Disease Definition Risk Factors Signs and Complications Diagnostics Medical Management Surgical Nursing

Symptoms Management Management

CONTUSION Is an injury to the Injury, trauma, fall, hemorrhage into >Permanent brain >MRI >Osmotic Diuretic >Drill hole to 1.Observe LOC,
soft tissue battered, collide, injured part >damage (intellect, >CT scan >intubation release pressure neurologic status,
produced by a MVA (ecchymosis), pain speech, gait, seizure, >neurophysiokogical >management of >Supratentorial Glasgow Coma
blunt force and swelling, paralysis) test increased ICP >Infratentorial Scale, respiratory
hyperkalemia may >Systemic infection >CBC >Antibiotics- to prevent status
be present if >Increased ICP infections 2.Notice in
extensive >Posttraumatic >Supportive care changes in vital
4.pale, clammy alterations >oxycodone (opiate), signs
skin, shallow >Cerebral edema, propanolol (bete- 3.Assist in
respiration, neurologic shock, adrenergic blocker), intubation
temporary amnesia >F & E disturbance, clonidine (alpha- 4.Begin nutritional
of recent events, >venous thrombosis, adrenergic antagonist), support
loss of >infection dantrolene (muscle
consciousness relaxant)
CONCUSSION A temporary loss Injury, trauma, fall, Temporary >Systemic infection >MRI >Osmotic Diuretic >Drill hole to 1.Observe LOC,
of consciousness battered, collide, disorientation, >Increased ICP >CT scan >intubation release pressure neurologic status,
that results from MVA blurred vision, >Brain herniation >neurophysiological >management of >Supratentorial Glasgow Coma
a transient double vision, >Posttraumatic test increased ICP >Infratentorial Scale, respiratory
interruption of irritability, seizure disorder >CBC >Antibiotics- to prevent status
the brain’s dizziness, >Neurobehavioral infections 2.Notice in
normal emotional changes alterations >Supportive care changes in vital
functioning >Cerebral edema, >oxycodone (opiate), signs
neurologic shock, propanolol (bete- 3.Assist in
>F & E disturbance, adrenergic blocker), intubation
>venous thrombosis, clonidine (alpha- 4.Begin nutritional
>infection adrenergic antagonist), support
dantrolene (muscle
relaxant)
HEMATOMA Well-defined Injury, trauma, fall, >epidural – >Cerebral edema, >MRI >Osmotic Diuretic >Craniotomy 1.Proper
pocket of blood battered, collide, ipsilateral pupil neurologic shock, >CT scan >intubation >Craniectomy positioning
and fluid beneath MVA changes, >F & E disturbance, >management of >Craniectomy 2.Neurologic
the skin contralateral >venous thrombosis, increased ICP Assessment
hemiparesis >Systemic infection >Antibiotics- to prevent 3.Maintain patent
>subdural – >Increased ICP infections airway
deterioration of >Brain herniation >Supportive care 4.Monitior ICP
LOC, ipsi and >Posttraumatic >oxycodone (opiate), 5.Monitor
contralateral seizure disorder propanolol (bete- respiration
hemiparesis, >Neurobehavioral adrenergic blocker), 6..If intracerebral
memory lapse, alterations clonidine (alpha- hematoma, stop
confusion, adrenergic antagonist), bleeding
drowsiness, dantrolene (muscle
personality relaxant)
changes
>intracerebral –
increase ICP
SKULL A break in one or Injury, trauma, fall, Headache, bruises, >Systemic infection >MRI >Osmotic Diuretic >Burr holes 1.Maintain patent
FRACTURE more of the battered, collide, laceration , >Increased ICP >CT scan >Corticosteriod >Debridement of airway
cranial bones MVA rhinorrhea, >Brain herniation >Radiographic >Ventilatory support scalp and skull 2.Assess
otorrhea, Battle >Posttraumatic studies discharges
sign, conjuctival seizure disorder 3.Provide adequate
hemorrhage, >Neurobehavioral nutrition and
seizure alterations possible
>Cerebral edema, nasogastric
neurologic shock, feedings
>F & E disturbance, 4.Observe sensory
>venous thrombosis, changes
5.Care of surgical
 site
6.Avoid driving,
avoid straining
during bowel
SPINAL CORD Include fractures, Accident, violence, Tetraplegia, >Respiratory arrest, >Spinal radiography >Dextra, plasma >decompressive 1.Do not move
INJURY contusion, or contact sports paraplegia, >pressure ulcer due >CT scan expanders – used to laminectomy client until
compression of hemiplegia, to immobility increase capillary blood adequate personnel
the vertebral hemaparesis, >renal calculi flow within the spinal or equipment are
