CLASSIFICATION AND PHYLOGENY

bb CltLOROCocCALE$ 67

(d) In small colonies within a mucilaginous envelope, 1"a1"elysolitary and without envelope; cells
ellipsoid, fusiform, cylindrical or rarely spherical; chloroplasts one to several; reproduction by
thecium (2),
Sykidion (4), Pulvinococcus (1),(2)Rhopalocystis (1), Rhopalosolen (3), Schroederia (8),
and Tetraciella
autospores Subfam.Oocystoideae

9. Free-living; colonial with the cells embedded within a mucilaginous envelope; cells spherical to
4. Faro. Chlorochytriaceae
ellipsoid; chloroplasts cup-shaped to parietal; reproduction by autospores only. . . . . .
Fam. Radiococcaceae
Chlorochytrium (13), Codiolum (I), &togeron (I), Kentrosphaera (6), Macro-
10. Free-living and usually planktonic; colonial with the cells closely held together by tough, chloris (I), Phyllobium (3), Phytophysa (I), and Rhodochytrium (I)
irregularly shaped, often semilunar or semiopaque mucilage; ,cells spherical to ovoid or obovoid; 5. Faro. Micractiniaceae
chloroplast a parietal cup or network; food reserve starch and oil; reproduction by fragmentation of
colonies or by aplanospores formed within cells. . .. . . Fam. Botryococcaceae
II. Free-living; in colonies, with the cells held together by thread-like remains of the mother cell wall Acanthosphaera (2), Echinosphaeridium(I), Golenkinia (10), Golenkiniopsis (4),
and with or without a mucilaginous envelope; cells spherical, ellipsoid, oblong or reniform; Micractinium-incl. Errerella (6), Palmellochaete(1), and Trochiscia (48)
chloroplast cup-shaped or parietal; reproduction by fragmentation of colonies, rarely by zoospores 6. Fam. Treubariaceae
or oogamous
gametes.. . . . . Fam.Dictyosphaeriaceae
12. Free-living or rarely attached; in loose colonies held together by mucilage or by adhesion at certain
points, rarely solitary; cells club-shaped, fusiform, acicular or lunate; chloroplast parietal; Conococcus (1), Desmatractum-ind. Bernardinella and Calyptrobactron (7),
reproduction
byautospores.
..... Fam.Seunastraceae &hinocoleum (1), &hinosPhaerella(I), Octogoniella(I), Pachycladon(I), Saturnella (2),
Treubaria-ind. Borgea (6), and Trigonidium (I)
13. Free-living; 4-128 cells arranged in a more or less globose or cubical, rarely irregular, colonies, the
,cells being connected by mucilaginous pads or bands; cells .usually spherical, rarely cuneate;... 7. Fam. Hydrodictyaceae
chloroplast single and parietal; reproduction by auto-colonies. . Fam. Coetastraceae
\ "
Subfam. Hydrodictyoideae
14. Free-living; colonial (fiat, pyramidal or irregular) and made up of 2-4-8-16-32 or more cells;
cells ellipsoidal, angular, acicular or trapezoidal; chloroplast usually one, sometimes more and- pediastrum
Euastropsis
(2) (1), Hydrodictyon"(5), Pediastrum (31), Sorastrum (7), and Soro-
parietal; reproduction by auto-colonies, rarely by gametes Fam. Scenedesmaceae
Subfam. Tetraedronoideae
(a) Colonies usually in the form of fiat plates with the cells arranged in groups offourj cells an-
gular to ellipsoid; chloroplast one or more Subfam. Crucigenioideae
. Cerasterias
-yedriopsis (2), and (4), ? Chionaster
Tetraedron (73) (2), Closteridium (7), Mycotetraedron (I), Pol-
(b) Colonies usually fiat (cells usually in-multiples of 2) or irregularly arranged; cells usually ."
f oblong, ellipsoid to fusiform, rarely sausage-shaped j chloroplast . .
usually single". . ,:
. Subfam. Scenedesmoideae Fam:Oocystaceae .
GENERA OF THE CHLOROCOCCALES Subfam. Lagerheimioideae ..
l
-: Bohlinia (1), Choaatella (15), Chodatellopsis (I), Dendrocystis (1), Dicaltthos
(With approximate, number of known species within 'brackets) - '(1), Dicellula (3), Franceia (7), Lagerheimia (9), Pilidiocy.ftis (1), and Siderocystis(1)
Su.bfam. Chlorelloideae ,

