2.

1 LINEAR MOTION Physical Quantity Distance, l Definition, Quantity, Symbol and unit Distance is the total path length traveled from one location to another. Q uantity: scalar SI unit: meter (m) (a) The distance in a specified direction. (b)the distance between two locations measured along Displacement, the shortest path connecting them in a specific l direction. (c) The distance of its final position from its initial position in a specified direction. Quantity: vector Speed,v Speed = Distance traveled Time ta ken Quantity: scalar Velocity, v Velocity = Displacement Time taken Direction of velocity is the direction of displacement Quantity : Vector SI unit: m s-1 Aver age speed Average velocity v = Total distant traveled, s Total time taken , t v = Displacement, s Time taken, t Example: A car moves at an average speed / veloc ity of 20 ms-1 On average, the car moves a distance / displacement of 20 m in 1 second for the whole journey. 1 SI unit: meter (m) Speed is the rate of change of distance SI unit: m s-1 Velocity is the rate of change of displacement.

Uniform speed Uniform velocity An object has a non-uniform velocity if: Accelera tion, a Speed that remains the same in magnitude regardless of its direction. Velocity t hat remains the same in magnitude and direction. (a) the direction of motion cha nges or the motion is not linear. (b)The magnitude of its velocity changes. When the velocity of an object changes, the object is said to be accelerating. Accel eration is defined as the rate of change of velocity. Acceleration = Change in v elocity Time taken = final velocity, v initial velocity, u Time taken, t a= v-u t unit : ms-2 acceleration is positive The velocity of an object increases from an initial velocity, u, to a higher fin al velocity, v The rate of decrease in speed in a specified direction. Deceleration acceleration is negative. Zero acceleration Constant acceleration The velocity of an object decreases from an initial velocity, u, to a lower fina l velocity, v. An object moving at a constants velocity, that is, the magnitude and direction of its velocity remain unchanged is not accelerating Velocity incr eases at a uniform rate. When a car moves at a constant or uniform acceleration of 5 ms-2, its velocity increases by 5 ms-1 for every second that the car is in motion. 2

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Constant = uniform increasing velocity = acceleration decreasing velocity = dece leration zero velocity = object at stationary / at rest negative velocity = obje ct moves at opposite direction 6. zero acceleration = constant velocity 7. negat ive acceleration = deceleration Comparisons between distance and displacement. Distance Total path length traveled from one location to another Displacement Th e distance between two locations measured along the shortest path connecting the m in specific direction Vector quantity It has both magnitude and direction SI u nit : meter Comparisons between speed and velocity Speed The rate of change of distance Scalar quantity It has magnitude but no dir ection SI unit : m s-1 Velocity The rate of change of displacement Vector quanti ty It has both magnitude and direction SI unit : m s-1 Scalar quantity It has magnitude but no direction SI unit meter

Fill in the blanks: 1. A steady speed of 10 m/s = A distance of .. .is traveled eve ry .. 2. A steady velocity of -10 m/s = A . Of 10 m is traveled every ..to the left steady acceleration of 4 ms-2 = Speed goes up by 4 m/s every . 4. A steady decelera tion of 4 ms-2 = speed goes .. by 4 m/s every . 5. A steady velocity of 10 m/s = 3

Example 1 Every day Rahim walks from his house to the junction which is 1.5 km f rom his house. Then he turns back and stops at warung Pak Din which is 0.5 km fr om his house. Example 2 Every morning Amirul walks to Ahmad's house which is situated 80 m to th e east of Amirul's house. They then walk towards their school which is 60 m to the south of Ahmad's house. (a) What is the distance traveled by Amirul and his displ acement from his house? (b)If the total time taken by Amirul to travel from his house to Ahmad's house and then to school is 15 minutes, what is his speed and vel ocity? (a) What is Rahim's displacement from his house when he reaches the junction. When he is at warung Pak Din. (b)After breakfast, Rahim walks back to his house. Whe n he reaches home, (i) what is the total distance traveled by Rahim? (ii) what i s Rahim's total displacement from his house? Example 3 Syafiq running in a race covers 60 m in 12 s. (a) What is his speed in m/s (b) If he takes 40 s to complete the race, what is his distance covered? 4

