DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF A PRIMITIVE RISC ARCHITECTURE USING VHDL

Evangelos Moustakas

A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fullfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Computer Enginneering

Approved by

Professor

George A. Brown ('Thesis Advisor)

Professor

Tony H. Chang, Ph.D.

Professor

Roy S. Czernikowski, Ph.D.

Department of Computer Engineering College of Engineering Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester, New York September 1991

September 6, 1991 I, Evangelos Moustakas, hereby deny permission to the Wallace Memorial Library of RIT to reproduce my thesis in whole or in part. The Author

Abstract

Hardware Description Languages are used as the connecting links between the design of a digital system and the way this design is being represented in computers, with the ultimate
goal

being
the
In

the

simulation
of

and

verification

of

that

design
RISC to

before

construction

any

prototype. all use

this

thesis,
design
VHDL

we

follow

the
VHDL

steps

of

architecture

and and

finally

as

the
the
a

tool

describe,
abilities

simulate
of we

design. the By verify give both a structural and

unique

behavioral description
.

description

where

the

latter
to

contains

multiple

levels,
step
design

from gate to Processor-Memory-Switch

simulation or
.

(PMS)

The

final

is the

to

assist

verify the proper operation of the in design errors for pinpointing

correction

Table

of

Contents

Table

of of of of

contents

List
List List

figures
tables
abbreviations

i iii iv iv
v

Preface

The RISC Concept 1.1 How the RISC architecture 1.2 Definition of the RISC 1.3
Advantages
and

evolved

1 1 RISC

Disadvantages

of

the

Architecture and Organization "primitive" 2.1 Why 2.2

General System The

5
7 12
and

System Description
Bus

2.3
2.4

Timing
Organization
the Stack

Memory

14

2.5

Exception

Handling
Set
and

15

The

Instruction The The The The

3.1 3.2

instructions
instruction

the

fetch

cycle

18

formats
modes

18 22

3.3
3.4

addressing
Processor
syntax

Status
and

Word

3.5
4
The

Assembly
Central The The

instruction

encoding

25 26

Processing
structure

Unit

4.1 4.2

CPU

28 30 31 32
registers

Control

Unit Unit

4.3 4 4
.

The The

Interrupt
control

points

4.4.1 4.4.2 4.4.3

4.4.4

The The
The The

immediate
register

35

file
Logic Unit

35 36 36
37

Arithmetic

Power

Shifter

4.5

Instruction

Decomposition

VHDL

Description Hardware

of

the Architecture
Languages
~ ~

5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6

5.7

Description

43 43

5.1.1

VHDL Started
Packages
Description

Getting
5.2.1

45 45
46

Component The The The The

data

bus
units

48

secondary

50
52

memory
CPU
The The
registers control

53 53
54
clock unit

5.7.1

5.7.2

5.7.2.1

The

internal

54

-l-

5.7.2.2 5.7.2.3 5.7.2.4

The The The

The The

fetch PROCESS
execute state

55
55 56
57 PROCESS

BLOCK

coordination

5.7.2.5 5.7.2.6 5.7.3

5.8
Hints

interrupts
access

The for
of

memory interrupt unit

users

58

59
59

future VHDL the System

code

Simulation

6.1 6.2

The

program

63
system

6.3 6.4

Powering up Issuing the

Program

the

65 66
external

RESET

interrupt
and

execution

interrupt

68
70

Conclusion

Recommendations

References
Appendix A
-

71
Package VHDL

Listing
Listing
Program

Al

Appendix

Program

Bl

Appendix

C
D

Simnlatioi* Simulation

;._

Execution

(1)

CI
Dl

Appendix

of

Program Execution

(2)

-n-

List

of

Figures

Figure

System Under

Simulation

Figure Figure
Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure
Figure

2.2

Memory Memory
Word Word

Bank

Select
and

Logic

9 9
10 10
11 12

Banks
Byte

Signals

2.4a 2 4b
.

and
and

Organization

Byte
of

Organization Protocol

2.5 2 6
.

Memory

Read/Write
Bus

Sequence

Cycles

2.7

2.8 2
.

Memory Timing Characteristics System Bus Timing Memory Organization

Stack The The The The The Operation
register-source short-immediate

13 13 14

Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure

Figure Figure Figure Figure

2.10 3 1 3.2
.

15

instruction instruction
instruction
Word

format
format

20

20
21

long-immediate
& Processor

format

3 4 3.5
.

Instructions

Flags Status

24

4 4

CPU

structure

25 29
30
decoder
control

4.2
.

State

Sequence
of
an

3
1

Example Control

instruction
fox
and of

32
signal

Figure Figure
Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure
Figure Figure

4.4

node

5 5 5 5 5

Description

c7 Levels

c8

33
44 46 47
47 47

Digital

Systems

5.2
.

Directory
BLOCKS
Control
and

Organization

3
4

PROCESSes BLOCK
Block

Unit

5.5
.

Interrupt

Unit

6
8

Wired

OR

logic
Function

48
49 49

5.7
.

Resolution

Data

bus bus

decomposition PROCESS
of

Figure
Figure Figure Figure

5 9 5.10
.

Data

50
formation 50

Example

the

data bus
Unit

5.11

System

Clock Bank

Generator

51 51
unit

Figure
Figure Figure Figure Figure

5 12 5.13
.

5.14

Memory CPU-Memory handshaking Memory Bank #2

VHDL description

Select

51

52
54

5.15

for

MAR

16

Internal

Clock
PROCESS

55 55

5.17

The The
The

fetch

Figure
Figure Figure

5.18

execute

BLOCK

56
PROCESS

5.19
5.20 5.21
5.22

state

coordination

56 interrupt
57 interrupts 8

Micro-operations

for

external

Figure
Figure Figure

VHDL The

implementation

for
the

external

memory

access

PROCESS

59
IU

5.23
5.24 5.25 5.2 6

RESET This This A

recognition

by

59
error

Figure Figure
Figure Figure Figure
Figure

PROCESS PROCESS

will

issue
pass

an

60

will

serious

error

6 6 6

6.2
.

Memory loading Beginning of the

RESET

simulation recognition

3
4

interrupt
read

Figure

Memory

cycle

60 62 63 65 66 66

-in-

Figure Figure

6.5 6.6

Operation
External

of

the

buses
assertion

67

interrupt

68

List

of

Tables

Table

2.1
2.2 3.1 3.2

Table
Table Table Table Table
Table

Memory Timing
The Opcode

write

instructions
and

11 their

Characteristics
Set
&

Meaning

13 19 22

Instruction

Assignment
syntax

3.3
4
.

Instruction

encoding
the

26 33
of

Transfers
Resolution

and

Operations

5.1

Table

for

input

G3

48

List

of

Abbreviations

ADL ALU

Architecture Arithmetic

Description

Language Computer

Logic

Unit

CISC

Complex

Instruction

Set

CMHU CPU
CU
HDL

CPU-Memory Handshaking Central Processing Unit

Control Hardware
High

Unit

Unit
Description

Language

HLL INTA

Level

Language

Interrupt Interrupt

Acknowledge
Unit Register

IU
MAR

MBSU
MDR

Memory Memory Memory

Address
Bank Data

Select

Unit

Register

PC
PIA

Program

Counter Interface Adapter

Peripheral

PMS

Processor

Memory
Status

Switch Word

PS
PSW

Power

Shifter

Processor

RISC SP
UART

Reduced Stack

Instruction

Set

Computer
Receiver

Pointer

Universal

Asynchronous

Transmitter

VHDL
VHSIC

VHSIC

Hardware
High

Description

Language Circuit

Very

Speed

Integrated

VMA

Valid

Memory

Address

-iv-

Preface
As the
one
can

understand

from the
:

title

of

this

thesis,
are

it
and

is focused
quite

on

two important topics

-

The RISC

architecture
.

VHSIC Hardware Description Language

recent

(VHDL)

They
in

both

related

issues products is
year s.

although

the

word

"recent"

computer

usually
since

used

to

date began

something
to
evolve
of

no

more

than

one

old

early in the
future

1980'

They

are,

they however,
and

both the

in

the

main

points

attraction

computer

architecture

and

hardware to

description
a

and

simulation
.

fields
two
a

today

they

seem

promise

lot

for the

These this thesis

and

apparently disparate topics in the following way. The VHDL is

RISC
architecture

are

connected

in

used

to describe

simulate

representative

design

theory.
simpler

The
than

RISC the
VHDL

which will be a primitive but according to the definition of the RISC chosen because architecture was it is much

CISC

ones

and and

be

spent

to

design, develop
can

a relatively describe the

short
system

time
with

could

words

and
with

figures.

then

replace

the
as

words

and

the to

figures
The

universally
of

recognized

code

for hardware description.

we

capabilities
a

VHDL

are

exhibited,
and an not

attempt a

describe
piece
of

complete

architecture

just
The
set,

single

hardware
so

like

gate

or

ALU.

interconnections, the instruction

and
of

parts, the interrupt handling

will

system's

their

many

other

issues
and

of

an

architecture

become

pages

well

organized

self-explained

code

when

described
In

in
the

VHDL. The
present

thesis

report

contains

two
of

parts.

first
will

one

(chapters

1-4),
of

the

architecture

the
and

system

that
a

be

used

for the

simulation

is presented,
architecture

starting
the

with

general with

description details

the

RISC

continuing
machine and we

the

organization

and

the the

architecture

of

built. Enough
parts

for the

behavior level
part

of

the the

system

its

are

given

from
In
we

the

chip

down
of

to

the

register

transfer

level.

second

thesis
VHSIC

report

(chapters
Description
simulate

5-6)
the

first

introduce
and

the
use we

Hardware
and

Language

(VHDL)

then

we

it to describe
built
of

architecture

of

the

system

in the
the

first

explaining simultaneously the part, complete and the way we use them to

features
the

language

project.

Finally,
would

at

the

completion

of

this

thesis

project,
of
RIT'

I
s

like

to
of

thank

the

following

faculty

members

Department

Computer

Engineering,
and

professors

George

A.

Brown,
but

Tony

H.

Chang
the

Roy

S.

Czernikowski,

for
the

their

observations,

suggestions

and

corrections

during

the project,

mainly

for

valuable

time

they dedicated in

many

thesis

meetings.

v-

The
There

RISC
are

Concept
controversial
comments

many

today
the

about

the

numerous

and powerful

RISC

architectures

that have invaded the

computer points and

microprocessor

performance.
of

new era a market, promising This chapter tries to discover the

strong

these

new

CPUs,

the

reason

they
the

became

so

popular,

their

weaknesses,
.

compared

to

more

conventional

micro

processors

How

the RISC

architecture

evolved

With the
of

progress

of

computer

technology
use

and

the

ability

microprocessor

manufacturers

to

many

more

transistors

in

single and

chip,

complex came

robust

to
a

have

instruction sets grew, including more instructions. A typical instruction set almost two hundred (200) instructions and in
the the
various

combination

with

and

often

numerous

addressing

where the control unit of modes, confusing the microprocessor took up almost 60% of the available space. The programmers and the compilers had a hard time determining

situation

emerged

which

instruction
a

was

the

best

for

particular

situation.
of

Also,
single

in the average execution time instruction became inevitable. The instructions

total

increase

could

consist address

of

several

bytes

or

they

could

use

the

data

and

the

buses

several

times

in

order

to

access

their operands,

mainly
that

due

to

the

complicated

addressing
and computer

modes.

Some

computer

engineers

scientists

thought
and

it

would

be

better

if

microprocessor

had

simple

relatively fewer size,

would

small

instruction
modes

set
or

with

uniform

instruction
which
.

addressing
a
single

instruction
for
all

formats,
be

use

only

fetch the

cycle

the

instructions
used

Also,
that

if
the

possible, throughput
years of

single
of

execution system

cycle

would

so

could

be

maximum. within

After

of

research

that

started and
a

the

laboratories
number

of

in the in companies
IBM
emerged

late
the that

seventies

continued
new

in

a
of

eighties,

type

microprocessor

had
RISC

all

the

required

characteristics.

It
of

was

called

(Reduced

Instruction

Set
also

Computer)
had
some

because
new

its
.

limited instruction

set,

but

it

features

1.2

Definition

of

the RISC
era

In
machine

the
and

early RISC

it

was

quite

say exactly
years

what

distinguished

easy to define a RISC it from other CPUs

.

Today,

after

of

development,
Experts
now

the

new

RISCs are

almost

as

complicated

as

CISCs.

have

started

arguing
not
.

about
we

precisely what
will

constitutes

a RISC and

what

does
on

Below,
.

try

to define

RISC

machine

depending
are

the

most

common

of

their

characteristics

as

they

described

today

-1-

Small

Instruction

Set

It

was

observed most

during
of

the

years

of

research

for the RISC machines that

of

the

compilers

used

only
CPUs

30%
a

the

attempt

instruction sets of some robust CISCs. RISC to implement only that 30%, giving the ability to
faster
:

have
Fewer the
size
will

smaller, cheaper and Instruction Formats

no more

chip.

The
and

instruction
contain

formats
matches

are
of

usually
of

than four

(4)

they
so

instructions

same

length. be

It

is

important that the

that
cycle.

length

the this

the

data bus
one

(data word) the

an

instruction
with

fetch

always

The
of

restriction

is

that

require
overall

more

than one
size.

loading instruction, increasing

:

only an immediate

problem

may in this way the

register are of

operand

program

Many
with

On-Chip
about

Registers

Most

RISCs

include

file
or

one

hundred

(100)

registers. with

There

course

some

variations

like the MIPS R2000

only 32
RISCs
zero

registers

the

GMU

MIRIS

with :

2048.
Almost that
written

Dummy

Registers

all

of

the (i.e.
of

have
when

dummy
and

register

(usually R0)
any
value

yields

the

value

read

discards

to

it

it
the
for

is

always

tied

to

GROUND)
Limited

registers

into the registers and every ALU is applied to the contents of the registers or a immediate data. The addressing modes, thus, have been partial limited and only two are usually met : the register indirect and the immediate. implement a All the RISC CPUs : Calls Jumps and Deferred
are
operation
pipelined

Addressing Modes inside the CPU, usually loaded first

Because

existence each

the

operands

of many instruction

execution

system.

In the

case

of

branch

or

call, (see

the

system

cannot or

immediately
the
one

execute

the

instruction before
prefetched

it

flushes
.

executes

that

had been
of

2.1)

Single-Cycle
simple and

execution

Because

most

the

operations
execution

are

occur

between

registers,
of

single

cycle

has

been

obtained require

for

most

the

instructions.
cycles

Some

others,

however,
multiply,

multiple

execution

(load,

store,

divide,

etc)

Load/Store Architecture
external

instructions.
complicated

memory Some

is

by

The only use the RISC

available of

way to
Load

manipulate and

the

Store
also

modern

architectures

have

Load/Store instructions that may

operations
.

include

test-and-

set

or

swap

Advantages

and

Disadvantages

of

the RISC

In

the

years

of

research

that

brought

up

the four
:

RISC

architecture,

the

computer

experts new

were

demanding
and

(4)
of

basic

features

for
Their

their

microprocessors

speed,
cost a

simplicity,

High Level

Language

(HLL)
were

support

low

manufacturing.

demands
are

accomplished

in

high
as

degree,
the
size

even of

though

there

always
example.

some

trade-offs

such

the

programs

for

-2-

The

main

idea

in RISCs
of

is to

use

big

register

file

in
the
set

the CPU to

save

most

the operands

in
a

order

to

eliminate

frequent
with

memory

standard

accesses, to build length equal to the

simple

instruction

system'

data word,

and
.

to

reduce

the
of

instruction

formats

and

the

number

the
The

the reducing the size of the instruction formats and addressing modes, we reduce instruction huge and complicated Decoding System. The

By

addressing modes and instruction set

decoding
chip
means

can

now

be

done
of

with

simpler

circuits most
with

in
of

less
the
CISCs.

time.
total The

Control
area

Unit

(CU)

now

occupies

at as

10%
the

instead
of

around

60%

simplicity
fewer

the CU in turn
and

means

greater

speed.

smaller

CU
of

gates

shorter

propagation saved

paths

with

fast VLSI
(more
than to

realization. smaller

The
was
.

space

that

was

by

the implementation

CUs

dedicated to
The
speed
of

large
the

register

files

100 registers) their ability

RISC

CPUs

is

also

due way

to

handle

interrupts

and

context

switching
-

internally,
The

eliminating the instruction set of

of

CPU-memory
the RISCs

traffic
was

in this

created

after

an

examination

behave.
spends

The

their compilers and the way that many HLLs a CPU designer tries to reduce the time that
and
subroutine of calls.

in

loops
on

All

the

operations

are

performed

the

contents

the

registers

in

the

register

file

where
.

the data items

are

kept, thus minimizing

file

the memory

accesses

The
will

size

of

the

register

split

the
a

computer

designers

who

support

big

register

file

is always a subject that into two categories : those insist that a and those who
enough.

relatively
and

small

register

file
of
of

is

They
its

are

both

right and also

wrong

because

each
.

structure

has
RISC

advantages

disadvantages

[TAB90]
of

Some

the

disadvantages

happen

to

be

general

disadvantages
a small

the

architecture.

In
results

the

case

register

file,

many

will

have

to
of
.

be

stored

in
not

memory,

intermediate in resulting
the
opposite

increasing
of what

the

number

memory
There

accesses

(exactly
an

RISC promises)
calls

will

be

adequate

support
of a

for

subroutine will

and

interrupt
the
get

handling
to

(the

use

stack

be

needed)

and

ability

use

the
need

CPU

in

multitasking environment On the other hand, a

access

will

minimized.

large
and,

register

file

will

longer
used,
on a

time,

more

space

if

window

policies

are

complicated

CPU

logic
a

to

address

the
of

window

pointers

context

switch

or

subroutine

call

state.

An

inseparable
set.

disadvantage

the
of

RISC

is
a

the

small number use

instruction
of

With the

instructions,
or more

the

programmers

availability or the describe

a

only

small

compilers procedure

have to
which

two

instructions
with

to

could

be

described

single

instruction

using

the

instruction
than

set,

the

one

written

thus making the average code size in CISC. The larger the code
need.

50%

CISCs larger
more

the

memory CPU and

space

it

wiil

The instruction traffic between the

the

memory
of

The
subject

size
and

even

increased. set is continues to be there today

will

also

be

the

instruction

a a

rather

subtle

lot

of

research

-3-

in this
rather

area.

Some

companies

that
sets

manufacture with

RISCs,

provide

complex

instruction

150-200

instructions,

reaching the state to be considered CISCs rather than RISCs. It is true that both CISCs and RISCs have crossed the limits of their area and they have borrowed some features from
each

other.
will

Maybe

in
all

the the

future

we

will

see

microprocessors

that

combine and

positive

characteristics

from both

architectures are now

they

will

have diminished the drawbacks that

of

associated

with

each

them.

-4-

Architecture
The
architecture
with

and
that

Organization
we

developed
of

for

this

thesis

complies

most

of

the

aspects

RISC

they

were :

mentioned

in the
of

previous

aspects

the

number

instructions,

chapter, the instruction

as architecture, in the following

formats,

the addressing modes, the load/store architecture, the uniform fetch cycle, and the standard length of all instructions which

is

equal

to

the

basic

system

word

length

and

the

data

bus

width.

In

this
of

reasons

that

after explanation of the a short chapter, led us to name our RISC "primitive", an extended

description
examples refer

the

written

architecture is given. in assembly language, the

chapter where

Because
reader

there

are also

should

to

the
more

third

the

instructions

are

explained

thoroughly.

Why

"primitive"

According to
must exhibit

the

previous

some

characteristics

architecture a RISC chapter, that distinguishes it from

the

CISC

ones.

Even

if

our

architecture

implements important

most

of

these

every

characteristics, it also lacks RISC machine happens to have.

some

ones

that
Our
of

Pipelining is
system

one

of

them

and

the

most

important
for
of

one. sake

doesn't
One

support
of

any
great

pipelining
advantages

the

simplicity.

the

the

pipelined

systems
execute

is

the

high (of

speed

due

to

the

simultaneous
.

fetch

and

cycles
some

consecutive which

instructions)
our

It

incorporates,
supposed

however,
take These
and

drawbacks the
case

architecture

was

to

care

in

that

the

drawbacks

are

shown :

in

pipelining was implemented. the form of program code below

explained

later
A,B

a)

SBB JC
MOV

; ;
;

CF

address

Jump
Move

to
X

address

if

Carry

Set

X,Y

to

b)

CLCF LDX

Clear

Carry Flag
with

(address)
X,Y

; ;

Load X X
=

the
address

contents

of

ADC

CF

In
while

the

first

example,

the

last

instruction
executed.

is

fetched
the

the

one a

before

it,

it

is
to

being
the
execute and

Because
program

latter

is

branch instruction
need

and

flow the

of

the

may
be
the
an

change, there may be no has been already which flushed.

last

instruction,
it
must of

fetched

consequently
the branch

Some

assemblers

change

sequence

instructions instruction

and

place

after

the

instruction

that

was

before

it,

without

affecting though,

the

-5-

intended
even

program

operation.
of a

This

instruction

will

be

executed

in

the

case

successful

branch,

since

it

will

have
the

been prefetched, but now some branch execution until the

executed

mechanism will

have to

delay

first.
and

This

already fetched instruction gets delayed branch technique is quite

motive

along with the reason that follows, became the any pipelining in our system. The second case is more obvious than the first one since the LDX instruction takes two (2) execution cycles to load the
not

complicated

to

use

register

while
new

the

next
of

one

(ADC)
the

takes the
of

only
right

one

and
.

it
To
of

needs

the

contents

to
are

produce

result

visualize each

the problem,

here

steps

the execution

instruction:
LDX

FEE
F E
E

ADC
where

F means

Fetch cycle

and

means

Execution
above

cycle.

Most
with

of a

the
on

RISC

machines

today
is

overcome

the

problem

method

called

scoreboarding.
result shown

Without

any

further
as

explanation
can

that,
the

the

below,

where

we

clearly
the

see

execution

of

the

ADC

instruction
execution
:

is

held

until

load

instruction

completes

its

LDX

FEE
F

ADC Besides

pipeline

which

can

be

used

is

must

also

not

in the RISC ones, implemented in our

the
register

another

powerful

in CISC systems, but feature which is

windowing.

case

is

register

With
of

this technique, into registers

one
of

microprocessor windows

divides its total

and

number

(blocks)
The
as well

dedicates
window

each

the

windows

to two

procedure.
variables

register

has the
which

space

to

keep

the

local

as

some

space and

is
the the

accessible variables

by

consecutive common

register

windows

keeps to

that

are

to two

procedures

(one

nested

or global variables. In this parameters passed other), way, the only thing that has to be done by the microprocessor is called, is to advance the subroutine new a every time
pointer

that

points

to

the

base

of

new

register

window.

Our

machine

cannot

support

this

feature because disadvantage

R2000)-

it has only
since each all

eight

(8)

registers

-this

is

another

the RISC
that
want a

systems

have

at

least

32

(MIPS

and

time
we

subroutine

is

called
stack.

we

have to
to

push

the that
can

registers

to

save

into the

Finally,
instructions
working
permit

we or

have

mention

our

CPU

lacks
capable

any
of a

external

pins

that

make
or

it
even

in

multiprocessing
such

environment an

to

host

supervising

program,

as

operating

system,

that

can

multitasking.

-6-

General
The

System Description
and

microprocessor

the
an

main

under

simulation.

A data
with

and

address

memory bus
other

compose
run

the

system

both

16-bit

long,
used

some

additional

lines

between them, that carry the

control

signals.

There are

also

four

lines
with

(RESET,
each

/INT,
in
the

INTA,

CLOCK)
The

for interrupt

handling
The CPU's

and processor

timing. byte
are

whole

system

is

16-bit

machine

memory individually following:

a) Data

addressed.

external

pins

bus

16-bit, tri-state,

bidirectional bus for

or

the data transfer to/from the memory other I/O devices. (I/O)

b)
c)

Address
WORD

bus

16-bit,
used

tri-state,
carry
a

unidirectional

bus,
a

to

If

HIGH,
(16

memory address. (O) load/store operation of

the
will

word

bits)
a

take

place.

If

LOW
or

then
VMA

only

single

byte

will

be

read

written

from/to
the

the

memory.

(0)
.

d)

Stands for Valid

HIGH
valid
when

Memory

Address

Becomes
a

address

bus

contains

memory
pulse
clock

address. on

(0)
line
will

e)

RESET

HIGH

this

for

at

least
the the

three

cycles

reset

CPU. (I)

f)

/INT

A LOW
end
will

pulse an

on

this

pin

detected
execution

at

of

instruction
the CPU's the

cycle

grab

attention

for

an

ongoing
g)
INTA

interrupt
signal

request.

(I)
acknowledges

With

this

CPU

to

the

I/O

device

that

its
and

interrupt it
will

request

has been

accepted

be

processed.

(0)
active read pulse

h)

/RD1

LOW level

for reading

data

from the
to

memory.

(O)

i)

/WR
CLOCK

LOW level active write pulse for writing

data

the

memory.

(0)
permit us period

j)

Input

signal

that

will

the

desired

clock

for
LOW

the

to map CPU

operation.

(I)
that
or

h)

MEMRDY

Input

signal read

becomes

during

memory

write

cycle

until

the

data memory gets ready to accept the or put the data on the from the bus
bus. (I)

where

(I)

means

Input

and

(0)

means

Output

line.

aIn the
will

remainder

of

this

document
and

the

/RD

and

/WR

signals

be

mentioned

as

RD_bar

WR_bar

respectively.

-7-

>

IN

Cd o

p
13

2:
LU

IS

/\

/
0
LO V
to

\ /
A
_t

\
in
-4

>-

t,_

V cn

t^ut: O Z
LU LU cn
~

=3 CD CX

=> CD
A

LU z

CD

-3

N
\/

CO cn LU az 0 a CX

O ec
0 cc

k
=3

D CE O
>

3C

Ice |3E

1" lK

iC (_J O
z Z3 CC

c
UJ z
1

LU cn LU cr

cr
1

r2

z
t-^

-S
Uj CC
?=

cr cd
t-

er.

-i
3E

0
r

Figure

System Under

Simulation

-8-

The

control

signals
are

that

are

used

for

the to

proper

CPU-

Memory
modules

connection

not

routed

directly
some

the

memory
(see
to

but
a

they first

pass

through

additional

logic

Fig.

2.1)
This

which

access

single

is essential for generating the byte or a word from the memory.

gate

signals

additional

unit

and

the two

exact

logic is called the memory bank select level design of this module is given
different
for
and
-

in
for

figure
the

2.2.

It

generates

write

control

signals
-

represented

memory bank
VMPO
RDO-

one memory banks, by memory bank #1 #2 (Fig. 2.3).

-

the
one

even

addresses odd ones

for

the

1>

OVMR

-ORD

R0DR<0>O-

>r^H
=L>
>>

-OWRl

-OWR2

HRO WORDO

O
.

Figure There

Memory
circuit

Bank

Select

Logic
and

is

another

between the CPU

the memory,
the
and

namely
MEMRDY

the

CPU-Memory signal during

for
the the
writes.

Handshaking
the

Unit,
access
of

that

generates

memory

cycles

it
of

is

responsible

proper

timing
.

the

buses
on

during
type
the

reads

or

This
system

circuit

depends
order
-

the

memory the
right
-

memory

that the

has

In

to

provide

timing,
specify

it has

some

other

inputs

usually

some

jumpers

that

number

of

wait

cycles.

DfiTR BUS

<15i0>

.11!

IEM0RY

-r

MEMORY
BANK
*2

BANK
.X

ADDRESS BUS <15i

1>

"X

> "7

CPU
\.BDDB1>
HEMORT

TT wm

BANK

IB

SELECT UNIT

Figure

Memory
-9-

Banks

and

Signals

If
are

during
the

the
end

memory
of

access

the
clock

MEMRDY

signal

remains

LOW

after

the

inserted
paragraph

until

cycle, then T wait states it becomes HIGH. For more information refer
second
all

to

2.3.
can

The

memory

items

are

aligned

look like figure 2.4a in such a way that they

where

the

data
word

do

not

cross

boundaries. In the case that a word is into two consecutive bytes and it is banks
with

stored,
shared

it

is

divided memory
stored

by

both

the MSByte (Fig.

stored
.

in bank #1
above

and

the LSByte

in

bank to

#2

2.4a)

The

clear

space,
address

where

the user, who thinks the MSByte of a the

LSByte

scheme, however, is not that the memory is a continuous

word

is

stored

in the
can

low

order

and

in the
be

immediately
that

higher

(Fig.

2.4b)

Nevertheless,
at
even

it

should

clear

words

be

saved

only

memory
the

addresses
address

(e.g.

00H,

02H,

04H...).
out
of

From

bus

only

fifteen

the

sixteen

l-BRNK

BANK

*2-\
0
Byte
Byte

15
OQ H

Byte

1
Wore

Byte 2
1

02

04H

Worei

2
Byte

Q2
4 6

Hord Word

1.
1

MSByte LSByte

Q6H
08H

Byte

Byte

5
Woni Wor<i

Byte

mH

Word 2 Word

MSByte
LSByte

QRH
0C

3
4

Q6H
08

Byte 3

0E

Byte 4
Word 3 Word 3
MSByte LSByte

Figure

2.4a

Word

and

Byte

organization

Figure

2.4b
space

lines
of

reach

the memory
215

banks, giving
The
of

total that
goes

addressable carries

2x215

bytes

or

words.

line

the

least

significant

bit
and
or

(LSb)
is
a

the

address,
with

select either

unit

used

along

the

to the memory bank choose signal WORD to

which use

word

single

byte

to

access

may be
a
write

at

an

odd

or

even

address.

The

instructions

that

cycle
and gets

to

the

memory
LSb

are

given

in
a

Table

2.1
and

with

the

WORD

address'

combination

at

each

case

the

byte that
written

overwritten.

Every

time

that

byte

is
on

to

be

to

the

memory, LSByte

a
or

16-bit data

value

is

placed

the data bus

with

its
The

memory

MSByte containing the byte that is to be bank select unit with the help of the
-10-

stored.

address'

least

significant
one

bit

and

the

signal

WORD

allows
-at

in this
the

case

only
that

memory bank

to

change

its

contents

address

the address bus indicates-, finally resulting in storing only the desired byte of the data bus.
Byte Instr STW WORD 1
Addr<0>

(B)

to be
<7:0>

overwritten

<15:8>

B
B

STB,L
STB,H Table The

0 0

2.1
read

Memory
cycle

write

instructions
the
signal

memory
a

always
read

asserts

WORD

to

HIGH,
that the
a

thus

whole

word

is

single

byte is to be
which

decides
data (see
figure

internally
bus have
4

time, This time the CPU 2.2) byte to keep, after the contents of
each even cases read

in the

(Fig.

been
for

loaded
more access

into

the

Memory
on

Data

Register

chapter
.

explanation read/write

structure)

The memory

internal CPU protocol is shown in

.

2.5

(see

next

page

for

farther

description)
Cycle
(Word)

Reed DflTR

Cycle

(Word)
xyyy
xxxx
X

Write
noiH vrxwyy

yooooooocv
yxvxxy

vyyyyyy
xxxx

H[ii)H|-'<*;ywxxv

VMfl

y
X

vmh

RD

HU
HH \

RR
WORD
y
X

/
"V

WORD

Write
DflTR
Yxwra
wrara
xxxxxx/

Cycle
XXXXXXX
xxxx

Write Cycle
(Even Byte)
DflTR
xxxxxx
xxxx

(Odd Byte)

xxxxxxx"

R0DRE5SXSXXXX

xxxxx

RDDR<D>XXXXXX\

/XXXX

VMR

VMR

>^

RU
HR

RD

\_

WR

X.

WORD

WORD

Figure

Memory

Read/Write

Protocol

-11-

System Bus
The bus

Timing
consists
of

cycle
an

three
number

(3)
of

clock wait

cycles,
cycles
with

namely
T.
a

T1

to

T3,

and

undetermined
when

The
slow

wait

cycles

are

inserted

the CPU has to

are
also
when

deal

I/O or memory module. between the bus cycles

There

some

idle

states,
not

(Fig.

2.6)

the

bus

is

used.

Walt

etatee

while

I
dock

for

memory or I/O to reepond

interface
.

welting

Tl|T2|Tw|T3|Tl|T2|T3

T1|T1 Tl |T2|Tw|Tw|T3 Ti

Tl|

n_rijnjij"Ljnj"ijnjijnjx^

r Idle
Figure
There
cycles

etotee

between

bus

cycles

Sequence
events and a

of

Bus

Cycles

are
a

different
read

that

occur write

during
:

these
of

bus
the

for

memory
cycle

memory

a)
clock

read

At

the the
and

LOW-to-HIGH

transition to the
get

in

Ti

bus
the

After VMA

cycle, time tSETUP

goes

the

address

is

transferred
needs

address stable
,

that

address
after

to

signal

HIGH

tD

that

the

RD_bar

signal
on

is

asserted.

During

the

T2

data

bus, along Handshaking Unit,

assertion

with

the

cycle, the data are from MEMRDY signal

asserted and

expected

the
the
are not

the

CPU-Memory
after

which

is

t0

nanoseconds

of

the

RD_bar
on

signal

denotes

that

the

data has

ready been received till the

are

and

stable

the data bus.

end

If the MEMRDY
second

signal

of

the
of

cycle

(T2)

cycles

inserted.
of and

Upon

reception

beginning
Register
address

T3,

the

data
and

are

always the at signal, in the Memory Data stored

the

the RD_bar
returns

VMA

signals

get

deasserted
state

and

the

bus

in
:

the the

high

impedance
cycle,
address

after

time

t0TD

b)
the

write

cycle

In

write

at

the

LOW-to-HIGH

transition
address

of

the

clock

in
and

Tir

the

is

transferred

to

bus

and

the data to the data bus.

The VMA is
signal

first time

asserted

after

time

tSETUP

then the WR_bar VMA

was

after

During the T2 tD signal is expected and, MEMRDY again, the Tw cycles are cycle, of T2 cycle. than the period longer LOW remains it if inserted the HIGH at asserted signal is MEMRDY beginning of the T3 The cycles have been inserted more or zero after and T bus cycle
from the time that the
asserted.

After it is received configuration. according to the jumper data are removed from the the and address the from the CPU, and the VMA and WR_bar buses data and respectively, address
signals

are

deasserted.

All
and

of

the
are

above

are

described

in

figure

2.8.

tA,

t0,

t0TD

t
-12-

memory

dependent

timing

characteristics

as

table

2.2.

tSETOP

and

they tD

appear are
of

in figure 2.7
standards

and

explained
on

in

bus

and

depend

the

physical

implementation

the bus.

-tfi-

RDDRE5S-

HDDRES
tD
WR
tH-

C5.
^
-

tD
tOTD
,5FTUP

tSETUP DRTR.

to

<
READ CTCLE

DAT

~!
WRITE CTCLE

>

Figure

Memory Timing

Characteristics

Read

Meaning
Access Output Time Enabled to

tA t0
t0TD
Write

Output

Valid

Output

3-state

from Deselection

Meaning
Write Time

tw

Table

Timing
I
I

Characteristics

and

their

Meaning

Tl
CLOCK ADDRESS

T2

T3
CLOCK

!
RDDRESS

Tl

T2

T3

VMR

VMR
_
_

TO
DflTR
MEMRDT

o
XXX)
RERO CTCLE

ORTR
memrdt

^ xyyi

>
WRITE CTCLE

Figure

System Bus

Timing

-13-

The

Memory Organization
a

and

the

Stack

We took
was

glance

on

also

first
and

told

that

the memory in paragraph 2 1 where it and byte word is the memory

.

addressable
of

occupies

2x215

the memory of words the

service

space

is

given

bytes. The in figure 2.9.

the

exact

organization

The
of

first four
the

(4)

memory

contain

addresses

interrupt

I/O

(6)
and

routines. The next six (6) words are used for mapping addresses, like a PIA and a UART in our case. The next six word locations are reserved for possible system expansion, immediately after these, exists the space for a Monitor
as well

Program

as

the

space

for the the

interrupt
remaining
available

service
space

routines
of

while

the

memory
In
our

is
eo.
02. GU.

15

8,7
R...t

to
no

the

user.

case

Interrupt

Request

there there

is
are

Monitor
simple
.

Program
routines user

some

but for

Opcoda Error
Rddreea Hleellgnnenl
PIR Control/Stotul

06.

interrupt
place

service code

The

should

08,
BR 0C>
BE.

Reg

his

0300H
CPU
after

which

loads
a

starting from address is the address that the into the Program Counter
This
user

PIR Deto Reg. URRT Receive Doto Rag.

URRT I.ll Deto Rag.

RESET.

address

can

be the the

10. 12.
m. 16.

URRT Control
URRT Statue

Rao.
Rag.

changed contents

by

the

by changing
contain

Heaarwad

Raaarwad

of

the
LSByte

memory
which

locations
address
.