1. Fam. Chloroc6ccaceae
Actinochloris-ind. Radiosphaera (2), Apiococcus (I), Borodinella (I), Bractea-
. Chlorella (42), Eomyces (1), Jaagia (1), Keriochlamys (1), Micracantha (I),
Mur.iella (5h Mycacanthococcus(3), Myurococcus (1), Palmellococcus(7), Prototheca
coccus (16), Characiella (I), Chlorococcum-incl. Emergococcus, Emergosphaera and" (4), Sestosoma m. Siderocelis (10), and TlielesPhf!era(1)
Subfam. Eremosphaeroideae
HypTW1!Ionas(28), Dictyochloris (i), Dictyococcus,(2), ? Glaucosphaera.(I), "Gy"drflyana.
(I), Krernaslochloris(I), -Myrmecia (5), Nautocofcopsis(2), Naulococcus (4), Neochloris
~1O), OoPhila (I), Phaseola~ (2), Planktospharia-incl. Follicularia..t5), ? Poloidion
.'
Subfam. Oocysto!deae .
EremosPhaera(2), Excentrosphaera(I), and Oocystaenium(I)

(I), Spongwchloris (8), Spongwcoccum(4), and Trebouxia (13)- Chloroptens (1), Cryodactylon (I), Ecdysichlamys (I), Glaucocystis (4), Glauco-

2. Fam. Characiosiphonaceae
.
cyslopsis (1), Gloeotaenium(2), Makinoella (I), Nephrocytium (10), Oocystidium (I),
Oocystis(50), Podohedra (4), Rayssiella (I), Scotiella (12), and -{oocystis(1)
CharacWsiPhon (1)
Faro. Radiococcaceae .
3. Fam. Characiaceae Coenochloris(3), Coenococcus(2),
Radiococcus(3), and Thorakochloris (3) Coenocystis(4), Dispora (4), Gloeobotrys(5),
Acrochasrna (2), Actidesmium (2), Ankyra (6), Apodochloris (1), BicusPidella-
inct Bicuspidellopsis (5), CharaCiochloris(16), Characium (47), Coleochlamys(1), Faro. Botryococcaceae
Fnntmdinella (1)::1.tyalocharacium (I), Hydrianum (9), Korshikoviella (6), Paradoxia BotT)lococcus
(5) and l!otryosPhaera(2)
(1). PseudocharacWchforis.(1), Pseudocharacium-incl. Craniocystis ( 1), Pseudochloro-'
 CHLOROCOCCALES
~8
Ill. Fam. Dictyosphaeriaceae
Dactylosphaerium(1), Dictyosphaerium
(15), Dimorphococcus
(3), VJbocystis(1),
Q!ladricoccus(2), and Westella (3) . INDIAN CHLOROCOCCALES
112. Fain. ~elenaslraceae
Acti/lastrum (8), A/lkistrodesmus (26), Chlorolobion (1), Closteriopsis (2), '..0: Wallich (1860) appears to have been the first to record some Chlorococcales
Dac~vlococClls
(1), Gloeoactinium (2), Gloxidium (1), Hyaloraphidium (6J, Juranyiella . from ~<:ng!ll. He described two llew sp~cies of Tetraedron as species of Micrasterias.
(1), KeratocoCCllS(7), Kirchneriella (17), Nephrochlamys (4), P.rcudococcomyxa(1), Carter (1869) reported the new genus Conococcusand gave an account of the develop-
Pseudoraciborskiella(2), Qjtadrigula (7), 'a~d Selenastrum (6) ment of ~orastrum spin~losum. Schaarschmidt (1886) described some algae from
desiccated specimens of aquatic macroflora obtained from Afghanistan. Four of these
13. Fam. Coelastraceae .belonged to the Chlorococcales. In W88, Cunnigham reported from East India an
Burkillia(2), Coelastrum (23), Dictyastrum (1), and Pectodictyon (1) 'I'
aiga occurring inside the leaves of Limnanthemumindicum under the name Stomatochytrium
limnanthemum. This has been regarded by later authors (seeG. S. West, 1916)as a species
114 Fam. Scenedesmaceae of Chlorochytriwn. Turner (1892) described 44 species of Chlorococcales from N. E.
I Subfam. Crucigenoideae India. Of these two were ne,,!, genera, 13 new, species and three new varieti~s. Later
Crucigenia(21), Hofmania (3), Tetrachlorella(3) and Tetrastrurrr(9) authors have referred these new genera'to already kno'Yfi ones. Some of his species
Subfam. Scenedesmoideae have also been reduced to synon~ of already known algae, whereas a few have been
Closteriococcus(1), C"onastrum (4), Didymocystis (4), Didymogenes-{2), Enallax considered doubtful. However,'m of his -species still stand, though some of them
(2), Lauterborniella(2), Marthea (1), Scenedesmiu~ (127), Schmidleia (1~, Schroederiella
(3), Tetradesmlls(7), Tetrallantos-incl. lvlenzbeiiella (1), and Tomascllillm (1). r.' are under names not given by him originally. From Prof. Hansgirg;s
~"EiJt' Indian algae, Schmidle (1900 e) reported five species of Chlorococcales from
collections of

