded a co!%ro!ise# Their resistance to the "io ence and atrocity of the Jacobins had no %o itica character, any !ore than that offered by the tra"e er against robbers who threaten hi! with % under and !urder# They were not sufficient y aware, that, ha"ing done so !uch, they !ust necessari y do !ore# They ought, by dec aring the!se "es roya ists, to ha"e endea"oured to %re"ai on the troo%s of ,a"oy, if not on the ,wiss, Qwho had e!braced a s%ecies of neutra ity, which, after the F1th of *ugust, was dishonourab e to their ancient re%utation,R to send in a haste, so diery to the assistance of a city which had no fortifications or regu ar troo%s to defend itB but which %ossessed, ne"erthe ess, treasures to %ay their auxi iaries, and strong hands and ab e officers to a"ai the!se "es of the oca ities of their situation, which, when we defended, are so!eti!es as for!idab e as the regu ar %rotection erected by scientific engineers# The %eo% e of 'yons "ain y endea"oured to estab ish a re"o utionary character for the!se "es u%on the syste! of GirondeB two of whose %roscribed de%uties tried to draw the! o"er to their un%o%u ar and ho%e ess cause( and they inconsistent y sought %rotection by affecting a re%ub ican Aea , e"en whi e resisting the decrees, and defeating the troo%s of the Jacobins# There were undoubted y !any of roya ist %rinci% es a!ong the insurgents, and so!e of their eaders were decided y suchB but these were not nu!erous or inf uentia enough to estab ish the true %rinci% e of o%en resistance, and the u ti!ate chance of rescue, by a bo d %roc a!ation of the king's interest# They sti a%%ea ed to the con"ention as their egiti!ate so"ereign, in whose eyes they endea"oured to "indicate the!se "es, and at

the sa!e ti!e tried to secure the interest of two Jacobin de%uties, who had countenanced e"ery "io ation atte!%ted by 9ha ier, that they !ight %re"ai u%on the! to re%resent their conduct fa"ourab y# )f course they had enough of %ro!ises to this effect, whi e Messrs# Guathier and ;ioche, the de%uties in Euestion, re!ained in their %owerB %ro!ises, doubt ess the !ore readi y gi"en, that the 'yonnois, though desirous to conci iate the fa"our of the con"ention, did not hesitate in %roceeding to the %unish!ent of the Jacobin 9ha ier# +e was conde!ned and executed, a ong with one of his %rinci%a associates, ter!ed .eard# To defend these "igourous %roceedings, the unha%%y insurgents % aced the!se "es under the interi! go"ern!ent of a counci , who, sti desirous to te!%oriAe and !aintain the re"o utionary character, ter!ed the!se "es Cthe %o%u ar and re%ub ican co!!ission of %ub ic safety of the de%art!ent of the .hine and 'oireBC a tit e which, whi e it excited no %o%u ar enthusias!, and attracted no foreign aid, no ways soothed, but rather exas%erated, the resent!ent of the con"ention, now under the abso ute do!ination of the Jacobins, by who! e"ery thing short of co!% ete fraterniAation was accounted %resu!%tuous defiance# Those who were not with the!, it was their %o icy to ho d as their !ost decided ene!ies# The 'yonnois had indeed etters of encourage!ent, and %ro!ised concurrence, fro! se"era de%art!entsB but no effectua su%%ort was e"er directed to their city, exce%ting the %etty reinforce!ent fro! Marsei es, which we ha"e seen was interce%ted and dis%ersed with itt e troub e by the Jacobin genera , 9artaux# 'yons had ex%ected to beco!e the %atroness and focus of an *nti&Jacobin eague, for!ed by the great co!!ercia towns, against Paris and the %redo!inant %art of the con"ention# ,he found herse f iso ated and unsu%%orted, and eft to o%%ose her own %ro%er forces and !eans of defence, to an ar!y of sixty thousand !en, and to the nu!erous Jacobins contained within her own wa s# *bout the end of Ju y, after a a%se of an inter"a of two !onths, a regu ar b ockade was for!ed around the city, and in the first week of *ugust, hosti ities took % ace# The besieging ar!y was directed in its !i itary character by genera <e er!an, who, with other distinguished so diers, had now began to ho d an e!inent rank in the re%ub ican ar!ies# But for the %ur%ose of executing the "engeance for which they thirsted, the Jacobins re ied chief y on the exertions of the de%uties they had sent a ong with the co!!ander, and es%ecia y of the re%resentati"e, -ubois 9rance, a !an whose so e !erit a%%ears to ha"e been his frantic Jacobinis!# Genera Percy, for!er y an officer in the roya ser"ice, undertook the a !ost ho%e ess task of defence, and by for!ing redoubts on the !ost co!!anding situations around the town, co!!enced a resistance against the i!!ense y su%erior force of the besiegers, which was honourab e if it cou d ha"e been usefu # The 'yonnois, at the sa!e ti!e, sti endea"oured to !ake fair weather with the besieging ar!y, by re%resenting the!se "es as fir! re%ub icans# They ce ebrated as a %ub ic festi"a the anni"ersary of the F1th of *ugust, whi e -ubois 9rance, to show the credit he ga"e the! for their re%ub ican Aea , fixed the sa!e day for co!!encing his fire on the % ace, and caused the first gun to be discharged by his own concubine, a fe!a e born in 'yons# Bo!bs and red&hot bu ets were next resorted to, against the second city of the French e!%ireB whi e the besieged sustained