Example 4 An aeroplane flys towards the north with a velocity 300 km/hr in one h our. Then, the plane moves to the east with the velocity 400 km / hr in one hour . (a) What is the average speed of the plane? (b)What is the average velocity of the plane? (c) What is the difference between average speed and average velocit y of the plane? Example 5 The speedometer reading for a car traveling north show s 80 km/hr. Another car traveling at 80 km/hr towards south. Is the speed of bot h cars same? Is the velocity of both cars same? A ticker timer Use: 12 V a.c pow er supply 1 tick = time interval between two dots. The time taken to make 50 tic ks on the ticker tape is 1 second. Hence, the time interval between 2 consecutiv e dots is 1/50 = 0.02 s. 1 tick = 0.02 s 5

Relating displacement, velocity, acceleration and time using ticker tape. VELOCI TY FORMULA Time, t = 10 dots x 0.02 s = 0.2 s displacement, s = x cm velocity = s = x cm t 0.2 s Initial velocity, u = x1 0.2 final velocity, v = x2 0.2 acceler ation, a=vu t ACCELERATION elapse time, t = (5 1) x 0.2 s = 0.8 s or t = (50 10) ticks x 0.02 s = 0.8 s TICKER TAPE AND CHARTS TYPE OF MOTION Constant velocity slow moving Constant velocity fast moving Distance between the dots increases uniformly the velocity is of the object is i ncreasing uniformly The object is moving at a uniform / constant acceleration. 6

Distance between the dots decrease uniformly The velocity of the object is decre asing uniformly The object is experiencing uniform / constant deceleration Example 6 The diagram above shows a ticker tape chart for a moving trolley. The frequency of the ticker-timer used is 50 Hz. Each section has 10 dots-spacing. ( a) What is the time between two dots. (b) What is the time for one strips. (c) W hat is the initial velocity (d) What is the final velocity. (e) What is the time interval to change from initial velocity to final velocity? (f) What is the acc eleration of the object. THE EQUATIONS OF MOTION u = initial velocity v = final velocity t = time taken s = displacement a = constant accleration 7

2.2 MOTION GRAPHS DISPLACEMENT TIME GRAPH Velocity is obtained from the gradient of the graph. A B : gradient of the graph is +ve and constant \ velocity is const ant. B C : gradient of the graph = 0 \ the velocity = 0, object at rest. C D : gra dient of the graph ve and constant. The velocity is negative and object moves in the opposite direction. VELOCITY-TIME GRAPH Area below graph Positive gradient N egative gradient Zero gradient Distance / displacement Constant Acceleration (A B) Constant Deceleration (C D) Constant velocity / zero acceleration (B C) a ver sus t GRAPH Zero velocity s versus t v versus t Negative velocity Constant velocity 8

GRAPH Constant acceleration s versus t v versus t a versus t Constant deceleration Example 6 Contoh 11 Example 7 Based on the s t graph above: (a) Calculate the velocity at (i) AB (ii) BC (iii) CD (a) Calculate the acceleration at: (i) JK (ii) KL (iii) LM (b) Describe the motion of the object at: (i) AB (ii) BC (iii) CD (b) Describe t he motion of the object at: (i) JK (ii) KL (iii) LM (c)Find: (i) total distance (ii) total displacement (d) Calculate (i) the average speed (c) Calculate the av erage velocity. (ii) the average velocity of the moving particle. 9 Calculate th e total displacement.

2.3 INERTIA Inertia The inertia of an object is the tendency of the object to re main at rest or, if moving, to continue its motion. Every object continues in it s state of rest or of uniform motion unless it is acted upon by an external forc e. The larger the mass, the larger the inertia SITUATIONS INVOLVING INERTIA EXPL AINATION When the cardboard is pulled away quickly, the coin drops straight into the glass. The inertia of the coin maintains its state at rest. The coin falls into the glass due to gravity. Newton's first law Relation between inertia and mass SITUATION Chili sauce in the bottle can be easily poured out if the bottle is moved down f ast with a sudden stop. The sauce inside the bottle moves together with the bott le. When the bottle stops suddenly, the sauce continue in its state of motion du e to the effect of its inertia. Body moves forward when the car stops suddenly T he passengers were in a state of motion when the car was moving. When the car st opped suddenly, the inertia in the passengers made them maintain their state of motion. Thus when the car stop, the passengers moved forward. A boy runs away fr om a cow in a zig zag motion. The cow has a large inertia making it difficult to change direction. 10

