Turbulent Velocity Profile

Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering Colorado State University, Fort Collins pierre@engr.colostate.edu

Dr. Pierre Y. Julien

February 2008
Assisted by: Seema C Shah-Fairbank, P.E Graduate Research Assistant sshah@engr.colostate.edu

Turbulent Flow Equations

+ + + + + v x v x v x v x v x v x v y v x v z+ v x 1 p 2 + vx + vy + vz = gx + m vx + + t x y z m x y z x + + + + + v x v y v y v y v z+ v y v y v y v y v y 1 p + vx + vy + vz = gy + m 2v y + + m y t x y z y z x

v v v z v + vx z + v y z + vz z = y z t x { 1444 4 24444 3 local

convective

+ + + + v x v z v y v z v z+ v z+ 1 p 2 + m vz gz + + { 1 4 2 4 3 x z z y m gravitational viscous 123 14444244443 pressure gradient turbulent fluctuation

Incipient Motion

Open Channel
Pressure Distribution
V2/2g
Q
z x

Sf

dp = gdz
p

h
p

Sw t

p = g (h z )

zx

g sin a g

So

Shear Stress zx = g (h z )S f
o = ghS f

zo

Shear Velocity
Datum

u* =

o = ghS f

Saint-Venant Equation
Slope z So = o x Free Surface Slope ( zo + h ) h = So Sw = x x Energy Slope
2 V + + z h o 2 g = S h VV Sf = o x x gx Unsteady Flow Saint Venant Equation h VV V S f = So x gx gt

Bed

Logarithmic Velocity Profile

vx 1 z = ln u* zo

Logarithmic Velocity Profile

v=

u*

zu Ln 9.05 * v

v=

u*

z Ln 30.2 ks

v=

u*

z Ln 30.2 ks

Depth Average Velocity

One Point Method
Measured down from water surface at 60% of the total flow depth

Two Point Method

Average the velocity at 20 and 80% of the total flow depth

Three Point Method

Average of the one point and two-point methods.

Surface Method
Determine surface velocity using a float and multiply the velocity by a coefficient to determine the average velocity

Resistance to Flow

10

Example Rhine River

In 1998 a flood was observed on the Rhine River, in the Netherlands. The following is the data that was obtained on the Rhine on November 3rd. Q = 9,464 cms S = 13.12 cm/km h = 9.9 m (from velocity profile) W = 260 m d90 = 12.190 mm d50 = 1.182 mm The velocity profile is given as follows:
Depth m 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.8 0.9 1.2 1.3 Velocity m/s 0.74 0.81 0.72 0.47 0.84 1.22 1.34 1.38 1.47 Depth m 2.2 3.5 4 4.1 5.3 6 7.3 8 9 Velocity m/s 1.63 1.92 1.85 1.86 1.99 1.98 2.08 2.04 1.9

Determine the shear, mean and fall velocities.

11

Example - Shear Velocity

m * 9.9m * 0.0001312 2 s

u* = ghS f = 9.81 u* = 0.113 m s

12

Example - Mean Velocity

Method A at 60%
h = 9 .9 m z = h60% = 3.96m vmean m = 1.86 s
Depth m 3.5 3.96 4 Velocity m/s 1.92 1.86 1.85

Method C Average of Method A and Method B

vmean vmean

Method B at 20% and 80%

h = 9.9m z = h20% = 7.92m z = h80% = 1.98m vmean vmean m m + 1.59 s s = 2 m = 1.82 s 2.04
Depth m 7.3 7.92 8 Depth m 1.3 1.98 2.2 Velocity m/s 2.08 2.04 2.04 Velocity m/s 1.47 1.59 1.63

m m + 1.82 s s = 2 m = 1.84 s 1.86

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CIVE 413 ENVIRONMENTAL RIVER MECHANICS February 19, 2008 Pierre Y. Julien

Turbulent Velocity Profiles and Resistance to Flow Problem # 1 (100 %) Field measurements along a vertical profile of the Rhine River are shown below. The navigable channel width covers 260 m. Consider a rectangular section to determine the hydraulic radius. The bed material is typically d10 = 0.4 mm, d50= 1.3 mm and d90 = 10 mm. The measured slope of the Energy Grade Line was 13.12 cm per km on Nov. 3. Show the velocity profile on linear scale, and also provide a semi-log plot with a fitted line to the data to graphically determine the value of kappa. Determine the following parameters in SI: a) flow depth b) hydraulic radius c) ratio of hydraulic radius to flow depth d) shear stress in Pascals e) shear velocity f) von Krmn constant g) mean flow velocity in m/s (3 points) h) Froude number i) Manning n j) laminar sublayer thickness in mm

Date

yrmndday

Hrminsec

Time

from axis

Positio Depth Concentration u

m water mg/l

m/s

Depth 0.74 0.81 0.72 0.84 1.22 0.47 1.38 1.34 1.47 1.63 1.92 1.86 1.85 1.99 1.98 2.08 2.04 1.90

m of measurement

981103 981103 981103 981103 981103 981103 981103 981103 981103 981103 981103 981103 981103 981103 981103 981103 981103 981103

120441 120647 120856 121353 121626 122217 122628 122850 123057 123431 123707 123944 124158 124423 124704 124922 125144 125425

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9

494 488 498 398 293 432 132 185 134 83 49 43 43 35 33 26 25 23

9.6 9.6 9.6 9.4 9.1 9.5 8.7 9 8.6 7.7 6.4 5.8 5.9 4.6 3.9 2.6 1.9 0.9