the attack with a constancy, and on !any %arts re%e ed it with a courage high y honourab e to their character# But their fate was deter!ined# The de%uties announced to the con"ention their %ur%ose of %ouring their instru!ents of ha"oc on e"ery Euarter of the town at once, and when it was on fire in se"era % aces, to atte!%t a genera stor!# CThe city,C they said, C!ust surrender, or there sha not re!ain one stone u%on another, and this we ho%e to acco!% ish in s%ite of the suggestions of fa se co!%assion# -o not then be sur%rised when you hear that 'yons exists no onger#C The fury of the attack threatened to !ake good these %ro!ises# The sufferings of the citiAens beca!e into erab e# ,e"era Euarters of the city were on fire at the sa!e ti!e, i!!ense !agaAines were burnt to the ground, and a oss incurred, during two night's bo!bard!ent, which was ca cu ated at two hundred !i ions of i"res# * b ack f ag was hoisted by the besieged on the Great +os%ita , as a sign that the fire of the assai ants shou d not be directed on that asy u! of ho%e ess !isery# The signa see!ed on y to draw the re%ub ican bo!bs to the s%ot where they cou d create the !ost frightfu distresses, and outrage in the highest degree the fee ings of hu!anity# The de"astations of fa!ine were soon added to those of s aughterB and after two !onths of such horrors had been sustained, it beca!e ob"ious that farther resistance was i!%ossib e# The %ary itic 9outhon, with 9o ot -'+erbois, and other de%uties were sent to 'yons by the co!!ittee of %ub ic safety, to execute the "engeance which the Jacobins de!andedB whi e -ubois 9rance was reca ed, for ha"ing %ut, it was thought, ess energy to his %roceedings than the %rosecution of the siege reEuired# 9o ot -'+erbois had a %ersona !oti"e of a singu ar nature for de ighting in the task intrusted to hi! and his co eagues# 8n his ca%acity of a % ay&actor, he had been hissed fro! the stage at 'yons, and the door to re"enge was now o%en# The instructions of this co!!ittee enjoined the! to take the !ost satisfactory re"enge for the death of 9ha ier and the insurrection of 'yons, not !ere y on the citiAens, but on the town itse f# The %rinci%a streets and bui dings were to be e"e ed with the ground, and a !onu!ent erected where they stood, was to record the cause(DC Lyons rebelled a1ainst the ;epubli&JLyons is no more.C ,uch frag!ents of the town as !ight be %er!itted to re!ain, were to bear the na!e of ?i e *ffranchie# 8t wi scarce be be ie"ed that a doo! ike that which !ight ha"e %assed the i%s of so!e eastern des%ot, in a the frantic !adness of arbitrary %ower and utter ignorance, cou d ha"e been serious y %ronounced, and as serious y enforced, in one of the !ost ci"i iAed nations in Euro%eB and that to the %resent en ightened age, !en who %retended to wisdo! and %hi oso%hy, shou d ha"e considered the abours of the architect as a %ro%er subject of %unish!ent# ,o it was, howe"erB and to gi"e the de!o ition !ore effect, the i!%otent 9outhon was carried fro! house to house, de"oting each to ruin, by striking the door with a si "er ha!!er, and %ronouncing these wordsDC+ouse of a rebe # 8 conde!n thee in the na!e of the aw#C @ork!en fo owed in great !u titudes, who executed the sentence by %u ing the house down to the foundations# This wanton de!o ition continued for six !onths, and is said to ha"e been carried on at an ex%ense eEua to that which the su%erb !i itary hos%ita , the +ote des 8n"a ides, cost its founder, 'ouis =8?# But re%ub ican "engeance did not waste itse f exc usi"e y u%on sense ess i!e and stoneDit sought out sentient "icti!s#

The deser"ed death of 9ha ier had been atoned by an a%otheosis executed after 'yons had surrenderedB but 9o ot -'+erbois dec ared that e"ery dro% of that %atriotic b ood fe as if sca ding his own heart, and that the !urder de!anded atone!ent# * ordinary %rocess, and e"ery usua !ode of execution, was thought too tardy to a"enge the death of a Jacobin %roconsu # The judges of the re"o utionary co!!ission were worn out with fatigueDthe ar! of the executioner was wearyDthe "ery stee of the gui otine was b unted# 9o ot -'+erbois de"ised a !ore su!!ary !ode of s aughter# * nu!ber of fro! two to three hundred "icti!s at once were dragged fro! %rison to the % ace de Baotteaux, one of the argest sEuares in 'yons, and there subjected to a fire of gra%e&shot# Efficacious as this !ode of execution !ay see!, it was neither s%eedy nor !ercifu # The sufferers fe to the ground ike singed f ies, !uti ated but not s ain, and i!% oring their executioners to des%atch the! s%eedi y# This was done with sabres and bayonets, and with such haste and Aea , that so!e of the jai ers and assistants were s ain a ong with those who! they had assisted in dragging to deathB and the !istake was not discerned, unti , u%on counting the dead bodies, the !i itary !urderers found the! to a!ount to !ore than the destined ta e# The bodies of the dead were thrown into the .hone, to carry news of the re%ub ican "engeance, as 9o ot -'+erbois ex%ressed hi!se f, to Tou on, then a so in a state of re"o t# But the su en strea! rejected the office i!%osed on it, and headed back the dead in hea%s u%on the banksB and the co!!ittee of .e%resentati"es was co!%e ed at ength to a ow the re ics of their crue ty to be interred, to %re"ent the risk of contagion# $he Installation of the Goddess of ;eason. *t ength the Aea of the infuriated *theists in France hurried the! to the %er%etration of one of the !ost ridicu ous, and at the sa!e ti!e i!%ious transactions which e"er disgraced the anna s of any nation# 8t was no ess than a for!a renunciation of the existence of a ,u%re!e Being, and the insta ation of the Goddess of ;eason, in F2IH# CThere is,C says ,cott, Ca fanaticis! of atheis!, as we as of su%erstitious be iefB and a %hi oso%her can harbour and ex%ress as !uch !a ice against those who %erse"ere in be ie"ing what he is % eased to denounce as unworthy of credence, as an ignorant and bigoted %riest can bear against a !an who cannot yie d faith to dog!ata which he thinks insufficient y %ro"ed#C *ccording y, the throne being tota y annihi ated, it a%%eared to the %hi oso%hers of the schoo of +ebert, Qwho was author of the !ost gross and beast y %eriodica %a%er of the ti!e, ca ed the Pere du 8heneR that in tota y destroying such "estiges of re igion and %ub ic worshi% as were sti retained by the %eo% e of France, there was roo! for a s% endid triu!%h of ibera o%inions# 8t was not enough, they said, for a regenerate nation to ha"e dethroned earth y kings, un ess she stretched out the ar! of defiance towards those %owers which su%erstition had re%resented as reigning o"er bound ess s%ace# *n unha%%y !an, na!ed Gobet, constitutiona bisho% of Paris, was brought forward to % ay the %rinci%a %art in the !ost i!%udent and scanda ous farce e"er acted in the face of a nationa re%resentation#