 The head of hammer is secured tightly to its handle by knocking one end of the h andle, held vertically, on a hard surface. This causes the hammer head to contin ue on its downward motion when the handle has been stopped, so that the top end of the handle is slotted deeper into the hammer head. The drop of water on a wet umbrella will fall when the boy rotates the umbrella. This is because the drop of water on the surface of the umbrella moves simultaneously as the umbrella is rotated. When the umbrella stops rotating, the inertia of the drop of water will continue to maintain its motion. 1. Safety in a car: (a) Safety belt secure the driver to their seats. When the car stops suddenly, the seat belt provides the external force that prevents the driver from being thrown forward. (b)Headrest t o prevent injuries to the neck during rear-end collisions. The inertia of the he ad tends to keep in its state of rest when the body is moved suddenly. (c) An ai r bag is fitted inside the steering wheel. It provides a cushion to prevent the driver from hitting the steering wheel or dashboard during a collision. 2. Furni ture carried by a lorry normally are tied up together by string. When the lorry starts to move suddenly, the furniture are more difficult to fall off due to the ir inertia because their combined mass has increased. Two empty buckets which ar e hung with rope from a the ceiling. One bucket is filled with sand while the ot her bucket is empty. Then, both pails are pushed. It is found that the empty buc ket is easier to 11 Ways to reduce the negative effects of inertia Relationship between mass and inertia

 push compared to the bucket with sand. The bucket filled with sand offers more r esistance to movement. When both buckets are oscillating and an attempt is made to stop them, the bucket filled with sand offers more resistance to the hand (mo re difficult to bring to a standstill once it has started moving) This shows tha t the heavier bucket offers a greater resistance to change from its state of res t or from its state of motion. An object with a larger mass has a larger inertia . 2.4 MOMENTUM Definition Principle of Conservation of Momentum Momentum = Mass x velocity = mv SI unit: kg ms-1 In the absence of an external force, the total mo mentum of a system remains unchanged. Inelastic collision Elastic Collision Both objects move independently at their respective velocities after the collisi on. Momentum is conserved. Kinetic energy is conserved. Total energy is conserve d. The two objects combine and move together with a common velocity after the colli sion. Momentum is conserved. Kinetic energy is not conserved. Total energy is co nserved. 12

Total Momentum Before = total momentum After m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2 Total Momentum Before = Total Momentum After m1u1 + m2u2 = (m1 + m2) v Explosion Before explosion both object stick together and at rest. After collision, both object move at opposite direction. Total Momentum Total Momentum before collisio n after collision : Is zero m1v1 + m2v2 From the law of conservation of momentum : Total Momentum = Total Momentum Before collision after collision 0 = m1v1 + m2 v2 m1v1 = - m2v2 -ve sign means opposite direction EXAMPLES OF EXPLOSION (Principle Of Conservati on Of Momentum) When a rifle is fired, the bullet of mass m, moves with a high v elocity, v. This creates a momentum in the forward direction. From the principle of conservation of momentum, an equal but opposite momentum is produced to reco il the riffle backward. Application in the jet engine: A high-speed hot gases ar e ejected from the back with high momentum. This produces an equal and opposite momentum to propel the jet plane forward. 13

The launching of rocket Mixture of hydrogen and oxygen fuels burn explosively in the combustion chamber. Jets of hot gases are expelled at very high speed throu gh the exhaust. These high speed hot gases produce a large amount of momentum do wnward. By conservation of momentum, an equal but opposite momentum is produced and acted on the rocket, propelling the rocket upwards. In a swamp area, a fan b oat is used. The fan produces a high speed movement of air backward. This produc es a large momentum backward. By conservation of momentum, an equal but opposite momentum is produced and acted on the boat. So the boat will move forward. A sq uid propels by expelling water at high velocity. Water enters through a large op ening and exits through a small tube. The water is forced out at a high speed ba ckward. Total Mom. before= Total Mom. after 0 =Mom water + Mom squid 0 = mwvw + msvs -mwvw = msvs The magnitude of the momentum of water and squid are equal but opposite direction. This causes the squid to jet forward. 14