IB.

Raaarwad Raaarwad Reaarvad Raaarwad

MONITOR

$207h
MSByte

and and

$209h

1R,
1C,

of next

the

respectively Program The

(see

paragraph)

Counter

is
(all

always

1E 20.

incremented instructions
stops

by
are
when

two

the

PR0GRRM (239 Word.)

16-bits)
it
meets
execution

and

it
HLT

only
the

the
of

lrE
260. Interrupt Sarwlce Routlnaa

command.

After the

this

command,

CPU

remains

idle
in

until

it
and

is

again

externally
The

reset. words

The
not

stack is in bytes.

organized

2FE
306. Uaar'a Speca

Stack

Pointer
always

(an

internal to

CPU

register)

points with

even

addresses,

the

address

that
and

will

starting be first
the FFFE,
Stack

161.768 Butaa)

loaded

into
the

it

represents

top

of

stack.

Once
with

the the

Pointer
address

is

loaded
of

first

(Top

Stack)
to

there

is

no

Figure

limitation
stack

of

the

space

that

the

Memory

Organization

is

supposed

include.
should collide

Therefore

the

programmer

be very
with

careful

in the
the

use

of
or

the

stack

because

it may

other or

segments

(data

incorporated two commands, LDSP (Load Pointer, there have been where (Store the Stack Pointer) STSP and the Stack Pointer) of a contents with the loads the Stack Pointer former the Stack the the contents of stores latter the and register
-14-

code)

after

extensive

use.

For

loading

storing

Stack

Pointer the be
another
used

to

register. we a use

We

need

to

store

the
we

Stack
shift

Pointer

in
to

cases

that

multiple

stacks

and

from

one

during
to

program

execution.
stacks

The

LDSP

command

can

also

create

multiple

in

the

memory
when

area.

The

stack

is

useful

for
a one

saving the
subroutine
of

CPU

registers

(R1-R7
we

and

PSW)
to

in

the

case

of

call

or and

need

temporarily
task.

save

the

registers

use

it

for

another

Every
stack

time

that

pointer

gets

something is stored in the stack, decreased by two, pointing to the

Once
gets

the
next

available

location.
stack

then

the

pointer

something is popped off the stack, first increased by two and then
are popped off

the

data

that

it

is pointing to

(Fig.

2.10)

1FEH

(topi

1FEh
IFCh

07h

1FCh

IFEh IFCh

PUSH Rl

POP
*

R2

=>
2 Oh SP = 01FEh

>

(bo t ton)

2 0H

20ri
SP=01FCh R107h R2=FFEFh

SP=Q1FEh
R1-07h R2=07h

R1=07h R2=FFEFh

Figure

2.10

Stack

Operation

Exception

Handling
most

One

of

the

important to

features

of

microprocessor

today
exist

is

its
a

ability
taken
program

handle
the

interrupts.
whenever

Interrupts There

are

special

actions

by
or

CPU

certain

conditions are

within

the

computer

system.

two

general

classes

of

interrupts.

are

usually

caused which

by

interrupts

are

interrupts that the user or I/O devices and the internal caused by a CPU malfunction due to an
The
external an
overflow

unrecognizable

opcode,

or

stack

violation. non-maskable

Each

interrupt
on

can

be be

either

maskable

or

depending
maskable

how

important
can

this

interrupt is

for the CPU.

use of a

The

interrupts
the
than one

suspended

by

the

special

Flag
has
has
case

in the PSW,
to

Interrupt

more

maskable

(Disable) Flag. If the system interrupt, then a special mechanism

priority handling. In our interrupt going to the CPU,

be

provided

for
one

interrupt
maskable

there

is

only

-15-

which

is
one

not

only

an extraordinary case, especially when there interrupt source in our system (i.e. us) non-maskable

is

The

interrupts
the

have

always
exist :

the

highest

priority

and

in
It

our

system

following

(a)
CPU

RESET
and

is
up

an

external

interrupt
RESET

which
upon

initializes the
the Once
activation

starts

the

program

execution signal

(HIGH)
HIGH

of

the RESET
at

pin.

The

is

required

to

stay
RESET

for

least

three

(3)

clock

cycles.

the

interrupt is detected, the CPU clears all the Flags except the zeroes the registers of Interrupt Flag which is set to HIGH, register file and loads the Program Counter with the the address contained in the memory location 00H. This address has
saved

the

number

0200H
for the

which

is

the

address

of

the

interrupt
the to
of

service

routine

the

RESET.
and

Inside
program

the

routine

Interrupt

Flag is
where

cleared

the

is

transferred
The
contents

the this

location
routine

user's

program

begins.

could

look

like

this

ADDRESS

INSTRUCTION
<-

$200 $202 $204 $206 $208 $20A

STPSW AND
LDPSW

Rl

Rl
,

PSW

Rl, 01111b
Rl Rl,03h Rl,00h
ALW,R1

IF
PSW

<<-

0
Rl

LDHI LDLO JMP

Rl

<-

0300H
to

Jump

(Rl)
code)

(program

opcode is read into invalid combination between the opcode and the IMM and SIGN fields is present. The Program Counter is loaded with the contents of the memory address 04H.

(b)

opcode

error

raised

when

an

invalid

the instruction decoder

or

when

an

(c)
only

address

misalignment with

raised when

we

try

to

access

an

odd

memory
on

location
even

the

LDW or

STW instructions that

operate

addresses.

(PC

<-

(06H) )

The

interrupt
maskable

request

line

of

the

CPU

(/INT)
has
.

represents

the

only

interrupt
and
each

that

our

system

It
at

is

low
end

level
of

active

signal

it

is

examined

by

the

CPU

the

the

execution

of

instruction.

If

it is found
occur

stable

at

the

LOW

level

then

the

following

events

(1) (2)

If the

Interrupt

Disable

Flag is

at

logic

one

(IF=1)
equal

the
If

interrupt the

request

is

ignored.
zero,

Interrupt
prevent

Flag

equals

it

is

set

to

to

further

interrupts
service

from

occurring
starts

until

the

interrupt
the the
present.

routine

(3)

processing current The

stored onto

contents

of

the

Program

Counter

are

stack.

-16-

(4) (5)
(6)

The The

PSW

is

stored

onto

the

stack. of

CPU

reads

the

contents
new

the

memory
with

location

02H
The

which

become the

Program

Counter

(PC)
the

program

execution

continues

code

pointed service

by

the
.

new

PC

(start

of

the

interrupt

routine)

One
routine

of

the first instructions inside the interrupt

service

should

be

the

modification

of

the

Interrupt

Flag

so

that

interrupt request can be processed, thus supporting nested interrupts. The last instruction before the return of an interrupt service routine should always be :
a new

POP Because

PSW
a return off

there

is

not

from
stack

interrupt

(RETI)
and

instruction
stored restore request
.

which

would

pop

the
use

both the PSW

the
and

PC,
the the
or

the

programmer

must

the

above

instruction

flags
case

to the
a

state

they

were

before the interrupt

In

that
the

new

interrupt
"POP the
PSW"

request

before
the

after

above

is being issued instruction, that pops

follow
will

flags,
of

gets of

operation

executed, servicing the

CPU

will

the

normal

interrupt.
program

This

include
will

the
now

saving
show

the

flags
of and

and

the

counter,
or

which

the the

address
stack

the

above

instruction

the

one

after

it,

into

the
will

routine

(this
of

one

service interrupt of the calling Upon the nested to be previous)

.

completion

the
will

execution

of

the

new

interrupt request,
and

the the the

service

routine

will

pop

off

the

flags

the

program

counter,
old

and

continue

by

returning the
which,
counter

execution will

to

interrupt
off

service

routine

by its turn,

again

pop

the

flags

and

the

program

continuing

with

initially

interrupted

program.

-17-

The
Trying

Instruction
to follow the RISC
with

Set
designing
five
rules,
an instruction instructions from can instructions

set

was

created

which

only

the
of

only twenty load/store and memory

(25)

directly
remainder registers

access

the

during

push/pop the execution

cycle.

The

or

instructions have to registers and immediate data.

the

operate

between

The
The

instructions
instruction
flow
control

and

the

fetch

cycle

set

includes
and

instructions
memory (Table 3.1)
Our

for The
as

data data

manipulation
program

-arithmetic

logical-,
support

handling,
.

and

stack

have

to

be
point

integer
in
the

numbers
range

(always
.

considered
system

2's
no

complement)

(-215,215-1)
or

has
to
of

floating
All
system'

manipulation

string
a

handling
long,
fetch

facility.
equal

the
word,

instructions
thus
:

are

16-bit
uniform

the

s as

providing

cycle

three

stages

follows
Load
Load
of

1)

the
of

Memory
the

Address

Register

with

the

contents

Program

Counter.
with

2)

the

Memory
memory
.

Data

Register

the

contents

the
the

location

pointed

by
the

the

Memory
Data

Address

Register

(Memory

Access

Cycle)
in

3)

Pass

instruction
to to the

contained

Memory
and

Register
operands

instruction
two

decoder
.

the
the

temporary

registers

Increase

Program

Counter

by

(2)

The execution cycle is much more complicated and it is dependent. In the next chapter, the different instruction also are given. of each instruction micro-operations In
shown.

table

3.1,
and

the
Rs2

instructions
represent

and

their

actions

are

Rd,
the

Rsl

the
and

CPU the

registers

RO

to
are

R7

Rd

is

destination

register

Rsl

and

Rs2

the

source used

registers.

In

some

instructions,
to be
pushed
register

the
or

Rd

register

is

to

encode

the

register

popped

to/from the

(push, pop) conditions (jmp)

stack

and
.

the

Rsl

to

encode

the

branching

The

instruction

formats kinds
one of

There

are

three

instruction
and

formats.

The

register-source,

the the

short-immediate

the

long-immediate.

The

function
and

of

each

is

shown

below

in
the

figures

3.1,

3.2

three

3.3 instruction
bit

respectively-

The only formats are the

The
opcode

common

elements

between the destination

opcode

and

register

fields.

field

has

five

(5)

bits

and

can

encode

up to 25(=32)

different

instructions

while

the

-18-

INSTRUCTION

ACTION TAKEN

IMM

SIGN

CODE

Add

with

Carry
with

Rd Rd
Borrow

<<-

Rsl Rd + Rsl

Rs2
Rs2

CF
+

0
1

ADC

(IMm1)
-

CF

2. 3.

Subtract

Rd Rd
Rd Rd Rd

<-

CF
-

0 1

<<<<-

Rd
Rsl

(IMm)
AND Rs2

CF

Logical AND

Rd AND Rd AND
Rsl

(IMm) (Imm2)
(IMm) (Imm) (IMm) (Imm)

0 1
1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
xb

0 0 0 0 0
1

SBB
AND

Logical

OR

Rd Rd Rd

<<-

OR Rs2

Rd OR Rd OR
Rsl

<<-

0 0 1 0 0 1
0 0

OR

5.

Logical

XOR

Rd Rd

XOR Rs2

XOR

<<-

Rd XOR Rd XOR

Rd

6. 7. 8.

Shift Shift

Left Right Right

Log. Imm. Log. Imm. Ar.Imm.

Rd Rd Rd

<<-

(imm3) *SHL (imm) *SHR

(imm)*SHR
M[Rsl M[Rsl
+ +
Rs2]4

SHLL SHRL
SHRA

Shift

<-

0
V

9.
10. 11. 12. 13. 14 15. 16. 17.

Load Word Load Load

Load Byte

Rd Rd (sign
High
Low

<<-

LDW LDB LDHI

Rs2]
,Rs2) ,Rs2)

X X

0 1
D
D
X X X

Imm. Imm.

extended) Rd <Rd
PSW
<<-

(IMM, SIGN, Rsl, (IMM, SIGN, Rsl,

Rd
+ +

(,D1

D
X

LDLO
LDPSW

Load PSW Store Store Store Word Byte

PSW

M[Rsl

(LSB) (MSB)

M[Rsl

Rs2] Rs2]

<<-

Rd Rd

STW STB
STPSW

1
Rd
<-

PSW

Branch

PC Condition Always
On

<-

Rd

JMP

Rsl

000
001

Carry
Overflow

010 011
100 101

On On
On

Negative
Zero

On On
On

No

Overflow

110 111
18.
Call

No

Carry
(SP)
SP PC
<<<-

Positive

Subroutine

PC SP
Rd
-

CALL 2

19.

Return

SP
PC

<<-

SP

RET

(SP)

Table

3.1

The

Instruction

Set

integer 2Integer

in

range range

(0,63)
(-32,31)

in

3Integer in

range

(1,8)
location
pointed
Rs2"

4M[Rsl+Rs2] means "the contents of the memory and sum of Rsl by the number which is the

sBinary number is 6IMM, SIGN, Rsl and

the 8-bit

not

considered

(it

can

be

any)

Rs2

fields

(see instruction

formats)

contain

immediate
the
IMM

data
and

7D

means

that

SIGN

1-bit

fields

are

considered

as

Data

-19-

15

11 10

opcode

Rd

nned

te-8

opcode

of

Immediate-8
IMM SIGN

field with the binary representation of the mnemonic instruction. 8-bit field with immediate data. Now the IMM and SIGN 1-bit fields contain the two MSbits of the data. In the above instruction format it is not used, but instead, data are contained.
the IMM 1-bit

5-bit

As the
the

field,

it is

not

used

but it

contains

part

of

8-bit

immediate data.

Figure destination
address

3.3
register

The

long-immediate instruction format

contains

field

three

(3)

bits

and

it

can

instruction formats, we can used in cases where two or more actions may be taken (e.g. ADC, SBB, LDB) , in Table 3.2. The opcode, independent of the action, is always the same. What may change is the IMM and SIGN 1-bit fields in some instructions, or the Rsl 3-bit field in some others. This depends on the syntax of the instruction when it is written in assembly language. For the case of the branch instruction for the opcode is always constant and the (01111B) example, condition is given by the 3-bit field Rsl. Here are some in and machine commands language respectively. assembly the instructions are translated the Observe assembly way
now

up to eight (8) Once we have seen

registers.

the

explain

why

single

mnemonic

is

according

to

their

syntax

Assembly

Machine
opcode

Language Rd

IS
xx

Rsl

Rs2

JMP

C,R7

01111
JMP

111
R7

001

xxx

Jump
to

on

Carry
address

Set
R7

the

contained

by

JMP

ALW,R7

01111
JMP

111
R7

xx

000
ALW

xxx

Jump
the

Always
address

to
R7

contained

by

ADC

R7,R5,R2

00000
ADC

111
R7

008101 R5

010
R2

R7

R5+R2+CF

ADC

R7, 011011b

00000
ADC

111
R7

10

011

011

R7

R7+01BH+CF

Immed-6

XOR

R7,R5,R2

11100
XOR

111
R7

00

101
R5

010
R2

R7

R5

XOR R2

8SIGN bit has to be

always

zero

in ADC

and

SBB

instructions

-21-

20.

Push

to

Stack

(SP)
SP

<<-

Rd

PUSH
-

SP

Rd

Register
PSW Rl R2

21.

000 001 010 Oil 100 101 110 111 Pop from
Rd

R3
R4

R5 R6
R7

St ack

SP Rd

<<-

SP

POP

(SP)

Register
PSW

000 001 010

Oil

Rl R2 R3
R4

100 101 110

111

R5 R6
R7

22. 23. 24.

Load

Stack

Pointer Pointer

SP
Rd

<<-

Rd SP

X X
V

LDSP

Store
No

St ack

X X
X

STSP
NOP

Opera tion

25.

Halt

HLT

Table

The

Instruction

Set

(continued)

15

11 10

7
IMM

6
SIGN

32

opcode

Rd

Rsl

Rs2

opcode

5-bit
of

the

Rd,Rsl,Rs2

3-bit
source

IMM SIGN

1-bit instruction 1-bit

or

field with the binary representation of the mnemonic instruction. fields with the addresses of the destination (Rd) and (Rsl,Rs2). registers for immediate In used addressing. the field above
.

format it is always zero (0) field that distinguishes if the immediate data is signed not. It is always zero (0) in the above instruction format.

Figure

The

register-source

instruction format

15

11 10

7
IMH

6
SIGN

0 Innadlota-6

opcode

Rd

opcode

5-bit
of

the

field with the instruction.

binary

representation

of

the

mnemonic

Immediate-6

jMM
SIGN

field that contain immediate data. immediate for In the above used addressing. field instruction format it is always one (1) 1-bit field that distinguishes if the immediate data is signed or not. The immediate data are considered signed if it is one 6-bit 1-bit
.

(1),
Figure

unsigned

otherwise.

3.2

The

short-immediate

instruction format

-20-

XOR

R7, 111111b,

11100
XOR

111
R7

11

111

111

R7

R7

XOR

FFFFB

Immed-6
extended

sign

immediate
XOR

R7, 111111b

11100
XOR

111
R7

10

111

111

R7

R7

XOR

03FH

Immed-6

The table

opcode

assignment

of

the

instructions

is

given

in

3.2.

xxxOO

xxxOl

xxxlO

xxxll

OOOxx OOlxx OlOxx Ollxx

lOOxx lOlxx
llOxx lllxx

ADC
SBB LDB STB

NOP HLT LDPSW STPSW

SHLL SHRL
SHRA

LDW

STW

JMP LDHI

CALL
AND OR XOR
RET PUSH

LDLO

LDSP

STSP

POP

Table

3.2
can

Opcode Assignment
also

Other
with

instructions
specified

be

implemented,
Here
are
some

indirectly,
of

the

instruction

set.

them that

one

usually

finds

in the

instruction

sets

of

other

CPUs:

Instruction

Implementation

(by
move

our

Instruction

Set)

Rs

to

Rd
Rd Rd
of

Rd Rd Rd Rd Rd Rd

<<<<<-

Rs
Rd

+
+
-

R0

increment
decrement
complement

Rd
R0

(1D) (1D)
Rd

(CF=0) (CF=0) (CF=1) (CF=1)

negate
clear

Rd Rd

Rd R0

XOR
+

(-1D)

Rd

<-

RO

(CF=0)

exchange

Rd

and

Rs

Rd Rs Rd

<<-

Rd XOR Rs Rd XOR Rs Rs
XOR

<-

Rd

The
The

addressing
supported

modes

addressing

modes

are

only two

a)

Indexed

-22-

i
and

Register
For
a

Indirect

ii)
b)

Linear

byte/word array

Immediate
case

This

a)-ii
.

is
an

an

interesting
example
with

way to

elements

Suppose for
of

that

R1=0FFH

easily and it
:

access

array
the

contains

base
value

address

array
and

256

elements.

When R2

takes

any

between

00H

0FEH

then

the

instruction

LDW

R5, [R1+R2]
the
contents
element into any array array is an array of bytes, command (LDB) and specify which
of or

can

easily
R5 to
.

load
use

register we

In the the to

case

that the

have
we

load byte
(MSByte

byte

want

keep

LSByte)
is

The the

immediate
should

programmer

addressing pay special

the
can

mode

little
on

tricky,
part. always

so

attention

that

First,
be
the

destination
No

and

source

registers

must

same.
other

immediate data

be

longer than

cases they have to be only 6-bit s immediate operand into any of the CPU registers, we in-structions that were incorporated for this two only: LDHI and LDLO. The instruction :

8-bits and in some long. To load a 16-bit

must
use purpose

LDHI

R4, 1010111b
register

loads the MSByte

of

R4

with

the

binary

number

1010011

leaving the rest of the In exactly the same operation for the LSByte of the registers sign no loaded is unsigned i.e. both cases the operand that is instruction for those format place. The extension takes
register
unchanged.

LDLO

performs
.

instructions
instruction

is

the

long-immediate,
the

where

the
In

LSByte

of

the
now, SIGN

contains

immediate

data. only
the

the

that
sign

that

the
to

immediate be
used

operand
show

is

6-bit in

long,
ADC
'

cases, the

field

has

to
IMM

whether

operand

has
1'

to

be
SBB

extended

or and

not

(not

applicable

and

instructions)
immediate
For
same

the

field has
.

to

be
two

always

(short-

instruction
even
number

format)
the

example,

though
as

following

commands

have

the

binary
are :

immediate in the

that

represented

operands, logical operation

the

actual

numbers

are

completely

different

XOR

R3

,111111b

;
s

R3 R3

R3 R3

XOR

0FFH(

63D)

XOR

R3, 111111b,
can

XOR FFFFH(=-1D)
we

Sign from

extension

also

happen
of

in the
are

case

load

byte
LDB
sign

the

command

into any memory the now but only), doesn't

for
take

the

registers

(with

the
The

data

8-bit

long.

extension

place

in

the

Add,
is

Subtract
obvious.

and

Shift
could

instructions.
a
as
shift

For the latter the

reason

What

left
to

(-8)
a

times

mean?

Or should that be translated

use a
shift

shift

right?

But how is
shift

then possible to
operation?

left

command

execute

right

Because

we

wanted

-23-

our

instruction

set use

to be non-ambiguous
of

for the the

prohibited
commands.
negative

the

compilers,
for

we

sign

extented
can

operands
mean

the

above
of a

So the

subtraction

never

addition

number, if and only if the immediate addressing mode is and the used, shift left operation can never be a shift right for a negative number of times. Figure 3
.

shows

how the
ADC SBB
XOR OR AND LDW LDB

each

instruction
The
affected

affects

Flags.
not

Interrupt

Flag is
the

1 1

1 1 0 0 0 0 0
0
?

by
of

execution

instruction.
set
or

The

clear

any only way to is it, by

to
and
with

0 0 0

storing
register, Interrupt load back
contents

the

PSW

modify

the then
the the to

0
1
?

Flag bit
the
PSW

LDB(S)
STPSW LDPSW

of

that
set,

register.
about
we

Concluding
instruction
mention

STW
STB
JMP

have

that

it
II

was

greatly

influenced
RISC
sets

by

the

Berkley's

PUSH POP CALL

RET
HLT

&
as
.

RISC

instruction
appear

they

in

[KAT83]

NOP SHLL Symbol

I
1

1 1

1 1 I

Meaning
&

SHRA SHRL

I
1

Test Not

Set

if

True,

Clear

Otherwise
affected contents ones

Figure depend
on

3.4

New

&

Instruct ions Flags

previous

In

the

restriction.

The

integers
reason

but

instructions there is also another shifting immediate data not only have to be positive The they also have to be in the range (1-8)
.

for
Of
no

that

is
make
we

because
more exclude

hardware
eight
number

element

called
per

Power
clock

Shifter
cycle. makes

cannot

than

(8)
of

shifts

course, sense to

zero

shifts make one no

because it
shifts.

use

the

shift

command

to

the
the

group instructions needed

Another

of

instructions
for
LDB
commands
register

is

the the

that in

includes
These
are

accessing

memory.

STW,
the

STB,

LDW

and use

as

shown

Table

3.1.
mode

These
where

instructions
address of

the

indirect addressing

of

by

the

result

the memory to read or write is determined addition of the the contents of the two
.

source access

Rs2 For Rsl and the registers, (LDB and STB) we have single byte

instructions
also

that
which

to know
memory.

byte
sign

this

is

(MSByte
after

or

LSByte),
its

and

whether

it's going to be
This

extended

loading
-24-

from

the

is encoded into the IMM 1-bit field where the '1' '0' digit means the MSByte while the digit means binary the LSByte of the Rd register. for STB the command, Especially attention has to be paid in its implementation because if the result of the addition of Rsl and Rs2 happens to be even

information

only the memory bank #1 has to be enabled because it the even addresses, in the case that the while result is odd only the memory bank #2 has to be enabled. We have, finally, to say that before the byte has been put on the data bus it should have the right position in the Memory Data
number,
represents

Register
exact

(MDR)

to

reach of of

the the

desired
above

memory
.

implementation

command,

see

bank. in

(For

the 4

chapter

the

micro-operations

the

STB

command)

The

Processor
user

Status Word
visible and

Another
Processor

accessible
.

CPU

register

is the
of

Status Word

(Fig.
are

3.5)

Only

the

five

(5)

LSbits

its

sixteen

(16)

bits

to modify its Flags with We have to use a register that time Flags
can we

used, giving the ability to the user the use of no more than one register.

because

there the

are

no

instructions
every
of registers

access
store

modify directly the PSW in one of the

and

PSW.

Therefore,
on

seven

available

(remember that R0
can

is

always

zero)
can

modification

any

the
new

be

made.

The

PSW

then

be
the

loaded

with

the to

contents pushed

of

that the

register. stack

The

contents

of

the PSW

can

also

be
.

onto

as

with

any

of

registers

Rl

R7

!>MxM>MM>W>ro&<lXi
Interrupt

Flsg
If

1 1.
Enebla
IF Bl

(Int. (It (It (It

Disable

Nsgotlua

Flag
on

Is SET Is SET is SET

Nsgotius

rasultl

Zsro Flag
an

Zsro

raault)

OwsrfloH

Flag
If
raault < >
-2'*

op

215

raault

-11

Carry Flog

Figure

The
some

Processor

Status Word
to
s modify the instructions that
results.
PSW'

There Flags
we and

are one

of

course

other

ways

of

them

is
:

by

executing

some

know

they

affect

the

Flags,

producing

dummy

The

instruction

for

example

ADC

R0

R0

R0 the

clears

the

only only

one

instructions

register.

flag, by executing changing the contents of any The following instruction, however, affects (clears)
carry

flag

and

sets

zero

and

without

the

carry

flag

-25-

ADC
Even

RO, 000001b
after

if RO is intermediate
seems

zero

the

execution

of

the

instruction,
is

the and, This

with

result

that
one and

the

ALU

produces

01H
work

actually,

this to

is the

that

affects

the

PSW's

Flags.

way
all

be

faster

smarter

but

it

doesn't

the

flags.

3.5

Assembly
The

syntax

and

instruction encoding
first
mentioned

instruction
3.2
the
will

paragraph syntax

now

we encoding that be presented. The

in
the

complete

table

of

instructions and their encoding to the machine is in binary representation will be described. of The mnemonics the instructions that are used for their representation in the assembly language have already been given in table 3.1. As everyone knows it is a lot easier to
of

language

which

write

program

in
we

assembly than
need

in

machine

language

because
and

the

only
of

things

to

know

are
will

the

mnemonics

the
the
of

syntax proper

the

instructions

which

later

interpret
.

to

instruction formats

and

the

instructions,
to
of

thus,

is

addressing modes given in table 3.3

and some

The

syntax

with

their

encoding
meaning

the the

machine

language
and

comments

about
used.

the

parameters

the

symbols

that

are

INSTRUCTION

SYNTAX

M.S.
76543

Byte
210
Rd Rd

L.S.
7

Byte
543
Rsl

210
Rs2

1.

ADC

a)

ADC ADC

Rd,Rsl,Rs2 Rd,imm

00000 00000

b)

0 0 1 0 from
to

Immed-6-unsigned

000 111
Rsl

000
111
Rs2

(0D)

(63D)

SBB

a)

SBB SBB

Rd,Rsl,Rs2

00001 00001

Rd
Rd

0
1
to

b)

Rd, imm

0 0

Immed-6-unsigned

from 10100 10100

Rd Rd

000
111
Rsl

000

111
Rs2

(0D) (63J

AND

a)

AND

Rd,Rsl,Rs2

b)

AND

Rd, imm

0 0 1 0 from
to

Immed-6-unsigned

000
111

000 111 000 111

Rs2

(0D) (63r)
(-32r) (31L,)

c)

AND

Rd,imm,s

10100

Rd

1
to

Immed-6-signed

from
Rd,Rsl,Rs2

100 011
Rsl

4.

OR

a)

OR OR

11000 11000

Rd

b)

Rd, imm

Rd

0 1
to

0 0

Immed-6-unsigned

from

000
111

000 111 000 111

Rs2

<0D) (63D) (-32D) (31D)

;)

OR

Rd,imm,s

11000

Rd

1
to

Immed-6-signed

from 11100 11100

Rd Rd

100 011
Rsl

XOR

a)

XOR
XOR

Rd,Rsl,Rs2

b)

Rd,imm

0 1

0 0 from

Immed-6-unsigned

000
111

000 111

to

(0P) (63D)

Table

3.3

Instruction

syntax

&

encoding

-2

6-

C)

XOR

Rd, imm,

11100

Rd

1
to

Immed 6

signed

from 6.

100 011

000 111 001 000

001

(-32J
(31n)
unsigned

SHLL

a)

SHLL

Rd, imm

00010

Rd

1
to

Immed 6

from 7.
SHRL
a)

000 001 000 001 000 001

Rsl

dD)
(8n)
unsigned

SHRX

Rd, imm

00110

Rd

1 to

Immed 6

from 8. SHRA
a)

000
001

UD) (8ri)

SHRA

Rd, imm

01010

Rd

1
to

Immed 6

unsigned

from

do)
<8D)

000
Rs2 Rs2 Rs2 Rs2 Rs2

9.
10.

LDW

a)

LDW

LDB

a)

LDB

Rd, [Rsl+Rs2] Rd, [Rsl+Rs2]

00011
,h

Rd Rd Rd Rd Rd Rd

01000
unsigned

1 1 1
1

0 1
1 1

Rsl
Rsl Rsl Rsl

b)
c)

Load High Byte (MSB) LDB Rd, [Rsl+Rs2] , hs Load High Byte (MSB) LDB Rd, [Rsl+Rs2]
,1

01000
signed

01000
unsigned

d)
11.
LDHI
a)

Load Low Byte (LSB) LDB Rd, [Rsl+Rs2]

,1s

01000
signed

Load LDHI

Low

Byte Rd, imm

(LSB)

10010

Immed -8 -unsigned

from
to

0
1 0
1
X
X

0 1 0
1
X X X
X

000 111
000 111
xxx xxx

000
111

(0D) (255D) (0D) (255D)

12.

LDLO

a)

LDLO

Rd, imm

10010

Rd

Immed -8-unsigned

from
to

000 111
xxx

13. 14. 15. 16.

17.

LDPSW

a)
a) a) a)

LDPSW

Rd Rd
Rd

01001

Rd

STPSW LDSP

STPSW
LDSP

01101 10111 11011 00111

i

Rd
Rd Rd Rd

xxx
xxx xxx

X X X

xxx
xxx

STSP
STW

STSP
STW

Rd

a) a)

18.

STB

b)
19. 20.
CALL
PUSH POP JMP RET NOP HLT
a) a)

Rd, [Rsl+Rs2] STB Rd, [Rsl+Rs2] Load High Byte (MSB) LDB Rd, [Rsl+Rs2] Byte Load Low (LSB)
CALL PUSH Rd
Rd

Rsl Rsl

Rs2

,h

01100 01100 10001 11001 11101 01111

Rd
Rd Rd Rd Rd

1 1
X X X
X

0
1
X
X

Rs2
Rs2

,1.

Rsl
xxx xxx xxx

xxx

xxx xxx xxx

21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

a) a)
a) a)

POP
JMP

Rd

X
X

Condition, Rd
Rsl
encodes

Rd
.ion

Rsl

the

condit

RET NOP HLT

10101 00001 00101

Rd Rd
Rd

X X X

X X X

xxx
xxx

xxx xxx xxx

a)

xxx

Table

Instruction

syntax

&

encoding

(continued)

-27-

The
The

Central
of

Processing
is
that detail
where

Unit
Central
chose

heart
.

Unit
parts

(CPU)
of

This
of

every computer is the reason

CPU
with

the
we

Processing
to
rest give
of a

description
our

the

more

than

the

the

system.

The

description has been

carried

down to

the
a

Register
are as

Transfer

Level

(RTL)

the

key

component

is

(parallel)

register,
other

that

is,

storage and

device

for

words.

There
such

also

combinational

sequential

components and shift

usually described as boxes with a specified operation. Between these boxes runs a group of lines that carry the data and referred to as buses. In this level, there is a degree of abstraction, in the sense that we don't see what's in inside each of these usually
are

decoders, registers and they

multiplexers,

ALUs,

counters

boxes,

and

quite

soon

we

will

see

that

box

may

sometimes

represent

more

than

one

component.

The
The

CPU
CPU

structure

steps
and

of

some

In the first as an entity is given in figure 4.1. its design, only the necessary registers were placed units like the Arithmetic Logic Unit the (ALU) ,

Control

Unit

(CU)

and

the

Interrupt
are

Unit
all

(IU)

The

registers

that

we

decided
:

to

incorporate

1 6-bit s

and

are

the

following i) ii)
iii) iv)
v)
vi)

Memory
memory

Data
read

Register
and

(MDR)
a

holds
write

the
.

data

after

before
that
we :

memory
:
want

Memory
memory

Address Register

(MAR)
keeps be

holds the
write

address
or

of

the

location Counter

to

to

read

from.
next

Program
program

(PC)
to
:

the

address

of

the

instruction

executed.
always available : contains stack

Stack

Pointer

(SP)
the

it

the

memory
data

address

that

is

next

position.

ALU
that
Front

Input
will

Registers

(Ra,Rb)
operands

they
:

keep

the

be

used

as

in the ALU

operations.
register

the
This

contents

End Immediate Register of the MDR and the data Ri

reach

(Ri)

this
as

loads
stage

serves

delay
at

before

the

Far

End

Immediate

Register. the
same

delay is
that
place

time

absolutely loaded is
and
or we

essential

because
which

the

instruction
yet more

decoding
part
of needs

is
the

taking
data
Far

don't
or

know
even

is
End

useful

not,

if

it

some

further

processing.

viii)

Immediate

Register

(Rixnm)
been
End

contains

raw

immediate
their

data

after

they
keeps
PC

have the
or

processed

during
or

transfer

from

the
:

Front

Immediate
of

Register. ALU
of

ix)

Node

Register

(Re)
as

result

an

PS

(Power

Shifter)
such

operation

the
.

contents

other

registers

the
Word

and
:

SP

x)

Processor

Status

(PSW)

this

register

keeps

the

-28-

en

to

V
a.
-?
t

cr

t
z

LU
CO LU

z cc LU
1-

LU o o

cn cn

LU
cc

cc

DC

X LU

u a. o

o
a

a CD

?-?J*

? ?Iv

t:

(6) U0M

h5t=h5

0-'

Figure

The

CPU

structure

-2

9-

flags

(Carry,

Overflow,
was

Negative,

Zero

and

Interrupt)

The Power
considered
as

Shifter
another

mentioned

CPU the

component
were

before but it really was in the next steps of the

and we wanted

design
speed

where

the
flow

data
and

paths

assigned

to

up

the

paths

connect

the

various called

processing of the data. CPU components together

control points. path switch

The
and

data

they

usually
A

have the
control

so

point control path.

is

data

activated
over

by

signal,
When

allows

data to be
the
or
we

when which, transferred path

the
reach

data
a

inactive,
case

data
more

is
data

effectively blocked.
paths
control control

In

the

that
,

two

input
two
or

node

(point)

then

need

more

signals

to

distinguish

which

data
a

path

will

be

transferred to the
not

output. switch

So,

sometimes

control

node

may be

just

single

but

something

more

complex.

4.2

The

Control

Unit
The function
control

unit

implements
of

fe
,

or

group
the

functions
function unit, that

flf f 2,
ldlo

fn.
a

Every

time

is

executed

by

control of events

there

is

sequence

is transferred to the
and

control

points

'RESET

data affects the consequently function imple overall path. The

mented of

by

the

control

unit

is

that

the

CPU 4.2.

operation

as

shown

in

Interrupt

figure
tion the

It

consists

of

other

sub-functions

such

as

the

instruc
each of

fetch, the instructions,

the

execution

of

the

interrupt

fstch

and access memory our CPU In states. generally the CPU : states possible four are there

services,

sxscu

ts

idle,
After

interrupt,
the
the
power

fetch

and

execute. system

up

of

the

(i.e. CPU

RUN

signal

goes

HIGH)
to

the the

is

always

initialized

idle
state

state

until

it

is
the
and

reset.

It

then

enters

externally interrupt
service

until

the

interrupt

routine continues

is

called

then

it

by

changing
fetch
and

between
states,

the
If

alternately execute the

from

starting

always

the
of a

fetch.
program

during
HLT

the

execution

the

command

is

then
Figure

the

processor

enters

reached, the idle

4.2

state
reset.

until

State

Sequence

enters

is again externally occurs it interrupt first the interrupt state and

If
an

it

-30-

then the

it
The

continues

by fetching
routine
.

and

executing the internal

this the

commands

of

interrupt

service unit

control

generates
other
a

an

clock

which

is
CPU

distributed
executes
a

to

all

the

CPU

components.

When

the the

freezes

until

memory it

read

or

memory write,
the
MEMRDY

internal
from

clock
CPU-

receives
unit

signal

Memory

handshaking

giving

to

all

components

the

illusion that only one cycle has elapsed while at least three cycles have occurred in the external CPU environment (Fig.

2.1)

Inside decoder

the the

control

unit at

there

is

also

an

instruction
cycle. and

which

is

enabled

the the

third

fetch

It

interprets
operands

instruction,
that
Unit

or

conditions

are

enclosed some

addressing in the
other

mode

the

16-bit

word.