8t is said that the eaders of the scene had so!e difficu ty in inducing the bisho% to co!% y with the task assigned hi!, which, after a , he executed, not without %resent tears and subseEuent re!orse# But he did % ay the %art %rescribed# +e was brought forward in fu %rocession, to dec are to the con"ention, that the re igion which he had taught so !any years, was, in e"ery res%ect, a %iece of %riestcraft, which had no foundation either in history or sacred truth# +e disowned, in so e!n and ex% icit ter!s, the existence of the -eity to whose worshi% he had been consecrated, and de"oted hi!se f in future to the ho!age of iberty, eEua ity, "irtue, and !ora ity# +e then aid on the tab e his e%isco%a decorations, and recei"ed a fraterna e!brace fro! the %resident of the con"ention# ,e"era a%ostate %riests fo owed the exa!% e of this %re ate# The go d and si "er % ate of the churches was seiAed u%on and desecrated, %rocessions entered the con"ention, tra"estied in %riest y gar!ents, and singing the !ost %rofane hy!nsB whi e !any of the cha ices and sacred "esse s were a%% ied by 9hau!ette and +ebert to the ce ebration of their own i!%ious orgies# The wor d for the first ti!e, heard an asse!b y of !en, born and educated in ci"i iAation, and assu!ing the right to go"ern one of the finest of the Euro%ean nations, u% ift their united "oice to deny the !ost so e!n truth which !an's sou recei"es, and renounce unani!ous y the be ief and worshi% of a -eity# For a short ti!e the sa!e !ad %rofanity continued to be acted u%on# )ne of the cere!onies of this insane ti!e stands unri"a ed for absurdity, co!bined with i!%iety# The doors of the con"ention were thrown o%en to a band of !usiciansB %receded by who!, the !e!bers of the !unici%a body entered in so e!n %rocession, singing a hy!n in %raise of iberty, and escorting, as the object of their future worshi%, a "ei ed fe!a e, who! they ter!ed the Goddess of .eason# Being brought within the bar, she was un"ei ed with great for!, and % aced on the right hand of the %residentB when she was genera y recogniAed as a dancing&gir of the o%era, with whose char!s !ost of the %ersons %resent were acEuainted fro! her a%%earance on the stage, whi e the ex%erience of indi"idua s was farther extended# To this %erson, as the fittest re%resentati"e of that reason who! they worshi%%ed the nationa con"ention of France rendered %ub ic ho!age# This i!%ious and ridicu ous !u!!ery had a certain fashionB and the insta ation of the Goddess of reason was renewed and i!itated throughout the nation, in such % aces where the inhabitants desired to show the!se "es eEua to a the heights of the re"o ution# The churches were, in !ost districts of France, c osed against %riests and worshi%%ersDthe be s were broken and cast into cannonDthe who e ecc esiastica estab ish!ent destroyedDand the re%ub ican inscri%tion o"er the ce!eteries, dec aring death to be %er%etua s ee%, announced to those who i"ed under that do!inion, that they were to ho%e no redress e"en in the next wor d# 8nti!ate y connected with these aws affecting re igion, was that which reduced the union of !arriage, the !ost sacred engage!ent which hu!an beings can for!, and the %er!anence of which eads !ost strong y to the conso idation of society, to the state of a !ere ci"i contract of a transitory character, which any two %ersons !ight engage in, and cast oose at % easure, when their taste was changed, or their a%%etite gratified# 8f fiends had set the!se "es to work, to disco"er a !ode of !ost effectua y

destroying whate"er is "enerab e, gracefu , or %er!anent in do!estic ife, and of obtaining at the sa!e ti!e an assurance that the !ischief which it was their object to create shou d be %er%etuated fro! one generation to another, they cou d not ha"e in"ented a !ore effectua % an than the degradation of !arriage into a state of !ere occasiona co&habitation, or icensed concubinage# ,o%hie *rnou t, an actress fa!ous for the witty things she said, described the re%ub ican !arriage as the sacra!ent of adu tery# %all of )anton( ;obespierre( Marat and other Ja&obins. These !onsters fe "icti!s by the sa!e !eans they had used for the destruction of others# Marat was %oignarded in F2IH, by 9har otte 9orday, a young fe!a e, who had cherished in a fee ing between unacy and herois!, the a!bition of ridding the wor d of a tyrant# -anton was gui otined in F2I5# .obes%ierre fo owed soon after# +is fa is thus described by ,cott in his ife of ;a%o eon# *t ength his fate urged hi! on to the encounter# .obes%ierre descended to the con"ention, where he had of ate but rare y a%%eared, ike the far nob er dictator of .o!eB and in his case a so, a band of senators was ready to %oignard the tyrant on the s%ot, had they not been afraid of the %o%u arity he was su%%osed to enjoy, and which they feared !ight render the! instant "icti!s to the re"enge of the Jacobins# The s%eech which .obes%ierre addressed to the con"ention was as !enacing as the first distant rust e of the hurricane, and dark and urid as the ec i%se which announces its a%%roach# *nxious !ur!urs had been heard a!ong the %o%u ace who fi ed the tribunes, or crowded the entrances of the ha of the con"ention, indicating that a second HFst of May Qbeing the day on which the Jacobins %roscribed the GirondistsR was about to witness a si!i ar o%eration# The first the!e of the g oo!y orator was the dis% ay of his own "irtues and his ser"ices as a %atriot, distinguishing as ene!ies to their country a whose o%inions were contrary to his own# +e then re"iewed successi"e y the "arious de%art!ents of the go"ern!ent, and oaded the! in turn with censure and conte!%t# +e dec ai!ed against the su%ineness of the co!!ittees of %ub ic safety and %ub ic security, as if the gui otine had ne"er been in exerciseB and he accused the co!!ittee of finance of ha"ing &ounterBre2olutioniCed the re"enues of the re%ub ic# +e en arged with no ess bitterness on withdrawing the arti ery&!en Qa ways "io ent JacobinsR fro! Paris, and on the !ode of !anage!ent ado%ted in the conEuered countries of Be giu!# 8t see!ed as if he wished to co ect within the sa!e ists a the functionaries of the state, and in the sa!e breath to utter defiance to the! a # The usua honorary !otion was !ade to %rint the discourseB but then the stor! of o%%osition broke forth, and !any s%eakers "ociferous y de!anded, that before so far ado%ting the gra"e incu %ations which it contained, the discourse shou d be referred to the two co!!ittees# .obes%ierre in his turn, exc ai!ed, that this was subjecting his s%eech to the %artia criticis! and re"ision of the "ery %arties who! he had accused# Excu %ations and defences were heard on a sides against the charges which had been thus swee%ing y brought forwardB and there were !any de%uties who co!% ained in no obscure ter!s of indi"idua tyranny, and of a cons%iracy on foot to out aw and !urder such %art of the con"ention as !ight be dis%osed to offer