Example Example Car A of mass 1000 kg moving at 20 ms-1 collides with a car B of mass 1200 kg mo ving at 10 m s-1 in same direction. If the car B is shunted forwards at 15 m s-1 by the impact, what is the velocity, v, of the car A immediately after the cras h? Before collision After collision MA = 4 kg MB = 2 kg UA = 10 m/s to the left UB = 8 m/s to the right VB = 4 m/s t o the left. Calculate the value of VA . Example Example A truck of mass 1200 kg moving at 30 m/s collides with a car of mass 1000 kg whi ch is traveling in the opposite direction at 20 m/s. After the collision, the tw o vehicles move together. What is the velocity of both vehicles immediately afte r collision? A man fires a pistol which has a mass of 1.5 kg. If the mass of the bullet is 10 g and it reaches a velocity of 300 m/s after shooting, what is the recoil veloc ity of the pistol? 15

2.5 FORCE Example: Balanced Force When the forces acting on an object are balanc ed, they cancel each other out. The net force is zero. Effect : the object at is at rest [ velocity = 0] or moves at constant velocity [ a = 0] Weight, W = Lift, U Unbalanced Force/ Resultant Force Thrust, F = drag, G When the forces acting on an object are not balanced, there must be a net force acting on it. The net force is known as the unbalanced force or the resultant fo rce. Effect : Can cause a body to - change it state at rest (an object will acce lerate - change it state of motion (a moving object will decelerate or change it s direction) Force, Mass & Acceleration The acceleration produced by a force on an object New ton's Second is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net Law of Motion fo rce applied and is inversely proportional to the mass of the object. The directi on of the acceleration is the same as that of the net force. When a net force, F, acts on a mass, m it causes an acceleration, a. Force = Mass x Acceleration F = ma 16

Relationship between a & F aaF The acceleration, a, is directly proportional to the applied force, F. a 1 m Relationship between a and m The acceleration of an object is inversely proportional to the mass, Experiment to Find The Relationship between Force, Mass & Acceleration Relations hip between Situation a&F a&m Inference Both men are pushing the same mass but man A puts greater effort. So he moves fa ster. The acceleration produced by an object depends on the net force applied to it. The acceleration of the object increases when the force applied increases Both men exerted the same strength. But man B moves faster than man A. The accel eration produced by an object depends on the mass The acceleration of the object decreases when the mass of the object increases Mass Acceleration Force Hypothesis Variables: Manipulated : Force Responding : Acceleration Constant : Mass Apparat us and Material Ticker tape and elastic cords, ticker timer, trolleys, power supply and friction compensated runway and meter ruler. 17

Procedure : - Controlling manipulated variables. An elastic cord is hooked over the trolley. The elastic cord is stretched until the end of the trolley. The trolley is pulled down the runway with the elastic c ord being kept stretched by the same amount of force Determine the acceleration by analyzing the ticker tape. Acceleration a = v-u t An elastic cord is hooked over a trolley. The elastic cord is stretched until th e end of the trolley. The trolley is pulled down the runway with the elastic cor d being kept stretched by the same amount of force Determine the acceleration by analyzing the ticker tape. Acceleration a = v-u t - Controlling responding variables. - Repeating experiment. Recording data Repeat the experiment by Repeat the experiment by using two , three, four using two, three, four and and five elastic cords five trolleys. Analysing data 18

1. What force is required to move a 2 kg object with an acceleration of 3 m s-2, if (a) the object is on a smooth surface? (b) The object is on a surface where the average force of friction acting on the object is 2 N? 2. Ali applies a force of 50 N to move a 10 kg table at a constant velocity. Wha t is the frictional force acting on the table? 3. A car of mass 1200 kg traveling at 20 m/s is brought to rest over a distance of 30 m. Find (a) the average deceleration, (b) the average braking force. 4. Which of the following systems will produce maximum acceleration? 2.6 IMPULSE AND IMPULSIVE FORCE Impulse The change of momentum mv - mu Unit : kg ms-1 or Ns Impulsive The rate of change of momentum in a Force collision or expl osion Unit = N Impulsive force is inversely proportional to time of contact m = mass u = initial velocity v = final velocity t = time Effect of time Longer period of time Impulsive force decrease Shorter period of time Impulsive fo rce increase 19