The to

Control

generates

signals,
shown

internal in
figure
or

it,

except

the

control

signals

that
state

are

4.1. the
the the

These to

signals of

are

used

for the

coordination

for CU

issuing
the
ex_end

interrupts,
in
of

like 4.1.

the
The
HIGH

four first

signals
of

that

the

pases

IU

figure
which

these

signals cycle

is
of

signal

becomes

after

the

last

execution

every
that

opcode_error opcode

signal

field
and
used

contained

instruction. The second is informs the interrupt unit that an invalid binary representation
are

the the
and

the
are

third both

fourth to to

signals an

the

write_mem

and

word

which

assert

interrupt
to the

condition

whenever

word

is

attempted

be

written

memory

at

an

odd

address.

The
This

interrupt
unit

unit

is the
four
the
that

portion

of

the

CPU

which

is

responsible

for
and

issuing
INT
as

the

interrupts.
Interrupt

It

has two
from the

external control

inputs,
unit.

RESET
also

bar,
LSbit

and

inputs

It the

has
and

Inputs

the
of

Disable

Flag
is

(IDF)

bit

of

PSW

the

MAR.
an

Every
generates

time

interrupt
the

two

signals

for

control

activated, The unit.

this

unit

first
execute

one

changes

the

processor

state

from

idle,

fetch

or

to
the

interrupt
type
or
of

and

the

second

signal

contains

information
signals

about

the interrupt

(reset,
.

external

interrupt,
more

opcode

error

address

misalignment)
single

These

two
or

may

not

be
the

necessarily
number

lines the

but
to
RESET

two

according
a
counter

to

of

states

that
of

need

be

encoded.

For
used

the

case

interrupt,
LOW

has
of

been

which

is
and

enabled

by
the

the

to

HIGH

transition
clock

the

RESET
and

line

once

enabled

it

counts

up to three

pulses

it

finally
the
waits

issues the

internal
state

RESET

For
always

external

interrupt,
of

the

interrupt. unit interrupt

ex_end
signal.

(IU)
After

for

HIGH

the

this

is reached, the IU checks the INTJbar line. In the interrupt is issued. In the no that it is stable HIGH, case IDF is checked to see if the the then LOW it is that case interrupt is the external enabled. Eventually, is interrupt IDF and the is zero. request a issued if there is
state
-31-

The the
which

assertion
error

of

the opcode interrupt is

quite

easy

since

signal can

is

given

directly by
in figure

the

instruction decoder

be

designed

as

4.3.

error

Figure

Example
address

of

an

instruction decoder
the interrupt
write_mem unit word of

Finally
needs

for the
the

three

signals.

The

two

misalignment, first are the

and
.

and

signals

from

control

unit

the

third

is

the

LSbit
a

the

Memory
cycle

Address

Register

(MAR)

Every

time

that

is to be performed and the word signal (i.e. a word is going to be written) the LSbit of the MAR is if it is one or zero. If it is zero there is see examined to no danger since it points to an even address and all the words
write
should

memory is HIGH

be

stored

at

even

addresses

only.

In the

case,

though,

that

the

LSbit

is one,

then

an

address

misalignment

interrupt

is

issued.

The
The

control

points

data

path

switches

as

they

are

depicted
of

in

figure
not such

4.1,
the

are

responsible

for the

proper

traffic But

the
of

data among

components switches

that

assemble

the CPU.
more

some

them are

only
as

but

they

represent

complex

structures
control

decoders,
example,

multiplexers

or

comparators.

The

node,

for

in
c8

figure

4.1

that
more

has

as

inputs
control

the

control

signals shown

c7

and

is

much

complex

structure

than

it

to

be.
-

The

operation
-

of

those

signals signal

is is
of

described
our

in table 4.1
and

as

with

every

other

control

system

the

actual control

design
nodes

can with

look
more
which

like
than

figure
one

4.4.

Generally,
signal

the

control

as

inputs,
of

perform

function

is

more

complex

than

that

switch.

Every
of

control

node

(point)
Table
signals

controls

either
all

the transfer
the
control

data

or

an

operation.

4.1
and
or

shows

points, encode,
affect.

their
and

control

the the
same

function
other
units

that

finally
in
of

the

registers

that
make

they they
the

Later,

chapter

5,

this

table

will will

sensitivity

list

for

the

VHDL

processes

that

implement

the

operation

those

registers.

-32-

-iLOAD

C1B

FKIt:

Figure

Control node for c7 and c8

control

signals

Memory Data Register

MDR MDR
<<-

Re
Data Bus

cl9 c36

Memory Address Reqister

MAR MAR
<<-

PC SP

c25
c26 c21
vector

MAR
MAR Proqram

<<-

Re

int

c23

Counter
<<-

PC PC
Stack

PC+2

c22 c24

Re

Pointer
<<<-

SP SP SP
Ri Ri
Rimm

SP+2

SP-2
Re
-

(c27, c28) (c27, c28)

c43

(0,1) (1,0)

(immediate

Reqister

front

end)
cl8

<-

MDR

(immediate
<<-

Reqister

far end) (cl2 (cl2 (cl2 (cl2 (cl2 Cl3,cl4)

cl3,cl4) cl3,cl4)
= =

Rimm
Rimm Rimm

Ri
Ri<5:0>,u Ri<5:0>,s Ri<7:0>,u

<<-

Rimm
Rimm
Rimm

cl3,cl4) cl3,cl4) cl3,cl4) Cl3,cl4)

=
=

<<<-

Ri<7:0>,s
Ri<15:8>,u Ri<15:8>,s

Rimm

(cl2 (Cl2

(0,0, 1) (0,1, 0) (0,1 1) (1,0 0) (1,0 1) (1,1 0) (1,1 1)

Table

Tranf ers

and

Operations

-33-

Rd,Rsl,Rs2
Rd
Rsl Rs2
<<<-

MDR<10:8>
MDR<5:3>

c20 c2

MDR<2

0>

c20

External
" "

Signals
<<<<<<<-

WR_bar

LOW LOW HIGH

c30
c31 c32

RD_bar WORD VMA INTA Data_Bus Address_Bus Reqister

"

HIGH HIGH
MDR MAR

c33
c34
c37

c35

File
<<<-

Rf (Rd)
Rf(Rd)<15:8> Rf(Rd)<7:0>

Re
Rimm<7 Rimm
zeros :

0>

Rimm<7:0>

Rf (Rd) R( (Rd)
Ra,Rb,Rc
Ra
Ra

<<-

(Cl5,cl6,cl7) (Cl5,cl6,cl7) (cl5,cl6,cl7) (cl5,cl6,cl7) (Cl5,cl6,cl7)

sources,

(0,0,1) (0,1,0) (0,1,1) (1,0,0) (1,0,1)

(ALU

registers

destination)
C7

<<<-

Rb Re
Re

Rf (Rsl) Rf (Rd) Rf (Rs2)

ALU PS

c8 e9

<<<-

bus bus

c40
c41 c2

;
;

switched

i :rom ALU

from

!SHIFTER

Re Re Arithmetic
ALU_bus ALU_bus

PC
SP
Unit1

<-

c42

Logic
<<-

Ra'

Rb
Ra-

Rimm3'4

ALU_bus
PSW
PSW
ALU_bus<7: 0> ALU_bus<15: 8>

<<<<-

PSW:

Rimm"

Ra<15:
Ra<7

8>2

<-

0>2

ALU_bus
ALU_bus
<<<-

Ra

+
-

(Rb (Rb

v v

Rimm)
v v

3'4

CF CF

Ra Ra
Ra Ra

Rimm)3"1

ALU_bus
ALU_bus

AND

(Rb (Rb (Rb

v

Rimm)-'4

OR
XOR
+

Rimm)3'"

Rimm)3'"

ALU_bus

ALU

bus
POWER

<-

Ra

(Rb

Rimm)

3'4

(el, c2, c3, c4) (el, c2, c3, c4) (cl, c2, c3, c4) (cl, c2, c3, c4) (cl, c2, c3, c4) (cl, c2,c3, c4) (cl, c2, c3, c4 ) (cl, c2, c3, c4 ) (cl, c2, c3, c4 ) (cl, c2, c3, c4) (cl, c2, c3, c4) (cl, c2, c3, c4) (cl, c2, c3, c4)
.

(0,0, 0, (0,0, 1, (0,0, 1, (0,1, (0,1, 0, (0,1, 1, (0,1, 1, (1,0, 0, (1,0, (1,0, (1,0, (1,1, (1,1,.1,
0,
.0,

,1, .1,

0,

1) 0) 1) 0) 1) 0) 1) 0) 1) 0) 1) 0)

.1)

SHIFTER5

PS

bus

<<<-

Rimm Rimm Rimm

* * *

PS~bus PS~bus

(SHLL(Ra)) (SHRL(Ra)) (SHRA(Ra))

(c5,c6) (c5,c6) (c5,c6)

(0,1) (1,0) (1,1)

Table

Transfers

and

operations

(continued)

^10,

ell

must
=

have

been

set

before
chosen

any ALU

operation

2(cl0,cll)

(0,0)
(0,1)

None Rb

3(cl0,cll)
4(cl0,cll)
5The
This

chosen chosen

(1,0)
of

Rimm
are

contents number

Ra

shifted

as

must

be

greater

than

many times as the number 0 and less than 9.

contained

in Rimm.

-34-

4.4.1
This
above

The

immediate
the four

registers

is

one

of

sub-paragraphs

that

follow
on

the
the

list
of

with

the

control

signals

and
as

their

result

CPU
some

transfers
the

and

operations,
parts.

having

purpose :

to

clarify

written

The

assignment

Rimm

<-

Ri<5:0>,u
with

means

that
Ri

Rimm

is

loaded
rest

the

six

(6)

LSbits
zeros

of

the

Ri
.

register

filling

the

of

the bits the

word
:

with

(unsigned)

If

the

register

contains

Ri then
Rimm

->

10010110101110101
will

the
with

above

assignment
number :

have

as

result

the

loading

of

the

Rimm

->

00000000000110101
assignment
:

In

contrary,

the

Rimm

<-

Ri<5:0>,s
of

first
and

checks

the MSbit
the

the

6-bit
to
with

number

(bit 5

of

the word)

then
rest

transfers
of
.

this
of

number

the

Rimm
or

register,

filling

the that

bits
what

Rimm

zeros

bit

Look
'=>'

happens

for

example

ones, depending on in the two following assignment)

:

cases

(the

symbol

represents

the
=

above

Ri

10010110101110101

=>

Rimm

1111111111110101

I
bit
Ri

is

1
=>

10010110101010101

Rimm

0000000000010101

I
bit
The

is

0
assignments used. of

same

action

Rimm,

except

that

is taken for the other are other bit groups

data to

4.4.2
In
register

The

register

file
the
and registers
of

the the
of

assignments

concerning

the

file,

for
case

both that

loading
may
of of

them

transferring
is
we

their
repre

contents,
sentation

cause

confusion register

the
In

the

registers

the

file.

loading
the

any

of

the
:

registers

the

register

file

have

assignment

Rf(Rd)

<-

register

-35-

where one

"register"

can

be
a

one

of

is

not
of

actually
the
means

register

the Re, Rimm or zeros. The last but a state which is loaded
the

into
CPU.

all

registers

during

R (Rd)

that
Rd

the

register
register
"001"

file
Rd.

(Rf)
If

that
for

destination its address

initialization is the register is designated

the

of
of

the the

by

the

example

contains
will

binary

number place:

then the
Rl

following
<-

assignment

actually take

register

In the

case

that the byte is

will

the

register

change,

indicated, leaving the

then
rest

only that byte

of

of

the

register

unchanged.

4.4.3
The

The Arithmetic Logic Unit Logic

Unit

Arithmetic
and

(ALU)
but

not

only
passes

performs

the

arithmetic

logical

operations

it
or

also

transfers
the
a

data bus

from/to the Processor Status Word

of

(PSW)

contents

its

input
and

registers

to

the

ALU_bus

which an

is
ALU the

16-bit

that ALU

maintains

the data dynamically.

output

After Re

operation

is

complete

the the

data

are of

stable

on

ALU_bus,
and so

the the

triggers

LOAD

input

the
,

register

ALU_bus
stored.
with

transfers the the

carried

data to Re
signal

where

they
it
has

are

temporarily
Re
register

ci0 is the data

control

that

loads
and
unit

the

by
and

the

ALU_bus the

is

(indirectly)
c41 is
to
the

controlled controlled
perform

by by

the ALU the

by

control
.

(like the
the
cycle
and

Power

Shifter)

The

ALU

ability
of

operation

any of is triggered by the LOW-to-HIGH transition clock. It is performed if any of the control internal
to

its

operations

within

one

clock

every

signals

cx

c4
The

is
of

other

than

zero.

sources

for

the

ALU
Rb

operation

are

the

registers

Ra

and

one as

the

registers

or

Rimm.

The

control and

point

which

has

inputs
As
we point

the
can

control

signals

c10
two ALU.

cxl

manages
enter

the

latter.
control

see

in

figure
Rb
and

4.1
one

data
It

paths

the
one

(one

from
and

from

Rimm)
is
and

but

only
one

data
the

path

leaves
Rimm

it

enters

the

important
any

to
of

remember

that to

before

any

ALU

operation

that

needs

Rb

or

registers

(see

Table

4.1),
in

c10

cn

must

have
the

been

set

the

proper

combination

order

to

provide

proper

data

to

the

ALU.

4.4.4

The

Power

Shifter

This

shifter

obtained

the

adjective one

"power"

because (left
of

it
or
our

has
CPU

the

right)

ability to make in just one clock

from
cycle.

to

eight

shifts

This

important feature
are needed

speeds

up

its
or

operation, division

since

shifts

for

any

multiplication

operation.

In

our

design the Power

-36-

Shifter
register
number

(PS)
as
must

shifts

left
as

or

right

the

contents

of

the

Ra

many times be greater

as
an

the number than zero (0)

contained
and

in Rimm.
than
nine

This

less

(9)

and

it is loaded

immediate

operand with

the instruction.

these

Therefore, the checking for the number of shifts (to be within limits) must be done during the translation of the code
into
machine

language.
case

The

assembler
number of

should

always

provide
or

an

error

in the
eight.

that the
of

shifts

is

zero

greater

than

The
result

operation

the
one

PS

looks
outputs

like
the

the

which

regarding the storage of the we described for the ALU. It

PS_bus
and

first
stable

result

to

the
Re

once
and

the

data

get

it
of

triggers the

the to

control

signal

c41

stores

the

contents

bus

the

register.

4.5

Instruction Decomposition
This
was

one

of

the

most

difficult
the the
It

parts

of

the

thesis

project.

During

and time consuming decomposition of the

instructions
CPU changed
give

into micro-operations,
times
and more and

data

path

inside the
added

several

control

nodes also

were

to
a

better

faster

performance.

is

true

that
at

VLSI
point

implementation
.

wasn't

taken

into

consideration

this

Each

instruction,
the
cycle

after

it
for

is

fetched
must

from

the

memory
The
and

following
execution

steps

given

in

3.1,
all

be

executed.

is

not

uniform

the

instructions

it

may

be

from
clock

two

(2)

to

seven

about

cycles

inside
clock

(7) clock cycles. When we talk as in 4.2, the CPU, we explained

coincide
generator
with

they

may

not

necessarily
the to to the

the
are

clock

cycles

generated

by
(2)
than

which

common

and

uninterruptable

various

components
clock

of

the

system.

So,
more

these two

seven

(7)

internal
clock

cycles

may

sometimes or

be

less

the

external

cycles
a

by

three
access

cycles,

when

the

instruction has to do

memory

and

the

internal

clock

freezes.
pages,
.

In the

next

into
are

micro-instructions

every instruction has been decomposed These micro-instructions are given in

ascending
clock

executed.

order, If
and

according to the clock cycle in which two or more instructions belong to the
are
separated

they
same

cycle

(A)
are

that

means

that

they they
the
can

by

the

conjunction

operator

can

be

executed

concurrently.

If

they
that

separated

by

disjunction

operator

(V)

it
and

means

only
on

one some

of

them

be

executed

at

that

cycle

it depends

other

data,

such

as
mode

the
et

flags,
cetera,
.

the
about

branching
which

conditions,
will

the
are

addressing

one

be

(these

conditions

are

also

instructions
operator

not

separated

it

means

that

by they belong
of

mentioned) either the

If

the
or

micro

(A )

the
or

(V

to

the

same

group

(i.e.

they are control belong to the ALU

signals

the
.

same

control

node

they

or

to

the

PS)

-37-

On
control affect

the
a

right

side

of

the

micro-instructions

appear

the

signals

that
of

they

affect.
which of

In

the

cases

that

they
0

group

signals signals

is

assigned

to

particular

node, to 1)

then
are

only the
also

that
are

group that
assumed

change

(from

mentioned.

The

rest

zero.

The

control
.

signals

are

separated

by

the

(A )

or

the
"-"

(V

operators

Besides

these to

operators

there

is the

minus

operator

that
side right refer

is

used

show

that
set

the

control

signal

on

its
on

left

should side.

have been
To

before the
function
all

control of

signals
control

its

interpret
4
.

the

the

signals

to

table

that

describes
operation.

the

control

signals

and

the the
or

result

of

their

The
are

control

signals

inside

parenthesis

imply

that

they

triggered

by

either

the ALU

the

PS

through

the

Control

Unit.

INSTRUCTION

DECOMPOSITION

ADC 1.

Add

with
<-

Carry
Ri<5:0>,u

(Rimm

Ra
<-

<-

Rf (Rd) )

(IMM=1)
(IMM=0) (IMM=1) (IMM=0)

V
2.

(Ra

<-

Rf(Rsl)
<-

A
+ +

Ra

Rf(Rs2))
+

(ALU_bus

Ra Ra

Rimm Rb
+

CF)

V
3
.

(ALU_bus

<-

CF)

Rf (Rd)
-

<-

Re

SBB

Subtract
(Rimm
<-

with

Borrow

1.

Ri<5:0>,u

Ra
<-

<-

Rf (Rd) )

(IMM=1) (IMM=0)
c7 Cl
-li

A A

V
2.

(Ra

<-

Rf(Rsl)
<-

A
-

Ra

Rf(Rs2))

(ALU_bus

Ra Ra

Rimm

CF)

(IMM=1) (IMM=0)

c4 c

(C40)

V
3.

(ALUJDUS

<-

Rb

CF)

<=i
c

(c40)

Rf(Rd)

<-

Re

if

AND

Logical

AND
Ri<5:0>,s

1.

(Rimm

<-

Ra

<-

R (Rd) ) Rf (Rd) )

-14

(IMM=1, SIGN=1)

V V
2

(Rimm

<-

Ri<5:0>,u

Ra

<-

(IMM=1,SIGN=0)
(Ra
<-

Rf(Rsl)
<-

Ra

<-

Rf(Rs2))

=0)

c7

A
Ci Ci Ci7

C9 c3 c3

(ALU_bus

Ra AND
Ra AND

Rimm)

(IMM=1) (IMM=0)

c10 Cn

(C40) (C40)

V
3

(ALUjbus

<-

Rb)

R(Rd)

<-

Re

-38-

OR

Logical OR
(Rimm
<-

1.

Ri<5:0>,s

A A

Ra

<-

Rf (Rd) )
Rf(Rd))

ci3

c14

c8

(IMM=3.,SIGN=1)

V V
2.

(Rimm

<-

Ri<5:0>,u

Ra

<-

Cl3

A A

c8

(IMM=1,SIGN= =0)

(Ra

<-

Rf(Rsl)
<-

Ra

<-

Rf(Rs2))

(IMM=0)
C10 Cn
~~

c7 c3 c3

c9 c4 c4

(ALU_bus

Ra
Ra

OR

Rimm)

(IMM=1) (IMM=0)

Ci Ci

(c4 (c4

o)

V
3.

(ALU_bus

<-

OR Rb)

o)

Rf(Rd)
-

<-

Re

Cl7

XOR

Logical XOR
(Rimm
<-

1.

Ri<5:0>,s

A A

Ra

<-

Rf (Rd) )
(IMM=1

C13

C14

A
ce

C8

,SIGN=1)

V
V
2.

(Rimm

<-

Ri<5:0>,u

Ra

<-

Rf (Rd) )
(IMM=0)
Cic Cn

ci3

\
=0)

(IMM=1,SIGN=

(Ra

<-

Rf(Rsl)
<-

Ra

<-

Rf(Rs2)) (IMM=1) (IMM=0)

c7
~

A
Ci cx

c9 c2 c2

(ALU_bus

Ra Ra

XOR XOR

Rimm)
Rb)

(c40)

V
3
.

(ALU_bus

<-

(c4(

R (Rd)
-

<-

Re

|c17

NOP

No
Null

Operation

1.
HLT 1
.

Halt
proc_state
<-

idle
Status
Word

STPSW 1
.

Store Processor
<-

ALU_bus

PSW

c;

c4 c17

(c40)

Rf (Rd)
-

<-

Re

LDPSW

Load Processor
<-

Status

Word

Ra
PSW

Rf (Rd)
Ra

|c7]
fil
High

<-

LDHI

Load
<-

immediate
Ri<7:0>,u
<-

1. 2.

Rimm

c12
Cl6

Rf(Rd)<15:8>

Rimm<7:0>

LDLO

Load immediate
<-

Low

1.

Rimm

Ri<7:0>,u
<-

c12
0>

Rf (Rd)

<7 : 0>

Rimm<7 :

Cl6

Cl7

-39-

JMP

Jump
Ra
<-

(conditional

or

not) c8

Rf (Rd)
<-

ALU_bus
MAR
<-

Ra

c
<-

(C40)
c21

3.

Re

PC

Re

c24

(if
STW 1.
-

condition

is

true)

Store Word
Ra
<-

R(Rsl)
<-

A
+

Ra

<-

Rf(Rs2)

ALUJbus
MAR
<-

Ra

Rb
<-

[cTT
Rf (Rd)

(c40)

3
4

Re
<-

Ra Ra

ALUJbus
MDR
<-

Re
<-

6.
LDW
-

write_mem

'1'

(write

to

memory)

Load Word
Ra
<-

1. 2
.

Rf(Rsl)
<-

A
+

Ra Rb

<-

Rf(Rs2) (c40)

ALUJbus
MAR
<-

Ra

Re
<'1'

4.

read__mem

Ri

<-

MDR
<-

6
7

Rimm

Ri
Rimm

-14

Rf (Rd)
-

<-

STB

Store
Ra
<-

Byte

1.

Rf(Rsl)
<-

A
+

Ra Rb
<-

<-

Rf(Rs2)
-ii

ALUJbus MAR
<-

Ra

Re
<-

Ra
Ra
<-

Rf (Rd) (MSB,
MAR MAR

ALUJdus

(0) (0)

=0) =1)

C4 c2 c2 C4

(C40)
c3 c3

V V V
5

ALU_bus<7:0>
ALU_bus<15:8>

Ra<15:8>

(MSB,

(c<
C4

<-

Ra<7

0>

(LSB,MAR(0)

=0)

<c40)

ALUJdus MDR
<-

<-

Ra

(LSB,MAR(0)=1)

(c4 0)

Re
mem
<'1'

6
LDB
-

write

(write

to

memory)

Load Byte
Ra
<-

1.

Rf(Rsl)
<-

A
+

Ra Rb

<-

Rf(Rs2)
c2

-7

A
(c40)

ALUJdus MAR
<-

Ra

c3

Re
<'1'

C21

4.

read_mem

Ri

<-

MDR

-18

-40-

Rimm Rimm

<-

Ri<15,8>,u Ri<15:8>,s

(IMM=1,SIGN=0) (IMM=1,SIGN=1) (IMM=1,SIGN=1) (IMM=1,SIGN=1)

c12 Cl2 c12

-13

<-

Rimm
Rimm

<-

Ri<7:0>,u

<-

Ri<7:0>,s
Rimm

c12
Cl5

-14

Rf (Rd)
LDSP 1
.
-

<-

Load Stack Pointer

<-

Ra

Rf (Rd)
<-

2 3

ALUJdus
SP
<-

Ra

(c40)
-43

Re

STSP
1
.

Store
<-

Stack Pointer
-42

Re

SP
<-

Rf (Rd)
-

Re

CALL

Call
<-

Subroutine
PC Re

Re
MDR

A A A

Ra

<-

Rf (Rd)
SP

2 3
4

<-

MAR
<'

<-

A
-

ALUJdus

<-

Ra

(c40)
C24

write_mem

'

PC

<-

Re

SP

<-

SP

c27

RET
1
.

Return SP
MAR
<-

from Subroutine
+

SP SP

<-

3.
4
.

read_mem

<-

'1'

Ri

<-

MDR
<-

Rimm

Ri
<-

6
7

ALUJdus PC
<-

Rimm

(c40)

Re

SHLL 1.

Shift
<-

Left

Logical

Rimm

Ri<5:0>,u
<-

Ra

<-

R (Rd)

Cl3

A
c6 Cl7

Ce

2. 3.

PSJdus

Rimm Re

(SHLL(Ra)

<c4

Rf(Rd)

<-

SHRL

Shift
<-

Right

Logical

1.

Rimm

Ri<5:0>,u
<-

Ra

<-

Rf (Rd)

C13

ce

2. 3.

PSJbus

Rimm

(SHRL(Ra)

(c4i)

Rf(Rd)

<-

Re

-41-

SHRA
1.

Shift Right Arithmetic

<-

Rimm

Ri<5:0>,u
<-

Ra

<-

Rf (Rd)

Cl3 Cs

A
c6

ce

2.
3.

PSJdus

Rimm

(SHLL(Ra)

--4l)

Rf(Rd)
-

<-

Re

c 17

PUSH

Push
<-

into Stack

1.

Ra

Rf(Rd)
<-

( va r_t o_pu s h
(var_to_push

R0-R7)
PSW)

V
2.

NULL

ALUJdus

Ra PSW

( va r_t o_pu s h
(var_to_push
<-

R0-R7)
PSW)

c4

(C4
c4

l)

V
3.
4.

ALUJdus
MDR SP
<-

<-

c3
c19
c 27

(c 4l)
c 26

Re SP
-

A
2

MAR

SP

<-

POP 1
.

Pop
SP MAR
<-

from Stack
SP SP
<'1'

c 28 c 26

<-

3.
4 5
.

read_mem

Ri

<-

MDR
<-

c 18
c 14

Rimm PSW

Ri

<-

Rimm
<-

(var_to_jDop

PSW)

c10

c2

C4

V
Let's

Rf (Rd)
also
cycle

Rimm

c15
micro-operations same

give
which

the

that the

we

need

for
:

the

fetch
FETCH

is the

for

all

instructions

CYCLE
<-

1 2

MAR

PC
<'
1'

readmem

PC Rsl

<<-

PC

2
'1'

Ri

<-

MDR
<-

Ri

<-

MDR<10:8>

MDR<5:3>
<-

Rs2

MDR<2:0>

decode

c22
the

cie

C20

If
not

one

wonders

about
with

loading
contents

of

the MDR

register

(which is have
to

mentioned)

the

of

the

data

bus,
.

we

inside the memory cycle initiated by '1' Both time it becomes the signal read_mem the every for the signals initiate processes write_mem and read mem and inside those processes, the memory read and write cycles
mention

that this happens

timing of the bus protocol) , the loading of the

correct

(according
registers

to
the
so

the
a

read/write
of

or

transferring
and

the

data

and

address

to

the

buses

occur

that

successful

communication

is

established

between

the

CPU

the

memory

-42-

VHDL
The

Description
paragraph
of

of

the Architecture
chapter

first
to

this

is
and

brief

intro

duction

hardware
Speed

description
Integrated
-

languages
Circuits
We
are

especially the
Hardware

Very

High

(VHSIC)

Description

going to use VHDL in the remainder of this chapter to describe and simulate (in the next the architecture we described in the three chapter)
or

Language

VHDL.

previous

chapters

Hardware
After

Description design
of

Languages
the
and

the

phase

of

the

evaluation.

any digital structure, follows "painful" Because the latter is a

of

time consuming process, the use Hardware Description Languages between the design the
a use
of

computers
are of a

was

incorporated.
link
system.

(HDLs)

the connecting
computer

and

the

evaluation

By
as
-to

these
or a

languages, every
source

design the

can

be transferred
of

schematic

file

or

combination

both

computers,
and
simulation

where

the

evaluation

procedure

can

accurately.

This

evaluation

is

nothing
almost

be done quickly else but the

an

of

the
to

design.
ensure

Therefore,
the

every HDL has

incorporated
been the
compiled

simulator

where error

file, after it has is given as free description,

source
results

input to the
results

simulator

and

the

final
that
check

are

obtained.

If

are

not

the

ones

were

designers

should

go

back,
the

the follow

expected, design and the

then

the

after

corrections,
procedure.

they

should

again

verification

By

the
and
was

very expensive a lot of money

defective.
:

validating task of

may

be

simulation, prototyping the design is avoided case of a design that saved in the

design

through

the

The

main

applications,
and

thus,
of

of

the

HDLs

are

two that
some

the
comes

documentation

the
an

modeling

design.

After Until
a

the

simulation

by

HDL

supported

simulator.

years

specific of

them

the ago, level of description could only describe

called

HDLs

were of

mainly the computer

developed
and

around

structures.

Some

the the

architecture

therefore

they

were

Architecture

Description
register

Languages
or

(ADLs)
and

others

could

only
was

describe
one

gate

level

and
even

finally
more
.

there

that

could

do

all

of

the

above

5.1.1

VHDL

VHDL was initiated

program.

first developed
part
of was

by

the US Department

of

Defense,
Circuits
after

as

its Very
and

High
as

Speed
an

Integrated
standard

Later
of

it

proposed

IEEE

and

number

revisions

changes,

it became

standard

in

late

1987 level

(IEEE
of

1076)
a

VHDL

has

the

unique

digital
and

system,

ability to describe any overall from the starting

the

architecture

the

silicon

reaching down to The implementation.

lowest

level

which

is
a

abstraction

levels

of

-43-

digital
the

system

are

shown

in figure
of

5.1

[ARM89]

The

shape

of

pyramid

shows

the

amount

detail that

each

level
which as
we

represents,

gradually
approach

increases
the

silicon

PMS
CHIP

\
\ \
\

/
/
/ /

description
with

implementation. Our is concerned

the
of are

three the
the Switch

higher
pyramid

REGISTER
GATE CIRCUIT
SILICON

levels
which

Processor

Memory
(PMS)
,

level level
.

the
an

Chip

and

\ \

the
PMS
at

Register

level

The

is

abstract

look
the

/
Figure

the
and

CPU-memory
through the
performance

connection

buses

specifications.

The

chip

Description Levels
of

level
the

contains

the

various

Digital
Memories

Systems

parts of

the

system such as

microprocessor,
components.

the

Random

Access

(RAMs)

and

other

Finally
MUXes

there is the Register level

and and

which

goes

inside these
parts.
can

components

describes
other

the the
:

operations
or

among the registers,

that
and a

ALUs,

combinational

sequential

Two

are

descriptions
The
we and can

VHDL

provide

for

digital

system

structural

the

behavioral.

By

the

structural

description
of

components

the

system

its

levels.

These
a

levels

of the complete list interconnection at any of co-exist in the same description mean

their

file,
is

giving

hierarchical
we

decomposition the the the

of

behavioral

description,
at
model can

mean

algorithm

By (procedure) that
system.

the

performed

any description level

exist
given

of

system.

Since the

behavioral
circuit

at

chip,
we

level for

in

design,
at
of

or gate register, behavioral have may

modeling
Now
without

different
present

parts

different the

levels.

let's

some

basic

features
the
and

of

VHDL

getting
not

into
with

details. the

We

suppose

that

reader

is

already familiar
This
some

language,

its

structure

its

use.

is
of

tutorial but a brief explanation of going to be a the most important parts of the language that have

been

used

for

the

description

of

our

system.

Entity

Every
can

design

is

expressed

in terms
our

of

entities.

Entities
represents

be

nested

and

the
of

top-level

entity

the

uppermost

level

design.
of

Architecture

The

architecture

describes the behavior

multiple

the

entity-

single

tectures

but

only

one

entity may have them can of be

archi

enabled

for

simulation

run.

Package

A
used

package

is

file

with

collection

of

commonly

data

types

and

subprograms

in

design.

-44-

More than

one

package

can

be

linked to
or

design.

If

they
then

happen to define the the definition

:

same

data types
linked
of

subprograms,

of

the

last

package

is

used.

Process VHDL.

It
of

is the basic
the
and

unit

sequential
PROCESS1

execution are

in

All

commands

inside

executed

sequentially
after
zero.

their

execution

is
of

scheduled

At

time

their

activation.
of

Any

number

At

Because
extra

this

strange

behavior,
.

up to but necessary for

units add
use

proper need

simulation,

implementations
(see

that

PROCESSes

attention

5.8)

Block
of

Blocks,

parallel

execution

like PROCESSes, represent the basic unit in VHDL. That means that all of the
a

statements all

inside is

BLOCK are
activated
after

executed

concurrently
time
and

(i.e.
their

the

events

are

at

the
.

same

execution

scheduled

At)

5.2

Getting
We

started

stared

the

description
of

phase

of

the

design
of on

with

big

problem

for

project

this

size.

The
we

version

the

Mentor

Graphics

Corporation VHDL
was a

compiler

had to

use

the Apollo It
was made
allow

Workstations
available

preliuminary
academic

or

Alpha-version.
corporate

to

certain

and

users

to

them

to

obtain

some

preliminary
compiler

experience

with

the

language

before
not
were

the

complete

was

finished.
of

The

compiler

did

recognize

some

the lack

GENERICS,
and of

very the

useful

parts

the

language.
the
attributes. some

These
With

Resolution

Fuctions,
QUIET

COMPONENT

declarations

the

STABLE

(x)

and

(x)

the

GENERICS

we

couldn't
entities.

pass

timing
of

characteristics

into

our

design
was

With the

lack
a

the

Resolution

Fuctions

there

no

way
to

to

implement
signals

data bus
that
are of

that

can

be driven
more

by

both the
are

CPU

and

the memory
at
a

(generally,
The

Resolution

Functions

used

define
to
of

driven the

by

that

one

active

signal

time)

lack
one

COMPONENTS
of

didn't

permit

us

give

structural

description

the

system.

With the

use

COMPONENTS,

can and

describe

each

component

separately,
can

using

entities

architectures,
components

and

then

map

these

architectures

into
.

of

higher

level the

design

(uppermost

entity)

In

clearly described for this way, the inputs and them are fully between interconnections each component and the for [ARM8 9] (see declarations component in the
outputs

are

demonstrated

more

information)

Finally,
gave
us

the
some

lack
of

of

the

STABLE

(x)

and

QUIET
a

(x)

attributes

difficulty
time but

in determining if
'x'. Some
other,
exp-

signal

was

stable

for
also

period

minor

problems

were

present,

like the

ones at

mentioned

above,

we

found

some

ways

to

overcome

them,

even

the

xFrom

now

capital

all on, letters.

the

VHDL

keywords

will

be

written

in

-45-

ense

of

the

integrity

of

our

design

as

we

will

explain

later

5.2.1
We

Packages

briefly
we
-

mentioned one

packages

in

5.1.1.

In
all

this the

thesis

project,
constants
our

used

package

that

contained

timing
-

instead
and

of

description
of

using GENERICS we used constants the functions that were mainly used
of one

of

for
The

conversion

variables

data

type

to

another.

source

file
of

of

the

package

must we

always

be

in

the

parent
we want

directory
one

the

directory
to.
The

that

have the

file that

to link the

package

directory

structure

looks like the

in

figure

5.2.

/no i

pock

hdl

/no i
des i

n/cpu

/no 1

n/rout

ines

gn

hd 1

Figure
'/main'

Directory
(or
the

Organization

'login'

In the
In

the

directory
of

directory)
with

we

have
our

source

file

the
('

package

"pack.

hdl"

the

functions.
of we compile

/main/cpu'

subdirectory

)
:

we

have the description

.

main

design
package

which

has
the

the

name

"design

After

the

with

command

$ hdl
from the
root

main

pack.

hdl
'/main/routines'

('/')
a

directory,

the
of

directory
'

/main'
.

is

created

as

subdirectory

This

directory
files
we

contains

some

other

directories
compilation.

with

the

binary
to

that

were

created

by
to

the

In

binary
include

files the

our :

source

file

order, now, ("design .hdl")

link these
have

to

line

USE

work. routines.

ALL;
use of

in the first lines

type,
constant

of

that

file
that
used

and

before the
given

any data
A. It

or

function

was

The

package

that

we

is

defined in the in Appendix

package.