resistance# .obes%ierre was but feeb y su%%orted, sa"e by ,aint Just, 9outhon, and by his own brother# *fter a stor!y debate, in which the con"ention were a ternate y swayed by their fear and their hatred of .obes%ierre, the discourse was fina y referred to the co!!ittees, instead of being %rintedB and the haughty and su en dictator saw in the o%en s ight, thus %ut on his !easures and o%inions, the sure !ark of his a%%roaching fa # +e carried his co!% aints to the Jacobin 9 ub, to re%ose, as he ex%ressed it, his %atriotic sorrows in their "irtuous boso!s, where a one he ho%ed to find succour and sy!%athy# To this %artia audience he renewed, in a tone of yet greater audacity, the co!% aints with which he had oaded e"ery branch of the go"ern!ent, and the re%resentati"e body itse f# +e re!inded those around hi! of "arious heroic eras, when their %resence and their %ikes had decided the "otes of the tre!b ing de%uties# +e re!inded the! of their %ristine actions of re"o utionary "igourDasked the! if they had forgot the road to the con"ention, and conc uded by %athetica y assuring the!, that if they forsook hi!, Che stood resigned to his fateB and they shou d beho d with what courage he wou d drink the fata he! ock#C The artist -a"id, caught hi! by the hand as he c osed, exc ai!ing, in ra%ture at his e ocution, C8 wi drink it with thee#C The distinguished %ainter has been re%roached, as ha"ing, on the subseEuent day, dec ined the % edge which he see!ed so eager y to e!brace# But there were !any of his origina o%inion, at the ti!e he ex%ressed it so bo d yB and had .obes%ierre %ossessed either !i itary ta ents, or e"en decided courage, there was nothing to ha"e %re"ented hi! fro! % acing hi!se f that "ery night at the head of a des%erate insurrection of the Jacobins and their fo owers# Payan, the successor of +ebert, actua y %ro%osed that the Jacobins shou d instant y !arch against the two co!!ittees, which .obes%ierre charged with being the focus of the anti&re"o utionary !achinations, sur%rise their handfu of guards, and stif e the e"i with which the state was !enaced, e"en in the "ery crad e# This % an was dee!ed too haAardous to be ado%ted, a though it was one of those sudden and !aster strokes of %o icy which Machia"e wou d ha"e reco!!ended# The fire of the Jacobins s%ent itse f in tu!u t, and threatening, and in ex%e ing fro! the boso! of their society 9o ot d'+erbois, Ta ien, and about thirty other de%uties of the !ountain %arty, who! they considered as s%ecia y eagued to effect the downfa of .obes%ierre, and who! they dro"e fro! their society with execration and e"en b ows# 9o ot d'+erbois, thus outraged, went straight fro! the !eeting of the Jacobins to the % ace where the co!!ittee of %ub ic safety was sti sitting, in consu tation on the re%ort which they had to !ake to the con"ention the next day u%on the s%eech of .obes%ierre# ,aint Just, one of their nu!ber, though war! y attached to the dictator, had been intrusted by the co!!ittee with the de icate task of drawing u% that re%ort# 8t was a ste% towards reconci iationB but the entrance of 9o ot d'+erbois, frantic with the insu ts he had recei"ed, broke off a ho%e of acco!!odation betwixt the friends of -anton and those of .obes%ierre# -'+erbois exhausted hi!se f in threats against ,aint Just, 9outhon, and their !aster, .obes%ierre, and they %arted on ter!s of !orta and a"owed en!ity# E"ery exertion now was used by the associated cons%irators against the %ower of .obes%ierre, to co ect

and co!bine against hi! the who e forces of the con"ention, to a ar! the de%uties of the % ain with fears for the!se "es, and to awaken the rage of the !ountaineers, against whose throat the dictator now wa"ed the sword, which their short sighted %o icy had % aced in his hands# 'ists of %roscribed de%uties were handed around, said to ha"e been co%ied fro! the tab ets of the dictatorB genuine or fa se, they obtained uni"ersa credit and currencyB and these whose na!es stood on the fata scro s, engaged the!se "es for %rotection in the eague against their ene!y# The o%inion that his fa cou d not be de ayed now beca!e genera # This senti!ent was so co!!on y entertained in Paris on the Ith Ther!idor, or /2th Ju y, that a herd of about eighty "icti!s, who were in the act of being dragged to the gui otine, were near y sa"ed by !eans of it# The %eo% e, in a generous burst of co!%assion, began to gather in crowds, and interru%ted the !e ancho y %rocession, as if the %ower which %resided o"er these hideous exhibitions had a ready been de%ri"ed of energy# But the hour was not co!e# The "i e +enriot, co!!andant of the nationa guards, ca!e u% with fresh forces a so on the day destined to be the ast of his own ife, %ro"ed the !eans of carrying to execution this crowd of unha%%y and doubt ess innocent %ersons# )n this e"entfu day, .obes%ierre arri"ed in the con"ention, and behe d the !ountain in c ose array and co!% ete y !anned, whi e, as in the case of 9ati ine, the bench on which he hi!se f was accusto!ed to sit, see!ed %ur%ose y deserted# ,aint Just, 9outhon, 'e Bas Qhis brother&in& aw,R and the younger .obes%ierre, were the on y de%uties of na!e who stood %re%ared to su%%ort hi!# But cou d he !ake an effectua strugg e, he !ight de%end u%on the aid of the ser"i e Barrere, a sort of Be ia in the con"ention, the !eanest, yet not the east ab e, a!ongst those fa en s%irits, who, with great adroitness and ingenuity, as we as wit and e oEuence, caught o%%ortunities as they arose, and was e!inent y dexterous in being a ways strong u%on the strongest, and safe u%on the safest side# There was a to erab y nu!erous %arty ready, in ti!es so dangerous, to attach the!se "es to Barrere, as a eader who %rofessed to guide the! to safety if not to honourB and it was the existence of this "aci ating and uncertain body, whose u ti!ate !otions cou d ne"er be ca cu ated u%on, which rendered it i!%ossib e to %resage with assurance the e"ent of any debate in the con"ention during this dangerous %eriod# ,aint Just arose, in the na!e of the co!!ittee of %ub ic safety, to !ake, after his own !anner, not theirs, a re%ort on the discourse of .obes%ierre on the %re"ious e"ening# +e had begun a harangue in the tone of his %atron, dec aring that, were the tribune which he occu%ied the Tar%eian rock itse f, he wou d not the ess, % aced as he stood there, discharge the duties of a %atriot# C8 a! about,C he said, Cto ift the "ei #CDC8 tear it asunder,C said Ta ien, interru%ting hi!# CThe %ub ic interest is sacrificed by indi"idua s, who co!e hither exc usi"e y in their own na!e, and conduct the!se "es as su%erior to the who e con"ention#C +e forced ,aint Just fro! the tribune, and a "io ent debate ensued# Bi aud ?arennes ca ed the attention of the asse!b y to the sitting of the Jacobin c ub on the %receding e"ening# +e dec ared the !i itary force of Paris was % aced under the co!!and of +enriot, a traitor and a %arricide, who was ready to !arch the so diers who! he co!!anded, against the con"ention#

