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Software Life Cycle Models

The goal of Software Engineering is to provide models and processes that lead to the production of well-documented maintainable software in a manner that is predictable.

Software Life Cycle Models

Choice of Process Models Process means the way in which the software is produced. A major part of planning will be choosing development methods and slotting them into an overall process models.
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Software Life Cycle Models

The period of time that starts when a software product is conceived and ends when the product is no longer available for use. The software life cycle typically includes a requirement phase, design phase, implementation phase, test phase, installation and check out phase, operation and maintenance phase, and sometimes retirement phase.

Build & Fix Model

!! Product is constructed without specifications or any attempt at design !! Adhoc approach and not well defined !! Simple two phase model
Build Code

Fix

Build & Fix Model

!! !! !! !! !!

Suitable for small programming exercises of 100 or 200 lines Unsatisfactory for software for any reasonable size Code soon becomes unfixable & unenhanceable No room for structured design Maintenance is practically not possible

Waterfall Model
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Analysis & Specication!

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Design!

This model is named waterfall model because its diagrammatic representation resembles a cascade of waterfalls.
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Waterfall Model

This model is easy to understand and reinforces the notion of define before design and design before code. The model expects complete & accurate requirements early in the process, which is unrealistic

Waterfall Model
Problems of waterfall model i.! It is difficult to define all requirements at the beginning of a project ii.! This model is not suitable for accommodating any change iii.! A working version of the system is not seen until late in the projects life iv.! It does not scale up well to large projects. v.! Real projects are rarely sequential.
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Incremental Process Models

They are effective in the situations where requirements are defined precisely and there is no confusion about the functionality of the final product. After every cycle a useable product is given to the customer. Popular particularly when we have to quickly deliver a limited functionality system.

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Iterative Enhancement Model

This model has the same phases as the waterfall model, but with fewer restrictions. Generally the phases occur in the same order as in the waterfall model, but they may be conducted in several cycles. Useable product is released at the end of the each cycle, with each release providing additional functionality. "! Customers and developers specify as many requirements as possible and prepare a SRS document. "! Developers and customers then prioritize these requirements

"! Developers implement the specified requirements in one or more cycles of design, implementation and test based on the defined priorities.
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Iterative Enhancement Model

Requirements specication
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Architectural design

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Detailed

design
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Implementation and unit testing

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Integration and testing

Operation and Maintenance

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The Rapid Application Development (RAD) Model

o! o! o! Build a rapid prototype Give it to user for evaluation & obtain feedback Prototype is refined With active participation of users

Requirements Planning

User Description

Construction

Cut over

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The Rapid Application Development (RAD) Model

Not an appropriate model in the absence of user participation. Reusable components are required to reduce development time. Highly specialized & skilled developers are required and such developers are not easily available.

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Evolutionary Process Models

Evolutionary process model resembles iterative enhancement model. The same phases as defined for the waterfall model occur here in a cyclical fashion. This model differs from iterative enhancement model in the sense that this does not require a useable product at the end of each cycle. In evolutionary development, requirements are implemented by category rather than by priority. This model is useful for projects using new technology that is not well understood. This is also used for complex projects where all functionality must be delivered at one time, but the requirements are unstable or not well understood at the beginning.
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Evolutionary Process Model

Concurrent activities Specification Initial version

Outline description

Development

Intermediate versions

Validation

Final version

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Prototyping Model

#!

The prototype may be a usable program but is not suitable as the final software product.

#! The code for the prototype is thrown away. However experience gathered helps in developing the actual system. #! The development of a prototype might involve extra cost, but overall cost might turnout to be lower than that of an equivalent system developed using the waterfall model.

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Prototyping Model

! Linear model ! Rapid

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Spiral Model
Models do not deal with uncertainly which is inherent to software projects. Important software projects have failed because project risks were neglected & nobody was prepared when something unforeseen happened. Barry Boehm recognized this and tired to incorporate the project risk factor into a life cycle model. The result is the spiral model, which was presented in 1986.

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Spiral Model

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Spiral Model
The radial dimension of the model represents the cumulative costs. Each path around the spiral is indicative of increased costs. The angular dimension represents the progress made in completing each cycle. Each loop of the spiral from X-axis clockwise through 360o represents one phase. One phase is split roughly into four sectors of major activities. $! $! Planning: Determination of objectives, alternatives & constraints. Risk Analysis: Analyze alternatives and attempts to identify and resolve the risks involved.