-46-

contains

the

data

function,
constants
.

the

types conversion functions, a definition of some data types

resolution
and
some

Component
We

description
to
represent
was no of
each

decided
since

component

by
be

BLOCK The

structure

there

chance

to

use

COMPONENTS.
can

BLOCK

structure

is

part

the

code,

that

executed

concurrently with other BLOCK structures of the same level and it can contain smaller structures such as BLOCKS or PROCESSes
which can

also

be

executed

concurrently.

the

various

components

to

BLOCKS

or

The way we PROCESSes is

assigned
shown

in

figure

5.3.
:

ARCHITECTURE
BLOCK BLOCK BLOCK
:

SYSTEM
BLOCK UNIT BLOCK
DATA BUS S RESOLUTION FUNCTION
:
:

CPU
:

CLOCK

GENERATOR

CONTROL

INTERRUPT
:

UNIT BLOCK MEMORY SELECT MEMORY

:

PROCESSES*

REGISTERS
BLOCK SHIFTER
:

BANK UNIT

PROCESS PROCESS

ALU POWER

PROCESS
:

MEHORT

IN1TIRLIZRTI0N

PROCESS
BLOCK : CPU-MEMORY HANDSHAKING UNIT

MEMORY
MEMORY

BANK
BANK

PROCESS

Figure
+

5.3
the
cpu

BLOCKS
BLOCK The

and

PROCESSes that

The

symbol

in
of

means

there

are

as

many
units

PROCESSes
consist and

as

registers.

control

and

interrupt

also

some

other

PROCESSes

as

shown unit

in

figures

5.4

5.5.
:

The

execute

BLOCK in the

control

BLOCK,

contains

BLOCK

CONTROL
:

UNIT

BLOCK
PROCESS FETCH

INTERRUPT UNIT
:

PROCESS
i

RESET

INTERRUPT

PROCESS
BLOCK

DECODE

zn
C00RDINRTION)
ACTION

PROCESS
PROCESS

EXTERNAL

INTERRUPT INTERRUPT

EXECUTE
:

OPCODE ERROR

PROCESS

STATE

PROCESS

ADDRESS MISALIGNMENT INTERRUPT

PROCESS

INTERRUPT

Figure

Control Unit
BLOCK

Figure

5 5
.

Interrupt
BLOCK

Unit

-47-

all

the

PROCESSes for the execution of each instruction and interrupts PROCESSes. four are There (4) actually interrupt service PROCESSes which are called in the case of an CAUTION : These interrupt to produce some preliminary actions interrupt PROCESSes are not the interrupt service routines

the

which

reside

in the

memory.

They
and

are

also unit

different
BLOCK
or

from

the

four

(4)

PROCESSes
unit

in

the

interrupt
for

because
taken

the the

interrupt

recognizes

allows

prohibits

it is not responsible any interrupt is issued. The next paragraphs explain with details some of the boxes in figures 5.3, 5.4 and 5.5.

interrupts;
an

action

after more

The
In

data bus
contrast

to

the

address

bus
the

which

and
can

driven be

only

by
of

the
a

CPU,

the data bus

and

is unidirectional is bidirectional and

As
we
explained

driven
the

by

both the

CPU

memory.

in 5.2,

use

Resolution Function

wasn't

available as

and

consequently we had to define two different driven by the CPU and another one data bus, memory. These two signals couldn't be defined
-

signals

the

driven
as

by
of

the this

buses
we'

another

disadvantage
-

VHDL

version

so
of

defined
of

Gl

them
where

as

arrays

16
was

elements

each

element

type

G3
G2 VCC
Figure

gsim_state.

This

type

supports signal

four
states

(4)
:

different

LOW

('0'),
and

HIGH
and

('1'),

HIGH

IMPEDANCE

('z')
be

UNKNOWN

('x')

therefore the
quite
reali

simulation

can

6 Wired OR logic
in
our
system. with

stic.
used

This for

data the

type

was

also

all

signals

that data

were

used

Before

we

continue

further
need

explanations

on

the

bus
that

let's

first

see

why
that

we we

a a

bus
and or

resolution

function.

Suppose

for

example,

have
Gl

single

wire
which

(figure
can
when

5.6)
as

is

driven
one of

by
the

the

two

gates

G2,
LOW

have

output

states

HIGH

('1')

('0')

G1\G2

0
0
X

1
X

0
1
X

0
1
X

1
X

0
1

Table

Resolution

Table

for the

input

of

G3

enabled

or

HIGH

IMPEDANCE

('z')

when

disabled.

This

wire

is

-48-

the

according to the resolution table 5.1 it '1' states 'x', The input of or '0', G3 enters state if any of the driving gates have the unknown input (so the output is unknown too) , or when one of them drives the wire at logic HIGH and the other at logic LOW. The above table is easily implemented by the function below which resides in the package with the various functions:
of

input

G3

and

can

be in

one

of

the

'z'

'x'

FUNCTION

wired_or

(k,l
: : :

qsim

state)

RETURN

qsim_state

IS

2 3
4

VARIABLE VARIABLE VARIABLE

BEGIN
a
:= :=

ret a,b

qsim

qsim extra

state; state;
state vect

dumvec
to
to
extra
extra

extra

DOWNTO

0)

5 6
7

qsim
qsim

(k)

b
: :

(1);

dumvec := (a & b) ; CASE dumvec IS

WHEN WHEN WHEN WHEN
"00"

1 D: 1 1:

=>
=> => => =>

ret ret ret

qsim
qsim

:= := :=
:=

'0'

"01"

'X'

1 2:
1 3:

"0Z"

qsim

'0'
'X' '1' '1'
'0'

"10"

ret_qsim

1 i

WHEN WHEN
WHEN WHEN
WHEN WHEN

"11"

ret ret
ret ret ret

qsim

:=

1 5:
1 6:

"1Z"

=> => =>

=> =>

qsim qsim qsim qsim qsim

:=

"ZO"

:=

1 7:
1 3: 1 9:

"Zl"

'1' 'Z' 'X'

"ZZ"

:=

OTHERS

ret

:=

2 0: 2 1: 2 2:

END

CASE;
ret

RETURN

qsim; or;

END

wired

Figure the
In to
and

7
1

Resolution

Function

In

line

1,

and

parameters

are

the for that

two
the

inputs
from
need

of

the type
this

function.
qsim state

lines

and

they
(see

are

converted

data
of

extra_state

5.8
two

conversion)

after

they
5.1.

form
The

element

array in line 8,
and

they
the
CASE

are

resolved

by

the CASE

statement

follows because

fully
means

implements
"xx"

the

table
which

"WHEN

OTHERS"

statement

case

couldn't

be
of n

mentioned

in

every
we can always

statement
3n_1

in

which

row

signals

is examined,
which

to

only use be the

or

different
OTHERS"

cases

plus
more

.last

one

has

"WHEN

OTHERS".

If

than

3n_1

cases an

are

examined

the

"WHEN

statement

is missing,

error

during

the

compilation

will

be

issued.

CPU_DATfl_0UT

CPU

DflTR BUS RESOLUTION FUNCTION

vMEM_DflTA_0UT

MEMORY

<
Figure

J
DflTR BUS

Data

bus

decomposition

-49-

After

this
we

rather

discussion
other
which

had

about

big digression, the breaking up

let's
of

go

back

to

the

the data bus to two

buses,

represent

respectively.
signals pass

and the mem_data_out cpu_data_out namely the the data coming out of the CPU and the memory The real data bus is formed after these two a resolution

through

function

(Fig.
are

5.8)

The
as

data bus then, contains the correct data that inputs to the CPU and the memory.
These the two
signals

available

form

the

PROCESS

which

is described below
resolution

sensitivity list of the data bus (Fig. 5.9) and it is part of

data bus

function BLOCK.

DATA BUS

data_bus_res
BEGIN

BLOCK

res_func

PROCESS (mem_data_out

cpu_data_out

)
DOWNTO

VARIABLE
VARIABLE BEGIN

l,r dumbin

: :

qsim_state;
qsim_state_vector

(15

0)

FOR i
END

IN

mem_data_out'

RANGE

LOOP
(mem_data_out

data bus(i)
_

<= wired_or

(i)

cpu_data_out

(i) )

LOOP;
PROCESS data
res_func;

END
END

BLOCK

bus

res;

Figure

Data

bus

PROCESS

on which the sensitivity list is a list of signals of the If depends. PROCESS of the of the body execution any statements then the list changes, of the signals sensitivity

The

inside
In

the
our

PROCESS
case

start

to

be

executed.

the

PROCESS

statement

FOR-LOOP

statement

which

assigns

to

each

has nothing else but a bit position of the

data

bus
data

the

result applied

of

the

resolution

function,
of

when

this the the the

function
cpu

is
out

to

the the the

same

bit

positions

both

and

the

mem_data_out

signals. number number will

If

for

example

data-out
cpu~data number

signal signal

is

"OlOlOlzx"

out

is

binary binary
bus

and

"zxlllzzl"

then
shown

the

assigned

to

the

data

be

the

one

in

figure

5.10.

Oxxlxlzx
Figure

5.10

Example

of

the

data bus

formation

-50-

The

secondary

units

The secondary memory bank select

units unit

are
and

the the
to

system

clock

CPU-Memory Handshaking
implement
5.12
and

generator, the Unit

.

They
code some

are

quite

simple

units

in

VHDL

and

their

is

presented

in figures 5.11,
comments.

5.13,

followed

by

explanatory
CLOCK
clk_gen :

GENERATOR

BLOCK

BEGIN
system_clk :

PROCESS

(run, clock)
AND

BEGIN
IF
((run'

EVENT)
<=

(run
AND

'1'))
=

THEN
starts always

clock

ELSIF ELSE

(clock'

'1'; EVENT)
NOT

from HIGH

(run

'1'))

THEN

clock

<=

(clock)

AFTER period/2;

clock

<=

'0';

if RUN is

LOW

then

clock

remains

LOW

END
END

IF;
PROCESS
system_clk;

END

BLOCK

elk

gen;

Figure
MEMORY
mem

5.11
SELECT
:

System Clock
UNIT

Generator

BANK

bank_sel_unit

BLOCK

BEGIN

mbsu

PROCESS (word, rd_bar, wr_bar, addr_lsb, vma) VARIABLE int_l , int_2 , int_3 : qsim_state;
BEGIN

(NOT(wr_bar) ) AND (word) ; (NOT (wr_bar) ) AND (addr_lsb) AND (NOT (word) ) ; (NOT (addr_lsb) ) AND (NOT (wr_bar) ) AND (NOT (word) ) int_3 '0')) '0') AND (wr_bar ASSERT NOT((rd_bar REPORT "wr bar & rd_bar cannot be both
int 1 int~2
:= := := = =
LOW"

SEVERITY
oe_bar cs_bar wrl
<= <=

ERROR;

rd_bar;

NOT

(vma);
OR OR

bar

<= <=

NOT(int_l
NOT(int_l mbsu;

wr2_bar

int_3) int_2)

;
;

PROCESS

END

BLOCK

mem

bank

sel_unit;

Figure

12

Memory
HANDSHAKING

Bank
UNIT

Select

Unit

CPU MEMORY
cpu

TIME
:

mem_time_unit

BLOCK

BEGIN

handshake

PROCESS
count

VARIABLE BEGIN WAIT

integer;
UNTIL

ON

rd

bar,wr_bar

IF

((rd

bar'

EVENT)
<=
'

AND

( (rd_bar (rd_bar '0')

=

'0')
AND

OR

(wr_bar
=

'0'

) )

(vma

'

'

) )
Tl T2

THEN

mem

rdy
ON

'

WAIT

clock clock
<=
'1'

; UNTIL
UNTIL
AFTER

(clock

'

'

end end

WAIT
mem
_

ON

(clock

'1');
*

rdy

(w_states

period);

wait

states

END

IF;

-51-

IF

(wrjbar'

EVENT)
<=
'

AND

(wr_bar

'0')
=

AND

(vma

'1'))
Tl T2

THEN
end end states

mem_rdy
WAIT WAIT ON

'

clock
clock
<=
'1'

UNTIL UNTIL
AFTER

ON

(clock (clock

'1'); ' 1 ) ;
'

mem_rdy
END END END BLOCK

(w_states

period);

wait

IF;
PROCESS

handshake;

cpu_mem_time_unit ;

Figure

5.13

CPU-memory handshaking

unit

The memory
The

memory
at

BLOCK

has

three

PROCESSes.
of

The

first

one

is
and

activated

the
to

LOW-to-HIGH transition

the RUN

signal

it
the

transfers

the

two

memory

banks,

service

routines

simulation.
which

This

memory integer arrays that represent interrupt vectors, the interrupt for which is used the and some code PROCESS is described in the next chapter
two the
simulation ones
of

is dedicated to the
two PROCESSes Let's
are
a

the

entire

system.

The

other

thp

which

banks.

take
a

Ice way
.

one

describe the two memory of other is them. The

implemented in

similar

l 2

bank2

access

PROCESS

VARIABLE VARIABLE VARIABLE VARIABLE BEGIN IF

(oejbar'

mem_val

3 4

(oe_bar, cs_bar, : integer; dum_int : integer;

dum_bin
:

wr2_bar)

qsim_state_vector

(7

DOWNTO

0)

5 6
7

interm_dat

qsim_state_vector

(7

DOWNTO
=

0); '0'))
THEN

EVENT)
:= :=

AND

(oe_bar

8 9
10 12

dum

int
val

qsim_to_int

'0') AND (address_bus) ;

=

(cs_bar

mem_bank2

(dum_int
:=

dum~bin(7

DOWNTO

0)
0

int_to_8bit

(mem_val)
AFTER

FOR END
ELSIF

IN

DOWNTO

LOOP
<=

13 14 15
16
17

mem_data_out

(i)

dum_bin(i)
(wr2_bar DOWNTO
=

t_o;
(cs_bar
=

LOOP;
(wr2_bar'

EVENT)

AND

'0')
;

AND

'0'))

THEN

interm_dat
mem val
:=

:=

data_bus (7

0)

qsim_to_int

18

int
ELSIF

:=

qsim_to_int
<=

19 20 21 22

bank2 (mem_val)

(address_bus) ; (interm_dat) ; dum_int;

(oe_bar
'
Z'
=

(oejbar'

EVENT)
DOWNTO

AND

'1'))

THEN

FOR END ELSE END END

IN

LOOP
<=

mem_data_out

(i)

AFTER tot d;

23 24
25

LOOP;

26
27

NULL; IF;
bank2
access;

PROCESS

Figure

5.14

Memory
this

Bank

#2
memory bank in the
These
as

As

figure

5.14
OE

shows,

is
has

the
as

#2

and

the

PROCESS

that

list

the

provided

it, CS_bar bar, by the Memory Bank

implements

signals

sensitivity
signals
are

and

WR2_bar. Unit

Select

explained

After

signal

has

changed,

it

is

first

checked

in 2.2. if this is a

-52-

memory

read

(lines

7-13)

If

it

is,

the to

binary

number

contained

in the

address

bus

is

converted

integer

(line

8)

in order to find the memory (array) location we want to read In from. line 9, the number contained in that location is stored in a temporary variable and in line 10 it is converted to an 8bit binary number. This number is transferred to the
eight

bus

(8) LSbits of the me/n_data_out bus (remember the data decomposition?) in lines 11 to 13 and after time t0 (see
and

2.3

table
of

2.2)

If

it

is

are buses 0>) integers (lines 16-17) converted to The eight (8) LSbits of the data bus have first to be transferred to a temporary which an then is 8-bits and the variable long, array of contents

the

address

and

a memory write <7 : data (bits

.

then

both

the

conversion

function
call

has
a

to

be

called.

The

reason

for

that

is
a

that

we

cannot
of a

function

by specifying
.

as

parameter

portion

variable

(scalar)
error :

Therefore

the

following

command

issues

compiler

dum_int

:=

qsim_to_int

(datajbus (7

DOWNTO

0) )

After
and

the

conversion

of

the

data
.

bus

(<7:0>))
part

the
of

binary numbers memory loading takes

two

(address
place

bus

(line

18)

In the third

the PROCESS
of

returns

the

eight

LSbits

(lines 19-22) the memory the data bus to the HIGH IMPEDANCE

state

after

its
we

output

is

disabled.

The
with with

PROCESS
one

for

the

the the

described
MSbits
of

eight

memory bank #1 is almost identical with only difference that it works the data and jne.m_data_out buses.

5.7

The
The

CPU
CPU The
that
we are paragraph going to describe in this CPU implemented (as of September

is the

latest
.

version

of

the

first CPU had only the ability to write and read implementation to/from the memory and we used it to verify the as and the the buses, they memory the of secondary units, first After this paragraphs. previous the in described

1,

1991)

version,
a

the
and

various

units

and

registers

were

added

one

at

time

by

the

use

of

small

programs,
verified.

they

were

simulated

and

their

proper

operation

was

5.7.1

The

registers

This

was

the

easiest

part

of

the

CPU

to

describe.
signals

The
as

loading
thev
that
an
signals

of

each

register

depends

on

some

control

were

described
consist

in
of

4.4

and

table

4.1.
of

These

control

can

the

describe

the

behavior

sensitivity list registers. of the

of

the

PROCESSes

We

will

take

as

example
.

the

description

the

Memory

Address

Register

(MAR)
as

By

destination

table 4.1 all the assignments that have searching in the MAR we find the following :
<~ <-

MAR MAR

PC SP

c:5 c26

-53-

MAR
MAR

<<-

RC

int_vector

C21 c23

We

take,

thus,

these

control

signals
of a

build

list sensitivity jnem_addr_reg (Fig. 5.15).

mem_addr_reg

the

(c25, c26, PROCESS

c21,
with

c23) and we the name

: PROCESS (c21 , c23, c25, c26) VARIABLE dumbin : qsim_state vector (15 BEGIN

DOWNTO

0)

ASSERT

NOT( ( (c21
((c21

((c21 (<c23 ((c23 <(c25

REPORT
IF
((c21'

'1') '1') '1') '1') '1') '1')

AND AND AND

AND

AND
AND

(c23 (c25 (c26 (c25 (c26 (c26

error

'1'

'1' '1'
'1'

'1'

'1'

)) OR )) OR )) OR )) OR )) OR )))
sources"

"MAR assignment

Multiple
THEN THEN

SEVERITY
MAR
<=

ERROR; EVENT) AND

Re;

(c21
AND
AND

'1'))
=

ELSIF
ELSIF

((c25'

MAR

EVENT) PC; ((c23' EVENT)

<= <=

(c25 (c23
:=

'1')) '1'))

THEN

dumbin (15
MAR

DOWNTO

0)

int_to_16bit (rom_int_addr (vec_num) ) ;

=

ELSTF
ELSE END END

((c26'

MAR

<=

dumbin; EVENT) SP;

AND

(c26

'1'))

THEN

NULL; IF;
mem_addr_reg;

PROCESS

Figure
We

15

VHDL

description

for MAR
signal at a

first

want

to
we

make

sure

that
ASSERT
:

just

one

time

is
and

asserted,
REPORT

so

have

the

statement

to

check

it,

whenever

it

happens

"MAR

assignment

error

Multiple

sources"

to

the
an

person

who

runs

the
.

time

ERROR

(lines
In the

4-11)
case

simulation, causing at If everything is legal,

the then

same

the that

assignment

takes

place

was

asserted.

according of the int_vector

with

to

the

control

signal

assignment
contained pointed

(lines

16-18)
signal

the
of

MAR
an

is

loaded
of

the

number

in

the
the

position

array

four

16-bit

elements a

by

vec

num.

CPU

that

"contains
the

This array the memory

represents

4xl6bit ROM inside the interrupt locations of the

an

vectors

that

CPU has the

to

load every time that

are

interrupt
same

occurs

The
and

rest

of

registers

implemented in the
mention

way

we

don't

think

that

we

should

them.

5.7.2
This
that
are

The

control

unit

unit

is

BLOCK

itself

and
of

contains

arrange

the

normal :

operation

the

CPU.

many PROCESSes These PROCESSes

the

following

-54-

5.7.2.1

The

internal

clock

This is the clock that is distributed to the CPU parts Its operation is suspended during a memory read or write cycle that is when either the write_mem or the read_mem signal is
.

asserted

(they
the

are

code

and it resumes when these signals are deasserted deasserted by the MEMRDY signal) Figure 5.16 shows for the internal clock implementation.
-

internal_clock
BEGIN
IF

PROCESS
=

(clock, write_mem,. read

OR

mem) THEN

( (write_mem
NULL;

'1')

(read_mem

'1'))

ELSE
elk
<=

clock;

END
END

IF;

PROCESS

internal_clock;

Figure

5.16

Internal

Clock

5.7.2.2
The three
and

The

fetch PROCESS
of

steps

the fetch
were

cycle

were

explained

in 3.1 imple
use of

the

micro-operations

mentioned
with

in

4.5.
on

The

mentation

is
.

shown

in figure 5.17

comments

the

the

commands

fetch_instr
BEGIN

PROCESS
=

(proc_state, f_cyc)
THEN

IF

(proc_state
IF

(f_cyc
c25
<=

fetch) 1) THEN
=

1st
MAR MDR Ri

fetch
<-

cycle

'1','0'

ELSIF

(f_cyc (f_cyc
<=

2)
'

AFTER period/2; THEN

; THEN AFTER AFTER
period/2; period/2;
'

PC
MEM
MDR
<'

read_mem

<=
=

<-

[MAR]

ELSIF

3)

cl8 c20
c22

'1','0'

<-

<= <=

'l'.'O'

decode
PC
<-

'

'1','0'

AFTER period/2;

PC

ELSE END END

END

NULL; IF; fetch_instr;

IF;

PROCESS

Figure

5.17

The

fetch PROCESS

5.7.2.3
This
BLOCK

The

execute

BLOCK

contains

twenty
.

five
at

(25)
the

PROCESSes
contains
proper

(i.e.

as

many
As
an

as

the

instructions)
figure

Each

PROCESS

the

micro-

operations

that have to be

executed

clock

cycle.

example,
of

5.18

shows

the

code

for

the

execution

PROCESS

the

OR

instruction.
are

The

control

signals

that
where

each

instruction instruction

uses,

easily
was

obtained given.

from

4.5

the

decomposition

orr_in

PROCESS (proc_state, ex_cyc)

BEGIN IF

(proc_state

execute)

AND

(instruction

orr)

THEN

CASE

ex_cyc

IS

-55-

WHEN

=>

IF

(immediate
IF

(sign
cl3
cl4
<= <=

'1'

'1') THEN ) THEN

AFTER period/2; AFTER period/2; AFTER period/2;

'1','0' '1','0'

ELSE
cl3
<=
'1','0'

END
c8

IF;
<=
'1','0'

AFTER period/2; AFTER period/2; AFTER period/2;

ELSE
c7
<= <=
'1','0' '1','0'

c9

END
WHEN

=>

IF

IF; (immediate
clO
<=

'1')

THEN

'1','0'

AFTER period/2; AFTER period/ 2;

ELSE
ell
<=
'1','0'

END
cl

IF;
<= <= <= <=
'1','0'
'1','0' '1','0' '1','0'

c3
c4

AFTER period/2; AFTER period/2; AFTER period/2; AFTER period/ 2;

WHEN WHEN

=>

cl7

ex_end

<=

'

'

OTHERS

=>

NULL;

END
END
END

CASE;
orr_in;

IF;

PROCESS

Figure
The

5.18

The

OR execution PROCESS
check

"WHEN

number"

statements and

the

clock

cycle proper
an

that

the

execution signals reaches clock

is

at,

are

asserted.

according When the

the
IU

to

that

the
of

control

execution
signal

instruction
at
an

the

end,
the

it
CU

asserts

ex_end

and

the

next

cycle,

after

the

finishes
with

interrupt,
instruction

starts an

the

checking fetch
was

for
of

external

the

next

if

no

such

interrupt

issued.

5.7.2.4
This It

The the
the

state

coordination

is

most
right

important
state

PROCESS

of

the

control

unit

maintains

sequence

for the

CPU's

fetch

and

execute

states.

This PROCESS
goes

(Fig.

5.19)

is

enabled

the

internal

clock

from LOW-to-HIGH. the CPU

If the CPU

every time is in the

until

it state, three reaches (3)

fetch
execute,
and

advances
.Then

fetch

cycle

(f_cyc)
from

it
to

the

changes

state,

fetch

the

execution

cycle

(ex_cyc)
until

is
the

initiated to
ex_end again

1. the

The

execution

cycle

is
Then

increased
the
state

signal

becomes state,
cycle

HIGH

('1').
execute

PROCESS

changes

from to

to

fetch,

if

no

external

initializes interrupt was issued.

and

it

the

fetch

state

PROCESS

BEGIN

WAIT

ON

elk

UNTIL
=

(elk

'

'

IF

(proc_state

fetch)
+1;
=

AND

(f_cyc
AND

<

3) )
=

THEN

eye

<=

f_cyc

((proc_state
ex_cyc
<=

fetch)

(f_cyc

3))

THEN

1;
<=

proc_state

execute;
=

ELSIF

(proc_state

execute)

AND

(ex_end

/=

'1'))

THEN

-56-

ex

eye

<=

ex_cyc
=

1;
=

ELSIF

7(proc_state
((intjoar
=

execute) AND (ex_end = '1') AND '1') OR (PSW (4) '1'))) THEN

f_cyc
ex_end

<=

1;
<=
'

proc_state
<=

fetch;
;

'

ELSE END
END

NULL; IF;
state;

PROCESS

Figure

5.19

The

state

coordination

PROCESS

5.7.2.5
In
actions

The

interrupts
we

chapter

4,

didn't
taken the
of mean

give

any

of
of

the
an

that

have

to
we

be

in

case

preliminary interrupt. By
that have to
routines
.

preliminary
be
executed

actions

micro-operations

before the be
the

call

the interrupt
of

service

These

actions
of

loading
Counter
are

may interrupt

the

clearing
the

all

registers,

the

and

the

vector, Processor Status

the the 1.

micro-operations

for

saving of the Program Word and many others Here external interrupt (Fig. the
.

5.20)
on

and

their
of

VHDL

implementation 5.20
represent

(Fig.
clock

5.21).

The

numbers

left

figure
<-

cycles.

ex_end

'0'

A
1

f_cyc

<-

'

1'

write_mem

<-

'0'
'0'

A A
2. 3.
4
.

vec_num

<-

A
<-

read_mem
<-

<-

'0'

ex_cyc

<-

Re

<<-

PC

A A
<-

MAR

SP
-

A
2

INTA

<-

'1' '1'

MDR

Re
<<-

SP

SP
Re

write_word

<-

write_mem

'1'

ALUJbus

PSW
'1'

<<-

ALU Re

bus
SP

A
<-

MAR

<-

SP

5.

PSWT4)
MAR
<-

A
'1'

MDR

SP

6.
7
.

write_mem

<-

int_vector
<'

8 9
10

read_mem

'

Ri

<-

MDR
<-

Rimm

Ri
<-

11.
12.

ALU_bus
<<-

Rimm

Re

PC

<-

Re

13.
Figure

INTA

'0'

5.20

Micro-operations

for the

external

interrupt

interrupt_action

PROCESS

BEGIN WAIT

ON

proc_state

UNTIL THEN

(proc_state

interrupt);

IF

(int

state

rst)

<ACTIONS

for

the
=

RESET

interrupt>

ELSIF

(int_state
<=

ext)

THEN
<=

1:

f_cyc
vec
<=

1;
<=

ex_cyc

1;
<=

ex_end

<=

'0';
<=

num

1;
'0'

read_mem

'0';

write_mem

'0';
<=

'1','0'

AFTER

period/2;

Re

PC SP
'

c26
c34

<= <=

'1'

AFTER

period/2;

MAR

<= <=

'1';
elk

INTA
UNTIL

'

WAIT
2.

ON
<=

(elk

'1');

cl9

'1','0'

AFTER period/

2;

MDR

<=

Re

-57-

c27

<=

'1','0'

AFTER period/2;

SP

<=

SP-2

write_word

<=

'1';
(elk
=

WAIT ON 3: 4:
WAIT
c3
c4
<=

elk

UNTIL

'1');

write_mem

<=

'1';
(elk = ' 1 ' ) ; AFTER period/2 ;
ALU_bus <= PSW Re <= ALUJdus
MAR
<=

ON

elk

UNTIL

'1','0' '1','0'

AFTER period/2; '1','0' c26 <= AFTER period/ 2; WAIT ON elk UNTIL (elk = '1');
PSW
cl9 c27

<=

SP

(4)
<= <=

<='!';
'1','0'
'1','0'

AFTER period/2; AFTER period/2;

'
'
=

MDR SP

<=

Re

<=

SP-2

write_word

<=

WAIT

ON ON
<=

elk

1 ; UNTIL (elk

'1');

6
7

write_mem

<=

'1';
UNTIL

WAIT
c23

elk

(elk

'1')

'1','0'

WAIT

ON
mem

elk
<=

AFTER period/2 UNTIL (elk = '1' )

8
9 10: 11:

read

'1';
UNTIL
0'

WAIT
cl8

ON
<=

elk
1','

(elk (elk
(elk

'1'

AFTER period/2
=

WAIT
Cl4

ON
<=

elk
1','

UNTIL
0'

'1'

)
)

AFTER period/2
=

WAIT
elO c3

ON
<=

elk
1','
1'
,

UNTIL
0' 0' '

'1'

AFTER

period/2

<=

AFTER period/2

WAIT

ON
<=
<=

elk
1',' 1','

UNTIL
0' 0'

(elk

'1'

12:

c21 c24

AFTER

period/2

AFTER

period/2
=

WAIT

ON
<=
'

elk

UNTIL
<=

(elk

'1'

13:
ELSE
END

proc
c34

state
0'

fetch;

NULL; IF;

no

actions

for

the

OPCODE

ADDRESS

MI VVVI

IMENT

have

ERROR and been implemented

END

PROCESS

interrupt_action;

Figure

5.21

VHDL

implementation the

of

the

external

interrupt
the
RESET The
are

The

implementation
error

of

micro-operations

for

interrupt have been

opcode

also

included in the VHDL description.

address

and not

the

misalignment

interrupts
be

recognized

but the

implemented.

Their

code

should

similar

to

that

of

external

interrupt.
access

5.7.2.6
This
and

The memory
contains

PROCESS for the buses

and

PROCESS

the

protocol

proper

external

signals

operation.

It

uses

the

time

constants

that

were

declared

in

the

package

and one

explained

in

2.3

the

implementation

looks

like

the

in

figure

5.22.

mem_access

PROCESS

BEGIN

WAIT

ON

read_mem,
=

write_mem

UNTIL

(read_mem

'1'

OR
'

write_mem

'

;
<=

IF

(read_mem
c35 c32
<= <= <=

'1')

THEN
address
word
<= <=

<='!';

'1';
'

bus 1 1
<=

MAR

c33
c31

1'

AFTER tsetup;
AFTER

vma

'1'

(tsetup+td) ;

rd_bar
=

WAIT WAIT

ON mem_rdy ON mem rdy

UNTIL UNTIL

(mem_rdy (mem_rdy
-58-

'0'); '1');

c36
c31 c35
c32

<= <= <= <= <=

'1' '0'

'0'

AFTER period/2;

MDR
rd

<=

bar
<= <=

<=

data bus 1

'0'

address
'0'

word
'0'

bus 0 0

<=

high

imp

c33 read

vma
<=
'

mem

'

END
IF

IF;
(write
c35
c37

mem
'1'

'1')

THEN
address
cpu

<= <=

;
'1'

bus
out

<=

MAR MDR

;
word
'1'
=

data
<=

<=

IF

(write
c32

'

'

THEN

word

or

<=

ELSE
c32
<=
'

0'

END
c33 c30

IF;
<= <=
'1'
'1'

AFTER t setup; AFTER

vma

<=

1
<=

(tsetup+td)
(mem

;
=

wr
'
'

bar

WAIT WAIT
c35
c37

ON ON
<= <= <=
<= <=
'

mem mem
0'

rdy UNTIL rdy JNTIL

rdy rdy

0 1

'

'

) )

; ;
address

bus
out

<=

high high

'0' '0'

cpu word

data
<=

<=

imp imp

c32 c33 c30

0 0
<=

'

0'

vma wr
<=
'0'
i

<=

'0'

bar

write
-

mem

END END

IF;
mem

PROCESS

ac

:ess;

Figure If

5.22
to
change

The

memory
of

access

PROCESS

someone

needs

some

the

timing
time

he/she

has

to

change

the

values

of

the

characteristics, constants in the

compile

package, then compile the package and file to link it to the new package.

finally

the

main

5.7.3
This
control

The

interrupt
or

unit

unit

issues
main rules

inhibits is to
2.5.

the
After

interrupts
the

to

the

unit.

Its

purpose of

recognize

interrupts
an

according

to

the

interrupt,
maskable,

it
and and

enables

or

disables

it,
type

it recognizes in the case it

of

is
to

then

it

changes

the the
RESET

state

the

CPU to

interrupt
CU

it
the

sends

the

interrupt
take the

(int_state)
is

the
The

in

order,

latter,

to
of

analogous

actions. shown

code

for

the

recognition

interrupt

in

figure

5.23.
:

interrupt_unit

BLOCK

BEGIN
PROCESS

resetjnt

BEGIN

WAIT

ON

elk
'

UNTIL

(elk

IF

( (reset

LAST_EVENT LAST_EVENT
=

>=

(reset'

'1'); (3*period) ) AND <= (4*period)) AND

(reset

'1'

) )

THEN

int_state
proc_state

<= <=

rst;

interrupt;

END

IF;
PROCESS
resetjnt;

END END
BLOCK

interrupt_unit ;

-59-

Figure

5.23

RESET

recognition

by

the

IU

Hints
This

for

future VHDL
comes

users

paragraph

as

little
of

help

to the

future VHDL
mistakes

users
we

so

that
or

they

can

avoid

some solve

the

most

common case

made, have already make them. Especially when these the VHDL compiler implementation to or misunderstanding
works
.

to

learn how to

them

in the

that
a

they
due

mistakes

are

to

general

of

how

this

hardware

description

language

Sensitivity list & WAIT PROCESS includes If a

PROCESS
error :

statement
a

sensitivity
WAIT

list

and we

inside
get

the

we

want

to

use

the

statement

will

the

[Error

1594]

Line

Halt

statement

not

allowed

when

process

statement

includes

sensitivity list

The
a

way to the

avoid

it

is to delete the sensitivity list

at

and

use

WAIT-ON-UNTIL

statement

the

first

line

of

the
the

PROCESS

(after that

BEGIN

statement).

Figure

5.24

shows
error

PROCESS
version.

issues the
:

error

and

figure

5.25 the

free

dummy
c

PROCESS

(a, b)

dummy

PROCESS

BEGIN
<=

BEGIN

a; FOR

WAIT

ON
a;

a,b;

WAIT
c
<=

10

ns;

<=

b;
dummy;
END

WAIT
c
<=

FOR

10

ns;

END

PROCESS

b; dummy;
This
will

PROCESS

Figure

5.24
will

This

PROCESS
an
error

Figure

5.25

PROCESS
pass

issue
for
the

Array
When
shift

shifts
we use

qsim

state
commands

VHDL

SLL

and
an

SRL

to

make

logical

left

and

right

respectively to

array

which

is defined
of

as
qsim

qsim

state_vector

(i.e.

each

element

is
:

type

state)
'0'

then the

variable

that fills the

shifted elements

is

not

but

'x'.

So,

if

we

have

the

array

"011010"

and

we

perform

three

left

shifts

to

it,

we

will

get

as

result

the

array

:
x"

"0 be

which

can

no

longer

used

in

any
The

operation.

There
make

are our

two
own of

solutions

to

the

above

problem.

first to

is

to

SRL

and

SLL

functions

The

second

is

convert

the

array

-60-

type

qsim_state_vector

to

binary
will

type

and

then

perform

the

shifts.

In

this

case

'O's

fill
:

the

shifted

positions.
comes

The the VHDL

explanation
manual of

for that

is the

following

and

from

Mentor

Graphics

"The
value

shift

left

logical

(SLL2)

operator

shifts

the

left

operand

object

type to the left

and places

the initial default

value

in the

right -most

position. value

The initial default

type."

is

the

predefined

initial

for the

Because

qsim_state

has been defined

IS

as

TYPE then
'x'

qsim_state

'

x'

'

0'

'

1'

'

z'

is

the

initial

default

value

which

is

placed

in the

empty
'x'

positions.

and

'z'

states
states gave
a great

These
wanted

two to the

trouble
to
our

in

statements
'x'

where state.

we

compare
we

variable sure
:

either

or

'z'

In
'x'

cases

where

were

that

variable

was

in

the

state,

comparison

IF

(var

'x'

THEN

was were

always not

FALSE

and

the

statements

inside

the

IF

statement
a
new

executed.