+e denounced .obes%ierre hi!se f as a second 9ati ine, artfu as we as a!bitious, whose syste! it had been to nurse jea ousies and inf a!e dissentions in the con"ention, so as to disunite %arties, and e"en indi"idua s fro! each other, attack the! in detai , and thus destroy those antagonists se%arate y, u%on whose co!bined and united strength he dared not ha"e ooked# The con"ention echoed with a%% ause e"ery "io ent ex%ression of the orator, and when .obes%ierre s%rung to the tribune, his "oice was drowned by a genera shout of Cdown with the tyrantSC Ta ien !o"ed the denunciation of .obes%ierre, with the arrest of +enriot, his staff&officers, and of others connected with the !editated "io ence on the con"ention# +e had undertaken to ead the attack u%on the tyrant he said, and to %oignard hi! in the con"ention itse f, if the !e!bers did not show courage enough to enforce the aw against hi!# @ith these words he brandished an unsheathed %oignard, as if about to !ake his %ur%ose good# .obes%ierre sti strugg ed hard to obtain audience, but the tribune was adjudged to BarrereB and the %art taken against the fa en dictator by that "ersati e and se f&interested states!an, was the !ost abso ute sign that his o"erthrow was irreco"erab e# Torrents of in"ecti"e were now uttered fro! e"ery Euarter of the ha , against hi! whose sing e word was wont to hush it into si ence# This scene was dreadfu B yet not without its use to those who !ay be dis%osed to ook at it as an extraordinary crisis, in which hu!an %assions were brought so singu ar y into co ision# @hi e the "au ts of the ha echoed with exc a!ations fro! those who had hitherto been the acco!% ices, the f atterers, the fo owers, at east the ti!id and o"erawed assentors to the dethroned de!agogueDhe hi!se f, breath ess, foa!ing, exhausted, ike the hunter of c assica antiEuity when on the %oint of being o"er%owered and torn to %ieces by his own hounds, tried in "ain to raise those screech&ow notes, by which the con"ention had for!er y been terrified and %ut to si ence# +e a%%ea ed for a hearing fro! the %resident of the asse!b y, to the "arious %arties of which it was co!%osed# .ejected by the !ountaineers, his for!er associates, who now headed the c a!our against hi!, he a%% ied to the Girondists, few and feeb e as they were, and to the !ore nu!erous but eEua y he % ess de%uties of the % ain, with who! they she tered# The for!er shook hi! fro! the! with disgust, the ast with horror# 8t was in "ain he re!inded indi"idua s that he had s%ared their i"es, whi e at his !ercy# This !ight ha"e been a%% ied to e"ery !e!ber in the houseB to e"ery !an in FranceB for who was it during two years that had i"ed on other ter!s than under .obes%ierre's %er!issionT and dee% y !ust he interna y ha"e regretted the c e!ency, as he !ight ter! it, which had eft so !any with ungashed throats to bay at hi!# But his agitated and re%eated a%%ea s were re%u sed by so!e with indignation, by others with su en, or e!barrassed and ti!id si ence# * British historian !ight say, that e"en .obes%ierre ought to ha"e been heard in his defenceB and that such ca !ness wou d ha"e done honour to the con"ention, and dignified their fina sentence of conde!nation# *s it was, they no doubt treated the gui ty indi"idua according to his deserts( but they fe short of that regu arity and !an y staidness of conduct which was due to the!se "es and to the aw, and which wou d ha"e gi"en to the %unish!ent of the de!agogue the effect and weight of a so e!n and de iberate sentence,

in % ace of its see!ing the resu t of the hasty and %reci%itate seiAure of a te!%orary ad"antage# +aste was, howe"er, necessary, and !ust ha"e a%%eared !ore so at such a crisis, than %erha%s it rea y was# Much !ust be %ardoned to the terrors of the !o!ent, the horrid character of the cu %rit, and the necessity of hurrying to a decisi"e conc usion# @e ha"e been to d that his ast audib e words, contending against the exc a!ations of hundreds, and the be which the %resident was ringing incessant y, had uttered in the highest tones which des%air cou d gi"e to a "oice natura y shri and discordant, dwe t ong on the !e!ory, and haunted the drea!s of !any who heard hi!(DCPresident of assassins,C he screa!ed, Cfor the ast ti!e 8 de!and %ri"i ege of s%eechSC *fter this exertion, his breath beca!e short and faintB and whi e he sti uttered broken !ur!urs and hoarse ejacu ations, the !e!bers of the !ountain ca ed out, that the b ood of -anton choked his "oice# The tu!u t was c osed by a decree of arrest against .obes%ierre, his brother, 9outhon, and ,aint JustB 'e Bas was inc uded on his own !otion, and indeed cou d scarce ha"e esca%ed the fate of his brother&in& aw, though his conduct then, and subseEuent y, showed !ore energy than that of the others# 9outhon hugging in his boso! the s%anie u%on which he was wont to exhaust the o"erf owing of his affected sensibi ity, a%%ea ed to his decre%itude, and asked whether, !ai!ed of %ro%ortion and acti"ity as he was, he cou d be sus%ected of nourishing % ans of "io ence or a!bition# C@retch,C said 'egendre, Cthou hast the strength of +ercu es for the %er%etration of cri!e#C -u!as, %resident of the re"o utionary tribuna , with +enriot, co!!andant of the nationa guards, and other sate ites of .obes%ierre, were inc uded in the doo! of arrest# The con"ention had dec ared their sitting %er!anent, and had taken a %recautions for a%%ea ing for %rotection to the arge !ass of citiAens, who, wearied out by the reign of terror, were desirous to c ose it at a haAards# They Euick y had de%utations fro! se"era of the neighbouring sections, dec aring their adherence to the nationa re%resentati"es, in whose defence they were ar!ing, and Q!any undoubted y %re%ared beforehandR were !arching in a haste to the %rotection of the con"ention# But they heard a so the ess % easing tidings, that +enriot, ha"ing effected the dis%ersion of those citiAens who had obstructed, as e sewhere !entioned, the execution of the eighty conde!ned %ersons, and consu!!ated that fina act of !urder, was a%%roaching the Tui eries, where they had he d their sitting, with a nu!erous staff, and such of the Jacobinica forces as cou d hasti y be co ected# +a%%i y for the con"ention, this co!!andant of the nationa guards, on whose %resence of !ind and courage the fate of France %erha%s for the !o!ent de%ended, was as stu%id and coward y as he was bruta y ferocious# +e suffered hi!se f without resistance, to be arrested by a few gens d'ar!es, the i!!ediate guards of the con"ention, headed by two of its !e!bers, who beha"ed in the e!ergency with eEua %rudence and s%irit# But fortune, or the de!on who! he had ser"ed, afforded .obes%ierre another chance for safety, %erha%s e"en for e!%ireB for !o!ents which a !an of se f&%ossession !ight ha"e e!% oyed for esca%e, one of des%erate courage !ight ha"e used for "ictory, which, considering the di"ided and