$! Development: Product development and testing product. $! Assessment: Customer evaluation

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Spiral Model
$! An important feature of the spiral model is that each phase is completed with a review by the people concerned with the project (designers and programmers) The advantage of this model is the wide range of options to accommodate the good features of other life cycle models. It becomes equivalent to another life cycle model in appropriate situations.

$! $!

The spiral model has some difficulties that need to be resolved before it can be a universally applied life cycle model. These difficulties include lack of explicit process guidance in determining objectives, constraints, alternatives; relying on risk assessment expertise; and provides more flexibility than required for many applications.
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The Unified Process

! Developed by I.Jacobson, G.Booch and J.Rumbaugh. ! Software engineering process with the goal of producing good quality maintainable software within specified time and budget. ! Developed through a series of fixed length mini projects called iterations. ! Maintained and enhanced by Rational Software Corporation and thus referred to as Rational Unified Process (RUP).

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Phases of the Unified Process

Inception
Time

Elaboration

Construction

Transition

Definition of objectives of the project

Planning & architecture for the project

Initial operational capability

Release of the Software product

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Phases of the Unified Process

! Inception: defines scope of the project. ! Elaboration - How do we plan & design the project? - What resources are required? - What type of architecture may be suitable? ! Construction: the objectives are translated in design & architecture documents. ! Transition : involves many activities like delivering, training, supporting, and maintaining the product.

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Initial development & Evolution Cycles

V1

Inception Inception Inception

Elaboration Elaboration Elaboration

Construction Construction Construction

Transition Transition Transition

V2

Initial development Cycle

Evolution Cycle V3

Continue till the product is retired

V1=version1, V2 =version2, V3=version3

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Iterations & Workflow of Unified Process

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Inception Phase
The inception phase has the following objectives: $! $! $! $! Gathering and analyzing the requirements. Planning and preparing a business case and evaluating alternatives for risk management, scheduling resources etc. Estimating the overall cost and schedule for the project. Studying the feasibility and calculating profitability of the project.

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Outcomes of Inception Phase

Prototypes Business model Vision document Inception

Project plan Initial risk assessment

Initial business case Initial Initial use case model project Glossary

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Elaboration Phase
The elaboration phase has the following objectives: $! $! $! $! $! Establishing architectural foundations. Design of use case model. Elaborating the process, infrastructure & development environment. Selecting component. Demonstrating that architecture support the vision at reasonable cost & within specified time.

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Outcomes of Elaboration Phase

Development plan Preliminary User manual Use case model Elaboration

Supplementary Requirements with non functional requirement

Revised risk document An executable architectural prototype Architecture Description document

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Construction Phase
The construction phase has the following objectives: $! $! $! $! $! Implementing the project. Minimizing development cost. Management and optimizing resources. Testing the product Assessing the product releases against acceptance criteria

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Outcomes of Construction Phase

Test Outline Documentation manuals Software product Construction Operational manuals Test Suite A description of the current release

User manuals

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Transition Phase
The transition phase has the following objectives: $! $! $! $! $! Starting of beta testing Analysis of users views. Training of users. Tuning activities including bug fixing and enhancements for performance & usability Assessing the customer satisfaction.

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Outcomes of Transition Phase

Transition Product release

Beta test reports

User feedback

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! Somewhat controversial new approach ! Software development team determines the various features (Stories) ! Estimate duration and cost of each feature ! Client select features for next build using cost benefit analysis ! Each build is divided into tasks ! Test cases for task are drawn up first ! Pair programming (working with a partner on one screen) ! Continuous integration of tasks

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! Tasks are integrated into the current version of the product ! Test cases used for the tasks are retained and utilized in all further integration testing

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! Computers are put in center of large room lined with small cubicles ! Client representative is always present ! No individual can work overtime for 2 successive weeks ! No specialization. All members of XP team work on specifications, design, code and testing ! There is no overall design modified while the product is being built.. This procedure is known as refactoring

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! XP has had some successes on small and medium sized projects ! Good when requirements are vague or changing ! Too soon to evaluate XP

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! Microsofts life-cycle model ! Requirements analysisinterview potential customers and extract a list of features with priorities set up by the customers ! Draw up specifications ! Divide project into 3 or 4 builds ! First build consists of the most critical features, the second build consists of the next most critical features and so on. ! Each build is carried out by small teams working in parallel
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! At the end of the day all the teamsput together the partially completed components and synchronize (test and debug) ! At the end of the buildstabilize (freeze build i.e. any remaining faults that have been detected are fixed). ! Repeated synchronization steps ensure that the components always work together !Developers get early insights into operation of product and can modify the requirements
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