We

solved

the
to

problem

by developing
package

data type,
A. We
also qsim

the

extra_state a

as

shown

in the
we

in Appendix
from
converted

built to

function them.

convert

the
used

variables

state

extra_state

and

then

the

variables

to

compare

Later,
"...

we

learnt

from the VHDL

manual

of

Mentor Graphics that:

anything
a

compared

to

an

'x'

with

the

equality

operator

false."

returns

and

also,
'z'

"A

as

the

left

or

right

operand

maps

to

an

'x'

This
'='

manual

suggested

to to

use

the

SAME

operator

instead
an
'x'

of or

the
'z'

in
.

cases

we

want

compare

something

to

state

Functions

that

don't
we

work

in

packages

We

had this

strange

experience

in the very first

the
and

steps

of

our

project,

when

were

developing
package

putting from the

the

them
main

into

the

then

functions, trying to
resides

one

by

call

one, them

program.

Every
,

function
which

was

"qsim_to_int"

function

still

working fine except in the main

program

instead

of

the

package

and

it

was

always

giving

run-

2Same

for

the

shift

right

logical
-61-

(SRL)

time

error and

when we

we

were

obvious

think

that
size

calling is the
function
of

it.
and

The

explanation
:

is

not

following
its
data
this
type.

When

we

defined the

input
We

parameter

we
on

didn't
purpose

specify the because we

its
use

did
to

that

wanted

to

function
an

convert

qsim_state_vector we

signal

of

any

size

into

for

define this function in the package, no input parameter and obviously the the
the
are no
right

integer. If, now, memory is allocated

compiler
cannot

provide
problems

pointers
when

to

the

actual

parameters.

These
main

solved
run-time

we

define

the

function

in

the

file

and

error

is

issued.

Signal This

assignments

is

actually

not

a
us

VHDL
a

"secret"

but

mistake

we

frequently made. It cost which was being executed

In
of

lot
the
'b'
.

of

time to
'd'

debug
to

the PROCESS
results. value

without

giving the
signal of

expected

figure
'a'

5.26

we

first
the

want

take

the

and

after

execution

the The

<OTHER
result

STATEMENTS>

we

want

it to take the value of is that the first assignment

never will

will

happen.

The

'

d'

dummy
d
d
END

PROCESS

(a, b)

signal value

finally
value

have the
ever

BEGIN
<=

of

'b'

without

a;
STATEMENTS>

having
the the
made

the

of

'a'.

If

<OTHER
<=

reader

remembers

about we
of

b;

(b

<=

d; )

PROCESS

description

PROCESS

dummy;
serious error

in

the

beginning
and

this

chapter

the At time

Figure he/she

5.26 A

between

the

various

instructions two
events

inside
(signal
of

a
'

PROCESS,
d'

will

understand

that the

assignment)

in
add

figure

5.26

have
But

a
we

finite

number

At

time difference
number

in their
the

execution.

already
words,

know

that

any

of

Ats

the

second

event after can

cancels

up to zero. In a it first because

case

few
was

scheduled

zero

time

it.
occur

The
same a

same

error

also

in the
to

that
we

inside the
assign signal new

PROCESS

(see

parenthesis

in figure 5.26)

first

value

to

signal

and

later

try

assign

this

to the

another.

The

second

signal

then,
but

will

never

take the

value

of

the

first

because

the

execution

of

the

assignment

to

latter

has

been

scheduled

not

happened
were of

yet. will

If
some

someone

reads

carefully
VHDL.

chapter

5 he/she
a

discover
the CASE

other

tips

about

These

about

statements,
and

the indirect
definition

construction

resolution

function

the
The

user

of

bus.
given

complete

program

listing is
since

in Appendix B.
description
of

Not

many

comments

were

included
most

the

VHDL
parts

is

self-explained

and

of

the important

the

program

were

thoroughly

explained

in this

chapter.

-62-

Simulation

of

the

System

The VHDL simulator for this project is supported by the Mentor Graphic's Quicksim II tool. This simulator can load the program in ASCII form and trace the execution, and it can also
give
all

the

signals

we

need

to to

observe,
simulate

in
the

binary,
we system

hexa
will

decimal
present
most

or

decimal
code

form.
we of

In

the

following

paragraphs

the

that

ran

and

the

important

results

the

simulation.

The
We

code

promised

in
and

5.6 it
the

to

talk

memory BLOCK.
the
RUN

It is activated

by

about this PROCESS of the the LOW-to-HIGH transition of

signal

transfers

to

the

memory

arrays

the the
a

interrupt
RESET
and

vectors,
external which
.

interrupt interrupt and

after

service
a

routines
program of

for

small

with

subroutine

is

called

the

execution

the

RESET

interrupt
arrays.

The assignment of the code uses both memory (2.5) instruction is 16-bits long and the 8 MSbits are Every
while

saved

in memory bank #1
arrays

the

8 LSbits

in memory bank

#2.

Because the
arrays of

that

represent

hexadecimal LSByte
of

integers, every or binary number

instruction to

the memory banks in VHDL are we have time to convert the

that
represents
.

the

MSByte
of

and

the the

data

to

locations location
service
external

memory 0,2,4 and 6,

is

integers The shown in figure

the interrupt
code

assignment

the

6.1.

The

memory

contain

vectors.

At memory

200H

(512D)
and

begins
at

the

for

the

RESET

interrupt
for
at

routine

220H

(544D)
the

begins
The

the

code

the

interrupt

service

routine. and

program

starts

the
.

memory

location
:

300H

(768D)

subroutine

at

320H

(800D)

memjnit

PROCESS

(run)
AND

BEGIN

IF

((run'

EVENT)

(run

'1'))

THEN

Interrupt
mem_bankl(0)
mem

vectors
"0200"

<=2;
<= <=

bank2(0)

0;

reset
"0220"

mem_bankl(l) mem_bank2(l) mem_bankl(2) mem_bank2(2) mem_bankl(3)

mem

<=

2; 32;
64; 96;

external
"0240"

interrupt

<=2;
<=

opcode

error

<=2;
<=

bank2(3)

address

misalignment

FOR

Zero memory locations i IN 5 TO 255 LOOP

mem_bankl mem_bank2

for

I/O

and

stack

(i) (i)

<=
<=

0; 0;

END

LOOP;
for
RESET
<= <=
105;
"6900"

Code

memjbankl

(256)

STPSW

Rl

mem_bank2(256)

0;

Figure

Memory Loading
-63-

(257) (257) mem (258) mem (258) mem (259) mem (259) mem bankl (260) mem bank2 (260) mem bankl (261) mem_bank2 (261)
mem
mem

bankl bank2 bankl bank2 bankl bank2

<=
<= <=

161;
14 3;

"A18F"

^AND

Rl, 01111b
Rl

<= <=
<=

<= <=
<=

<=

73; 0; 145; 3; 177; 0; 121; 0;

"4900"

LDPSW LDHI

"9103"

Rl,03h

"B100"

LDLO Rl,00h
JMP

"7900"

ALW,R1

Code
mem mem
mem mem mem mem mem mem mem mem mem mem mem mem

for external inte rrupt "C900" bankl (272) <= 201; bank2 (272) <= 0;

PUSH

Rl

bankl bank2 bankl bank2 bankl bank2 bankl bank2

bankl

bank2 bankl bank2

(273) (273) (274) (274) (275) (275) (27 6) (276) (277) (277) (278) (278)
code

<= <= <=

<=

<=

105; 0; 193; 135; 73;

0; 233; 0; 232; 0; 168; 0;

"6900"

STPSW Rl
OR

"C187"

Rl, 00111b
Rl

"4900"

LDPSW POP POP RET Rl

<=
<=
<= <= <= <=

"E900"

"E800"

PSW

"A800"

<=

Program
mem mem mem mem
mem

bankl (384 ) bank2 (384) bankl

<= <= <= <= <= <= <=

14 9;

"9506"

LDHI

R5,0 6h

(385)

bank2 (385) bankl (386) bank2 (386) bankl (387) bank2 (387) bankl (388)
bank2

mem mem
mem mem mem mem mem mem mem

<= <=
<=
<=

bankl bank2
bankl bank2 bankl bank2 bankl

mem mem
mem

mem_bank2

mem
mem mem mem

bankl
bank2 bankl bank2

(388) (38 9) (389) (390) (390) (391) (391) (392) (392) (393) (393) (394) (394)

<= <=

<=
<=

<=
<= <= <=

<= <=
<=

6; 181; 32; 189; 0; 14 8; 0; 18 0; 255; 5; 32; 6; 36; 145; 3; 177; 32; 137; 0; 40; 0;

'B520"

LDLO R5,20h
LDSP

'BD00"

R5
R4,00h

9400"

LDHI LDLO ADC

ADC

B4FF"

R4,FFh R5,R4,R0 R6,R4,R4

0520"

0624"

'9103"

LDHI

Rl, 03h

'B120"

LDLO Rl,20h CALL HLT

Rl

'8900"

'2800"

Subroutine
mem
mem

bankl

bank2

mem
mem

bankl
bank2

mem

bankl bankl bankl bank2

mem_bank2

mem

mem_bank2

mem
mem

mem mem

bankl bank2

(400) (400) (401) (401) (402) (402) (403) (403) (404) (4 04 ) (405) (405)

<= <= <=

14

6;

'9204"

LDHI

R2,04h

<=
<= <= <=

4; 178; 176; 6;
131; 206; 0; 236; 0; 219; 0;

'B2B0"

LDLO R2,B0h
ADC PUSH POP

0683"

R6, 01 IB
R6 R4 R3

CE00"

<=
<= <=

'EC00"

<=
<=

'DB00"

STSP

Figure

Memory Loading
-64-

(continued)

mem mem
mem mem mem mem

mem mem mem mem mem mem mem mem

mem

bankl bank2 bankl bank2 bankl bank2 bankl bank2 bankl bank2 bankl bank2 bankl bank2 bankl

(4 06
(4 0 6 (407

<= <= <=

(4 07 (4 08 (4 08 (4 0 9 (4 09 (410 (410

<=
<= <= <= <= <= <= <= <= <=

(411 (411 (412 (412

<=
<=

mem

(413 bank2 (413

mem

<=

59; 6; 26; 6; 18; 130, 50; 131; 98; 152, 67; 24; 19; 136; 168; 0;

"3B06"

STW
LDW

R3, [R2+R0] R2, [R2+R0]

"1A06"

"1284"

SHLL R2, 0010B

SHRL R2, 0011B STB R2,
LDB

"3284"

"62

98"

[R3+R0]

,h

"4318"

R3, [R3+R0]

,1

"1988"

SHLL R3,1000B
RET

"A800"

END
END

IF;

PROCESS

init;

Figure

Memory loading (continued)

Powering up
As

the

system

figure

6.2

shows,
signal

at

the

beginning
low,
no

of

the

simulation pulses are

and

when

the RUN

is

still

clock

..

olook
elk
r~

..

4 4
4 4

4 4
4

run una
wr

1 t_nen

4
4

4 4
4

4
4

4
4
4

wr_Jor

r0od_nen rd_bor
word

4
4

:;
:
[XXXX [XXXX
1

ri0n_rdy
reset

4 4
4

lnt_bor into
eddras_bus

4 4

4 4

dote_bus 5QI3

100

200

300

400

Figure

Beginning
clock

of

the

simulation

generated

from the

system

in the
the

previous

chapter,

no

memory.

At

time

200ns

generator and, as we explained data have been transferred yet to when the RUN signal goes from LOW-

to-HIGH

the

clock

cycles

begin
which

to

get

generated

(clock)

and

the

internal

clock

(elk)

distributed

inside the CPU.

follows the external clock is The CPU is inactive at this time

-65-

and

it

waits

for

the

RESET

interrupt
the

to

start
and

appendix C
state
are

(page Cl)
shown,
state

the

various

registers

operating. In the processor's

state
and

Everything is in
is
idle.

unknown

the

processor's

6.3

Issuing
At

the

RESET

interrupt

time
the

two

clock

cycles.

follows
appendix and

we make the RESET signal HIGH but only for We do that to ensure that our Interrupt Unit rules for the RESET interrupt recognition. As

500ns

650ns
RESET

C shows, didn't
signal

the processor's
change

state

but

it

remained

between the time 500ns idle. Now we assert

cycles

the

for

more

than

three

(3)

(Fig.

6.3).

Figure

3
up",

RESET

interrupt
the

recognition

The

CPU

"wakes

initializes
state signals of

registers

and

the

flags
Unit

and sets the

sends

processor's control

to interrupt. to the CPU the

The Control
and

the
MAR

proper
with

registers

loads

the

the

address

memory

location
.

that

contains

the interrupt
a

vector read.

for the RESET

Figure

(00H)
shows

After

that,

the signal memory read. the Observe the for assignments memory similarity of where 2.8 we first developed figure with 6.4 figure and write protocol. read As we can theoretically the memory

it

performs

6.4

see

the

read

mem

signal

goes

HIGH and the

internal

clock

(elk)

freezes. MAR
and

address

is

transferred

to

the

data bus
goes

from the
HIGH, This

after

time

t
the

the

VMA

signal signals

nanoseconds

after

that,

RD_bar

goes

LOW.

in the CPU-memory handshaking unit which triggers the jumper setting will issue some wait external according to the after the second bus cycle (T2) The our case) (one in cycles
counter
.

memory
mem

in the
out

meantime

and

after

time

t0

from the HIGH to that

with

LOW

transition

of

the
which

RD_signal,
will

puts

data
the

on

the

data
which will

bus

be

resolved state.

the

cpu_data_out
correct
with

is in

the HIGH
on

IMPEDANCE

Finally,
will

data

appear

the

data bus

they

be the

same

-66-

the data

of

the to

mem_data_out

bus

-.

The

operation

and

the data

assignment

the

buses

is

shown

in figure

6.5.

clock 4
? 4 4

elk

1
4 4

1
4 4

vne
wrl

t_n0n

wr_bor

reod_pen rd_bor word

L
4
*
4

1
1

L
4 4

1
4

nen_rdy
reset

lnt_bar

Into
oddreas_bue

XXXX xxxx

X.1B1
4

xxxxx

4XR18FXXXXX4

dete_bus
2100
cycle

1800

1900

2000

Figure
After

Memory
is
bus

read

the

MEMRDY
unit

signal

asserted

by

the
HIGH

CPU-memory
signals get

handshaking
deasserted
state.

(figure

6.4)

the

VMA

and

RDJoar

and

the
of

address

returns

in the

IMPEDANCE

Because

the

mem_data_out

the memory deselection (VMA signal goes LOW) bus returns also to the HIGH IMPEDANCE state
and

after

time to
The

t0TD
the the

consequently
IMPEDANCE
continued

the

data

bus

(Fig.

6.5)

returns

HIGH

state

too.

execution

is

vector

to
s

MAR

and

PC

registers

by transferring the interrupt and by changing the

at

processor'

state

from

1350ns)
routine

The CPU
and

now

interrupt to fetch (Appendix C is ready to execute the interrupt

after

time the

service

immediately
of

that the

program

code,

since a

last
to

instruction
address

the the

interrupt
program

service

routine

is

"jump"

the

that

begins.
zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz

7350 7490

00000011 0001001 00000011 0001001

ZZZZ2Z2Z zzzzzzz
ZZZZZZZZ zzzzzzz

zzzz zzzz zzzz zzzz

zzzz zzzz zzzz zzzz

zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz

1000100100000000 1000100100000000
zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz
zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz

1000100100000000 1000100100000000
zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz

7500 7505 7700 7850 8000

8140
8150 8155 8400
TIME

zzzz zzzz zzzz zzzz zzzz zzzz zzzz zzzz

00000110 0010000
ZZZZZZZZ zzzzzzz

0000 0011 0001 0100

zzzz zzzz zzzz zzzz zzzz zzzz zzzz zzzz zzzz zzzz zzzz zzzz
zzzz zzzz zzzz zzzz

0000001100010100
zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz

zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz

00000011 0010000 00000011 0010000

ZZZZZZZZ zzzzzzz

zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz

1001001000000100 1001001000000100
zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz

1001001000000100 1001001000000100
zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz

ZZZZZZZZ zzzzzzz

zzzz zzzz zzzz zzzz zzzz zzzz zzzz zzzz

00000011 0010001

zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz

'address

bus

cpu_dat a_out

'"mem

data

out

'Mat a

bus

Figure

6 5
.

Operation

of

the buses

-67-

Program
Once

execution

and

external

interrupt
HIGH
and

the

RUN

signal

is

stable

the

RESET

interrupt has been issued, the CPU is going to fetch and execute instructions from the memory until it finds a HLT instruction or until the RUN signal returns to the LOW state.
execution the Stack Pointer (SP) is has been we issue the external set, interrupt (the INTJoar goes LOW) We have to be sure that the SP has been set before we issue this interrupt because the CPU saves the flags and the Program Counter into the stack. The service routine for the external interrupt just changes the flags (to show that something is happening) and then it pops the PSW (remember 2.5?) and returns to the program that was under execution while the interrupt was issued. Figure 6.5
set.

During
After

the

program

the

SP

shows

the

various

signals

during

the

INTJoar

assertion.

clock

!
1

j
4 4

elk
4

?
4

4
4

vne wrl
_J

4
*

4
4

te_nen

wr_bor

J
1
+

+ 4
+

4
4

4
4

4
4

reod_ren

rd_bor
word
_J

J
1*
4

4
4
4

4
4

L nen_rdg
reset

t_
4

lnt_per Into

J
4
~

xxxx XolBS xxxx

Xxxxx

4
4

&3i&
X03BC

eddre88_bu8

XQ520+XXXXX

do to_bu8

6000

6100

6200

6300

64G0

6500
assertion

Figure

External C
we

interrupt
that
cycle

Looking
signal

again

at

appendix

see

even
of

if the
the

INT_bar

was

asserted

during
(6350ns)

the fetch
the
Then the

the CPU
of

(6000ns)
state, to
13

it
of

wasn't

acknowledged

until
.

completion

execution

the instruction
execute

processor

changed

from
show

to

interrupt,
saves

and

the INTA

signal

was

asserted next

that

the

interrupt has been

the states,

acknowledged.

In the

cycles,
resumes start

the

CPU

PSW and the

by

changing
the
of

from

in the memory and it interrupt to fetch, and

PC

executing
routine.

instructions
the
most

of

the

external

interrupt

service

The

contents as

important
C.
'z'

registers

during
fetch
and

the
and

simulation

well

as

the

processor appendix

state

and

the

execute

cycles

are

given

in

The

address are

data
HIGH

buses

are

represented state

by

'x's
shows

when

they

in

the

IMPEDANCE

(Quicksim

the

state

only

in

binary

-68-

representations) C some comments

actions

Between

the

simulation

results

of

appendix

have
can

been

inserted
taken the
comes

(from

us)

regarding
requests)
more

the
so

that

were

externally
trace C
appendix

(interrupt
simulation appendix

that
the

the

reader

easily.
with

Immediately
contents

after

(page Dl)
register checked

of

the

eight
.

(8)
The

registers
results was

of

the

file
and

in
the

integer
proper

represenation operation

have

been

of

the

system of

verified.
which

That

was

also

the
all

purpose

the

program we

was

shown

in

the

first
we

paragraph.

By
of

the

commands paths

had
ten

put

in
two
of of

the
out

program, of the three

possible

tested

the

data
the

inside the CPU,

operations

Power the

thirteen

operations

of

Shifter, ALU, twenty

out out

the the

twenty-five

formats,
stack

instructions of our instruction set in various subroutine calls and included unconditional jumps,
We
also

operations.

tested

the
we
check

buses

memory interrupts interrupt

routines
.

read

and

write

protocol

and

issued
the the

the operation, two different

of

(RESET
unit

and

INTjDar)

to

operation

the

and

the

execution

of

interrupt
through

service

If the

reader

is

patient
on

enough

to
Dl

go

appendices

and

which

start
all

page

Cl

and

respectively,

he/she

will

discover

the

system

has

to

follow

in

necessary order to

steps

that
a

every

computer

execute

program.

-69-

Conclusion
The
a
program

Recommendations
of

objectives

this

thesis
system
-

project
plans
were we

have been had

made
-

clearly
to
run

fulfilled.
VHDL

Even
on

the most

ambitious

the
and

simulated

obtained.

a great of structural system way behavioral description by the use of BLOCKS and PROCESSes One can start describing the system from the highest level first and then one can gradually decompose every

offers

decomposition

level

into

the

parts

that
until

constitute

that

level.
the
was

This

procedure

can

continue
which

the
of

designer

reaches

lowest
the
use

description
The
of
of

level
use

is the
part

silicon

implementation.
project various

most

difficult
are

the thesis
sure
one

VHDL. the

To

VHDL one must be

that the be
errors

aspects
with

language
s

understand,
and also

must

able

to
a

deal

the

compiler'

messages
one must

correct

the

in

relatively
events
are

short

time

and

know how the different time. One

should always
of

scheduled

during
and

simulation

start

the

description that
with

simulation and must

from the higher level

certain

the

system

representation

be for

that the

various

functions
checked

are

used

in

the

main

file

have

been

previously
operation. simulator
an

small

programs

their
cases

proper

It

is

important to know that

in the
of a

that

the

aborts

during

the

simulation

design
use

issuing
of

an

error,

then

this is due to an incorrect function, by passing to it wrong parameter types or by assigning its result to an improper signal or variable. It is highly recommended to
a
either

the

VHDL

users,

to

check simple

the
and

proper small
.

operation

of

their

functions Some
thesis

by

incorporate

them

using in

programs,
can

before done
be for

they
this

large

programs

improvements

and

further
Power

work

be

project.

First,

the

Shifter

could

included

be control signals could its and unit space have since we ALU. the to inputs Second, transferred for seven (7) more instructions in our instruction set, some and essential frequently used instructions could be very or for could be used instructions clearing These added. or interrupt software a returning setting the flags, issuing (so there is no more need from an interrupt service routine

inside

the

ALU

as

for

the

POP

PSW

command

at
also

the

end

of

such

routine)

The

address

bus,

could

be

made

20-bits

ability to have of need the use

I/O addressing
need

(1) may a memory space of one the segment concept) and an external pin for could be added so that the addresses of the I/O
mapped

giving Megabyte (this

long,

the

don't

to

be

in the
give

memory. of

In
should

the

first the
and

opportunity

new

VHDL

be

desirable

to

real

structural
-

compiler, description
BLOCKS

it
of

the

system

by
-

use

of

COMPONENTS
a

and

not

with

and

PROCESSes

develop

data

bus

without

declaring
.

the
and

auxiliary

signals

cpu_data_out

and

mem_data_out

Finally,
all

the CPU
gates

could

be described at the
control

gate

level

the

structures

that for

the
a

points

represent

could

be

decomposed

to

more

detailed

simulation.

-70-

References

[ARM8 9]
[DAS8

9]

[GLA91]
[GRE88]

Armstrong, James R. : Chip level modeling with VHDL, Prentice-Hall, Inc., 198 9. Subrata : Computer John Dasgupta, Architecture, Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1989. Brett : "SPARC Revealed", BYTE Glass, magazine,
April

1991.
Joseph
and

Greenfield,

D.

&

Wray,

Williams
-

C.

Using

microprocessors

microcomputers

The

Motorola

[HAR77]

family, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1988. Hartenstein, Reiner W. : Fundamentals of structured hardware design, North Holland Publishing Company,
Amsterdam

1977.
P.
:

[HAY88]
[INT8
[INT8 [KAI8

Hayes,
INTEL
:

John

Computer

architecture

and

orga

nization,

McGraw-Hill,

8] 8] 9]

Memory
1988
I
.

Components

Inc., Handbook,
and

1988.

Intel

Corpo

ration, INTEL :
Volume

Microprocessor

Peripheral

Handbook

[KAN87]
[KAT83]

Corporation, Microprocessor, Volume I, Kain, Richard Y. : Computer Architecture 1989. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Kane, Gerry : MIPS R2000 RISC Architecture, Prentice Hall, Inc., 1987.
-

Intel

1988.

Katevenis,
Computer

Manolis

Reduced

Instruction
-

Set

Architectures

for

VLSI

ACM

Doctoral

Dissertation,

The

MIT

Press,
:

1985.
Computer

[KLI77]
[LIU8

Kline,

Raymond

M.

Digital

design,

6]

Inc., Microcomputer : Liu, Yu-Ching & Gibson, Glenn A. 8086/8088 Family, Inc., Prentice-Hall, The Systems,
Prentice-Hall,
1986.
Mentor Graphics
:

1977.

[MEN90]

VHDL

System-1076 Graphics

Reference Manual

Alpha

Release,
Douglas

Mentor

[PER91] [SMA84]

Perry,
and

L.

VHDL,
:

Corporation, 1990. McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1991

programming
engineers,
and

Smardzewski,
Elsevier

Richard R.

Microprocessor
scientists

applications

for

Science
:

Publishers

B.V.,

1984.

[TAB90]

Tabak,

Daniel

RISC systems,

Research Studies Press

LTD,

1990.

-71-

APPENDIX A
PACKAGE LISTING

USE
USE

std.mentor_base.ALL;
std. mentor
extended.

ALL;

PACKAGE

routines

IS TIME TIME TIME TIME TIME TIME

TIME

CONSTANT CONSTANT

period

ta

50 ns; 100 ns; 100 ns; 70 ns; 5 ns; 25 ns; 15 ns;

:=

clock

period

Access Write

Time Time

CONSTANT tw CONSTANT t_o CONSTANT totd

CONSTANT
CONSTANT

t set up
td
w

Output Enabled to Output Valid Output 3-State from Deselection Address Setup Time VMA HIGH to RD (or WR) LOW

CONSTANT

states

integer

1;

TYPE TYPE
FUNCTION
FUNCTION FUNCTION FUNCTION FUNCTION

extra_
extra

state

IS

(' 0'
,

'1' ,

'X'
,

'Z'

state

vector

IS ARRAY

(NATURAL RANGE
RETURN
RETURN

<>)

OF

extra

state;

int_to_16bit (input (input int_to_8bit

qsim_to_bin
(in-

integer) integer)

qsim_state_vector;
qsim_state_vector;

bin_to_qsim
wired or

(inp^'. (input
:

state_vector) RETURN bit_vector; =:tor) RETURN qsim_state_yector;

qoj.ii.

qsim_to_extra

FUNCTION END
routines;

(a,b

qsim_state;

sLate) RETURN extra RETURN qsim_state;

state;

PACKAGE

BODY

routines

IS (input
vec
: : :

FUNCTION

int

to

16bit
ret

integer)

RETURN

qsim_state_vector

IS

VARIABLE
VARIABLE

qsim_state_vector

(15

DOWNTO

0)

VARIABLE
BEGIN

dummy inp

integer; integer;

inp

input ;
NOT

ASSERT

(inp

>

65535)
too

REPORT

"Integer

large

to

fit

into

16

bits"

SEVERITY

ERROR;
LOOP

FOR

IN

ret_vec'REVERSE_RANGE

dummy
CASE

inp REM 2; dummy IS

:=

WHEN WHEN WHEN

0 1

=> =>

ret_vec(i)
ret_vec(i)
=>

:=

:=

'0'; '1';

OTHERS

NULL;

END

END

CASE; (inp-dummy) /2; inp LOOP;

:=

RETURN

ret_vec;

END

int_toJ6bit; int
to

FUNCTION

8bit

(input
: : :

integer)

RETURN (7

qsim_state_vector

IS

VARIABLE VARIABLE

ret_vec

qsim_state_vector

DOWNTO

0)

VARIABLE BEGIN

dummy inp

integer; integer;

inp

:=

input;
NOT

ASSERT

(inp

>

255)
too large to

REPORT

"Integer

fit

into

bits"

SEVERITY

ERROR;
vec'

FOR

IN

ret

REVERSE_RANGE

LOOP

-Al-

dummy
CASE

inp REM 2; dummy IS

:=

WHEN
WHEN END

ret_vec(i) WHEN OTHERS => NULL;

0 1

=> =>

ret_vec(i)

END

CASE; (inp-dummy) /2; LOOP;

inp
RETURN END

:=

ret_vec;

int

to

8bit;
qsim_to_bin

FUNCTION

(input
:

qsim_state_vector

(15

DOWNTO

0))

RETURN

bit_vector
BEGIN

IS
ret_bin

VARIABLE FOR i
IN

bit_vector (15 DOWNTO

LOOP
:=

0)

CASE

input REVERSE_RANGE input (i) IS

WHEN WHEN
'1'

'

=> =>

ret_bin(i) ret_bin(i)

OTHERS

:=

'1'; '0';

END END END RETURN

qsim

CASE; LOOP;
retjbin;

to_bin;
bin_to_qsim IS
ret_bin

FUNCTION

(input
: :

bit

vector

(15
DOWNTO

DOWNTO

0))

RETURN

qsim_state_vector

VARIABLE VARIABLE

qsim_state_vector

(15

0)

dummy

bit;
LOOP

BEGIN FOR

input ' REVERSE_RANGE dummy := input (i) ;

IN IF

(dummy

'

0'

)
:=

THEN
'0'

ret Join

<i)

ELSE
retjoin(i)
:=

'1'

IF; END LOOP;

return

END

ret_bin;

END

bin_to_qsim;
qsim_to_extra

FUNCTION

(input

qsim_state)

RETURN

extra_state

IS

BEGIN

CASE

input
WHEN WHEN
WHEN
'

IS
'0'

'0' '

=> => =>

return return return =>

' 1'

'X'

'X' '
Z'

WHEN END END

OTHERS

return

CASE;

qsim_to_extra;

FUNCTION

wired_or

(k,l
ret

qsim_state)
: :

RETURN

qsim_state

IS

VARIABLE VARIABLE VARIABLE

qsim

qsim_state;
extra extra

,b

St ate;

dumvec

"state

BEGIN
a
:=

qsim qsim
:=

to to

e stra(k) ;
extra

:=

(1)

dumvec CASE

(a
"00"

&

b)

dumvec
WHEN WHEN WHEN WHEN
WHEN WHEN WHEN WHEN WHEN

IS
'
0'

=> => => => => => => => =>

ret_qsim ret_qsim ret_qsim ret_qsim

=

; ;
;

'X'

"01"

"0Z"

'

0'

"10"

^=

'X'

; ;
;

"11"

ret_qsim

'

l'

'1'

"1Z"

ret ret

qsim
qsim
=

"Z0"

' '

0' 1'
Z'

; ; ;

"Zl"

ret_qsim

"ZZ"

ret_qsim

'

-A2-

WHEN END END END

OTHERS

=>

ret_qsim

:=

'X';

CASE;
ret_qsim;

RETURN

wired_or;

routines;

-A3-

APPENDIX B
VHDL PROGRAM LISTING

USE USE USE

std.mentor_base.ALL;

std.mentor_extended.ALL;
work. routines.

ALL;

ENTITY

system

IS IN
IN IN

PORT

( run
reset

qsim_state;

qsim_state;
qsim_state;
qsim

int_bar

int a
END system;

OUT

state) ;

ARCHITECTURE TYPE TYPE

behave OF

system

IS
RANGE OF integer; interrupt) ;

mem_type
states

IS

ARRAY (natural

<>)

IS IS IS IS

(idle, fetch,
(rst
,

execute,

TYPE
TYPE TYPE TYPE TYPE

interrupts
push_pop_vars

ext, ope, addr) ;

byte_order

jump_conditions
instruction
set

IS IS

(CCR, R1,R2,R3,R4,R5,R6,R7) ; (msb,lsb); (ALW,C,NC,Z,NV,N,V,P) ; (error, sbb, andd, orr,xorr, shll, shrl, shra, ldw, ldb, ldhi, adc, stsp, ldsp, ldlo, ldpsw, stw, stb, stpsw, jmp, call, ret, push, pop, nop, hit) ;
qsim_state_vector qsim_state_vector
qsim_state_vector
= "0000000000000000'

CONSTANT CONSTANT

zeros
unknown

"XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX' "ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ'

CONSTANT
CONSTANT

highjmp
rom

int

addr

mem_type

(0,2,4,6,8);
=

SIGNAL
SIGNAL SIGNAL

clock, oe_bar, vma, addrJsb

qsim_state

'

0' '

rd_bar, wr_bar, word,mem_rdy wrl_bar, wr2_bar, cs_bar cl, c2, c3, c4, c5,
c6,c7

qsim_state

l';
0' 0'
0'

qsim_state;
qsim_state qsim_state
qsim_state qsim_state

SIGNAL SIGNAL
SIGNAL SIGNAL SIGNAL SIGNAL

c8,c9, clO, ell, cl2,

cl3

Cl4,cl5,cl6,cl7,cl8,cl9 C20,c21,c22,c23,c24,c25

0'
0'
0'

c26, c27, c28, c29, c30,

c32, c33, c34, c35, c36,

c31 c37

qsim_state
qsim_state

SIGNAL
SIGNAL SIGNAL

C40, c41, c42,

read_mem,

c43

qsim_state
qsim_state qsim_state qsim_state

0' 0' 0' 0'

write_mem

immediate, sign, write_word SIGNAL inte,ex_end, elk

S I GNAL
SIGNAL SIGNAL SIGNAL
SIGNAL
cpu_dat a_out
,

mem_dat a_out

c qs im_st at e_ve ct or
:=

(15

DOWNTO

0)
0)

"ZZZZZZZZZZZ2 ZZZZZ";

data_bus,ALU_bus,PS_bus

or qsim_state_vectc or qsim_state_vectc

(15 DOWNTO (15 (15 (14

DOWNTO DOWNTO

MDR, PC, SP, MAR,

address_bus

PSW

Ri,Rimm,Rc,Ra,Rb

or qsim_state_vectc
or qsim_state_vectc

SIGNAL SIGNAL SIGNAL SIGNAL

SIGNAL SIGNAL SIGNAL
SIGNAL SIGNAL SIGNAL

Rsl,Rs2,Rd
registers
mem_bankl,mem_bank2

or qsim_state_vectc mem_type(0
mem_type(0

0) 0) DOWNTO 0) (2 DOWNTO 0) ;

TO

); 7)
7! 99 >;

TO

proc_state

int_state

f_cyc,

ex_cyc,vec_num

idle; interrupts; integer;

states
:=

instruction
condition stack_var

instruction_set ;

jump_conditions;
push_pop_vars;

byte (input
:

byte

order; RETURN

FUNCTION

qsim_to_int

qsim_state_vector)

integer

IS

VARIABLE

retint

integer;

-Bl-

BEGIN
ret

int
i

:=

0;
=

FOR

' input REVERSE_RANGE LOOP ASSERT NOT ( (input (i) = 'X') OR (input (i) REPORT "Invalid state in integer SEVERITY ERROR; CASE input (i) IS

IN

'Z'))

conversion"

WHEN WHEN
WHEN END END END RETURN

'0' '1'

=> =>

NULL;
retint
=>
:=

(2**i)

retint;

OTHERS

NULL;

CASE; LOOP;
retint;

qsim_to_int;

BEGIN CLOCK
clk_gen

GENERATOR BLOCK

BEGIN

system_clk

PROCESS

(run,
AND
;

clock)
=

BEGIN

IF

((run'

EVENT)
<=
'1'

(run
AND

'1'))
=

THEN

clock

ELSIF

(clock'

EVENT)

(run

'1'))

THEN

clock

<=

NOT
'
0'

(clock)
;

AFTER period/2;

ELSE
clock
<=

END
END

IF;
system_clk;

PROCESS

END

BLOCK

elk

gen;

__###########f###########################################################

cpu

BLOCK

BEGIN BLOCK

interrupt_unit
BEGIN

resetjnt

PROCESS

BEGIN

WAIT

ON

elk

UNTIL

(elk

'

'

IF

(reset'

LAST_EVENT LAST_EVENT
=

>= <=

(reset'

(3*period)) (4*period) )

AND
AND

(reset

'1'

) )

THEN

int_state
proc_state

<= <=

rst;

interrupt;

END END

IF;
reset

PROCESS

int;

externaljnt

PROCESS
UNTIL
=

BEGIN

WAIT

ON

clock

((clock AND

IF

((int_bar

'0')
<=
<=

(PSW

'1') AND (ex_end '0')) THEN (4)

=

'1'));

int_state
proc_state

ext;

interrupt;

END
END

IF;
externaljnt;

PROCESS

opcodejnt

PROCESS

BEGIN

WAIT

ON

instruction
=

UNTIL

(instruction

error) ;

IF

(proc_state

fetch)
ope;

THEN

int_state
proc_state

<=
<=

interrupt;

END

IF;
-B2-

END

PROCESS

opcode

int;

addressjnt

PROCESS
UNTIL (write_mem
=
=

BEGIN

WAIT IF

ON

write_mem
=

'1');
THEN

((word

'1')
<=

AND

(MAR(O)

'1'))

int_state
proc_state

addr;

<=

interrupt;

END END END BLOCK

IF;
opcodejnt;

PROCESS

interrupt_unit ;
:

control_unit

BLOCK

BEGIN internal_clock
BEGIN IF
:

PROCESS
=

(clock, write_mem,
OR

read_mem)

( (write_mem
NULL;

'1')

(read_mem

'1'))

THEN

ELSE
elk
<=

clock;

END END

IF;
internal
clock;

PROCESS

interrupt_action
BEGIN
WAIT IF

PROCESS UNTIL
THEN

ON
FOR

proc_state

(proc_state LOOP

interrupt)