Situations for Reducing Impulsive Force in Sports Situations Explanation Thick m attress with soft surfaces are used in events such as high jump so that the time interval of impact on landing is extended, thus reducing the impulsive force. T his can prevent injuries to the participants. Goal keepers will wear gloves to increase the collision time. This will reduce t he impulsive force. A high jumper will bend his legs upon landing. This is to in crease the time of impact in order to reduce the impulsive force acting on his l egs. This will reduce the chance of getting serious injury. A baseball player mu st catch the ball in the direction of the motion of the ball. Moving his hand ba ckwards when catching the ball prolongs the time for the momentum to change so a s to reduce the impulsive force. Situation of Increasing Impulsive Force Situati ons Explanation A karate expert can break a thick wooden slab with his bare hand that moves at a very fast speed. The short impact time results in a large impul sive force on the wooden slab. A massive hammer head moving at a fast speed is b rought to rest upon hitting the nail. The large change in momentum within a shor t time interval produces a large impulsive force which drives the nail into the wood. 20

A football must have enough air pressure in it so the contact time is short. The impulsive force acted on the ball will be bigger and the ball will move faster and further. Pestle and mortar are made of stone. When a pestle is used to pound chilies the hard surfaces of both the pestle and mortar cause the pestle to be stopped in a very short time. A large impulsive force is resulted and thus causes these spice s to be crushed easily. Example 1 A 60 kg resident jumps from the first floor of a burning house. His velocity just before landing on the ground is 6 ms-1. (a) Calculate the impulse when his legs hit the ground. (b) What is the impulsive fo rce on the resident's legs if he bends upon landing and takes 0.5 s to stop? (c) W hat is the impulsive force on the resident's legs if he does not bend and stops in 0.05 s? (d) What is the advantage of bending his legs upon landing? Example 2 R ooney kicks a ball with a force of 1500 N. The time of contact of his boot with the ball is 0.01 s. What is the impulse delivered to the ball? If the mass of th e ball is 0.5 kg, what is the velocity of the ball? 21

2.7 SAFETY VEHICLE Component Function Headrest To reduce the inertia effect of the driver's head. Air bag Absorbing impact by increasing the amount of time the driver's head to come t o the steering. So that the impulsive force can be reduce Windscreen The protect the driver Crumple Can be compressed during accident. So it can increase zone t he amount of time the car takes to come to a complete stop. So it can reduce the impulsive force. Front Absorb the shock from the accident. Made from steel, bum per aluminium, plastic or rubber. ABS Enables drivers to quickly stop the car wi thout causing the brakes to lock. Side impact Can be compressed during accident. So it can increase bar the amount of time the car takes to come to a complete s top. So it can reduce the impulsive force. Seat belt To reduce the inertia effec t by avoiding the driver from thrown forward. 22

2.8 GRAVITY Gravitational Objects fall because they are pulled towards the Earth Force by the force of gravity. This force is known as the pull of gravity or th e earth's gravitational force. The earth's gravitational force tends to pull everyth ing towards its centre. Free fall An object is falling freely when it is falling under the force of gravity only. A piece of paper does not fall freely because its fall is affected by air resistance. An object falls freely only in vacuum. T he absence of air means there is no air resistance to oppose the motion of the o bject. In vacuum, both light and heavy objects fall freely. They fall with the s ame acceleration ie. The acceleration due to gravity, g. Objects dropped under t he influence of the pull of gravity with constant acceleration. This acceleratio n is known as the gravitational acceleration, g. The standard value of the gravi tational acceleration, g is 9.81 m s-2. The value of g is often taken to be 10 m s-2 for simplicity. The magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity depends on the strength of the gravitational field. Acceleration due to gravity, g Gravitational The gravitational field is the region around the earth in field wh ich an object experiences a force towards the centre of the earth. This force is the gravitational attraction between the object and the earth. The gravitationa l field strength is defined as the gravitational force which acts on a mass of 1 kilogram. g= F m Its unit is N kg-1. 23