~'Bombay and its suburbs. 'w. and-G. S. West (1902) recorded 23 Chlorococcales,
15. Genera. of uncertain systematic position ~ 'It .: 'mostly from paclliy fields of Ceylon. Of these, one, viz. Desmatrii'ctum(with one species)
Elakatothrix(16) , - ';,w~' a new genUs, and one was a 'new variety. In 1907, they recorded a further 20
Total numher of ~enera, 173; same species 1,079. \.
"
~(!:hloro<:Qq:ales from Upper Burma, including a new genus Burkillia (with one species)
r;and a new species of Ankistrodesmus,which was lat<er.placed by Printz (1915) ,under a
" 'w ~Jlew .genus, QuadrigUla. One of the species described as Characiumpyriforme A. Braun
0;
\;is really a member of the Xanthophyceae. _ :
, ~ 'Svedelius (1907) recorded a Chlorellainside polyps of Myrionema, off the co~t of
I. ,Galle, Ceylon', under 'the na,me Zoochlorella. The same year Leinmermann observed
tten Chlorococcales in Lake Gregory and Lake, Colombo. Crow (1923, 1923 a)
[Jrep<>rted 30 species of Chlorococcales from ponds, tanks, and lakes of Ceylon. Of
. th~ two were new specie~. ' ,

, - Bruhl imd Biswas (1922, 1926) recorded 29 Chlorococcales from the filter beds

,of Bengal and Loktak Lake, Manipur. Of these, two were regarded by them as new
.::species and one a ~~.w variety. In 1925, Iyengar described a new species of Hydro-
,,~dU!1on from Madras, and in 1926 N. Carter reported 15 Chlorococcales from N.E.
... ~41dia. Handa (1927) recorued 13 Chlorococcales from Rangoon. 'Of these, he
'::.,lj'eated
- three as new varieties. In 1932, Iyengar described a new species of Oocystis
~tom South India, and the same year Iyengar and Iyengar described a new species
':~f Characium gr~wing on Anopheles larvae in ponds of Bengal. During. the years
.~!)30, 1934-, and 1936 Biswas recorded about 20 Chlorococcales from Bengal and
~""P 69
." .",.._~1.
.", ~.,J': :
 70 CHLOROCOCCALES