column with muscle spasm >C1,C2,C3 –affect cord available
damage to the respiration, >Dantrolene, Baclofen – 2.Keep the neck
spinal cord quadriplesia, to prevent muscle aligned
impaired bowel and spasticity 3.Immobilize the
movement head and neck
>C4,C5- no sensation 4.Maintain patent
>C6,C7,C8- problem airway
on sensation on 5.Prepare client for
thumb. No sensation sugery
on chest 6.Perform passive
>T1-T6 –paralysis, range of motion
no sensation on exercises
midchest 7.Promote normal
>T7-T12- decrease bowel and bladder
sensation below elimination
waist
>L1-L2-hip
abduction impaired
>L3-L5- motor
movement impaired
>S1-S5- decrease
bowel and bladder
control
SPINAL CORD Is the tissue Tumor, nerve root Weakness, >Respiratory >lumbar tap >corticosteroids >laminectomy. 1.Neurological
COMPRESSION compression compression, spinal paralysis, impairment, >neurologic >skeletal muscle relaxant >diskectomy assessment
surrounding the injury, age, disease paresthesia, pain >mobility examination >tranquilizer 2.Provide safety
spinal cord that weakens the especially when impairment >x-ray >antianxiety measures
vertebrae lifting heavy >sensory losses > bone scan >aspirin 3. Bedrset
objects >bladder or bowel >MRI >analgesic
dysfunction >phenybutazone
CEREBRAL Is a distention of Atherosclerosis, Headache, >Fatal hge >Radiographic >anticonvulsant >craniotomy 1.Avoid Valsalva
ANEURYSM an artery brought Heredity, Infection, increase ICP, n/v, >myocardial studies >corticosteroid maneuver
about by a Trauma, loss of ischemia >cerebral >osmotic diuretic 2.Fluid restriction
weakening/ Immunologic consciousness, >stroke angiography >amino caproic acid 3.Provide normal
destruction of the Conditions, dizziness, >paraplegia >lumbar puncture >antiemetic bowel elimination
arterial wall Hypertension, >CT scan 4.Seizure
Local infection, >UTZ precaution
congenital >Spiral CT 5.Use antiembolic
weakness of vessels >Ateriography stockings
6.Avoid emotional
situation
CVA Is the onset and Aterioscelorosis, Headache, >Aspiration >carotid UTZ >thrombolytic therapy – 1.Neurological
persistence of emboli, occlusion, numbness, >pneumonia, >CT tPA assessment
neurologic hemorrhage weakness, loss of >spasticity, >CT angiogram >Antihypertensive agents 2.Monitor bowel
dysfunction motor ability, >contractures >Cerebral >Vasopressor agents and bladder contro
lasting longer dysphagia, >DVT angiography >colloids and volume 3.Maintain
than 24 hours aphasia, alteref >pulmonary >PET expanders functional position
and resulting cognitive abilties embolism of all extremities
from disruption >brain stem 4.Safety measures
of blood supply herniation 5.Facilitate
to the brain and >post stroke communication
 indicates depression 6.Teach px to use
infarction unaffected side fro
activities of daily
living
MULTIPLE A progressively Autoimmune Fatigue, weakness, >Respiratory >MRI >corticosteroids 1.Assess client’s
SCLEROSIS disabling dysfunction, abnormal reflexes, dysfunction >lumbar puncture >immunosuppressive sleep and rest
demyelinating heredity, infections double vision, >infections >CSF analysis agents patterns
disease affecting nystagmus, tremor, >complications from >interferon beta-1a 2.Encourage
nerve fibers of paresthesia, immobility (Rebif, Avonex) adequate rest
the brain and dysarthria, >dysarthria >interferon beta-1b 3.Assist client in
spinal cord and >copolymer-1 – reduce planning lifestyle
marked by relapse rate 4.Encourage
periodic relaxation and
exacerbation and coordination
remissions exercises
>classification: 5.Maintain patent
1. relapsing airway
remitting(RR) 6.Promote
2. secondary measures to
progressive (SP) enhance body
3. primary image
progressive(PP)
4. progressive
relapsing(PR)
GUILLAIN Is an acute, Autoimmune d/o, Paresthesia, >Respiratory failure >lumbar puncure >plasmapheresis 1.Explain all
BARRE rapidly viral infection dysthesias, acute >cardiac >CSF analysis >high-dose procedures and
SYNDROME progressing, onset of dysrhythmias >electrophysiologic immunoglobulin therapy care to help reduce
ascending progressive >paralysis studies >analgesics client’s anxiety
inflammatory muscle weakness >anxiety and >muscle relaxants 2.Monitor
demyelinating beginning from the depression respiratory status