Gravitational field strength, g = 10 N kg-1 Acceleration due to gravity, g = 10 m s-2 The approximate value of g can therefore be written either as 10 m s-2 or as 10 N kg-1. Weight The gravitational force acting on the object. Weight = mass x gravitational acceleration W = mg SI unit : Newton, N and it is a vector quan tity Mass The mass of an object is the amount of matter in the object Constant e verywhere A scalar quantity A base quantity SI unit: kg The difference between a fall in air and a free fall in a vacuum of a coin and a feather. Both the coin and the feather are released simultaneously from the same height. At vacuum stat e: There is no air resistance. The coin and the feather will fall freely. Only g ravitational force acted on the objects. Both will fall at the same time. At nor mal state: Both coin and feather will fall because of gravitational force. Air r esistance effected by the surface area of a fallen object. The feather that has large area will have more air resistance. The coin will fall at first. 24 Comparison between weight & mass Weight The weight of an object is the force of gravity acting on the object. Var ies with the magnitude of gravitational field strength, g of the location A vect or quantity A derived quantity SI unit : Newton, N

(a) The two sphere are falling with an acceleration. The distance between two su ccessive images of the sphere increases showing that the two spheres are falling with increasing velocity; falling with an acceleration. (b)The two spheres are falling down with the same acceleration The two spheres a re at the same level at all times. Thus, a heavy object and a light object fall with the same gravitational acceleration. Gravitational acceleration is independ ent of mass. Two steel spheres are falling under gravity. The two spheres are dropped at the same time from the same height. Motion graph for free fall object Free fall object Object thrown upward Object thrown upward and fall Example 1 A coconut takes 2.0 s to fall to the ground. What is (a) its speed whe n it strikes the ground (b) the height of the coconut tree. 25

2.9 ant 2. on

FORCES IN EQUILIBRIUM Forces in When an object is in equilibrium, the result force acting Equilibrium on it is zero. The object will either be 1. at rest move with constant velocity. Newton's 3rd Law Examples( Label the forces acted the objects)

Resultant Force A single force that represents the combined effect of two of more forces in magn itude and direction. Addition of Forces Resultant force, F = ____ + ____ Resultant force, F = ____ + ____ 26

Two forces acting at a point at an angle [Parallelogram method] STEP 1 : Using ruler and protractor, draw the two forces F1 and F2 from a point. STEP 3 Draw the diagonal of the parallelogram. The diagonal represent the result ant force, F in magnitude and direction. STEP 2 Complete the parallelogram scale: 1 cm = Resolution of Forces A force F can be resolved into components which are perpendicular to each other: (a) horizontal component , FX (b) vertical component, FY Inclined Plane Fx = F cos q Fy = F sin q Component of weight parallel to the plane = mg sin q Component of weight normal to the plane = mg cos q 27

find the resultant force (d) (e) Lift Stationary Lift Lift accelerate upward Lift accelerate downward Resultant Force = The reading of weighing scale = Resultant Force = The reading of weighing scale = Resultant Force = The reading of weighing scale = 28

Pulley 1. Find the resultant force, F 2. Find the moving mass,m 3. Find the acceleratio n,a 4. Find string tension, T 29

2.10 WORK, ENERGY, POWER & EFFICIENCY Work Work done is the product of an applie d force and the displacement of an object in the direction of the applied force W = Fs The SI unit of work is the joule, J W = work, F = force s = displacement 1 joule of work is done when a force of 1 N moves an object 1 m in the direction of the force Calculation of Work The displacement, s of the object is in the direction of the force, F The displacement , s of the object is not in the direction of the forc e, F W = Fs s F W = (F cos q) s W=Fs Example 1 A boy pushing his bicycle with a force of 25 N through a distance of 3 m. Example 2 A girl is lifting up a 3 kg flower pot steadily to a height of 0.4 m. Example 3 A man is pulling a crate of fish along the floor with a force of 4 0 N through a distance of 6 m. Calculate the work done by the boy. What is the work done by the girl? What is the work done in pulling the crate? 30