Assam. Out of these, one was a new species and another (considered by later authors INDIAN CHLOROCOCCALES 71
as doubtful) a new variety.
In 1936, Iyengar discovered a very interesting genus, Chllraciosiphon,from South J 10 varieties and forms known to-date from the Indian region. When it is remembered
India and he suggested a new family to accommodate it. In 1954-,he worked out its that roughly 1079 species of Chlorococcales, cOmprising about I73'genera, are known
:1
full life history. Later workers (Agarkar, 1953; Rao, 1954-; Bhandari, 1955) recorded from all over the world (Table IV), this is not a very impressive record. However,
the alga in Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, and Rajasthan respe~tively. Sharma the Indian subcontinent with a wide-range of climatic conditions is bound to show a ..
(1958) recorded asexual cysts in the alga. lot more forms especially when new localities and situations are systematically explored.
Dixit (1937) recorded seven species of Chlorococcales from Bombay Presidency. Incidentally, Ute study of snow and ice algae is a virgin field, as far as, India is con-
Singh (1939) observed seven species in cultures of paddy field soils from Uttar Pradesh, cerned. The Himalayan ranges with its perpetual snow and i~ are bound ,to show a
and Kanthamma (1940) described a new species of Characium from cultures of soil ~ number Q[cryobionts, some of which could belong to the Chlorococcales.
from Madras. Iyengar and Ramanathan (1940) described, from Madras, a new species ".
of DictyosPhaeriumshowing oogamous reproduction. Gonzalves and Joshi (1946)
f,':1
TABLE IV. ,TUE APPROXIMATE NUMBER OF CHLOROCOCCALEAN GENERA AND SPECIES
observed 22 species of CWorococcales in a pond near Bombay, and G::mzalves and
KNOWN FROM THE WORLD AND FROM THE INDlAN REGION INCLUDING PERCENTAGE
Gangla (1949) recorded two species from cultures of paddy field soils from Bombay. REPRESENTATION IN THE REGION
Skuja (1949) reported a large number (about 71) of Chlorococcales from Burma.
Of these, three were new species, one each of the genera Characium, 'letraedron and Faml1y Genera (number)
Burkillia.- One was also a new variety. Iyengar and G. Venkataraman (1951) Species (number)
recorded three species from River Cooum,Madras. Holsinger (1955) reported two World From India Endemic ~
World From India Endemic
species and six varieties from the lakes of Colombo:- Iyengar and Balakrishnan (1956) ,'.. .. Chlorococcaceae
,'1
described, fr.?m Poona, a new species of 9olenki~ia showing oogamy. Since Korshikov 110 4
,;~ Characiosiphonaceae
(1953) has created a new genus Golenkiniopsisfor species of Golenkinil1showing oogamy, .f,:
.--
Characiaceae 1 1
this species is considered'in this account as a Golenkiniopsis. Khan (1957) recorded
one species. from cultures of soils from Kashmir.' G. s.. Venkafaram:ln (1957) 121 15 5
Chlorochytriaceae
I recorded six chlorococcales from a pond at Banaras. In 1959, Gonzalves and Mehra
Micractiniaceae
27 2 ...
described the life history of a new genus of the Oocystaceae, viz. Oocystaeniumwhich
..... 72 9
exhibited oogamous sexual reproduction. V. P. Singh (1959) recorded-,about 13 fr~ubariaccac ..' ..
I species and varieties of CWorococcales in the 'Tals' and' Jhils' of Uttar Pradesh. 21 4
Kachroo (1959) reported nine CWorococcales from ponds and the guts of mosquito
Hydrodictyaceae \ .:....
Oocystaceae
135 47 5
larvae in Damodar ",~lley, Bihar. Gonzalves and Yalavigi (1959) noted one member 2
Radiococcaceae
210 36 9
of the Chlo~oco~cales in the. rhizospheres of crop plants in Bombay State. Raman-
( 1959) observed three genera of the Chlorococcales in sewage stabilization ponds af M~dras. Botryococcaceae 2*
K. P. Singh (1960) described a new Oocystis from Nainital, .Kumaon Hills, in 7 2 f~
which there are micro- and macro-autospores. In 1962, Iyengar described a new Dictyosph~~riaceae ~i.