(int

state

rst)
<=
'

"i

IN

15

DOWNTO

PSW(i) END LOOP;

PSW
vec
cl c4

'

;
<=

(4)
num
<=
<=

<=
<=
0'
0'

1'

f_cyc
read
'

1;
<=

ex
0'

eye

<=

1;
mem
<=

0;

mem
0'
,

write
'

c2

<=

c3

<= <=

0
'

'

;
,

c5 c9 cl3 cl7 c21 c25 c29 c33

c37

<= <= <=

<=

'0'

c6 clO
cl4

0'

c7 ell

<= <=
<= <=

'

0'

c8
cl2

<= <=
<=

0' 0' 0' 0'

0'

0'
'0'

<= <=
<=

0'.
'0'.
'

'0'

'

cl5

0'

'0' '0'
'0'

cl6 c20
c24

cl8 c22 c26 c30 c34

0'

cl9
c23
c27 c31

'0'

<= <= <= <= <=

<=
<=

<=
<=

0'
'0'
'0'

<= <= <=

'

0' 0'

'

0'

c28
c32

<= <= <=

'0'

<= <=

'0'

0'
0'

'

0'

'0'

c35

<=

'0'

'0'

c36

FOR

IN

TO

LOOP
<=

registers

(i)

0;
=

END
WAIT
c23

LOOP;
ON
<=

elk

UNTIL

(elk

'1') '1')
'1');

'1','0'

AFTER

period/2
=

WAIT

ON ON
<=

elk
<=

UNTIL
'

(elk
(elk

read_mem

'

;
=

WAIT
cl8

elk

UNTIL
UNTIL

'1','0'

AFTER period/2;

WAIT
cl4

ON
<=

elk

(elk (elk

'1');
'1'

1','0'

AFTER period/2;
=

WAIT
ClO

ON
<= <=

elk
1'
, '

UNTIL
0'

AFTER period/ 2 ; AFTER period/

1','0'

c3

WAIT
c21 c24

ON
<= <=

elk

UNTIL

1','0'

1','0'

WAIT

ON

elk

2; ) ; AFTER period/ 2; AFTER period/ 2; (elk ) UNTIL

(elk
=

'1'

'

1'

proc_state

<=
=

fetch;
ext)
eye

ELSIF

(int
eye num

state
<=

THEN
<=

f
c2

1;
<=

ex

1;
<=

ex

end

<=

'0'

vec

1;

read_mem

'0';

write_mem

<=

'0';
<= <= <=

"<=
<= <=

1','0'

AFTER

period/2;

Re
MAR

PC

1','0'

c26
c34

AFTER period/2;

SP
'

1'

INTA

'

-B3-

WAIT
cl9
c27

ON
<= <=

elk

UNTIL

(elk

'1');
MDR SP
<=

'1','0'
'1','0'

AFTER period/2; AFTER period/2;

Re SP-2

<=

write_word

<=

'1';
(elk (elk
=

WAIT
write

ON ON

elk

UNTIL
'

'

1 1

'

) )

mem

<=

'

;
=

WAIT
c3
c4 c2
<= <=

elk

UNTIL

'

'

'1','0' '1','0' '1','0'

AFTER period/2; AFTER period/2 ; AFTER period/2;

ALUJdus
Re
<=

<=

PSW

<=

ALUJms MAR <= SP

WAIT
PSW
cl9
c27

ON
<= <=

elk
<=

UNTIL
;

(elk

'

'

(4)

'1'

'1','0' '1','0'

AFTER period/2; AFTER period/2;

MDR <= Re SP <= SP-2

write

word

<=

'1';
(elk (elk
=

WAIT WAIT
c23

ON
ON
<=

elk
<=

UNTIL

'1');

write_mem

'1';
=

elk

UNTIL

'1')

'1','0'

WAIT WAIT
cl8

ON ON
<=

elk
<=

AFTER period/2, UNTIL (elk '1')

=

read_mem

'1';
UNTIL (elk
=

elk

'1')

'1','0'

WAIT
Cl4

ON
<=

elk
'

AFTER period/2, UNTIL (elk = ' 1' )

0'

1',
elk
'

WAIT
ClO

ON
<=
<=

UNTIL
0' 0'
'

AFTER period/2, 1' (elk = '

c3

1', 1',
elk

AFTER period/2, AFTER period/2

WAIT
C21 C24

ON
<=
<=

UNTIL
'

(elk

'

1'

1', 1',
elk

0'
0'

'

AFTER period/2, AFTER period/2,

WAIT

ON
<=

UNTIL
<=

(elk

'

1'

proc_state
c34

fetch;

'0';
no
actions

ELSE

END END

NULL; IF;
interrupt

for the

OPCODE

ERROR

and

ADDRESS
action;

MISALIGNMENT

have been

implemented

PROCESS

state

PROCESS UNTIL
=

BEGIN WAIT

ON

elk

(elk
+
=

'1');
AND

IF

( (proc_state
f
eye
<=

fetch)
1;

(f_cyc
AND

<

3))
=

THEN

f_cyc

(proc_state
<=

fetch)

(f_cyc

3))

THEN

ex_cyc

1;
<=

proc

state

execute;
=

ELSIF

(proc_state
<=

execute)
+

AND

(ex_end

/=

'1'))
'1')
THEN

THEN

ex_cyc

ex_cyc
state
=
=

1;
AND

ELSIF

((proc
<=

(<int_bar

'1')

(ex_end = execute) AND OR (PSW (4) = '1')))

f_cyc

1;
<=
'

proc_state

fetch;
;

ex_end

<=

'

ELSE

NULL;
END END

IF;
state;

PROCESS

fetch IF

instr

PROCESS

(proc_state, f_cyc)
THEN

BEGIN (proc_state
=

IF

(f

eye
<=

fetch) 1) THEN
=

'1','0'

C25

AFTER period/2; THEN

'

ELSIF

(f_cyc (f_cyc
<=

2)
'

read_mem

<=
=

ELSIF

3)

; THEN AFTER period/2;

'1','0'

cl8

-B4-

c20
c22

<= <=

'1','

0'

AFTER pe riod/2;

'1',' 0'

AFTER

pe riod/2;

ELSE END
END

NULL; IF;
fetch

IF;

END

PROCESS
:

instr,

decode

PROCESS
VARIABLE

dumbin
UNTIL

qsim_state_vector

(4

DOWNTO

0)

BEGIN
WAIT ON
c20
:=

(c20
DOWNTO

'1'

);

dumbin
CASE

MDR (15

11)

;
<=

dumbin
WHEN WHEN WHEN WHEN WHEN WHEN WHEN WHEN
WHEN

IS instruction

"00000"

immediate
"00001"

<=

adc; MDR (7) ; nop; shll;

=>

instruction instruction

<= <=

"00010"

"00011"

=> =>

immediate <= '1'; instruction <= ldw;

instruction
<=

"00100"

sbb;

"00101"
"00110"

=>

immediate <= MDR (7) ; instruction <= hit;

instruction
<=

=>

shrl;

immediate
"00111"

<=

'1';
<=

=>

instruction
write_word

stw;

"01000"

=>

'1'; instruction <= ldb;

sign
<=

<=

MDR

(6)
<= <=
'

WHEN WHEN
WHEN

"01001"

=> =>

instruction instruction

ldpsw;
shra;
1'

"01010"

immediate
"01100"

<=

=>

instruction

<=
=

stb;

IF

(MDR

(7)
<=

'1'

THEN

byte
ELSE

msb;

byte
END
"01101"

<=

lsb;
<= <= <=

IF; '0';
stpsw;

write_word

WHEN WHEN

=>

instruction
instruction

"01111"

=>

jmp;

CASE

MDR (2
WHEN WHEN WHEN

DOWNTO
=>
=>

0)

IS
<=

'000"

condition
condition

ALW;

'001"

<=
<=

010"

=> => => => => =>

=>

condition
condition

WHEN
WHEN WHEN WHEN WHEN WHEN

'011"

<= <=
<= <=

'100"

condition condition condition condition

"101"

"110"

111
OTHERS

<=

C; V; N; Z; NV; NC; P;

NULL;

END
"10001"

CASE;
<= <=

WHEN
"10010"

=>

instruction
write_word

call;

WHEN
"10100"

=> =>

instruction instruction

'1'; <= ldhi;

<=

WHEN

andd;

immediate
sign
<=

<=

MDR(7);
<=
<=

MDR(6) ;
ret;

WHEN

"10101"

=> => => =>

instruction
instruction instruction instruction

"10110"

WHEN
"10111"

<= <=

WHEN
"11000"

ldlo; ldsp;
orr;

WHEN

immediate
sign
<=

<=

MDR(7);
;
<=

MDR

(6)
<=

WHEN

"11001"

=>

instruction
write_word

push;

'1';

CASE

MDR(10 WHEN

DOWNTO
=>

8)

IS
var
<=

"000"

stack

CCR;

-B5-

WHEN
WHEN

"001"

=>
=>

stack stack
stack stack stack

var

<=
<=

Rl R2

"010" "Oil"
"100"

var var
var var

WHEN WHEN WHEN WHEN

=> =>
=>

<= <= <= <= <=

R3
R4

"101" "110"

R5 R6
R7

=> => =>

stack
stack

var var

WHEN END
WHEN
"11011"

"111"

WHEN OTHERS

NULL;

CASE;
<=

=> =>

instruction instruction

stsp; xorr;

WHEN

"11100"

<=

immediate
sign
<=

<=

MDR(7);
;
<=

MDR

(6)

WHEN

"11101"

=>

instruction CASE
MDR (10 WHEN WHEN WHEN WHEN WHEN WHEN
WHEN

pop;

DOWNTO
=>

8)

15
var var var var var var var
var
<= <= <= <= <= <=
<=

"000"

stack stack stack stack stack stack stack

stack

CCR

"001"

=> =>
=>

"010"

"011"

"100"
"101"

=> => => => =>

Rl; R2; R3; R4; R5;

R6; R7;

"110"

WHEN WHEN
END

"111"

<=

OTHERS
<=

NULL;

CASE;
error;

WHEN END

OTHERS

=>

instruction

CASE; END PROCESS decode;

execute Jnstr

BLOCK

BEGIN PROCESS (proc_state, ex_cyc)

state
ex_cyc
=

stpswjn

BEGIN

IF

( (proc
CASE

execute)
c3
c4
<= <= <=

AND

(instruction

stpsw)

THEN

IS
'1','0'

WHEN

1 2

=>

AFTER AFTER

period/2;
period/2

'1','0'

WHEN

=>

cl7

'1','0'

AFTER

period/2;

ex_end

<=

'

'

WHEN
END END END

OTHERS

=>

NULL;

CASE;
stpswjn;

IF;

PROCESS

ldpswjn
BEGIN

PROCESS (proc_state,ex_cyc) AND (instruction

=

IF

(proc_state

execute)
<= <=

ldpsw) )

THEN

CASE

ex

eye

IS
'1','0'

WHEN WHEN

1 2

=> =>

c8 c2

AFTER period/2; AFTER period/2;

;

'1','0'

ex_end

<=

'

'

WHEN END
END END

OTHERS

=>

NULL;

CASE; ldpswjn;

IF;

PROCESS

ldhijn

PROCESS (proc_state, ex_cyc) AND (instruction

=

RFCIN

IF

(proc_state

execute)

ldhi) )

THEN

CASE

ex

eye

IS
=> =>

WHEN WHEN WHEN

END END

Cl2

<=

'1','0'

AFTER period/2; AFTER period/2;

Cl6

<=

'1','0'

ex_end

<=

'

'

OTHERS

=>

NULL;

CASE;

IF;

END

PROCESS

ldhijn;
-B6-

ldlojn
IF

PROCESS

(proc_state,ex_cyc)
=

BEGIN

( (proc_state
CASE
ex_cyc

execute)
cl2
<= <= <=

AND

(instruction

ldlo) )

THEN

IS
=> =>
'1','0' '1','0' '1','0'

WHEN WHEN

1 2

AFTER period/2; AFTER period/2; AFTER period/2;

cl6
cl7

ex_end

<=

'

'

WHEN END END END

OTHERS

=>

NULL;

CASE;
ldlojn;

IF;

PROCESS
:

anddjn

PROCESS

(proc_state,
=

ex_cyc) AND

BEGIN

IF

( (proc_state
CASE
ex_cyc

execute)

(instruction
=

andd)

THEN

IS
=>

WHEN

IF

(immediate
IF

(sign
cl3
cl4
<= <=

'1'

'1') THEN ) THEN

AFTER period/2; AFTER period/ 2; AFTER period/2;

'1','0' '1','0'

ELSE
cl3
<=
'1','0'

END
c8

IF;
<=
'1','0'

AFTER period/2; AFTER

ELSE
c7
<= <=

'1',

0'

period/2;

c9

'1','0'

AFTER period/2;

END
WHEN

IF;
(immediate
clO
<=
=

=>

IF

'1')

THEN

'1','0'

AFTER period/2;

ELSE
ell
<=
'1','0'

AFTER period/2;

END
cl

IF;
<= <= <=
'1','0'

AFTER

period/2;

'1','0'

c3

AFTER period/2;
AFTER period/2;

WHEN

'1','0'

=>

cl7

ex_end

<=

'

'

WHEN

OTHERS

=>

NULL;

END

CASE;
anddjn;

END
END

IF;

PROCESS

orr

in
IF

PROCESS (proc_state, ex_cyc)

=

"BEGIN

(proc_state

execute)

AND

(instruction

orr))

THEN

CASE

ex

eye

IS
=>

WHEN

IF

(immediate

'1')

THEN

IF

(sign
cl3
cl4

'1'

THEN
AFTER
period/2;

<= <=

'1','0'

'1','0'

AFTER period/2;
AFTER period/2;

ELSE
cl3
<=
'1','0'

END
c8

IF;
<=
'1','0'

AFTER period/2;

ELSE
C7
<= <=
'1','0'

AFTER period/2; AFTER

period/

'1','0'

C9

2;

END WHEN

IF;
(immediate
clO
<=
=

=>

IF

'1')

THEN

'1','0'

AFTER period/2;
AFTER period/ 2;

ELSE
Cll
<=
'1','0'

END
cl

IF;
<= <= <=
'1','0'

AFTER period/2;

'1','0'

C3
c4

AFTER period/2; AFTER period/2;

'1','0'

-B7-

WHEN
WHEN

=>

Cl7

<=

'1','0'

AFTER period/2;

ex_end

<=

'

'

OTHERS

=>

NULL;

END END END

CASE;
orr_in;

IF;

PROCESS

xorrjn

PROCESS

(proc_state,
=

ex_cyc) AND (instruction

=

BEGIN IF

( (proc_state
CASE
ex_cyc

execute) IF

xorr)

THEN

IS
=>

WHEN

(immediate
IF

(sign
cl3
cl4

'

1'

'1') THEN ) THEN

AFTER period/2; AFTER period/2; AFTER period/2;

<= <=

'1','0'

'1','0'

ELSE
cl3
<=
'1','0'

END
c8

IF;
<=
'1','0'

AFTER period/2;
AFTER period/2; AFTER
period/2;

ELSE
c7
<=
'1','0' '1','0'

c9

<=

END WHEN

IF;
(immediate
clO
<=
=

=>

IF

'1')

THEN

'1','0'

AFTER period/2;
AFTER
period/2;

ELSE
ell
<=
'1','0'

END
cl c2

IF;
<= <= <=
'1','0'

AFTER

period/2;

'1','0'

AFTER period/2; AFTER period/2;

WHEN

=>

cl7

'1','0'

ex_end

<=

'

'

WHEN

OTHERS

=>

NULL;

END END
END

CASE;
xorr_in;

IF;

PROCESS

jmpjn IF

PROCESS (proc_state, ex_cyc)

BEGIN

(proc CASE

state

execute)
<= <=

AND

(instruction

jmp) )

THEN

ex

eye

IS
'1','0'

WHEN WHEN WHEN

1 2 3

=> => =>

c8
c4

AFTER

period/2;

'1','0'

AFTER period/2;

CASE

condition
=>

IS
c21 c24
<= <=
'
1','0'

WHEN ALW

AFTER AFTER

period/2; period/2;

'1','0'

ex_end

<=

'

1
=

'

WHEN

=>

IF

(PSW(O)
c21
c24
<= <=
'

'1')
'

THEN

1'

0'

,
'1','0'

AFTER period/2; AFTER period/ 2;

;

ex_end

<=

'

1 1

'

ELSE
ex_end
<=
'
'

END
WHEN

IF;

NC

=>

IF

(PSW(O)
c21
c24
<= <=
'

'0')
' , '

THEN

'1','0'

AFTER period/2; AFTER period/2; ;

1'

0'

ex_end

<=

1 1

'

ELSE
ex_end
<=
'

'

; THEN
period

END WHEN

IF;
(PSW

=>

IF

(2)

'1')

c21 c24

<=

'1','0'

AFTER

/ 2;

<=

'1','0'

AFTER period/2;
;

ex_end

<=

'1'

ELSE
ex_end
<=
'

'

END

IF;.

-B8-

WHEN NV

=>

IF

(PSW(l)
c21 c24
<= <=

'0')

THEN

'1','0' '1','0'

AFTER period/2; AFTER period/2;

;

ex_end

<=

'

1 1

'

ELSE
ex_end
<=
' '

END
WHEN N
=>

IF;
(PSW

IF

(3)

'1')
'

THEN

c21 c24

<=
<=

'1' , '1'
,

0'

'0'
'

AFTER period/2; AFTER period/2;

;

ex_end

<=

1 1

'

ELSE
ex_end
<=
'
'

END WHEN V
=>

IF;

IF

(PSW(l)
c21
<=

'1')
' , 0'

THEN

'1'

c24

<=

'1','0'

AFTER period/2; AFTER period/2;

;

ex_end

<=

'

1
1

'

ELSE
ex_end
<=
' '

END
WHEN P
=>

IF;
(PSW

IF

(3)
'

'0')
' , 0'

THEN

c21 c24

<= <=

1'

'1','0'

AFTER period/2; AFTER period/ 2;

;

ex_end

<=

'

1 1

'

ELSE
ex_end
<=
' '

END WHEN

OTHERS

=>

IF; NULL;

END

CASE; WHEN OTHERS => NULL; CASE;

xorrjn;

END

END END

IF;

PROCESS

adcjn

PROCESS

(proc_state,
=

ex_cyc)

"BEGIN
IF

((proc
CASE

state ex_cyc

execute)

AND

(instruction

adc)

THEN

IS
=>

WHEN

IF

(immediate
cl3 c8
<=

'1')

THEN

'1','0'
'1','0'

<=

AFTER period/2; AFTER period/2;

AFTER period/2; AFTER period/ 2; THEN

ELSE
c7
<=
<=
'1','0'

c9

'1','0'

END WHEN

IF;
(immediate
clO cl
<= <=
=

=>

IF

'1')

'1','0'

AFTER period/2; AFTER period/2;

'1','0'

ELSE
ell cl
<= <=
'1','0'

AFTER period/2; AFTER period/2;

'1','0'

END WHEN
WHEN END

IF;
<=
'1','0'

=>

cl7

AFTER period/2;

ex_end

<=

'

'

OTHERS

=>

NULL;

CASE;
adcjn;

END END

IF;

PROCESS

sbbjn

PROCESS

(proc_state, ex_cyc)
=

BEGIN

IF

((proc
CASE

state

execute)

AND

(instruction

sbb)

THEN

ex

eye

IS
=>

WHEN

IF

(immediate
cl3 c8
<= <=

'1')

THEN

'1','0'

AFTER period/2;

'1','0'

AFTER period/2;

ELSE

-B9-

c7

<= <=

'1'
,

'0' '0'

AFTER

period/2 ;

c9

'1'

AFTER period/2;

END WHEN

IF;
(immediate
clO cl
c4
<=
<= <=
'1'
=

=>

IF

'

'

THEN

'1'
,

'0' '0' ,

AFTER period/2, AFTER period/2; AFTER period/2,

AFTER period/2, AFTER period/2; AFTER period/ 2;

'1'

ELSE
ell cl c4
<= <= <=
'1'
'1' , '1' '

'0'

0'

END
WHEN WHEN

IF;
<=
'1','0'

=>

cl7

AFTER period/2;

ex_end

<=

'

'

OTHERS

=>

NULL;

END
END END

CASE;
sbb

IF;

PROCESS
:

in;

stwjn

PROCESS

(proc_state,ex_cyc)
=

BEGIN IF

( (proc_state
CASE
ex_cyc

execute)
c7
<= <= <=
<=
'1'

AND
'0' ,
'0'

(instruction

stw)

THEN

IS
=>

WHEN WHEN

1 2

c9
=>

'I'
, '1'

AFTER period/2; AFTER period/2;

'

ell cl c2 c3
c4

,'0

AFTER period/2;
AFTER period/2; AFTER period/2;

'1' , '1' , '1' , '1'

'

0'

<=
<=

'0' '0' '0'

<= <= <= <= <=

,
'1'
,'0

AFTER period/2; AFTER period/2;

'

WHEN WHEN
WHEN

3
4

=>

c21

AFTER period/2;

c8
=> => =>

'1'
, '1'

'0' 0'

AFTER period/2; AFTER period/2;

'

c4 cl9

'

,
'1'
,'0

5 WHEN 6
WHEN

AFTER

period/2;

write
ex

mem
<=

<=
'1'

'1';

end
=>

OTHERS

NULL;

END END
END

CASE

IF;
stw

PROCESS

in

ldwjn IF

PROCESS (proc_state,ex_cyc)

BEGIN

(proc_state

execute)
<= <=
<= <=
'1'
'1'

AND
0' 0' '

(instruction

ldw) )

THEN

CASE

ex

eye

IS
=>

WHEN

c7

AFTER period/2;

c9

AFTER period/2;
'

WHEN

=>

ell cl

'1
'1' '1' '1' '1'

AFTER

period/2;

0' 0' 0' 0'

'
.

AFTER period/2; AFTER AFTER AFTER

'

c2

<=
<= <= <=

period/2; period/2;
period/2;

c3
c4

WHEN
WHEN

=>
=> => => =>

c21
read

'1
'1'

0
'

AFTER period/2; AFTER period/2; AFTER period/2; AFTER

period/2;

mem
<= <=
<=

<=
,

WHEN WHEN WHEN

cl8 cl4

'0 '0

'1'

,
'1'

cl5

,'0

ex_end

<=

'

'

WHEN

OTHERS

=>

NULL;

END END END

CASE;

IF;
ldwjn;

PROCESS

stbjn

PROCESS (proc_state,ex_cyc)

BEGIN

IF

(proc_state

execute)
<=

AND

(instruction

stb)

THEN

CASE

ex

eye

IS
'1','0'

WHEN

=>

c7

AFTER period/2;

-B10-

c9

<= <= <= <= <= <= <=

'1'
, '1'

'0' '
,

WHEN

=>

ell
cl c2

0'

AFTER period/2; AFTER period/2;

'1'

'0'

,
'1'
, '0'

AFTER period/2; AFTER period/2 ;

AFTER period/2; AFTER period/2;

c3
c4

'1' , '1' , '1'

'0' '0' '0'

WHEN WHEN

3
4

=>

=>

AFTER period/2; AFTER period/2; IF (byte = msb) THEN ' IF (MAR( 0 ) 0 ' ) THEN
c21
,

c8

<=

'1'

'0'

c4

<=

1','0'

AFTER period/2; AFTER period/ 2; AFTER period/2 ;

ELSE
c2 c3
<= 1','0' 1','0'

<=

END ELSE IF

IF;

(MAR( 0 )
C2
<= <= <=

'

'

THEN AFTER
period/2 ;

1','0' 1','0' 1','0'

c3 c4

AFTER period/2; AFTER period/ 2; AFTER period/ 2;

ELSE
c4
<=
1','0'

END
END WHEN WHEN

IF; IF;
'

5 6

=>

cl9

<=

1' ,

'0'

AFTER period/ 2;

=>

write_mem

ex_end

<=

'1'

WHEN END
END END

OTHERS

=>

NULL;

CASE ;
stb

IF; in;

PROCESS
:

ldbjn
IF

PROCESS

(proe_state,
=

ex_cyc

BEGIN

( (proc_state
CASE
ex eye

execute)
c7
<=
'1'

AND

(instruction
'
'

ldb) )

THEN

IS
=>
,

WHEN

1 2

'0 '0
'

c9

<= <=
<= <= <= <=

'1' , '1'

WHEN

=>

ell cl

0'
' '
'

, '1'
, '1' , '1' , '1' , '1' ,

c2 c3 c4

'0 ' 0
'0

AFTER period/2; AFTER period/2; AFTER period/2 ; AFTER period/2

AFTER period/2

AFTER

period/2

'0
'

'
0'

AFTER period/2, AFTER

period/2

WHEN
WHEN

3 4

=>
=

c21
read

<=

>

mem
<=

<=
'

'1';
0'
=

WHEN WHEN

5 6

=>

cl8

'1'

=>

IF

(MAR(0)
IF
(sign
cl2
<= <=

'0') '0')

AFTER period/2; THEN THEN AFTER period/2; AFTER period/2;

AFTER
period/2;

'1','0'
'1','0'

cl3

ELSE
cl2
<= <= <=
'1','0' '1','0' '1','0'

cl3
cl4

AFTER period/2; AFTER pe riod/2 ;

END

IF;
(sign
cl2
<=
=

ELSE IF
'

0' )

THEN
AFTER
period/

'1','0'

2;

ELSE
cl2 cl4
<= <=
'1','0' '1','0'

AFTER

period/2;

AFTER period/2;

END
END WHEN

IF; IF;
<=
'1','

0'

=>

cl5 ex

AFTER period/2;

end
=>

<=

'

WHEN
END

OTHERS

NULL;

CASE;

END

IF;
-Bll-

END

PROCESS

ldbjn;

nopjn

PROCESS

(proc_state,
=

ex_cyc)
AND
'

BEGIN IF

( (proc_state
CASE
ex_cyc

execute)
ex_end
=>

(instruction
'

nop)

THEN

IS
=> <=

WHEN

WHEN OTHERS END

END

NULL;

CASE;
nopjn;

IF;

END

PROCESS
:

hltjn
IF

PROCESS

(proc_state,
=

ex_cyc) AND
<=

BEGIN

( (proc_state
CASE
ex_cyc

execute)

(instruction

hit))

THEN

IS
=>

WHEN

proc_state
=>

idle;

WHEN END
END

OTHERS

NULL;

CASE;
hit Jn;

IF;

END

PROCESS
:

ldspjn
IF

PROCESS

(proc_state,
=

ex_cyc)

BEGIN

( (proc_state
CASE
ex_cyc

execute)
c8
c4
<= <=

AND

(instruction

ldsp) )

THEN

IS
=> => =>
'1','0'
'1','0'

WHEN WHEN WHEN

AFTER period/2; AFTER period/2;

c4 3<= ex_end

'1','0'

AFTER period/2;
;

<=

'

'

WHEN

OTHERS

=>

NULL;

END END
END

CASE;
ldsp_in;

IF;

PROCESS

stspjn

PROCESS (proc_state,ex_cyc)
state
ex_cyc
=

BEGIN

IF

((proc CASE

execute)
<= <=

AND

(instruction

stsp)

THEN

IS
'1','0'

WHEN

1 2

=> =>

c42
cl7

AFTER period/2; AFTER period/2;

'1','0'

WHEN
WHEN END

ex_end

<=

'

'

OTHERS

=>

NULL;

CASE;
stspjn;

END END

IF;

PROCESS

call_in

PROCESS (proc_state, ex_cyc) AND (instruction

=

BEGIN

IF

((proc CASE

state

execute)

call))

THEN

ex

eye

IS
=>

WHEN

1 2

c2

<=

'1','0'

AFTER

period/

2;

c8

<= <= <= <-

'1','0'

AFTER period/2;
AFTER period/2;

'1','0'

WHEN

=>

cl9
c26 c4

'1','0'

AFTER period/2; AFTER period/2;

'1','0'

3 WHEN 4
WHEN

=>

write_mem
c24<=

<=

'1';
AFTER
period/2;

'1','0'

=>

C27

<=

'1','0'

AFTER period/2;

ex_end

<=

'

'

WHEN END END

END

OTHERS

=>

NULL;

CASE;
calljn;

IF;

PROCESS

retjn

PROCESS (proc_state, ex_cyc)

=

BEGIN

IF

((proc

state

execute)

AND

(instruction

ret))

THEN

-B12-

CASE

ex

eye

IS
=>
=>

WHEN WHEN WHEN WHEN WHEN

1 2

c28 c26 read

<= <=

'1'
'1'

'0' '0'

AFTER period/2; AFTER period/2;

3 4

=> => => =>

mem
<=

<

'1
'0'
'

cl8
cl4 clO c3

'1' '1' '1' '1' , '1'

5 WHEN 6
WHEN

<= <= <= <=

0'

AFTER period/2 AFTER period/2

AFTER period/2

'0'

0'
'0'

=>

c24
ex

AFTER period/2; AFTER period/2;

end
=>

<=

WHEN OTHERS END END END

NULL;

CASE;
ret

IF;

PROCESS
:

in,

pushjn

PROCESS

(proc_state,
=

ex
~~

eye)

BEGIN
IF

( (proc_state
CASE
ex_cyc

execute)

AND

(instruction

push)

THEN

IS

WHEN

=>

CASE

stack_var

IS
c8
<=
'

WHEN END WHEN

CCR

=>

NULL;
=>
1'
, 0'

WHEN OTHERS

AFTER period/2;

CASE;
stack_var
=>

=>

CASE

IS
c4
<= <=
'1' , '1' , '0' '0'

WHEN CCR
WHEN END WHEN WHEN

c3

AFTER period/2; AFTER period/2;

0'

OTHERS '1','0
'1'
,

=>

c4

<=

'1',

AFTER period/2;

CASE;
<= <= <=

3
4

=>

cl9
c2

AFTER

period/2

=>

c27

'

1'
,

'0 ' 0
1
'

AFTER period/2 AFTER period/2

write_mem

<=
'

'1';
;

ex_end

<=

WHEN END
END END

OTHERS

=>

NULL;

CASE; IF;
push_in;

PROCESS

pop

in
IF

PROCESS

(proc_state, ex_cyc)
=

BEGIN

( (proc_state
CASE
ex_cyc

execute)
<= <=

AND

(instruction

pop)

THEN

IS
c2

WHEN
WHEN WHEN

=> =>

8 6

'1','0'

c2

'1'
,

'

0'
'

AFTER period/2; AFTER period/ 2;

WHEN WHEN

3 4

=> => => =>

read_mem

<=

: AFTER period/2; AFTER period/2; IS

clO
c2 c4
<=

cl8
cl4

<=
<=

'1' , '1'
,

'0' '0'

5 WHEN 6

CASE

stack_var

WHEN

CCR

=>

'1

0'

AFTER period/2;
AFTER
period/2 ;

<= <=

'1','0' '1','0'

WHEN

OTHERS
<=
'

=>

cl5

<=

AFTER period/2; '1','0' AFTER period/2;

END OTHERS

CASE;
1
'

ex_end

WHEN

=>

NULL;

END END END

CASE;
popjn;

IF;

PROCESS

shlljn

PROCESS (proc_state,ex_cyc)
=

BEGIN

IF

((proc
CASE
WHEN WHEN WHEN

state

execute)
<= <= <= <=

AND

(instruction
period/2;

shll)

THEN

ex~cyc

IS
cl3 c8
'1','0'
'1','0'

1 2

=>

AFTER

=> =>

c6
Cl7 ex

'1','0' '1','0'

AFTER period/2; AFTER period/2; AFTER period/2;

end

<=

'

'

-B13-

WHEN

OTHERS

=>

NULL;

CASE; END IF;

END
PROCESS
shlljn;

END

shrljn

PROCESS

(proc_state,
=

ex_cyc)
AND

BEGIN

IF

( (proc_state
CASE
ex_cyc

execute)
<= <=
<= <=

(instruction

shrl)

THEN

IS
cl3 c8
'1','0'
'1','0' '1','0' '1','0' ' '

WHEN
WHEN

1 2

=>

=> =>

c5
cl7

AFTER period/ 2; AFTER period/2; AFTER period/2;

WHEN
WHEN END END

AFTER period/2;

ex_end

<=

OTHERS

=>

NULL;

CASE; IF;
shrljn;

END

PROCESS
:

shra_in

PROCESS

(proc_state,
=

ex_cyc) AND

BEGIN IF

( (proc_state
CASE
ex_cyc

execute)
<= <= <= <=
-

(instruction

shra)

THEN

IS
cl3 c8
'1','0'

WHEN WHEN WHEN WHEN

END

1 2

=>

AFTER period/2; AFTER period/2; AFTER period/2; AFTER period/2; AFTER period/2;

'1','0' '1','0' '1','0' 'l','0'

=>

c5
c6

=>

c^7

OTHERS

CASE; END IF;

END END END PROCESS
shrajn;

BLOCK

execute

Jnstr;
;

BLOCK

control_unit

ALU_regs

PROCESS

(c7,

c8

c9)

VARIABLE

dumint
dumbin AND

integer;
qsim_state_vector

VARIABLE

(15

DOWNTO

0)

BEGIN

IF

<(c9'EVENT)
dumint
:=

(c9

'1'))

THEN
;

qsim_to_int

(Rs2)

dumbin(15

DOWNTO

0)

:=

int_to_16bit (registers

(dumint) )

Rb
END

<=

dumbin;
=

IF;
NOT((c7

ASSERT

'1')

AND

(c8

'1'))
Multiple
sources"

REPORT

"Ra

assignment

error

SEVERITY

ERROR;
AND

IF

((c7'

EVENT)
:=

(c7

dumint
Ra END
<=

qsim_to Jnt

'1')) (Rsl)

THEN

dumbin (15

DOWNTO

0)

:=

; int_to_16bit (registers (dumint

))

dumbin;
AND

IF;
((c8'EVENT)
dumint
<=
:=

IF

(c8

'1'))

THEN

qsim_to_int

(Rd)

dumbin(15

DOWNTO

0)

:=

int_to_16bit (registers (dumint

))

Ra END
END

dumbin ;

IF;
ALU_regs;

PROCESS

Rc_reg

PROCESS

(c40, c41,
=

c42

c29) (c41
=

BEGIN ASSERT
NOT(((c40

((C40

((c40
((c41

'1') '1') '1') '1')

AND
AND

(c42

AND AND

(c29
(c42

'1')) '1')) '1')) '1'))

OR

OR
OR

OR

-B14-

((c41 (<c42
REPORT

'1') '1')

AND

AND

(c29 (c29

'1')) OR '1')))
Multiple
sources"

"Rc

assignment

error

ERROR; IF ((c40'EVENT) AND Rc <= ALU_bus; END IF; ((c41' IF EVENT) AND Rc <= PS_bus; END IF; ((c42' IF EVENT) AND Rc <= SP; END IF; ((c29' IF EVENT) AND
Rc END
END
<=
PC-

SEVERITY

(c40

'1'))

THEN

(c41

'1'))

THEN

(c42

'1'))

THEN

(c29

'1'))

THEN

IF; Rc_reg;

PROCESS
:

ALU

PROCESS

VARIABLE VARIABLE VARIABLE VARIABLE VARIABLE BEGIN

concat
:=

(cl, c2, c3, c4 ) carry, borrow

sum, dif f
res, operand
concat

qsim_state;
qsim_state_vector qsim_state_vector qsim_state_vector

(2

DOWNTO

0)

(15 DOWNTO 0) (3 DOWNTO 0) ;

j
&
c2

integer;
&
c3

(cl
' 1'

&

c4);

IF

(cl

THEN
=

ASSERT

NOT((clO

'0')

AND
error

(ell

'0'

))
Rimm missing

REPORT
'

"ALU
1'

input
THEN

Rb

or

SEVERITY IF

ERROR;

(clO

operand

:=

Rimm; Rb;

ELSE
operand
:=

END

IF;
concat

CASE

IS

WHEN

"1000"

"1111"

=>

IF

(concat

"1000")
PSW(0)
'

THEN

carry
ELSE

:=

END FOR
sum

carry IF;
&

:=

0'

i
:=

IN

Ra'REVERSE_RANGE
operand

LOOP &

(Ra(i)
sum

(i) (i) (i) (i) (i) (i) (i) (i) (i)

carry)

CASE

IS
000"

WHEN WHEN WHEN WHEN WHEN WHEN WHEN WHEN WHEN END END

=>
=>
=

res

0'; carry
l'

: :
:

'0' '

001"

res res res res res res res

carry carry

0'

'010"

>

1'; carry
0'

'0'

011"

=> => => => =>

: : : :

'
'

1'
0'

'100"

1'; carry
0'

'101"

carry

'1'

110"

111"

0'; carry l'; carry

'1'

'1'

OTHERS

=>

NULL;

CASE;
=

LOOP;
(concat

IF

"1000")
carry;
<=

THEN

PSW(0)