polyneuropathy legs and 3.Prevent
of the peripheral ascending, complications of
sensory and difficulty in immobility
motor nerves and swallowing, 4.Maximize
nerve roots decreased or effective
absent deep tendon communication
reflex, automic 5.Promote
dysfunction, adequate nutrition
decreased vital to prevent muscle
capacity wasting
ALZHEIMER’S progressive, genetic/familial S/Sx >injury >Noncontrast >Cholinesterase inhibitors 1.Provide rest
DISEASE irreversible, female gender Early:short term >malnutrition computed >Donepezil ( Aricept) periods
degenerative, advanced age memory tomography >antidepressant 2.Provide adequate
neurologic diease viruses impairment >Magnetic >Galantamine (Reminyl) lighting
that begins environmental Mild anomia resonance imaging >Memantine (Namenda) 3.Pncourage use of
indiously and is toxins Poor abstract >Single Photon assistive safety
characterized by silent brain infarcts reasoning and emission computed devices
gradual losses of previous head orientation tomography 4.Ensure physical
cognitive injury Topographic >Complete blood activity as tolerated
function and disorientation count or provide ROM
disturbances in Visual and spatial >Commercial exercises
behavior and disorientation assasys for CSF 5.Maintain quiet
affect Middle:Apraxia and relaxing
Perseveration environment
Nocturnal
restlessness
Apraxia
Aphasia
Agraphia
 Advanced:

progression of
sign and
symptoms
Dysarthria
Paranoid delusions
Short attention
span
Wandering
Hyperactivity
Pacing
Restlessness
Agitation
Hallucinations
Los of spontaneity
and social
inhibitions
Urinary and fecal
incontinence
Emaciation
Increased
irritability
Unresponsiveness
MYASTHENIA chronic genetic extreme muscular >Aspiration >serum test for >oral anticholinesterase- >Thymectomy 1.Monitor
GRAVIS autoimmune environmental weakness >Respiratory failure acetylcholine neostigmine bromide respiratory status
disorder affecting factors easy fatigability >Complications of receptor antibodies (Prostigmin), 2.Monitor speech
the women diplopia decreased physical >Edrophonium pyridostigmine and swallowing
neuromuscular ptosis mobility (Tensilon) test (Mestinon, Regonol) activities
transmission of masklike facial >Electrophysiologic >immunosuppressive 3.Administer
impulses in the expression testing drugs- prednisone, medications as
voluntary dysarthria >CT Scan azathioprine (Imuran) prescribed
muscles if the dysphagia >Palsmapheresis- 4.Provide rest
body , dysphonia removes antibodies from periods
characterized by sudden respiratory blood 5.Instruct to avoid
varying degrees distress >Edrophonium (tensilon) muscle stress
of weakness. tachycardia
anxiety
PARKINSON’S chronic, genetic Bradykinesia >dementia >Positron Emission >anticholinergics- >Pallidotomy- 1.Encourage
DISEASE progressive atherosclerosis Tremors >aspiration Tomography trihexyphenidyl(Artane), electrode destroys patienty to
neurologic head trauma Rigidity >injury from falls benztropine(Cogentin), cells in the globus participate in daily
disease affecting toxicity from Resting “pill- NS pallidus and exercises
the brain centers pesticides, rolling” tremors procyclidine(Kemadrin) improves 2.Advise stretching
responsible for herbicides, Poor balance >Amantadine longstanding and postural
control and methylphenyl- Autonomic (Symmetrel) – reduce symptoms exercises
regulation of tetrahydropyridine disorders- transmission of chronic deep brain 3.Encourage to
movement or welding fumes sleeplessness, cholinergic pathways stimulation of the take warm baths
salivation, >Levadopa -carbidopa thalamus, and receive
orthostatic (Sinemet)-inhibit electrodes massages
hypotension, destruction of levadopa in implanted in the 4.Suggest smaller
dizziness the bloodstream thalamus or globus meals and
Depression >Levadopa pallidus brain tissue additional snacks
Dementia >Bromocriptine(Parlodel), transplant 5.Encourage
Gait difficulties pergolide(Permax), compliance to
Micrographia pramipexole(Mitrapex), medications
Head bent forward ropinirole(Requip) 6.Exercise facial
Masklike >Monoamine oxidase muscles
expressions inhibitor- selegiline, 7.Encourage foods
Drooling deprenyl(Eldepryl) with moderate fiber
Losss of postural >Tolcapone(Tasmar), content and
reflexes entacapone(Comtan) increase water