Se1enastraceae
25 8 2
dendroid genus, Dendrocystis, ailied to Lagerheimia. ~';';.. "~f
Altogether 44 genera and about 162 species" and 75 varieties and forms have 92 22 ~.
Coe!astraceae .'
been recorded by various workerst for the entire Indian subcontinent (including, 27 10
Scenedesmaceae 2
Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Burma, Ceylon and Nepal and Sikkim Himalayas).
191 45 6
The life histories (partial or full) of a few of the interesting 0l!es have also been worked out. Doubtful systematic position
During the years 1937-45'and 1949-59, the author (Phili:pose, 1940; 1959) came 16 2 ~<i:'
Total
across a number of CWorococcales which were apparently not recorded by previous .
Percentage
173 56 .5 1,079 208 34 j
workers in India. These included 12 genera, 46 species, and 35 v~ieties and forms. 100 32'4 2.9 100 19'3 3.1
Of these, four appeared to be new species, five new varieties and seven new forms.
--
These are also included in the present account making a total of 208* species and
*18 of these are described in the Ac!dendum, Mitra (Indian j. aerie. Sci., 21 (4): 357-73, 1951) observed nine members of the Chlo .
tAlso see foot.note
.. on p n...
. Venkataraman (1958) recorded two species from soils of Delhi. Kamat (1962, 1963) recorded
ea in
,cultures of rice field soils mostly from Allahabad area, of which one was a new variety. . . . ~ and
cies,
t)23 varieties and 2 forms of freshwater Chlorococcales from Ahmedabad and Kolhapur, Salim described 29
i)pecies, 18 varieties and 2 forms from Lahore (see Addendum). , '
~ i~
,
"I
 CHLOROCOCCUM 73

I. Chlorococcum infusionum (Schrank) Meneghini

J. Meneghini, 1842,'p 27, pi II, f3;J. Brunnthaler, 1915, p 62, f 2; H. C. Bold, 1931, pp 577-
604, f 1-5; R. N. Singh, 1939, p 62

1. Familv CHLOROCOCCACEAE Blackman Cells usually spherical, rarely ovoid or elongated and of variable dimensions,
. ct Tansley, 1902,P 95 . solitary or in flat irregular colonies. Chloroplast like a hollow sphere with a notch
on one side and with a single pyrenoid. Cells 10-109, rarely up to 135 fl in
diameter" (Fig. I).
Usually unicellular or in loose aggregates, very rarely colonial; free living or
rarely in association with other plants or animals. Cells nearly spherical and with " HABITAT. In cultures of paddy field soils from U.P. forming a thick bloom along
with Chlorochytriumparadoxum and Chlorellavulgaris (Singh, i.c.).
or without contractile vacuoles. Chloroplasts single and in the form of a parietal cup
DISTRIBUTION.'Videspread, incl. Europe; N. America, and India.
with or without lateral aperture, or axial, stellate, net-like or several separate
chromatophores which are polygonal or disc-shaped; with or without pyrenoids: ~ 2. Chlorococcum vitiosum Printz
Reproduction by zoospores (naked or walled), aplanospores or isogamous gametes.
Only two genera are recorded from the Indian region. H. Printz, 192], p'lO, pi I, f 31-51
.,
KEY TO THE GENERA
Cells. usually spherical with a thin cell wall which is usually smooth, but some-
1. Chloroplast
_ a parietal hollow sphere with one to many
. pyrenoids; zoospores with walls.. .(:-..
Chlorocoaum p ..72. ")
. ,times crenulate on the outside locally or all ove~ the surface. Chloroplast hemispheri-
,. cal (covering only about half of the cell, the other half being colourless), with the edge
2.
naked .
Chioroplast an axial massive one with irregular p'eripherallobes and a central pyrenoid-; zoospores" ·
...... Trebouxia ( p 75 )
even or sometimes emarginate to denticulate; very rare1y, the chloroplast is reticulately
'latticed. Without a pyrenoid. Nucleus central. Reproduction by numerous zoo-
spores. Cells 8-16 fl or rarefy up to 22 f-l in di~~eter. ZaospOres 2-3 f-llong (Fig. 2).
I. Genus CHLOROCOCCUMMeneghihi emend. Starr,
. HAB~T. Along with Protococcus viridis and Pleurastrumlobaturnin a d~ain.in the . ..
1955, p 16 (incl., Hypnomonas!5-0rshikov, i926)
. . .
,- suburbs of Rangoon (Skuja, 1949). . .,
DISTRIBUTION.S. Mtica and Burma.
Cells solitary or aggregated in temporary colonies of indefinite form and nev.er According to Printz (l.c.), the alga is one of the commonest aerophilous forms in
. imbedded in gelatine, spherical to ellipsoid. Cell wall' smooth, sometimes thickening South Africa.. .
with age. Chromatophore a parietal hollow sphqe with or without a unilateral Starr (19.55) held that C. .vitiosum should be excluded from Chlorococcumon
op<;uing and with. one to many pyrenoids. Cells with or'without contractile vacuo!es, account of the absence of a pyrenoid. The distinct separation of the chromatophore
uninucleate or multinucleate. Old cells sometimes with orange oils or red haema!o- from the cell wall is also, according to him, due to the alga bei"ng not in its optimum
chrome. Reserve starch and oil also sometimes. present. Hypnospores with spiny
.condition. The alga is ten.tatively included in the present account.
walls sometimes formed. . '