<=

carry bit

PSW

AND ( (NOT(Ra (15) ) ) (NOT (operand (15) ) ) (res (15))) OR (((Ra(15))) AND AND (operand (15) ) AND (NOT (res (15) ) ) ) ;

(1)

ELSE

END WHEN
"1001"

NULL; IF;
:=

=>

borrow FOR

PSW(0)
&

IN
:=

Ra'REVERSE_RANGE

LOOP
&

diff

(Ra(i)
diff

operand

(i)

borrow)

CASE

IS

-B15-

WHEN

"000"

=>

res

(i)

'0';
borrow
:
=

'0'

WHEN
WHEN WHEN

"001"

=>

res(i) res(i)
res

'l';
borrow
:
=

'0'

"010"

=>

'l';
borrow
:
=

'0'

"011"

=>

(i)
(i)

'0';
borrow
:
=

'1'

WHEN WHEN WHEN

WHEN

"100"

=>

res

'1';
borrow
:
=

'

0'

"101"

=>

res(i)
res

'0'

;
:
=

borrow
"110"

'1'

=>

(i)

'0'

;
:
=

borrow
"111"

'1'

=>

res(i)

'1';
borrow
:
=

'1'

NULL; CASE; END LOOP; PSW(0) <= borrow; carry bit PSW(l) <= ((Ra(15)) AND (NOT (operand (15) ) ) AND (NOT(res(15) ) ) ) OR ( (NOT (Ra (15) ) ) AND (operand (15) ) AND (res (15) ) ) ;
=>

WHEN OTHERS

END

WHEN

"1010"

=>

res

:=

Ra AND
<=

operand;

PSW(0) PSW(l)
WHEN
"1011"

<=

'0'; '0';
OR operand;
'0'

carry bit
overflow

bit

=>

res

:=

Ra
<=
<=

PSW(0) PSW(l)
WHEN
"1100"

'0';
XOR
'

=>

res

:=

Ra
<= <=

operand;
; ;

PSW(0)
WHEN END IF

0'

OTHERS
=

=>

PSW(l) NULL;
THEN

'0'

CASE;
(concat

"1111")

NULL;
ELSE IF

(res
PSW

zeros)
<=

THEN
zero

(2) (2)

'1';
'

bit

ELSE
PSW
<=
0'

END

IF;
(res (15)
PSW
=

IF

(3) (3)

<=

'1') '1';
'0'

THEN
negative

bit

ELSE PSW
<=

END

IF;
<=

END
c4

IF;
res;
<=
'1','0'

ALU_bus

AFTER

period/2;

ELSE CASE
concat

IS
=>
=>

WHEN

"0000"

NULL;
ALU_bus
c40
<=
<=

WHEN WHEN

"0001"

Ra;
AFTER period/2;

'1','0'

"0010"

=>

IF

(clO
c4

'1')
<=
'1'

THEN

ALU bus

Rimm;
AFTER period/2,
'0'

<=

AFTER period;

ELSE ALU_bus
c40
<= <=

Rb;
AFTER period/2;

'1','0'

END
WHEN
"0011"

IF;
<=

=>

ALU_bus
c4

PSW;
AFTER
period/2;

<= <=

'1','0'

WHEN WHEN

"0100"

=> =>

PSW

Ra;
=

"0101"

IF

(clO
PSW

'1')

THEN

<=

Rimm;

ELSE

-B16-

PSW END

<=

Rb;
DOWNTO
<=

IF;
i
IN
:=

WHEN

"0110"

=>

FOR

0
Ra

LOOP

END
c40

i+8; ALUJdus ( i ) LOOP;

(j)

<=

'1','0'

WHEN

"0111"

=>

FOR

IN
:=

15 DOWNTO

AFTER period/2; 8 LOOP

<=

j
END
c40

ALUJms

i-8; (i)

Ra

(j)

LOOP;
<=
'1','0'

AFTER period/2;

WHEN END

OTHERS

=>

NULL;

CASE; ALU;
:

END
END

IF;
PROCESS

POWER_SHIFTER

PROCESS

VARIABLE VARIABLE VARIABLE VARIABLE VARIABLE

BEGIN

dumint, j
"

(c5, c6) : integer;

:
:

dumbit
res

bit_vector (15

DOWNTO

0)

qsim_state_vector qsim_state_vector :

concat

(15 DOWNTO 0); (1 DOWNTO 0) ;

store_sign

qsim_state;

IF

(<c5 '1') dumint :=

=

qsim_to_int

ASSERT

NOT

'1')) THEN (Rimm) ; ((dumint < 1 ) OR (dumint

OR

(c6

>

8))
shifts"

REPORT

"POWER

SHIFTER

error

Number

of

SEVERITY
store_sign

ERROR; := Ra(15);
& c6) ;

concat

:=

(c5 IS
"00"

CASE

concat

WHEN WHEN

=> =>

NULL;

"01"

:=

16

PSW(0)

<=

dumint; Ra(j) ;

dumbit (15 DOWNTO dumbit := dumbit

res

0)
SLL
:=

:=

qsim_to_bin

(Ra)

dumint;
bin_to_qsim (dumbit

(15

DOWNTO
-

WHEN

"10"

=>

:=

dumint
<=

0) 1;
;

PSW(0)
dumbit
res

Ra( j)

dumbit (15
:=

DOWNTO

0)
SRL
:=

:=

qsim_to_bin

(Ra)

dumbit

dumint;
bin_to_qsim (dumbit

(15

DOWNTO
-

0)
1;
;

WHEN

"11"

=>

:=

dumint
<=

PSW(0)
dumbit
res(15

Ra(j)

dumbit (15
:=

DOWNTO

0)
SRA
:=

:=

qsim_to_bin

(Ra)

dumbit

dumint;

DOWNTO

0)

bin_to_qsim (dumbit

WHEN

OTHERS

=>

NULL;

END
IF

CASE;
(res
PSW
=

zeros)
<=
'1'

THEN ;

(2)

ELSE
PSW

(2) (15) (3) (3)

<=

'0';

END

IF;
(res
PSW
=

IF

'1')
'1'

THEN

<=

ELSE PSW
<=
'0'

IFn)(:(store_sign

'1')

AND

(res

(15)

'0'))

THEN

psw(i)
ELSE

<=

'l'; '0';

END

PSW(l) IF;
bus
<= <=

<=

PS
c41

res;

'1','0'

AFTER

period/2;

END

IF;
-B17-

END

PROCESS
:

POWER_SHIFTER;
PROCESS

stack_ptr

(c27, c28, c43)

: : :

VARIABLE

dumbin
concat

qsim_state_vector

(15 (1

DOWNTO

VARIABLE VARIABLE

qsim_state_vector

DOWNTO

0) 0);

dumint
=

integer;
OR

BEGIN ASSERT NOT(((c27

REPORT

'1')

(c28
error

'1'))

AND

(c43

'1'))

"SP (c27 IS

assignment

Multiple

sources"

SEVERITY
concat
:=

ERROR;
&

c28);
=>

CASE

concat

WHEN

"01"

dumint := qsim_to_int (SP) ; dumint : = dumint + 2 ; := dumbin (15 DOWNTO 0) int_to_16bit (dumint) ;
SP
<=

dumbin;
=
-

WHEN

"10"

=>

dumint := qsim_to_int (SP) ; dumint : dumint 2; dumbin(15 DOWNTO 0) := int_t oJ 6bit (dumint ) ;
SP
<=

dumbin;

WHEN END IF END END

OTHERS

=>

NULL;
(c43
=

CASE;

(c43'

EVENT)
Rc;

AND

'1'))

THEN

SP

<=

IF;
stack_ptr;

PROCESS
:

Ri_reg

PROCESS ON
cl8

BEGIN WAIT

UNTIL

(cl8

'1');

MDR; END PROCESS Ri_reg;

Ri

<=

Rimm_reg

PROCESS (cl2

cl3,
: :

cl4

)
(2
DOWNTO

VARIABLE VARIABLE BEGIN

concat
:=

concat
ptr

qsim_state_vector

0)

integer;
&
cl4);

(cl2
IS
"000"

&

cl3

CASE

concat

WHEN WHEN WHEN

=> => =>

NULL;
Rimm FOR
<=

"001"

"010"

IN

Ri; 5 DOWNTO 0

LOOP
;

Rimm

(i)

<=

Ri

(i)

LOOP; FOR i IN 15 DOWNTO 6 Rimm(i) <= '0';

END
END WHEN
"011"

LOOP

=>

FOR

LOOP; i IN 5 DOWNTO
<=

LOOP
;

Rimm(i) END LOOP;

IF

Ri

(i)

(Ri(5)
FOR

'1')
15

THEN

IN

DOWNTO
<=
'1'

6
;

LOOP

Rimm(i) END LOOP;

ELSE

FOR

IN

15 DOWNTO
<=
'0'

6
;

LOOP

Rimm(i) END LOOP;

END
WHEN
"100"

IF;
i
IN

=>

FOR

DOWNTO
<=

LOOP
;

Rimm(i)
LOOP; FOR i IN 15
END

Ri

(i)
8
;

DOWNTO
<=
'0'

LOOP

Rimm(i)
END WHEN
"101"

=>

FOR END

LOOP; i IN 7
Rimm(i)

DOWNTO
<=

LOOP
;

Ri

(i)

LOOP;

-B18-

IF

(Ri(7)
FOR

'1'

THEN

IN

15 DOWNTO
<=
'

8
;

LOOP

Rimm(i) END LOOP;

ELSE FOR

1'

IN

15 DOWNTO
<=
' 0'

8
;

LOOP

Rimm(i) END LOOP; END IF;

WHEN
"110"

=>

FOR i

IN

7
:=

DOWNTO

LOOP

ptr

8+i;
<=

END

Rimm(i) LOOP;
IN

Ri

(ptr)

FOR i
END
WHEN
"111"

Rimm

(i)
7
:=

15 DOWNTO 8 ' ' <= 0 ;

DOWNTO

LOOP

LOOP;
IN

=>

FOR i

LOOP

ptr

8+i;
<=

END

Rimm(i) LOOP;

Ri

(ptr)
THEN

IF

(Ri(15)
FOR

'1')
<=

IN

15 DOWNTO 8
' 1'

LOOP

Rimm(i) END LOOP;

ELSE FOR
END

IN

15 DOWNTO
<=
' 0'

8
;

LOOP

Rimm(i) LOOP;

END
WHEN

OTHERS Rimm

>

IF; NULL;

END
END

CASE;
reg;

PROCESS

reg_file_ptrs

PROCESS
UNTIL

BEGIN

WAIT

ON
<= <= <=

c20

(c20

'

'

Rd
Rsl Rs2 END

MDR(10

DOWNTO DOWNTO
DOWNTO

8);

MDR(5
MDR(2

3)
;

0);

PROCESS

reg_f ile_ptrs

reg

file
_

PROCESS

(cl5, cl6, cl7)

:
: :
qsim_state_vector qsim_state_vector

VARIABLE VARIABLE
VARIABLE

dumbin
concat

(15 (2

DOWNTO DOWNTO

0);

0)

dumint
ptr

integer;

VARIABLE

integer;
&
cl7) ;

BEGIN
concat
:=

(cl5

&

cl6

CASE

concat

IS
=>

"000"

WHEN
"001'

NULL;
IF

WHEN

=>

(Rd

"000")

THEN

NULL;
ELSE dumint
:=

qsim_to_int

(Rd)

registers

(dumint)

<=

qsim_to_int

(Rc)

END
"010'

IF;
:=

WHEN

=>

dumint

qsim_to_int

(Rd)

dumbin (15

DOWNTO

0)
8

:=

int
FOR

to_16bit (registers

(dumint) )

IN

15

DOWNTO

LOOP

ptr

:= i-8; dumbin(i) := Rimm(ptr);

END

LOOP;

registers

(dumint)
DOWNTO

<=

qsim_to_int

(dumbin)

WHEN

"011"

=>

dumint

:=

qsim_to_int

(Rd)

dumbin (15

0)

:=

int
FOR

to_16bit (registers

(dumint) )

IN

DOWNTO_0

LOOP

-B19-

dumbin (i)
END
WHEN WHEN
"100"

:=

Rimm(i);
<=

LOOP;

registers
=>

(dumint)
(dumint)
0
TO

qsim_to_int

dumint
FOR i END

(dumbin)

:=

qsim_to_int
<=

(Rd)
qsim

registers
"101"

to
~

int (Rimm) ;

=>

IN

LOOP
<=

registers

(i)

0;

LOOP;

WHEN

OTHERS
regjile;
:

=>

NULL;

END END

CASE;

PROCESS

mem_data_reg
BEGIN

PROCESS (cl9, c36) (c36

error
=

ASSERT NOT((cl9 = '1') AND REPORT "MDR assignment SEVERITY ERROR; IF ( (cl9' EVENT) AND (cl9 =
MDR
<=

'1'))
Multiple
THEN
sources"

'1'))
=

Rc;

ELSIF

EVENT) AND (c36 '1')) THEN data_bus; ASSERT NOT( (data_bus highjmp) OR (datajbus unknown)) bus" REPORT "MDR assignment error Floating
MDR
<=
= =

((c36'

SEVERITY
ELSE END END

ERROR;

NULL; IF;

PROCESS mem_data_reg;
:

mem_addr_reg
BEGIN

PROCESS (c21

c23, c25, c26)

VARIABLE ASSERT

dumbin
=

qsim_state_vector

(15 DOWNTO

0)

NOT(((c21

((c21 ((c21

((c23 ((c23 ((c25

REPORT "MAR SEVERITY

'1') '1') '1') '1') '1') '1')

AND AND

(c23

AND AND
AND AND

(c25 (c26 (c25 (c26 (c26

error

'1')) OR '1')) OR '1')) OR '1')) OR '1')) OR '1')))

Multiple
sources"

assignment

ERROR; ((C21' IF '1')) THEN EVENT) AND (c21 MAR <= Rc; (C25' ELSIF '1')) THEN EVENT) AND (c25 ( MAR <= PC; ((c23' ELSIF '1')) THEN EVENT) AND (c23 int_to_16bit (rom_int_addr (vec_num) ) dumbin (15 DOWNTO 0)
= = =

:=

MAR

<=

dumbin;
EVENT)
AND

ELSIF
ELSE

((c26'

(c26

'1'))

THEN

MAR

<=

SP;

NULL;
END END

IF;
mem_addr_reg;

PROCESS

prgm_cntr

PROCESS

(c22,

c24 :

)
(15
DOWNTO

VARIABLE VARIABLE

dumint dumbin
=

integer;
qsim_state_vector

0);

BEGIN ASSERT
NOT(((c22

'1')

AND

(c24

'1')))
Multiple
sources"

REPORT

"PC

assignment

error

SEVERITY IF

ERROR;
AND

<<c22'EVENT)
dumint dumint
PC
<=
:= :=

(c22
+

qsim_to_int

'1')) (PC) ;

THEN

dumint
DOWNTO

2;
:=

dumbin(15
ELSIF
((c24'

0)

int_to_16bit (dumint) ;
=

dumbin;
EVENT) Rc;
AND (c24

'1'))

THEN

PC

<=

-B20-

ELSE
END

NULL; IF;

END

PROCESS prgm_cntr;
:

mem_access

PROCESS
read_mem,write_mem

BEGIN WAIT ON IF
UNTIL

(read_mem

'1' ' 1'

OR

write_mem

(read_mem
c35
c32

'1')

THEN
address
word
vma
<= <=

<='!'; <='!';
<=

bus
1
1
<=

<=

MAR

c33
c31

<=

WAIT WAIT
c36 c31
c35 c32

AFTER tsetup; AFTER (tsetup+td) ; ON mem_rdy UNTIL (mem_rdy

'1'

'1'

rd_bar
=

ON mem_rdy
<=
<=
'1','0' '0' '0'
'0'

UNTIL

(mem_rdy

'0'); '1');
MDR
<=

AFTER period/2;

databus
<=

rd_bar

1
<=

<=
<= <=

address
word vma
<= <=

bus 0 0

highjmp

c33

'0'

read_mem

<=

'0';

END IF

IF;
(write_mem
c35
c37
<= C=
=

'1')

THEN
address

'1'; '1';
=

bus
1
or

<=

MAR MDR

cpu_data_out

<=

IF

(write_word
c32
<=
'1'

'1')

THEN

word

<=

ELSE
c32
<=
'0'

;
<=

END
c33 c30

IF;
<=
<=

WAIT

AFTER tsetup; AFTER (tsetup+td) ; ON mem_rdy UNTIL (mem_rdy

'1'

'1'

vma

1
<=

wr_bar
=

'0');

WAIT
c35
c37 c32

ON
<= <=
<=
<=

mem
'0'

rdy UNTIL

(mem_rdy

'1')
address

bus 0

<=

'0' '0'
'0'

cpu_data_out word
vma wr
<=
'

<=

highjmp high_imp

<=
<=

c33 c30

0
<=

<=

'0' 0'

bar

write_mem

END END

IF;
mem_access;

PROCESS

i_o

PROCESS (C30,c31,c32,c33,c34,c35,c37)
((c30'

BEGIN

IF

EVENT)
<=

AND
;

(c30
AND

'1'))
=

THEN THEN

wr

bar

'0'

ELSIF

T(c30'EVENT)
<=
' 1'

(c30

'0'))

wr_bar

ELSE

NULL;
END

IF;
<(c31'

IF

EVENT)

AND

(c31 AND

'1'))
=

THEN

ELSIF

7(c31'

rd_bar

<=

EVENT) ' 1' ;

(c31

'0'))

THEN

ELSE

NULL;
END IF

IF;
((c32'EVENT)
word
<=
' 1'

AND
;

(c32

'1'))
=

THEN

ELSIF
ELSE

<(c32'EVENT)
<=
'0'

AND

(c32

'0'))

THEN

word

NULL;
END

IF;
((c33'

IF

EVENT)

AND

(c33

'1'))
-B21-

THEN

vma

<=

'

'

ELSIF ELSE END IF

((c33'

EVENT)
0
'

AND

(c33

'0'))

THEN

vma

<=

'

NULL; IF;
<(c34'

EVENT)
<=
' 1'

AND
;

(c34
AND

'1'))
=

THEN THEN

inta
ELSIF ELSE
END

((c34'

EVENT)
'

(c34

'0'))

inta

<=

0'

NULL; IF;

IF

((c35'EVENT)
address_bus
addrjsb
<=

AND
<=

(c35
MAR(15
AND

'1'))
DOWNTO
=

THEN

1);
THEN

MAR(O);
(c35
0
<=
'

ELSIF

((c35'

EVENT)
14

'0'))
;

FOR END ELSE END

IN

DOWNTO

LOOP
Z'

addressjDus

(i)
;

LOOP;
<=
' Z'

addrjsb

NULL; IF;
((c37'

IF

EVENT)

AND
<=

(c37

'1'))
=

THEN
THEN

cpu_data_out

MDR;
(c37

ELSIF

((c37'

EVENT)

AND

'0'))

cpu_data_out

<=

highjmp;

ELSE

NULL; IF; END PROCESS i_o;

END END BLOCK
cpu;

MEMORY

BANK

SELECT
:

UNIT

mem_bank_sel_unit

BLOCK

BEGIN
PROCESS

mbsu

(word,

rd_bar, wr_bar, addrjsb, vma)

:

VARIABLE BEGIN

int J, int_2, int_3

qsim_state;

(NOT(wr_bar) ) AND (word) ; (NOT (word) ) ; (NOT (wr_bar) ) AND (addrjsb) AND (NOT (addrjsb) ) AND (NOT (wr_bar) ) AND (NOT (word) ) int_3 '0')) ASSERT NOT((rd_bar '0') AND (wr_bar REPORT "wr bar & rd_bar cannot be both
int_l
:=

int

:=

:=

LOW"

SEVERITY
oe_bar cs_bar
wrl_bar wr2_bar
<= <=

ERROR;

rd_bar;

NOT (vma);
NOT(int_l

<= <=

OR int_3 OR

NOT (int

int

2) ;

END

PROCESS

mbsu;

END

BLOCK

mem

bank

sel

unit;

__###########f####f

###?###################################################

CPU MEMORY
cpu

TIME
:

HANDSHAKING

UNIT

mem_time_unit

BLOCK

"BEGIN
handshake
:

PROCESS
count :

VARIABLE

integer;
UNTIL

BEGIN

WAIT

ON

rd

bar,wr_bar

(rd_bar
=

'0')

OR

(wr_bar
=

'0'));

IF

(rdjbar'

EVENT)
<=
'

AND
; UNTIL

(rd_bar

'0') '1');

AND

(vma

'1'))

THEN

mem_rdy WAIT ON

'

clock

(clock

Tl

end

-B22-

WAIT

ON

clock
<=
'1'

UNTIL

(clock

'

'

T2

end states

mem_rdy END IF

AFTER AND
;

(w_states
=

period); AND

wait

IF;

(wr_bar'

EVENT)
<=
'

(wr_bar
(clock (clock

0')
'1'); ' 1 ) ;
'

(vma

'1'))

THEN Tl T2

mem_rdy
WAIT WAIT ON ON

'

clock clock
<=
'

UNTIL

end end states

UNTIL
AFTER

1'

mem_rdy
END END

(w_states

period);

wait

IF;

PROCESS

handshake;

END

BLOCK

cpu_mem_time_unit ;

DATA
BEGIN

BUS
:

data_bus_res

BLOCK

resjunc

PROCESS

(mem_data_out,
: :

cpu_data_out)

VARIABLE

l,r dumbin

qsim_state;
qsim_state_vector

VARIABLE BEGIN FOR END END END

(15

DOWNTO

0)

IN

mem_data_out'

RANGE

LOOP

data_bus (i)

<=

wired_or

(mem_data_out (i)

cpu_data_out

(i) )

LOOP;
resjunc;

PROCESS

BLOCK

data

bus

res;

MEMORY

memory

BLOCK

BEGIN PROCESS

memjnit

(run)
AND

BEGIN

IF

((run'

EVENT)

(run

'1'))

THEN

Interrupt
mem_bankl

vectors
<= <=
<= <= <= <=

(0)
(1)

mem_bank2(0)
mem_bankl

2; 0; 2;
32

"0200"

reset
"0220"

mem_bank2(l)
mem_bankl

external
"0240"

interrupt

(2)

2;
64

mem_bank2(2)
mem_bankl

opcode

error

mem

(3) bank2(3)
memory IN 5 TO

<=
<=

2;
96
address
misalignment

Zero FOR

locations

for

I/O

and

stack

255

LOOP
<= <=

mem_bankl mem_bank2

(i) (i)

0; 0;

END

LOOP;
for
RESET
<= <=

Code

mem_bankl

(256)

mem_bank2(256)
mem_bankl(257)
mem_bank2
mem_bankl

105; 0;
161;

"6900"

STPSW

Rl

<= <= <=

<=

"A18F"

AND

Rl, 01111b
Rl
Rl,03h

(257) (258)
(259)

143; 73;

LDPSW

mem_bank2(258)
mem_bankl

0;
145;
"9103"

<= <=
<= <=

LDHI LDLO JMP

mem_bank2(259)

3;
177;
"B100"

60) mem_bank2(2 60) mem_bankl (261)

mem_bankl(2

Rl, OOh

<= <=

mem

bank2 (261)

0; 121; 0;

"7900"

ALW,R1

Code
mem

for

external

interrupt
"C900'

bankl (272)

<=

201;

PUSH

Rl

-B23-

mem
mem mem mem

mem mem
mem

mem
mem

bank2 (272) "bankl (273) "bank2 (273) bankl (274) "bank2 (274) bankl (275) "bank2 (275) (276) (276) bankl

<=
<=

0;
105;-"6900"

STPSW

Rl

<= <= <= <= <= <=

<= <= <= <=

0;
193;-"C187"

OR

Rl, 00111b
Rl

135; 73; 0;
233;-

-"4900"

LDPSW

-"E900"

POP

Rl

mem mem mem mem

(277) (277)

0; 232; 0;
168; 0;

-"E800"

POP

PSW

bankl (278) "bank2 (278)

code

00"

-"A8

RET

<=

Program
mem_bankl

(384) mem_bank2 (384) mem_bankl (385) mem_bank2 (385) mem_bankl (386) mem_bank2 (386) mem_bankl (387) mem_bank2 (387) mem bankl (388) mem_bank2 (388) mem bankl (389) mem bank2 (389) mem_bankl (390) mem_bank2 (390) mem_bankl (391) mem_bank2 (391) mem_bankl (392) mem_bank2 (392) mem_bankl (393) mem_bank2 (393) mem_bankl (394) mem bank2 (394)
Subroutine
mem_bankl

<=
<= <=

149;-

-"9506"

LDHI

R5,06h

6;
181;-"B520"

LDLOR5,20h LDSP
LDHI

<= <= <=

<= <=

32;
189;-"BD00"

R5

0;
148;-"9400"

R4,00h

0;
180;-

<=

LDLO R4 ADC

FFh

255; 5; 32; 6; 36;

< <

-"0520"

R5,R4,R0
R6,R4,R4

624"
-

-"0

ADC
LDHI

145;-

Rl,03h

3;
177;"B120"

LDLO CALL
HLT

Rl,20h

32;
137;-

Rl

0; 4 0; 0;

(400) (400) mem_bankl(4 01) mem_bank2 (401)

mem_bank2

<= <= <= <= <= <= <= <=

146;-

LDHI
"B2B0"

R2,04h

4;
178;-

LDLO

R2,B0h

176;

mem_bankl

(4 02)

6;
131;

ADC
"CE00"

R6,011B

02) mem_bankl(4 03)

mem_bank2(4

206;-

PUSH

R6 R4 R3

mem_bank2

(403) mem_bankl(4 04)

bank2(404)
mem_bankl(4 mem_bank2(4

0;
236;"EC00"

<= <=
<=

POP

mem

0;
219;"DB00"

05) 05) mem_bankl(4 06)

mem

STSP

<= <= <= <= <= <= <= <=

<=

0;

59;
6; 26; 6; 18; 130; 50; 131; 98; 152; 67; 24; 19; 136; 168; 0;

"3B06"

STW
LDW

R3, [R2+R0] R2, [R2+R0]

bank2(406)

"1A06"

07) mem_bank2(4 07) mem_bankl(4 08)

mem_bankl(4

SHLLR2,0010B

mem mem mem

bank2(408)
bankl

(409)

SHRLR2,0011B

bank2(409)

"6298"

mem_bankl(410)

<= <= <=

STB

R2, [R3+R0]

,h

mem_bank2(410)
mem_bankl

"4318"

(411)

LDB

R3, [R3+R0]

,1

mem_bank2(411)

<=
<=

"1988"

SHLLR3,1000B

mem_bankl(412) mem_bank2(412)
mem

<= <=
<=

"A800"

bankl

(413)

RET

mem_bank2(413)

END

IF;
-B24-

END

PROCESS memjnit;
:

bankl_access

PROCESS

(oejbar,
: : : :

cs_bar, wrl_bar)

VARIABLE VARIABLE

mem_val

dum_int,j
dum_bin interm dat

integer; integer;
qsim_state_vector (7
qsim
_

VARIABLE VARIABLE BEGIN IF

DOWNTO

0)

state
_

vector(7

DOWNTO 0)
=

(oejbar'

EVENT)
:= :=

AND

(oejbar

'0')

AND
;

(csjbar

dumjnt
mem_val

'0'))

THEN

qsim_to_int
mem_bankl
:=

(address_bus)

dum_bin(7
FOR i

DOWNTO 0) IN 15 DOWNTO 8
:=

(dumjnt ) ; int_to_8bit (mem val) ;

_

LOOP
<=

j
END
ELSIF

i-8;
'"

mem_data_out

(i)

dum_bin(j)
=

AFTER t
_

o;

LOOP;
(wrl_bar'

interm_dat
mem_val
:=
:=

AND (wrl_bar '0') data_bus(15 DOWNTO 8) ; qsim_to_int (address bus);

EVENT)

AND

(cs bar

'0'))

THEN

:=

dumjnt
ELSIF

qsim_to_int
<=

mem_bankl

(mem_val)
EVENT)
15 DOWNTO

(oe_bar'

AND

(interm_dat) ; dumjnt; (oejbar '1'))

=

THEN

FOR i END
ELSE END END

IN

LOOP
<=
' Z'

mem_data_out

(i)

AFTER totd;

LOOP;

NULL; IF;

PROCESS

bankl_access;
:

bank2_access

VARIABLE VARIABLE VARIABLE

(oe_bar, cs_bar, : integer; VARIABLE dumjnt : integer;

mem_val

PROCESS

wr2_bar)

dum_bin

qsim_state_vector
:

(7

DOWNTO
(7

0)

interm_dat

qsim_state_vector

DOWNTO
=

0)

BEGIN
IF

(oejbar'

EVENT)
:= :=

AND

(oe_bar

dum_int
mem_val

qsim_to_int
mem_bank2

dum_bin(7 FOR END

ELSIF

DOWNTO

0)
0

:=

'0') AND (csjbar (addressjous) ; (dum_int ) ; int_to_8bit (mem_val) ;

=

'0'))

THEN

IN

DOWNTO

LOOP
<=

mem_dat a_out

(i)

dum_bin(i)
=

AFTER

t_o;
(cs_bar
=

LOOP;
(wr2_bar'

EVENT)

interm_dat
mem val
:=

:=

AND (wr2_bar data_bus (7 DOWNTO

'0')
; ;

AND

'0'))

THEN

0) )

qsim_to_int qsim_to_int
<=

(addressjbus)
(interm_dat
;

int
ELSIF

:=

mem_bank2

(mem_val)
EVENT)
DOWNTO

dumjnt;
(oe_bar
'Z'
=

(oe_bar'

AND

'1'))
totd;

THEN

FOR END ELSE

IN

LOOP
<=

mem_data_out

(i)

AFTER

LOOP;

NULL; IF; END PROCESS bank2_access;

END
END BLOCK
memory;

END

behave ;

-B25-

APPENDIX
SIMULATION OF

PROGRAM EXECUTION

(1)

Results

of

Program Execution

(buses,

MDR,

MAR,

SP,

PC,
&

PSW,

processor's

state,

instructions,
0 RESET
XXXX
<'

fetch
xxxx

execution

cycles)
-2 -2

XXXX
1'

XXXX
more

xxxx

xxxx
XXXX

error

idle inte inte inte inte

xxxxx

for

than xxxx
xxxx xxxx

clock

cycles
error error error error

850 900 950 1060

1100 1105

XXXX XXXX
XXXX

XXXX

XXXX XXXX

xxxx xxxx xxxx

1 1 1 1 1
1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

xxxx
XXXX XXXX

0000 0000 0000

vector

xxxx xxxx

10000 10000 10000 10000

10000 10000 10000 10000 10000

000

inte rrupt

0000 0000 0200 0200 0200 0200 0200 0200

service

1300 1350 1400 1510 1550 1555

0200 0200 0200 0200 0200 0200

000 0200 xxxx xxxx is f e tched from memory XXXX 0200 0200 xxxx XXXX xxxx 0200 xxxx xxxx xxxx 0200 xxxx xxxx xxxx 0200 xxxx xxxx 100 0200 xxxx 100 6900 0200 xxxx xxxx 6900 6900 xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx 6900
routine

error error error error error error error error

inte inte inte fete fete fete fete fete

fete
exec

1 1 2

2 2 2 3 3

1 1
1 1
1'

10000 10000 10000

10000

inte rrupt 0202 1600 0202 1650

1700 1750 1800 1910 1950 1955 2000 2050 2100 2150
0202 0202 0202 0202 0202 0202 0204 0204

starts

executed

0200 0200 0200 0202 0202 0202

0202

xxxx

xxxx

xxxx
xxxx xxxx

xxxx
xxxx xxxx xxxx
A18F

101

101
xxxx
xxxx

6900 6900 6900 6900 6900 6900

A18F A18F
A18F A18F

xxxx xxxx
xxxx

stpsw

stpsw stpsw
stpsw

exec

3
1

xxxx
xxxx xxxx

fete

stpsw stpsw
stpsw

A18F xxxx
xxxx xxxx

xxxx
xxxx

0202 0202
0202 0202 0202 0204 0204 0204 0204 0204
0204 0204

stpsw

xxxx xxxx
xxxx

xxxx xxxx xxxx

xxxx

andd
andd andd

fete fete fete fete fete

exec

2 2 2 2 3

1 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 1 2

10000

10000 10000 10000

10000

10000 10000 10000 10000 10100 10100

0204 0204 0204 0204

0204

xxxx
xxxx xxxx

A18F A18F A18F A18F

A18F

exec exec

xxxx xxxx

andd
andd

3 3 3
1 2

2200 2250
2360 2400
2405

xxxx
xxxx

102 102
xxxx

xxxx

4900 4900
XXXX XXXX xxxx xxxx

0204 0204

4900 4900 4900 4900 4900

xxxx
xxxx
xxxx

2450 2500

0206
0206 0206
the

fete fete xxxx andd fete xxxx andd fete xxxx andd fete xxxx ldpsw fete
andd

2 2 2 3 3 3
1 2 2 2

3 3 3 3 3 3
1 2

10100 10100 10100 10100

10100 10100

xxxx

ldpsw ldpsw ldpsw ldpsw

exec exec

10100 ooooo

2550
clear

0204

xxxx xxxx

xxxx
xxxx xxxx

Interrupt

Disable xxxx xxxx

Flag
4900 4900 4900

2600 2650 2760

2800

0206
0206

0206 0206
0206

fete fete fete fete

2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2

103 103
xxxx

0206
0206 0206

9103
9103
XXXX
xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx B100 B100 xxxx xxxx xxxx

xxxx xxxx xxxx

xxxx

ldpsw
ldpsw ldpsw

0206 0206 0206

0206 0206

2805 2850
2900 2950 3000 3050 3160

xxxx
xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx

9103 9103
9103 9103 9103 9103 9103 9103
B100 B100
B100

0208
0208

xxxx
xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx

ldhi ldhi ldhi ldhi ldhi ldhi ldhi ldhi

fete fete
exec exec

0208 0208 0208 0208 0208 0208 020A

020A

0208
0208 0208

fete

104

104
xxxx xxxx

3200 3205 3250 3300

TIME

0208 0208
0208

fete fete fete fete fete

exec

3 3 3 1 2 2 2 2 3 3

ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo
APSW
eye

2 2 2
2 1

xxxx xxxx

ldlo

0208
AMAR

B100

xxxx

ldlo

VPC

~address_busAMDR

'SP

^instruction

Af_cyc
Aex

Adata

bus

Aproc

state

-Cl-

3350 3400 3450 3560 3600 3605 3650 3700 3750

3800

020A 020A 020A 020A 020A 02 0A

0208

xxxx xxxx

XXXX xxxx

B100

XXXX

02 0A 020A 020A 020A 020A 020A 020A 020A 0300

B100 B100 B100

XXXX
XXXX

105 105
XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX

xxxx

7900 7900
XXXX XXXX
XXXX XXXX xxxx

XXXX
XXXX

7900
7900 7900 7900 7900 7900 7900

XXXX
xxxx xxxx

ldlo exec ldlo fete ldlo fete ldlo fete ldlo fete ldlo fete

3 1 2
2

2 2 2 2

ooooo ooooo ooooo

2 2 3 3 3 3 1 2
2

3850 3900 4010 4050 4055

020C 020C 020C 0300 0300 0300 0300

xxxx
xxxx

xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx

xxxx

0300

xxxx

xxxx
xxxx

0300 0300
to

0300 0300 0300 0300

s

180

180
xxxx
xxxx
code

9506 9506
XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX xxxx B520 B520 XXXX
XXXX XXXX

7900 7900 9506 9506

9506

xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx

xxxx xxxx xxxx
xxxx

jmp jmp jmp jmp jmp jmp jmp jmp jmp

ldhi ldhi ldhi ldhi ldhi ldhi ldhi ldhi ldlo ldlo ldlo ldlo ldlo ldlo ldlo ldlo

fete
exec exec
exec

2 2 2 1
2

3 3

fete fete fete fete fete fete

exec

3 3 3 3
3 1 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2

2 2 3 3 3
1 2 2 2

ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo
ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo OoCOO ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo

jump
4100 4150 4200 4250 4300 4410 4450 4455 4500 4550 4600 4650 4700 4810 4850 4855
4900

program'

addre ss

0302 0302 0302

0300

xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx

0300 0300
0302 0302 0302 0302 0302 0302 0302 0302

0302 0302 0302 0302 0302 0304 0304 0304 0304

0304 0304 0304 0304

181 181
xxxx

9506 9506 9506 9506 9506

B520 B520 B520
B520

exec

xxxx
xxxx

fete fete fete fete fete

fete
exec
exec

2 3 3 3 1 2
2

xxxx xxxx xxxx

xxxx

XXXX
xxxx xxxx

B520 B520 B520 B520 BD00

BD00

xxxx xxxx
xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx

0304 0304 0304 0304

0304

182 182
XXXX xxxx xxxx

BD00 BD00
XXXX XXXX xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx

4950 5000 5050 load 5100 5150 5260 5300 5305 5350
5400

0306 0306 0306 0306

Stack

0304 0304
0304 0304

BD00
BD00

xxxx
xxxx xxxx

BD00
BD00 BD00 BD00 BD00

0620 0620 0620 0620 0620 0620 0620

0620 0620

ldsp ldsp ldsp ldsp ldsp ldsp ldsp ldsp ldsp

ldhi

fete fete fete fete fete fete

exec

2 2
2 2 2 2 1 2

2 2 3 3 3 3 1 2 2 2
2

exec exec

Pointer

0306 0306

0306 0306 0306 0306 0306

xxxx

0306 0306 0306 0308 0308

0308 0308 0308
0308

183 183
XXXX

9400 9400
XXXX
xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx
B4FF

XXXX xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx

9400 9400 9400 9400

9400 9400 9400 9400
B4FF B4FF
B4FF B4FF
B4FF

5450 5500 5550 5660

5700

0306 0306 0306 0308 0308 0308

0308

fete fete fete fete fete fete

exec exec

3 3

3 3 3 3 3 3
1 2 2 2

184 184
XXXX XXXX xxxx xxxx
xxxx

0620 0620 0620 0620

0620 0620

ldhi ldhi ldhi

ldhi

3
1 2

0308 0308 030A

030A
030A

B4FF

5705 5750 5800 5850

5900
5950

0308 0308 0308 0308 030A

030A 030A 030A 030A 030A 030A 030A 030A

XXXX
XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX

0620 0620
0620 6000ns ) 0620 0620 0620 0620 0620 0620 0620

030A
of

xxxx

B4FF

fete fete ldhi fete ldhi fete ldhi fete ldlo fete ldlo exec ldlo exec ldlo fete ldlo fete ldlo fete ldlo fete ldlo fete adc fete
adc adc adc adc
exec

2 2
2

2 2
2

3 3 3 1
2

2
1

2 2 2

ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo

issuina

external

interrupt xxxx

(at
B4FF B4FF

030A 030A 030A 030A

185 185
xxxx
xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx

6060
6100 6105

0520 0520
XXXX XXXX XXXX xxxx xxxx

0520

2 2 2

0520
0520 0520 0520
0520

6150 6200 6250

6300

030C 030C 030C

exec exec

6350
.