No work is done when: The object is stationary The direction of motion of the object is perpendicular to that of the applied fo rce. A student carrying his bag while waiting at the bus stop A waiter is carrying a tray of food and walking No force is applied on the object in the direction of displacement (the object m oves because of its own inertia) A satellite orbiting in space. There is no fric tion in space. No force is acting in the direction of movement of the satellite. Concept Power Definition The rate at which work is done, or the amount of work done per second . Formula & Unit P= W t p = power, W = work / energy t = time Energy Energy is the capacity to do work. An object that can do work has energy Work is done because a force is applied and the objects move. This is accompanied by th e transfer of energy from one object to another object. Therefore, when work is done, energy is transferred from one object to another. The work done is equal t o the amount of energy transferred. Gravitational potential energy is the energy of an object due to its higher position in the gravitational field. m = mass h = height g = gravitational acceleration E = mgh Potential Energy Kinetic Energy Kinetic energy is the energy of m = mass an object due to its motion. v = veloci ty E = mv2 31

Principle of Conservation of Energy Energy can be changed from one form to another, but it cannot be created or dest royed. The energy can be transformed from one form to another, total energy in a system is constant. Total energy before = total energy after Example 4 A worker is pulling a wooden block of weight,W,with a force of P along a fritionless plank at height of h. The distance traveled by the block is x. Ca lculate the work done by the worker to pull the block. Example 5 A student of mass m is climbing up a flight of stairs which has the he ight of h. He takes t seconds.. What is the power of the student? Example 6 A stone is thrown upward with initial -1 velocity of 20 ms . What is t he maximum height which can be reached by the stone? Example 7 A boll is released from point A of height 0.8 m so that it can roll along a curv e frictionless track. What is the velocity of the ball when it reaches point B? Example 8 Example 9 32

A trolley is released from rest at point X along a frictionless track. What is t he velocity of the trolley at point Y? A ball moves upwards along a frictionless track of height 1.5 m with a velocity of -1 6 ms . What is its velocity at point B? Example 10 A boy of mass 20 kg sits at the top of a concrete slide of height 2.5 m. When he slides down the slope, he does work to overcome friction of 140 J. W hat is his velocity at the end of the slope? 33

2.12 ELASTICITY Elasticity A property of matter that enables an object to return to its original size and shape when the force that was acting on it is removed. No external force is applied. Molecules are at their equilibrium separation. In termolecular force is equal zero. Compressing a solid causes its molecules to be displaced closer to each other. R epulsive intermolecular force acts to push the molecules back to their original positions. Stretching a solid causes its molecules to be displaced away from each other. At tractive intermolecular force acts to pull back the molecules to their original positions. Stretching a wire by an external force: Its molecules are slightly displaced away from one another. Strong attractive fo rces act between the molecules to oppose the stretching When the external force is removed: The attractive intermolecular forces bring the molecules back to the ir equilibrium separation. The wire returns to its original position 34

Hooke's Law The extension of a spring is directly proportional to the applied force provided the elastic limit is not exceeded. F = kx F= force on the spring x = extension k = force constant of the spring Force extension graph Based on the graph: Relationship between F & x : F is directly proportional to x The gradient of the graph represent = force constant of the spring, k Area unde r the graph equal to the work done to extent the spring: = elastic potential ene rgy = Fx = kx2 The elastic limit of a spring The maximum force that can be applied to a spring such that the spring will be a ble to be restored to its original length when the force is removed. If a force stretches a spring beyond its elastic limit, the spring cannot return to its ori ginal length even though the force no longer acts on it. The Hooke's law is not ob eyed anymore. The force required to produce one unit of extension of the spring. k= F x Force constant of the spring, k unit N m-1 or N cm-1 or N mm-1 k is a measurement of the stiffness of the spring The spring with a larger force constant is harder to extend and is said to be more stiff. A spring with a smal ler force constant is easier to extend and is said to be less stiff or softer. 35

