Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
V. Chan, MS, RD
Genes
In the nucleus, determine what is the cells function and nature of work in the body Affect the way the body will process nutrients
Absorb Metabolize Excrete
Main Point
So what is the main point of the last few slides?
Blood & Lymph deliver nutrients & O2 (blood) to the cells in the body and carry away waste The cardiovascular system makes sure that fluids circulate properly among all the organs
Hormones regulate menstrual cycles & pregnancy Hormones regulate the bodys reaction to stress
Hunger is often suppressed Digestion & absorption of nutrients are also suppressed
Nervous System
Fight- or- flight reaction (stress response)
Bodys response in a perceived dangerous situation Neurotransmitters & glands release epinephrine & norepinephrine Muscles tense for maximum strength Breathing quickens & deepens for more O2 Heart rate increases dramatically to deliver O2
Liver releases glucose & fat cells release fat for energy Digestion shuts down
Immune Defense
White blood cells
Phagocytes
1st to defend the body tissue against invaders Ingest and destroy antigens
Lymphocytes
T- cells- attack antigens, stores in the thymus gland
Killer T cells Helper T cells (AIDS destroy Helper T cells)
Inflammation
Occurs when tissues become injured or irritated A normal healthy response to injury So what happens when the body has inflammation?
White blood cell count increases Redness Heat Pain Swelling Sometimes even loss of function
Mechanical Digestion
Physical break down of solid foods Mouth: teeth tears up solid food pieces
Food is moistened with salvia (help soften rough/ sharp foods)
Chemical Digestion
Once food is physically broken down, digestive chemicals break food down into smaller molecules In the mouth, enzymes in saliva (amylase) begins breaking down CHO Once food is ready to be swallowed, it becomes a bolus
Bolus goes down the pharynx
Chemical Digestion
Bolus passed down the esophagus
By way of peristalsis
Bolus passes through the sphincter (circular muscle at the base of the esophagus) and through the stomach Bolus in the stomach mixes with digestive juices to form chyme
Hydrochloric acid (HCL) Pepsin
Chemical Digestion
Stomach acid (HCL) will activate pepsin and digest protein Chyme moves into small intestine, to continue digestion
Pancreas releases enzymes (carbohydrase, lipase, protease) to break down CHO, protein, fat Pancreas also releases bicarbonate
Bile is released, produced by the liver and held in the gallbladder, emptied into the small intestine
Where most of the nutrients are absorbed MOST important organ in the digestive system Bile dissolved fat
Chemical Digestion
Bile (digestive fluid)
Made & released by the liver Stored in the gallbladder Breaks down fat into fatty acids Mostly contains cholesterol, bile acid (bile salts) & bilirubin (by product of breaking down red blood cells)
Chemical Digestion
Chyme continue to the large intestine
Remaining water is absorbed, vitamins & minerals also absorbed By the time chyme reaches here, it has been broken down to the most simple element and will be distributed back into the body where needed
Villi (projections on intestinal wall) absorb nutrients Blood & lymph vessels transport nutrients to body cells
Chemical Digestion
Undigested material is eventually expelled through the rectum
Fiber, water, cellulose, etc
Heartburn- burning sensation in the chest due to backflow of stomach acid into the esophagus
Often caused by eating/ drinking too much
Acid Reducers
Acid reducers- reduces acid production by the stomach
Treats severe and persistent forms of heartburn, but not for neutralizing acid already present May reduce the bodys defense against infections May make digesting food more difficult
Chronic Diseases
IBS- Irritable bowel syndrome, intermittent disturbances of bowel function (altering between diarrhea and constipation, often with bloating or cramping)
Affects the colon Can be managed with diet, physical activity, some medication (stool softeners) Doesnt cause harm to the intestine, nor will lead to severe diseases
Excretory System
Responsible for eliminating bodily waste Several body parts are involved:
Sweat glands Lungs --Liver --Kidney system