extre!e y unsett ed state of the ca%ita , was ike y to be gained by the bo dest co!%etitor# The arrested de%uties had been carried fro! one %rison to another, a the jai ers refusing to recei"e under their officia charge .obes%ierre, and those who had aided hi! in su%% ying their dark habitations with such a tide of successi"e inhabitants# *t ength the %risoners were secured in the office of the co!!ittee of %ub ic safety# But by this ti!e a was in a ar! a!ongst the co!!une of Paris, where F euriot the !ayor, and Payan the successor of +ebert, con"oked the ci"ic body, des%atched !unici%a officers to raise the city and the Fauxbourgs in their na!e, and caused the tocsin to be rung# Payan s%eedi y asse!b ed a force sufficient to iberate +enriot, .obes%ierre, and the other arrested de%uties, and to carry the! to the +ote de ?i e, where about two thousand !en were congregated, consisting chief y of arti ery!en, and of insurgents fro! the suburb of ,aint *ntoine, who a ready ex%ressed their reso ution of !arching against the con"ention# But the se fish and coward y character of .obes%ierre was unfit for such a crisis# +e a%%eared a together confounded and o"erwhe !ed with what had %assed and was %assing around hi!B and not one of a the "icti!s of the reign of terror fe t its disab ing inf uence so co!% ete y as he, the des%ot who had so ong directed its sway# +e had not, e"en though the !eans !ust ha"e been in his %ower, the %resence of !ind to dis%erse !oney in considerab e su!s, which of itse f wou d not ha"e fai ed to insure the su%%ort of the re"o utionary rabb e# Meanti!e the con"ention continued to !aintain the bo d and co!!anding front which they had so sudden y and critica y assu!ed# :%on earning the esca%e of the arrested de%uties, and hearing of the insurrection at the +ote de ?i e, they instant y %assed a decree out awing .obes%ierre and his associates, inf icting a si!i ar doo! u%on the !ayor of Paris, the %rocureur, and other !e!bers of the co!!une, and charging twe "e of their !e!bers, the bo dest that cou d be se ected, to %roceed with the ar!ed force to the execution of the sentence# The dru!s of the nationa guards now beat to ar!s in a the sections under authority of the con"ention, whi e the tocsin continued to su!!on assistance with its iron "oice to .obes%ierre and the ci"ic !agistrates# E"ery thing a%%eared to threaten a "io ent catastro%he, unti it was seen c ear y that the %ub ic "oice, and es%ecia y a!ongst the nationa guards, was dec aring itse f genera y against the terrorists# The +ote de ?i e was surrounded by about fifteen hundred !en, and cannon turned u%on the doors# The force of the assai ants was weakest in %oint of nu!ber, but their eaders were !en of s%irit, and night concea ed their inferiority of force# The de%uties co!!issioned for the %ur%ose read the decree of the asse!b y to those who! they found asse!b ed in front of the city ha , and they shrunk fro! the atte!%t of defending it, so!e joining the assai ants, others aying down their ar!s and dis%ersing# Meanti!e the deserted grou% of terrorists within conducted the!se "es ike scor%ions, which, when surrounded by a circ e of fire, are said to turn their stings on each other, and on the!se "es# Mutua and ferocious u%braiding took % ace a!ong these !iserab e !en# C@retch, were these the !eans you %ro!ised to furnishTC said Payan to +enriot, who! he found intoxicated and inca%ab e of reso ution or exertionB and seiAing on hi! as he s%oke, he %reci%itated the

re"o utionary genera fro! a window# +enriot sur"i"ed the fa on y to drag hi!se f into a drain, in which he was afterwards disco"ered and brought out to execution# The younger .obes%ierre threw hi!se f fro! the window, but had not the good fortune to %erish on the s%ot# 8t see!ed as if e"en the !e ancho y fate of suicide, the ast refuge of gui t and des%air, was denied to !en who had so ong refused e"ery s%ecies of !ercy to their fe ow& creatures# 'e Bas a one had ca !ness enough to des%atch hi!se f with a %isto shot# ,aint Just, after i!% oring his co!rades to ki hi!, atte!%ted his own ife with an irreso ute hand, and fai ed# 9outhon ay beneath the tab e brandishing a knife, with which he re%eated y wounded his boso!, without daring to add force enough to reach his heart# Their chief, .obes%ierre, in an unsuccessfu atte!%t to shoot hi!se f, had on y inf icted a horrib e fracture on his under&jaw# 8n this situation they were found ike wo "es in their air, fou with b ood, !uti ated, des%airing, and yet not ab e to die# .obes%ierre ay on a tab e in an anti&roo!, his head su%%orted by a dea box, and his hideous countenance ha f hidden by a b oody and dirty c oth bound round the shattered chin# The ca%ti"es were carried in triu!%h to the con"ention, who, without ad!itting the! to the bar, ordered the!, as out aws, for instant execution# *s the fata cars %assed to the gui otine, those who fi ed the!, but es%ecia y .obes%ierre, were o"erwhe !ed with execrations fro! the friends and re ati"es of "icti!s who! he had sent on the sa!e !e ancho y road# The nature of his %re"ious wound, fro! which the c oth had ne"er been re!o"ed ti the executioner tore it off, added to the torture of the sufferer# The shattered jaw dro%%ed, and the wretch ye ed a oud to the horror of the s%ectators# * !asEue taken fro! that dreadfu head was ong exhibited in different nations of Euro%e, and a%%a ed the s%ectator by its ug iness, and the !ixture of fiendish ex%ression with that of bodi y agony# Thus fe Maxi!i ian .obes%ierre, after ha"ing been the first %erson in the French re%ub ic for near y two years, during which ti!e he go"erned it u%on the %rinci% es of ;ero or 9a igu a# +is e e"ation to the situation which he he d, in"o "ed !ore contradictions than %erha%s attach to any si!i ar e"ent in history# * ow&born and ow&!inded tyrant was %er!itted to ru e with the rod of the !ost frightfu des%otis! a %eo% e, whose anxiety for iberty had short y before rendered the! unab e to endure the ru e of a hu!ane and awfu so"ereign# * dastard y coward arose to the co!!and of one of the bra"est nations in the wor dB and it was under the aus%ices of a !an who dared scarce fire a %isto , that the greatest genera s in France began their careers of conEuest# +e had neither e oEuence nor i!aginationB but substituted in their stead a !iserab e, affected, bo!bastic sty e, which, unti other circu!stances ga"e hi! conseEuence, drew on hi! genera ridicu e# $et against so %oor an orator, a the e oEuence of the %hi oso%hica Girondists, a the terrib e %owers of his associate -anton, e!% oyed in a %o%u ar asse!b y, cou d not enab e the! to !ake an effectua resistance# 8t !ay see! trif ing to !ention, that in a nation where a good dea of %re%ossession is excited by a!iab e !anners and beauty of externa a%%earance, the %erson who ascended to the highest %ower was not on y i & ooking, but singu ar y !ean in %erson, awkward and constrained in his