Factors that effect elasticity Factor Change in factor How does it affects the elasticity Length Shorter spring Less elastic Longer spr ing More elastic Diameter of spring Smaller diameter More elastic wire Larger di ameter Less elastic Diameter spring Smaller diameter Less elastic Larger diamete r More elastic Type of material Springs made of different materials Elasticity c hanges according to the type of material Arrangement of the spring In series In parallel The same load is applied to each The load is shared equally among the spring. sp rings. W Tension in each spring = W Tension in each spring = 2 Extension of each spring = x x Total extension = 2x Extension of each spring = 2 If n springs are used: If n springs are used: The total extension = nx x The total extension = n Example 1 The original length of each spring is 10 cm. With a load of 10 g, the extension of each spring is 2 cm. What is the length of the spring system for (a ), (b) and (c)? 36

37

SECTION A QUESTION 1 Figure 1.1 shows a car moving along a straight line but hil ly road. Figure 1.1 Figure 1.2 shows how the velocity of the car varies with tim e as it travels from A to E. The car travels at 60 kmh-1 from A to B for two min utes. (a) Figure 1.2 Describe the acceleration of the car as it travels from A t o E. . Compare the resultant force as it travels along AB and (b) 1 m (c) 1 m (d)

2 m (e) The velocity of a car increases if the force exerted on the accelerator of a car increases. Explain why the velocity of the car increases from D to E al though the force on the accelerator of the car is the same as a long C to D. 38

 ... QUESTION 2 (SPM 1999) 39

QUESTION 3 ( SPM 2000) Figure 2 Figure 2 shows a car of mass 1 000kg moving a st raight but hilly road. QRST and TU is the part of the hill that have constant sl ope where the slope of QRST is higher that the slope of TU. The frictional force that acts along QRSTU is 2 000N. The velocity if the car at P is 80kmh-1 and ta kes 3 minutes to move from point P to Q. The motion of the car along PQRSTU repr esent by a velocity-time graph in Figure 3.

(e) Why is it necessary to ha capacity limit for the safe A bus bus? the travele d from Kota Lumpur at 9:00 pm. The cap passenger in the bus is 40 mass of the bu ca and the average frictional fo bus tire and the road for the jo Th stopover a at 12:00 mid night on the s hour later the bus continue Kuala Lumpur with average The bus arrived at 6:00 am on (a) Put in a table all the phys invo lved in the informatio two groups. (b) Calculate the total distanc the bus. (c) Sketch a distance-time gr the motion of the bus. (d) (i) What is the value of the tr the bus when it moves at speed? (ii) Give a reason for the ans 40

(a) Classify the physical quantity into two groups. 2m (b) From the graph in Fig ure 3, explain the acceleration of the car from point P to S. answer in c(i) 1m ... (d) Calculate the distance form point P

2m QUESTION 4 (SPM 2002) Figure 3(i) Figure 3(ii) Figure 3(i) shows a sky diver start to make a jump from an aircraft at a certain height. Figure 3(ii) shows a velocity-time graph for the skydiver at position S, T, U, V and W from the earth surface. (a) (i) At which point the parachute start to open? he diver at ST. 41 1m 1m

2m (c) Sketch an acceleration-time graph for the motion of the skydiver at point S, T, U, V and W at the space below.

3m (d) Suggest one way that can the skydiver apply to reduce injuries on his leg during landing. Explain your answer. ... QUESTION 5 (SPM 1988) Figure 4(i) 42

Figure 4(i) show a gun fires a bullet of mass 5g to an object. (a) (i) What happ en to the gun during the shot? 1m .. (ii) Explain your answer et speed is 400ms-1, what is the momentum of the bullet? 2m (ii) What is speed o f the object after the bullet obscured into the object after the gunshot? 2m (c) The object and the bullet that obscured in the object aloft at a maximum height of H, as shown in Figure 4(ii). Figure 4(ii) (i) What is the value of kinetic energy of the object together with the bullet 2m inside the object? 43

(ii) Calculate maximum height, H achieved by the object? 2m

1m (iii) In real situation it is possible to achieved maximum height, H. Why? ary boat. He then jumps out of the boat onto the jetty. The boat moves a way fro m the jetty as he jumps. Figure 5 (a) State the physics principle that is involv ed in the movement of the boat as the man jumps onto the jetty.

1m (b) Explain why the boat moves away from the jetty when

1m (c) The mass of the man is 50 kg and he jumps at a velo velocity of the boat as the man jumps. (d) Name one application of the physics principle stated in (a) in an exploration of outer space. 44 2m

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