030C 030C
i t i on

0620 0620
the

0620
of

xxxx t he

xxxx

0520
(after

inte
of

3 3 3 3 1
the

2 2 2 2
1

3
1

ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo

-reind an

int e rrupt

execution

inst ructio

TIME

"PC

"MAR

"address_bus"MDR

'SP

Adata bus

"instruction "f_cyc "PSW "proc_state "ex_cyc

-C2-

6400 6450 6600 6650 6700 6850 6900 7050 7100 7150 7260
7300

030C 030C

0620 0620
0620 061E 061E

XXXX

xxxx

310
XXXX

030C
xxxx xxxx

030C 030C 030C 030C 030C 030C 030C 030C 030C 030C

XXXX

30F
XXXX

0000
xxxx

061E 061E 061E 0002 0002

0002

30F
XXXX XXXX

0000
xxxx
xxxx

030C 030C 030C 030C 0000 0000 0000

061E 061E 061E 061E

adc adc adc

adc adc adc adc adc adc

adc adc

inte inte inte inte

1 1
1

1 1

1 1
1

1 1

001 001
XXXX XXXX xxxx
xxxx

xxxx

0002

0220 0220
xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx

7305 7500 7550 7600 7710 7750 7755 7800 7850 7900
7950

030C
0220

0002 0220 0220 0220 0220 0220 0220 0220 0220 0220 061C 061C 061C 0222 0222 0222 0222
0222 0222 0222 0222 0224 0224 0224 0224
0224

0220 0220 0220 0220 0220 0222

0222 0222 0222 0222 0222 0222
0222 0222 0222

110 110
xxxx xxxx xxxx
xxxx xxxx xxxx

C900 C900
xxxx
xxxx

0000 0000 0000 0000 0220 0220 0220 0220 0220 0220 C900 C900 C900
C900

xxxx
xxxx xxxx

8000 8150 8200 8250 8360 8400 8405 8450 8500 8550 8600 8650
8760

30E
xxxx xxxx

0300
xxxx xxxx xxxx

111

111
xxxx

6900 6900
xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx
xxxx xxxx

C900 0300 0300 0300 0300 0300 0300

r.o^r)

061C 061C 061C 061C 061C 061C 061C 061C 061C 061C 061C 061C 061C 061C 061C 061C 061C 061C 061C
061A 061A 061A 061A 061A
0 61A

adc adc
adc adc

adc adc adc adc

push push push push push push
push

inte inte inte inte inte inte inte inte inte inte fete fete fete fete fete fete
exec exec exec exec exec

ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo 10000

1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1

1 1 1 1
1

1
1

1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1

10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000

10000

1 2
2

2
2

3 3

3 3 3 3
1

2 3 4 4 4
4

push push push push

stpsw stpsw stpsw stpsw

0222 0224 0224

0224 0224 0224 0224 0224 0224

xxxx xxxx
xxxx
xxxx xxxx

6900 6900 6900

6900

061A 0 61 A 0 61A 061A 061A 061A

061A 061A 061A 061A 061A 061A 061A 061A

fete fete fete fete fete fete

exec exec

2 2 2 2

4 4 4 4 1 2 2 2 2 2 2

10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000
10000

3 3 3
1 2

10000 10000 10000

fete

112 112
xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx

6900 6900
C187 C187 C187
C187 C187 C187

stpsw
stpsw
stpsw

C187 C187
xxxx

8800 8805 8850 8900 8950

9000 9050 9100 9210 9250 9255 9300 9350
9400

stpsw orr orr

0226 0226 0226 0226 0226 0226 0226 0226

0226

0224
0224 0224 0224

xxxx
xxxx xxxx

fete fete fete fete fete

exec exec

2 2 2 3 3 3 3 1 2 2 2 2

10000 10000 10000 10000

10000

10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000

2
1 2

xxxx xxxx
xxxx

orr
orr orr

xxxx
xxxx xxxx

exec

0226 0226
0226

C187 C187
C187

113 113
xxxx
xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx

4900

0226 0226
0226

4900
xxxx
xxxx xxxx xxxx

4900 4900
4900 4900 4900 4900

0228
0228

fete orr fete 0 61A orr fete 0 61A 061A orr fete orr fete 061A 061A ldpsw fete
061A
061A 061A

0226
0226

ldpsw ldpsw ldpsw ldpsw ldpsw ldpsw

exec
exec

0228
0228

3 3 3
1

3 3 3 3 3 3 3
1 2

10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000

10111

9450 9500
9610 9650 9655 9700 9750
9800 9850 9960
10000 10005
10050

0228

xxxx
xxxx

fete

2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2

10111

0228
0228

0228 0228
0228

114 114
xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx

4900
4900
E900
E900

061A
061A
061A

E900 E900
XXXX xxxx

0228
0228
022A

0228 0228 0228 061C 061C 061C 061C 061C 061C 061C "MAR

061A 061A 061C 061C 061C 061C 061C 061C 061C 061C "SP

ldpsw pop

E900
E900 E900 E900 E900

fete fete fete fete fete

exec
exec exec exec exec exec

2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3

10111 10111 10111 10111 10111 10111 10111 10111 10111 10111 10111 10111 10111

022A 022A 022A 022A

xxxx xxxx
xxxx

30E 30E
xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx

0300 0300
xxxx

022A 022A
022A 022A

0300 0300 0300 0300

xxxx xxxx

10100

pop pop pop pop pop pop pop pop

3
3

exec exec

3 3 3 3

3 4

TIME

"PC

"address_bus"MDR

"instruction

"data

bus

"PSW "f_cyc "ex eye "proc_state

-C3-

10150 10200 10250 10360 10400 10405 10450 10500

10550 10600 10710 10750 10755 10800 10850 10900 10950 11000 11110 11150 11155 11200 11250 11300 11350
11460

022A 022A 022A 022A 022A 022A 022C 022C 022C 022C 022C 022C 022C 022C 022C

061C
022A 022A

XXXX XXXX

XXXX
xxxx

115

xxxx

022A 022A 022A 022A 022A 061E 061E 061E 061E 061E 061E 061E 061E

115
XXXX

E800
E800 XXXX XXXX xxxx

0300 0300 0300 0300

E800 E800

XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX

E800 E800 E800 E800 E800

30F

xxxx xxxx

30F
XXXX XXXX XXXX xxxx xxxx
xxxx

0000 0000
xxxx xxxx

xxxx xxxx
xxxx

022C 022C 022C 022C 022C 022C 022E 022E

022E 022E

022C 022C

116 116
XXXX xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx

xxxx

022E xxxx 11650 022E 0620 xxxx xxxx 11700 030C 0620 return from interrupt 11750 11800 11910 11950 11955 12000 12050 12100 12150
12200 12250
12360

11500 11505 11550 11600

022E 022E 022E 022E

022C 022C 022C 022C 022C 0620 0620 0620 0620 0620 0620 0620

A800 A800
xxxx

0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000

A800

061C 061C 061C 061C 061C 061C 061C 061E 061E 061E 061E 061E 061E 061E 061E 061E 061E 061E 061E 061E 061E 061E 0620 0620 0620

A800 A800 A800 A800 A800 A800

pop pop Pop pop pop pop pop pop pop Pop pop pop pop pop pop pop pop pop pop pop pop
ret ret
ret

exec

fete fete fete fete fete fete

exec exec exec exec exec
exec exec exec exec

3 1
2

6 6 6 6 6 6 6
1

2
2 2

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
1

3 3 3 3
4

5
6

10111 10111 10111 10111 10111 10111 10111 10111 10111 10111 10111 10111 10111 10111 10111

xxxx
xxxx xxxx xxxx

fete fete fete fete fete fete

exec
exec

6 6 6
6

2 2
2

2 3

6 6 1 2 3 3 3 3
4

310 310
XXXX xxxx xxxx

ret
ret ret ret ret ret ret ret

exec exec
exec exec exec exec exec exec

030C

030C 030C 030C 030C

030E 030E

030E 030E
030E 030E

030C 030C 030C 030C 030C 030C 030C 030C 030C 030E 030E
030E 030E 030E

xxxx

186 186
XXXX xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx 187

030E
030E

187
XXXX
XXXX

12400 12405 12450 12500

12550 12600

030E 0310 0310 0310

0310

030E 030E
030E

xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx

0620 030C 0620 xxxx 030C 0620 xxxx 030C 0620 xxxx 030C 0620 xxxx 030C 0620 xxxx 030C 0620 service rout ine XXXX 030C 0620 xxxx 030C 0620 0624 030C 0620 0624 0624 0620 XXXX 0624 0620 0624 XXXX 0620 0624 XXXX 0620 xxxx 0624 0620 0624 xxxx 0620 0624 0620 xxxx xxxx 0624 0620 0624 0620 9103 0620 9103 9103 0620 XXXX 9103 0620 9103 xxxx
xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx B120 B120
xxxx XXXX xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx

030C 030C

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
1 2

5 6 7
7
7 7 7

ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo
ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo

ret
ret ret

ret
ret adc

fete fete fete fete fete fete

exec exec exec

2 2 2 3 3 3 3 1 2
2

7
7

adc adc
adc

2 3 3 3

adc adc adc adc adc

fete

ldhi ldhi ldhi ldhi ldhi ldhi ldhi ldhi

fete fete fete fete fete

exec
exec

2 2

9103 9103 9103 9103 9103

B120 B120 B120
B120

0620 0620 0620 0620 0620

3 3
3 1 2 2 2 2

3 3 3 3
1 2 2 2 2

0310 0310
0310

12650
12760

0310 0310
0310

188 188
xxxx XXXX
XXXX xxxx xxxx xxxx

12800
12805 12850
12900 12950

0310 0310
0310 0310 0310 0312

0620 0620 0620 0620

0620 0620

0310 0312
0312

0312 0312

B120 B120 B120 B120

13000 13050
13160

0312 0312
0312

0312 0312 0312 0312 0312

189 189
XXXX XXXX

0620
0620 0620

13200 13205
13250

8900 8900
XXXX

8900

0312 0314

8900
8900

0620 0620

ldlo ldlo ldlo ldlo ldlo ldlo ldlo ldlo

call

fete fete fete fete fete fete

exec exec

2
2 2 1 2 2

fete fete fete fete

3 3 3 1 2 2
2

2 2 2

XXXX

XXXX

fete fete

2 2

ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo

TIME

"PC

"MAR

~address_bus"MDR

'SP

"instruction

"data bus

"PSW "f_cyc "proc_state "ex_cyc

-C4-

13300 13350 13400 13550 13600 13650 13700 13810 13850

13855 13900 13950 14000 14050 14100 14210
14250

0314 0314 0314 0314 0320 0320 0320 0320 0320 0320 0322 0322 0322 0322 0322 0322 0322 0322 0324 0324 0324
0324 0324 0324 0324 0324

0312 0620 0620 0620

XXXX

xxxx xxxx

XXXX

310
XXXX XXXX XXXX

0314
XXXX xxxx

14255 14300 14350

0620 0320 0320 0320 0320 0320 0320 0320 0320 0322 0322 0322 0322 0322 0322 0322 0322 0324 0324 0324 0324 0324 0324 0324 0324 0324 0326 0326 0326 0326 0326 0326 0326 0326 061E 061E 061E
0328 0328 0328 0328 0328 0328 0328 061E 061E 061E
061E 061E 061E

xxxx
xxxx

190 190
XXXX XXXX

8900 0314 0314 0314 0314 0314 0314 0314 9204 9204 9204 9204 9204 9204 9204 9204
B2B0 B2B0 B2B0 B2B0 B2B0 B2B0 B2B0
B2B0

9204 9204
XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX xxxx

XXXX xxxx xxxx xxxx 191

xxxx B2B0 B2B0 XXXX

XXXX XXXX XXXX

191
XXXX xxxx
xxxx

xxxx
xxxx xxxx

14400 14450 14500 14610 14650 14655 14700

14750 14800

0620 0620 0620 0620 061E 061E 061E 061E 061E 061E 061E 061E 061E 061E 061E 061E 061E 061E 061E 061E 061E
061E 061E 061E

call call
call

exec exec exec exec exec

call call
call

call
call call call

XXXX
xxxx

192 192
XXXX XXXX xxxx
xxxx xxxx

0683 0683
XXXX XXXX XXXX
XXXX

14850 14900 14950 15060 15100 15105

15150

0326 0326 0326 0326 0326 0326 0326 0326 0326 0328 0328 0328 0328 0328 0328 0328 0328 0328 0328 0328
032A 032A 032A

xxxx
xxxx

xxxx xxxx
xxxx

193 193
XXXX xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx

CE00 CE00
xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx

0683 0683 0683 0683 0683 0683 0683 0683 0683

CE00

CE00 CE00 CE00 CE00 0201 0201

0201

15200 15250 15300 15350 15500 15550 15600

15710 15750 15755 15800 15850
15900

061E 061E 061E 061E 061E 061E 061E 061E 061E 061E 061E 061E 061E
061E

ldhi ldhi ldhi ldhi ldhi ldhi ldhi ldhi ldlo ldlo ldlo ldlo ldlo ldlo ldlo ldlo
adc adc

fete fete fete fete fete fete

exec exec

3 3 3 3 1 2 2
2 2

3 3
4 4 4

4 4
4

fete fete fete fete fete fete

exec
exec

3 3 3 1 2
2 2 2

4
1 2

2 2 2
2

2 2 1
2 2 2

fete fete fete fete fete fete

exec

3 3 1
2 2

2
2

2 2 3 3 3 3
1 2 2

2 2
1 2

adc
adc

exec
exec

3 3 3 3 3 3 3
1

adc
adc adc adc adc
push push
push

fete fete fete fete fete fete

exec exec exec exec
exec

ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo
ooooo

2 2 3

061E 061C

push
push

30F
xxxx xxxx

0201
xxxx xxxx xxxx

0201
0201

194 194
XXXX
xxxx xxxx

EC00 EC00
xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx

0201
EC00 EC00 EC00

061C 061C 061C 061C 061C 061C 061C

061E

push push
push

3 3 3 3 3
1 2 2

3
4 4 4
4

push push
push

xxxx xxxx

EC00
EC00 EC00 EC00 0201 0201

061E 061E 061E

061E 061E 061E 061E

15950 16060 16100 16105 16150

16200

032A 032A
032A 032A 032A 032A
032A 032A 032A

30F

xxxx

30F
XXXX XXXX XXXX xxxx
xxxx

0201 0201
xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx DB00

0201
0201

061E
061E 032A 032A 032A 032A

16250
16300
16350

0201 0201 0201

0201 DB00 DB00 DB00
DB00 DB00

061E 061E 061E

061E

xxxx

195

16460
16500

032A 032A

195
XXXX
XXXX

DB00
XXXX xxxx xxxx

061E 061E 061E 061E 061E

16505
16550 16600 16650

032A 032C 032C 032C

032A 032A

XXXX XXXX xxxx

032A 032A "MAR

xxxx

fete fete fete fete fete stsp fete stsp exec stsp exec

pop pop pop pop pop pop pop pop pop pop pop pop pop pop pop

fete fete fete fete fete fete

exec

4 4 4

2 2 3

exec
exec exec exec exec

exec
exec exec

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1
2

4 1 2 3 3 3 3
4

5 6 6
6

2 2 2 3

6 6

3 3

6 6 1 2

ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo

ooooo ooooo

TIME

"PC

"address_bus"MDR

'SP

"data

bus

"instruction "f_cyc "PSW "ex eye "proc_state

-C5-

16700 16750 16860 16900 16905 16950 17000

17050 17100 17150 17200 17250 17400 17450 17500 17610
17650

032C 032C 032C 032C 032C 032E

032E

032C 032C 032C 032C 032C 032C 032C 032C 0201 0201 0201

xxxx

XXXX
XXXX

DB00

061E

196 196
xxxx XXXX XXXX XXXX

DB00
DB00

3B06 3B06
XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX

032E
032E

xxxx
xxxx

3B06 3B06 3B06 3B06 3B0 6

061E 061E 061E 061E 061E 061E 061E 061E 061E 061E 061E

stsp stsp stsp

fete

1 2

2 2 2 2 2 2
1

fete fete stsp fete stsp fete StW fete

StW

2 2 2

exec exec

stw StW
StW

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1
2

2 3 4

XXXX
XXXX

032E 032E

xxxx xxxx

xxxx

3B06 3B06 061E

061E

exec exec exec

exec

StW stw StW stw

032E 032E 032E 032E 032E 032E 032E 0330 0330

0201

17655 17700 17750 17800 17850 17900 18010 18050 18055 18100 18150 18200
18250 18300 18410 18450 18455 18500
18550

0201 032E 032E 032E 032E 032E 032E

032E

100 xxxx
xxxx 197 197
XXXX xxxx

061E
XXXX
xxxx xxxx

5 6 6
6 6 6 6 6 6
1

061E
061E 061E

061E 061E
061E 061E 061E 061E 061E 061E 061E 061E 061E 061E 061E 061E 061E 061E 061E 061E 061E 061E
061E 061E 061E

exec

1A0 6 1A06 XXXX

XXXX XXXX xxxx xxxx xxxx

061E 1A06 1A06 1A0 6 1A06 1A0 6 1A0 6 1A0 6 1A0 6 061E 061E 061E 061E
061E 061E

xxxx
xxxx

fete stw fete StW fete stw fete stw fete ldw fete
ldw
exec

2 2
2

3 3 3 3 3

0330 0330 0330 0330 0330 0330 0330 0330 0330 0330 0330
0330 0330 0330 0332 0332 0332 0332 0332 0332
0332

032E 0201 0201 0201 0201 0201 0201 0201 0201 0330 0330 0330 0330 0330 0330 0330 0330 0330
0332

xxxx xxxx

100 100
xxxx xxxx
xxxx

ldw exec ldw exec ldw exec ldw ldw ldw ldw ldw ldw
ldw
exec exec exec
exec

3
4 4 4 4

ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo
ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo

061E

061E
XXXX XXXX
XXXX xxxx xxxx xxxx

xxxx xxxx xxxx

exec
exec

3 3 3 3 3
3
1

5 6
7.

198 198
xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx

1282

061E 061E
1282 1282 1282 1282 1282 1282 1282 1282 1282

1282
XXXX xxxx
xxxx

fete ldw fete ldw fete ldw fete ldw fete shll fete
shll shll shll
shll

2 2

7
7

2 2 3 3 3 3
1

7
7

7 1 2

18600 18650 18700 18750 18860

18900

xxxx xxxx xxxx

xxxx

061E 061E
061E

exec exec
exec

3 3 3 3 3 3 3
1 2

0332 0332 0332 0332

0332

199
199
XXXX xxxx xxxx xxxx

0332 0332
0334 0334

3283 3283
XXXX
XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX xxxx xxxx

061E 061E 061E

061E 061E 061E 061E 061E 061E 061E 061E 061E
061E

shll
shll

fete fete fete fete

2 2 2 2 3

3283

shll
shll shrl

18905
18950 19000

0332 0332 0332

0334 0334 0334 0334 0334 0334 0334 0334

19050
19100

0334
0334

xxxx
xxxx xxxx

19150
19200 19310

0334 0334
0334 0334 0334

19A 19A
xxxx xxxx xxxx
xxxx

3283 3283 3283 3283 3283 3283 3283

3283

fete fete
exec
exec exec

shrl shrl
shrl

3 3 3 1 2
2

shrl
shrl

6298

shrl shrl
shrl

19350
19355 19400

6298
XXXX

6298 6298 6298

6298

061E
061E

0336 0336 0336 0336 0336 0336 0336 0336 0336

XXXX XXXX
XXXX XXXX xxxx xxxx

stb stb Stb stb stb stb

stb stb

fete fete fete fete fete fete

exec exec exec exec exec exec exec

2 2 3

3 3 3 3 3 3
1 2

19450
19500 19550
19600 19650
19700

061E

xxxx
xxxx

6298 6298
6298 030F
030F

061E
061E 061E
061E 061E

061E
061E 061E 061E 061E

3 3 3 3 3 3 3
1

3
4

xxxx xxxx

30F
xxxx xxxx

030F
XXXX XXXX xxxx

19850 19900 19950 20060 20100

030F
030F 030F 030F

061E
061E 061E 061E 061E

0336 0336 0336

stb
stb

0336 0336 0336 "PC

19B 19B
XXXX

4318 4318

stb stb

0336
"MAR

4318

fete fete fete fete

2 2

5 6 6 6 6 6 6

ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo

ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo

TIME

"address_bus"MDR

SSP

"data

bus

"instruction "f_cyc "PSW "proc_state "ex_cyc

-C6-

20105 20150 20200 20250 20300 20350 20460 20500 20505

20550 20600 20650 20700 20750 20860 20900 20905 20950 21000
21050

0336 0338 0338

0338 0338 0338 0338 0338 0338 0338 0338 0338

0336 0336 0336 0336 061E 061E 0 61E 061E

XXXX
XXXX

XXXX xxxx

4318 4318

061E 061E

stb

xxxx xxxx

xxxx xxxx xxxx

xxxx

30F 30F
XXXX XXXX xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx

xxxx

0301

0301
xxxx

061E 061E 061E 061E 0338

xxxx
xxxx xxxx xxxx
xxxx

4318 4318 4318 4318 4318 0301 0301 0301 0301 0301 0301 0301 0301 1388 1388

061E 061E 061E

061E 061E 061E 061E 061E 061E 061E 061E 061E 061E 061E 061E 061E 061E 061E 061E 061E 061E
061E

ldb ldb ldb ldb ldb ldb ldb ldb ldb

fete fete
exec
exec exec

6 6
1 2

exec exec
exec exec

exec
exec exec

0338 0338 0338 0338 0338

033A 033A 033A 033A
033A

0338 0338 0338 0338 0338

0338

19C 19C
xxxx xxxx xxxx
xxxx

1388
1388
xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx A800 A800
xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx

ldb ldb ldb ldb ldb ldb ldb

shll shll
shll shll

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
1

3 4
4

4 4

5 6
7
7

21100 21150 21200 21310 21350 21355 21400 21450 21500 21550 21660 21700 21705 21750 21800 21850
21900 21950
22000 22110

033A 033A
033A

0338 0338 033A 033A

033A 033A 033A 033A

xxxx xxxx
xxxx

1388 1388 1388 1388

1388 1388

fete fete fete fete fete fete

exec
exec exec

ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo

2 2
2

7 7 7 7
7

ooooo ooooo ooooo

ooooo ooooo

2 3 3 3 3 1 2 2
2 2

2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 2

shll
shll shll

19D
19D
XXXX xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx

1388
A800

061E 061E 061E

shll
shll ret ret ret ret ret ret
ret ret ret

033A 033C

A800 A800 A800 A800 A800 A800

fete fete fete fete fete fete

exec exec exec exec exec
exec exec

ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo

ooooo

3 3

033C 033C 033C 033C 033C 033C 033C 033C 033C

0314 0314 0314
0314

033A

0620 0620 0620 0620 0620

0620 0620

310
310
xxxx

xxxx

0314
0314
XXXX
xxxx xxxx

xxxx
xxxx xxxx

0314 0314
0314 0314 0314
0314

0620 0620 0620 0620 0620

0620

ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo

0620
0620

exec
exec

0620 0620
0314

xxxx
xxxx xxxx

xxxx
xxxx xxxx xxxx

0620 0620 0620 0620

0620 0620

ret ret
ret

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
3 1 2 2 2 2

3 3 3 3
4

ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo

ooooo

5 6
7

exec

ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo ooooo

"PSW
eye

011 4
Oil 4

0314 0314 0314 0314 0314 0314

"MAR

18A 18A
xxxx

ret
ret

2800

0314

fete fete fete fete

7
7 7 7 7 7

22150 22155 22200

22250
TIME

0314

2800
xxxx xxxx
xxxx

0314 0316 0316 "PC

xxxx
xxxx
xxxx

2800 2800 2800 2800

ret ret

0620 0620
0620 "SP

hit hit

fete fete idle

3 3
"f

1
eye

"address

"data

bu s"MDR bus

"instruction

"proc

state

"ex

-C7-

APPENDIX
SIMULATION

OF

PROGRAM EXECUTION

(2)

Results

of

Program Execution
of

(registers
0 850 900 950 1060 1100 1105 1300 1350
1400
-2147
-2147

register

file)
-2147

-2147

-2147

-2147

-2147

-2147

0 0 0 0 0 0
0

0 0
0 0

0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0

0 0
0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0

0
0

0 0 0 0
0

0 0 0
0 0

0 0
0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0

0
0

0 0
0

0 0
0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0
'

0 0 0 0 0 0 16
16 16 16

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1510 1550 1555 1600

1650 1700

0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0

0 0 0
0 0 0
0

0 0
0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0

1750
1800 1910

0 0 0
0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0

1950
1955

16 16 16 16 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0

2000
2050 2100

2150 2200 2250

2360

0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0

0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0

0 0 0 0
0

2400
2405 2450

0 0
0

0 0 0 0 0 0
0

0 0

2500
2550

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0

0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0

0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2600 2650
2760

0 0
0

2800
2805 2850

2900 2950
3000 3050 3160 3200 3205
3250

0 0 0
0 0

0 0 0 0 0
0 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768

0 0
0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0
0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0
0 0

3300 3350

0 0 0

0 0
0

3400 3450

768

0 0

TIME

"registers (3) "registers (0) "registers "registers (1)

"registers

(6)

"registers (6)
registers

(3)

"registers (5)

(7)

"

-Dl-

3560 3600 3605 3650 3700 3750 3800 3850

0
0

768 768
768

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0

0 0 0
0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0
0 0 0

0
0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0
0

768 768

0 0 0 0 0 0

3900 4010 4050

768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768
768

4055 4100 4150 4200 4250 4300 4410 4450 4455 4500
4550 4600 4650 4700

0 0
0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0

0 0 0 0 0
0

0 0 0
0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0

0 0 0 0 0
0

0
0

0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0

0 0 0
0 0

0 0 0 0 0
0 0

4810 4850 4855 4900 4950 5000 5050 5100 5150 5260 5300
5305

768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768

0 0 0
0

0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0

0 0 0
0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0

0
0

0
0

5350 5400 5450 5500 5550 5660 5700

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0
0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0
0

0 0 0 0 0 0 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255

5705 5750
5800 5850 5900 5950 6060 6100

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0

1536 1536 1536 1536 1536 1536 1536 1536 1568 1568 1568 1568 1568 1568 1568 1568 1568 1568 1568 1568 1568 1568 1568 1568 1568 1568 1568 1568 1568 1568 1568 1568 1568 1568 1568 1568 1568 1568 1568 1568 1568 1568 255 255 255 255 255 255

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0

0 0
0 0 0

0 0 0 0
0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0

0 0
0 0
0

0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0

0 0
0 0 0 0 0

0 0
0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0

0 0
0

0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

6105 6150 6200 6250 6300 6350 6400 6450 6600 6650 6700

0
0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0
0

0 0
0 0

0 0 0 0
0

0 0
0

0 0

255

255

TIME

"registers (6) "registers (6) "registers (3) "registers (0) "registers (5) "registers (3) "registers (1)
registers

(7)

"

-D2-

6850 6900 7050 7100 7150 7260 7300 7305 7500 7550 7600 7710 7750 7755 7800 7850 7900 7950 8000 8150 8200 8250 8360 8400 8405 8450
8500 8550 8600 8650

0 0

768

768 768

0 0 0

0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0

768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0

768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768

768

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0

255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255
255

255 255

0 0

0 0

255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 Z55 255 zn 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255
..:>,

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 u 0 0 v 0 0 0 0 Q o Q 0 0 0 0
U

0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

768 768 768 768

1 6 16

16

16 16 16 16
16 16 16

8760
8800

8805 8850 8900 8950

9000 9050 9100 9210 9250 9255 9300

23
23

0 0 0 0
0

23 23 23

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 u 0 0 0
u

9350
9400 9450
9500

96lS 9650 9655

conn

0 0 0 0 0
0
0 "

23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23
23 23

9Zr? 9750
QRnn
!=n

H 23

llln "Jnn 10000

10005 10050

0 n 0 n 0
n 0 0 0

23
23

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 n 0 0 0 0 0
0 0

255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255
Zbb 255

23

23 23
23 23
ill 768

1012n 10^n 10o:n 10~n 1360

10400
TIME 1

0
n 0 n 0 n 0 n 0

768 768
ill 768

0 0 0 u 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 u 0 0

255
2bb 255

255 255 255

0 0

255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 25j

0 Q Q Q 0 0 0
0

768

"registers

(0)

"registers

(3)

"registers

(6)

"registers

(6)
"

"reqisters(l)

"registers

(3)

"registers (5)
registers

(7)

-D3-

10405 10450 10500 10550 10600 10710

10750 10755 10800 10850 10900 10950 H000 H110 1H50 11155 11200 11250 11300 11350
11460 11500
,

0 0 0 0

768 768

0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0
0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0

11505 11550 11600 11650 11700 11750 11800 11910 11950

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

11955
12000

12050 12100 12150 12200 12250 12360 12400 12405 12450 12500 12550
12600

768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 '768 7 68 768 768 768 768 768 768 768
768

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0

0 0 0 0
u 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0

255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 -o 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255

255 255 255 255

0
0 0

HI

255

12650 12760
12800 12805 12850

12900 12950
13000

13050
13160 13200 13205
13250 13300 13350 13400

0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0

768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800

0 0 0 0 0
0

0
0 0

0 0
0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0
0

13550
13600

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255

255 255 255 255 255

255 255 255 255 255 255 255 w, 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255

0 0 0 0 0
0 0
n 0 n 0

HI HI

0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0
n 0

0
0

0 0 0 0 0 0
0

0 0
0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 510

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

510 510 510 510 510 510 510 510 510 510 510 510 510 510 510

0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0

0 0 0 0 0

510 510 510 510 510 510 510 510 510 510 510 510

0 0 0 0
0 0

0 0

TIME

"registers (3) "registers (6) "registers (0) "registers "registers (3) "registers (1) "registers (5)
registers

(6)
"

(7)

-d4-

13650 13700 13810 13850 13855 13900 13950 14000 14050 14100

0 0
0

800 800

0 0
0

0 0 0 0 0
0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

800 800

0 0 0

800 800 800 800 800 800

0 1024 1024 1024 1024 1024 1024 1024 1024 1200 1200 1200 1200

0 0 0 0 0
0

255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255

255 255 255 255 255 255

510 510 510 510

0 0 0

0 0
0 0 0 0 0

14210 14250 14255 14300

14350

0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0

14400

14450 14500 14610 14650 14655

14700 14750 14800 14850 14900 14950 15060 15100

0 0 0 0
0

0 0
0

800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800
800 800 800 800

0 0 0
0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0

1200
1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200

255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255
255

255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255
255 255 255

510 510 510 510 510 510 510 510 510 510 510 510 510 510
510

0 0
0

0 0
0 0 0
0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0

15105 15150 15200 15250 15300 15350

15500

800 800 800 800 800

800

1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200

1200

1200 1200
1200 1200 1200 1200 1200

15550
15600 15710 15750

800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800
800 800

0 0 0 0

15755
15800

1200 1200
1200

15850
15900 15950 16060
16100

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0
0

1200 1200
1200

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

16105 16150
16200

1200 1200
1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200

16250
16300

16350 16460
16500

0
0

255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 513 513 513 513

16505
16550

0 0
0 0 0 0 0

1200
1200 1200
1200 1200 1200

0 0 0 1566 1566 1566 1566

16600
16650 16700
16750 16860

1200

513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513

255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255

255 255 255 255 255 255 255

510 510 510 510 510 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513

0 0 0 0 0

0
0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0
0
0

0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0
0

513 513 513 513 513 513

0 0 0 0

TIME

'registers

(0)

"registers

(3)

"registers

(6)

"registers

(6)
"

"registers

(1)

"registers (3)

"registers (5)
registers

(7)

-D5-

16900 16905 16950 17000 17050 17100

17150

0 0 0 0
0

800 800 800

0 0
0

800 800 800 800

17200 17250 17400 17450 17500 17610 17650 17655

0 0 0 0
0 0

17700 17750
17800 17850 17900

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800
800 800

1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200

1566 1566

1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200

1200

1566 1566 1566 1566 1566 1566 1566 1566

18010 18050 18055 18100 18150 18200 18250

18300 18410
18450

800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800
800

1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1566 1566 1566 1566 1566 1566 1566 1566
1566 6264 6264 6264 6264
6264 6264

1566 1566 1566 1566 1566 1566 1566 1566 1566 1566 1566 1566 1566 1566
1566

513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513
513

255

255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255

1566 1566 1566 1566 1566 1566

18455 18500 18550 18600 18650 18700 18750 18860 18900

18905

1566 1566 1566

1566

1566 1566
1566 1566 1566

18950 19000
19050

0 0 0 0

800 800 800

800

6264
6264 6264

1566 1566 1566 1566 1566 1566

800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800

800

19100
19150

0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

19200 19310
19350

783 783 783 783 783 783 783 783 783 783 783 783 783 783 783 783 783 783 783

1566 1566
1566 1566 1566 1566 1566 1566 1566 1566
1566

19355
19400
19450

19500 19550
19600 19650

800 800
800

800

513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513

255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255
255

255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255

513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513
513

0 0 0 0 0

0 0
0

0
0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0
0

0
0

0 0 0

0 0
0

513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0

0 0 0 0 0
0

19700
19850

0 0
0 0 0 0 0

800 800 800 800 800 800 800

19900 19950 20060

20100

1566 1566 1566

1566 1566

20105

255 255 255 255 255 255 255

0 0 0
0

0 0
0

TIME

"registers "registers (6) "registers (3) "registers (0) "registers (3) "registers (5) "registers (1)
registers

(6)
"

(7)

-D6-

20150 20200 20250 20300 20350 20460

20500 20505 20550 20600 20650 20700 20750 20860 20900 20905
20950 21000

800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0

783 783 783 783 783 783 783

1566 1566 1566 1566 1566 1566 1566

800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800

21050 21100 21150 21200 21310 21350 21355 21400 21450 21500 21550 21660 21700 21705 21750 21800 21850
21900 21950 22000
22110 22150

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0

783 783 783 783 783 783 783 783 783 783 783 783 783 783 783 783 783 783 783 783 783 783 783
783 783

1566 1566 1566 3

3

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768 768
768

513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513
513 513 513 513 513 513 513

255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255

255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255
255

513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513
513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513
513

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0

0 0
0

0 0 0 0
0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0

0 0 0 0 0
0

22155 22200
22250
TIME

0 0

783 783 783 783 783 783 783 783 783 783 783

768 768

513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513

255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255

513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513 513
"registers

0 0
0 0 0 0

"registers

(0)

"registers

(3)

"registers

(6)

(6)
"

"registers

(1)

"registers

(3)

"registers

(5) (7)

registers

-D7-