address, ignorant how to set about % easing e"en when he !ost desired to gi"e % easure, and as tireso!e near y as he was odious and heart ess# To co!%ensate a these deficiencies, .obes%ierre had but an insatiab e a!bition, founded on a "anity which !ade hi! think hi!se f ca%ab e of fi ing the highest situationB and therefore ga"e hi! daring, when to dare is freEuent y to achie"e# +e !ixed a fa se and o"erstrained, but rather f uent s%ecies of bo!bastic co!%osition, with the grossest f attery to the owest c asses of the %eo% eB in consideration of which, they cou d not but recei"e as genuine the %raises which he a ways bestowed on hi!se f# +is %rudent reso ution to be satisfied with %ossessing the essence of %ower, without see!ing to desire its rank and tra%%ings, for!ed another art of cajo ing the !u titude# +is watchfu en"y, his ong&%rotracted but sure re"enge, his craft, which to "u gar !inds su%% ies the % ace of wisdo!, were his on y !eans of co!%eting with his distinguished antagonists# *nd it see!s to ha"e been a !erited %unish!ent of the extra"agances and abuses of the French re"o ution, that it engaged the country in a state of anarchy which %er!itted a wretch such as we ha"e described, to be for a ong %eriod !aster of her destiny# B ood was his e e!ent, ike that of the other terrorists and he ne"er fastened with so !uch % easure on a new "icti!B as when he was at the sa!e ti!e an ancient associate# 8n an e%ita%h, of which the fo owing cou% et !ay ser"e as a trans ation, his ife was re%resented as inco!%atib e with the existence of the hu!an race(D C+ere ies .obes%ierreD et no tear be shed( .eader, if he had i"ed, thou hadst been dead#C

The fa of .obes%ierre ended the C;ei1n of $error#C Most of the eaders who had acted a cons%icuous %art in these horrid scenes, !et a doo! si!i ar to that of their eaders# 8t is i!%ossib e to con"ey to the reader any adeEuate conce%tion of the atrocities co!!itted in France during this g oo!y %eriod, in the na!e of iberty# Men, wo!en, and chi dren were in"o "ed in the !assacres which took % ace at the instigation of the Jacobin chiefs# +undreds of both sexes were thrown into the 'oire, and this was ca ed re%ub ican !arriage and re%ub ican ba%tis!# *nd it shou d ne"er be forgotten, that it was not ti France as a nation, had denied the existence of a -eity, and the "a idity of his institutions, that she was "isited by such terrib e ca a!ities# 'et it be Cburnt in on the !e!oryC of e"ery generation, that such is the egiti!ate tendency of infide o%inions# They first destroy the conscienceD b unt the !ora senseDharden the heart, and wither u% a the socia and kind y affections, and then their "otaries are ri%e for any deed of wickedness within the %ossibi ity of acco!% ish!ent by hu!an agency# ,ays an e oEuent writerDC@hen the ,abbath was abo ished in France, the Mighty God whose being they had denied, and whose worshi% they abo ished, stood a oof and ga"e the! u%,Dand a scene of %roscri%tion, and assassination, and deso ation, ensued, un%ara e ed in the anna s of the ci"i iAed wor d# 8n the city of Paris, there were in FG1H, eight hundred and se"en suicides and !urders# *!ong the cri!ina s executed, there were

se"en fathers who had %oisoned their chi dren, ten husbands who had !urdered their wi"es, six wi"es who had %oisoned their husbands, and fifteen chi dren who had destroyed their %arents#C 8t !ay be %rofitab e here to record the end of se"era other Jacobin eaders who had been cons%icuous during these scenes of atrocity and b oodshed# Pub ic o%inion de!anded that so!e of the !ost obnoxious !e!bers shou d be conde!ned# *fter hesitating for so!e ti!e, at ength the con"ention, %ressed by sha!e on the one side and fear on the other, saw the necessity of so!e acti"e !easure, and a%%ointed a co!!ission to consider and re%ort u%on the conduct of the four !ost obnoxious Jacobin chiefs, 9o ot d'+erbois, Bi aud ?arennes, ?adier, and Barrere# The re%ort was of course unfa"ourab eB yet u%on the case being considered, the con"ention were satisfied to conde!n the! to trans%ortation to 9ayenne# ,o!e resistance was offered to this sentence, so !i d in %ro%ortion to what those who underwent it had been in the habit of inf ictingB but it was borne down, and the sentence was carried into execution# 9o ot d'+erbois, the de!o isher and de%o%u ator of 'yons, is said to ha"e died in the co!!on hos%ita , in conseEuence of drinking off at once a who e bott e of ardent s%irits# Bi aud ?arennes s%ent his ti!e in teaching the innocent %arrots of Guiana the frightfu jargon of the re"o utionary co!!itteeB and fina y %erished in !isery# These !en both be onged to that c ass of atheists, who, ooking u% towards hea"en, oud y and itera y defied the -eity to !ake his existence known by aunching his thunderbo ts# Mirac es are not wrought on the cha enge of a b as%he!er !ore than on the de!and of a sce%ticB but both these unha%%y !en had %robab y before their death reason to confess, that in abandoning the wicked to their own free wi , a greater %ena ty resu ts e"en in this ife, than if Pro"idence had been % eased to inf ict the i!!ediate doo! which they had i!%ious y defied# Encouraged by the success of this decisi"e !easure, the go"ern!ent %roceeded against so!e of the terrorists who! they had hitherto s%ared, but whose fate was now deter!ined, in order to strike dis!ay into their %arty# ,ix Jacobins, accounted a!ong the !ost ferocious of the c ass, were arrested and de i"ered u% to be tried by a !i itary co!!ission# They were a de%uties of the !ountain gang# 9ertain of their doo!, they ado%ted a des%erate reso ution# *!ong the who e %arty, they %ossessed but one knife, but they reso "ed it shou d ser"e the! a for the %ur%ose of suicide# The instant their sentence was %ronounced, one stabbed hi!se f with this wea%onB another snatched the knife fro! his co!%anion's dying hand, % unged it in his own boso!, and handed it to the third, who i!itated the dreadfu exa!% e# ,uch was the consternation of the attendants, that no one arrested the fata %rogress of the wea%onDa fe either dead or des%erate y woundedDthe ast were des%atched by the gui otine# *fter this decisi"e "ictory, and ast dreadfu catastro%he, Jacobinis!, considered as a %ure and un!ixed %arty, can scarce be said to ha"e again raised its head in France, a though its ea"en has gone to Eua ify and characteriAe, in so!e degree, !ore than one of the different %arties which ha"e succeeded the!# *s a %o itica sect, the Jacobins can be co!%ared to none that e"er existed, for none but the!se "es e"er thought of an organiAed, regu ar, and continued syste! of !urdering and % undering the

rich, that they !ight debauch the %oor by the distribution of their s%oi s# They bear, howe"er, so!e rese!b ance to the frantic fo owers of John of 'eyden and <ni%%erdo ing, who occu%ied Munster in the se"enteenth century, and co!!itted, in the na!e of re igion, the sa!e frantic horrors which the French Jacobins did in that of freedo!# 8n both cases, the courses ado%ted by these %arties were !ost foreign to, and inconsistent with, the a eged !oti"es of their conduct# The *naba%tists %ractised e"ery s%ecies of "ice and crue ty, by the dictates, they said, of ins%irationDthe Jacobins i!%risoned three hundred thousand of their country!en in the na!e of iberty, and %ut to death !ore than ha f the nu!ber, under the sanction of fraternity#

FOOTNOTES7
3*6 The Eueen !ade the fo owing ani!ated s%eech to the troo%s asse!b ed at Ti bury( CMy o"ing %eo% e, we ha"e been %ersuaded by so!e, that are carefu of our safety, to take heed how we co!!it ourse "es to ar!ed !u titudes, for fear of treachery, but 8 assure you, 8 do not desire to i"e to distrust !y faithfu and o"ing %eo% e#D'et tyrants fear( 8 ha"e a ways so beha"ed !yse f, that under God, 8 ha"e % aced !y chiefest strength and safeguard in the oya hearts and good wi of !y subjects# *nd therefore 8 a! co!e a!ong you at this ti!e, not as for !y recreation or s%ort, but being reso "ed, in the !idst and heat of the batt e, to i"e or die a!ong you a , to ay down, for !y God, and for !y kingdo!, and for !y %eo% e, !y honour and !y b ood, e"en in the dust# 8 know 8 ha"e but the body of a weak and feeb e wo!an, but 8 ha"e the heart of a king, and of a king of Eng and tooB and think fou scorn that Par!a or ,%ain, or any %rince of Euro%e, shou d dare to in"ade the borders of !y rea !s( To which rather than any dishonour shou d grow by !e, 8 !yse f wi take u% ar!sB 8 !yse f wi be your genera , judge, and rewarder of e"ery one of your "irtues in the fie d# 8 know a ready, by your forwardness, that you ha"e deser"ed rewards and crownsB and 8 do assure you, on the word of a %rince, they sha be du y %aid you# 8n the !ean ti!e !y ieutenant& genera sha be in !y stead, than who! ne"er %rince co!!anded a !ore nob e and worthy subjectB not doubting by your obedience to !y genera , by your concord in the ca!%, and your "a our in the fie d, we sha short y ha"e a fa!ous "ictory o"er those ene!ies of !y God, of !y kingdo!, and of !y %eo% e#C 3B6 *fterward 9har es 8# 396 * though Garnet was con"icted for this horrib e cri!e, yet the bigoted %a%ists were so besotted as to ook u%on hi! as an object of de"otionB they fancied that !irac es were wrought by his b oodB and regarded hi! as a !artyrS ,uch is the deadening and %er"erting inf uence of %o%ery# 3-6 The king of Eng and was at that ti!e ca ed hi1hness, not ma.esty, as at %resent# 3E6 The Pa%ists recei"e these books as of eEua di"ine authority with the books of the ) d Testa!ent#DEd# 3F6 This he actua y %ro%osed, but the %atriarch wou d not isten to the %ro%osa a !o!ent# 3G6 C+e causeth a Dto recei"e a !ark,C Kc# Cand no !an !ight buy or se sa"e he that had the !ark or the na!e of the beast#C The %atriarch was a so c othed in scar et, ike the wo!an on the scar et co oured beast# 3+6 ,ee .e"# xiii# FH

386 @hen he first ca!e to Beyroot, this sa!e sentence was dictated to hi!, and it a%%eared in his eyes so !uch ike b as%he!y, that he refused to write it# 3J6 @e afterwards ascertained, that he was decoyed off to a distance, as if for wa k, and when he wou d ha"e returned, was %re"ented by force# 3<6 This etter was a !ere tissue of testi!onies, brought fro! the fathers, and fro! the scri%tures, conde!ning the worshi% of i!ages#

T$%&'2$10*$'' N-)*'7
)b"ious %unctuation errors re%aired with the exce%tion of so!e Euotation !arks where origina intent cou d not be ascertained# Page /H0, the ast four na!es in the artic e CC.e"# T# @hitt e, B# Green, T# BrownC do not !atch the na!es used in the artic e# *s each was used on y once, this was retained as author's intent cou d not be ascertained# 8te!s retained in this edition( ?aried ca%ita iAation of 9hristian, Jew, de 'ega , and d'+erbois# 8nconsistent s%acing in !eanwhi e>!ean whi e# ?ariations in the s%e ing of %ro%er na!es such as( Benifie d and Benefie d, T owtdan and T owtdau, @ittenberg and @ittenburg# ?aried hy%henation was retained throughout# The re!aining corrections !ade are indicated by dotted ines under the corrections# ,cro the !ouse o"er the word and the origina text wi a%%ear#