Asexual reproduction ,by aplanospores or zoospores formed by s!lccessive bipar!i- 3. Chlorococcum humico~o (Naegeli) Rabenhorst
tion or progressive cleavage of chloroplast. Zoospores with two cilia of equal length,
with a wall, and not rounding up ~hen quiescent.' - L. Rabenhorst, 1868, p 58 -
=Cystococcus humicoLap.p. Naegeli, 1849, p 85, pI 3-E only
Sexual reproduction by fusion of biciliate gametes. iygospores with smoot\} or =ChLorococcum humicolum (Naegeli) Rabenhorst, incl. C. viridis (Agardh) Brunnthaler see J.
ornamented 'walls. Brunntha]er, 1915, pp 64-65, f I

Three species are recorded from the Indian region.

Cells spherical, solitary or a number of cells crowded togetherto form a stratum.
KEY TO THE SPECIES Chloroplast a hollow sphere with a lateral notch and a single pyrenoid. Cells 2-25 fl
Aquatic
in diameter (Fi~ 3). .
Cell uninucleate until immediately preceding cleavage and with central,c;ytoplasmic area not. '.. HABITAT.1tIn cultures of soil from Shillong (Biswas, 1934); Bombay (Gonzalves
vacuolate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,. . . . . . . . ... . . .~infusionulR!p 73 )
et Gangla, 1949), Allahabad (Mitra, 1951), and Delhi (Dutta and G. S. .Venkata-
Terrestrial . .
Chloroplast half filling the cell and without pyrenoid. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .C. vitiosum ( p 73 ) . ~an, 1958); pond in University, Rangoon (Skuja, 1949); in cultures of soil from the
Chloroplast completely filling the cell and with a pyrenoid. . . . . . ..........C.humicolo (...,p 73 ) ~r~zospheres "of crop plants in Dharwar (Gonzalves et Yalawigi, 1959, pp 337"'40);
~''inslde the guts of Anopheles larvae in Damodar valley, Bihar (Kachroo, 1959).
72
r
H

.(8 _
~
~ ~
.
::.:.:?~}!t;;:;.

e
.,.

::~~m,;~?/=}W
1a

,.,
-:..::;".,

:. ';,}}:;?~:\:
;t~!..!~~\
~
.;:.-:,.5':::""""::

~
\;:;:,:'i:L..:'.:,.~:\:'..:';:
@)
J
3...
CIILOROCOCCALES

..,;,.
.....
;..'. .~...
..,
,
' ;,;"

za

8
'
Z b

(8
Q,
~.
'.~.
C. echil/o<;Jgolum Slarr,
C. ellipticum.
1955,

C. perforatum Arce et Bold, 1958, I' 497, f 24-31

,
TREBO\,;XIA

PI' 18-26,1'22-57
(Korsh.) comb. novo
=//ypnomonas elliPsoidea Korshikov, 1953, p 60, I'.!
C. hypnospoTum Starr.. 1955, pp 26-30, f 58-80
C. tobatum (Korsh.) Fritsch et John, 1942, PI' 376-77
=H;pnomonas lobata Korshikov, 1926, I' 445,1'14, f 8-18
C. macrostigmatum Starr, 1953
C. minutum Starr, 1955, PI' 30-35, f 81-103
C. multinuc/eatum Starr, 1955, PI' 35-39, flO4-116
C. oleofaciens Trainor et Bold, 1953, PI' 759-60, f 20-40, 60-6 I

C. Pinguideum Arce et Bold, 1958, p 498, f 32-41,93

C. punctatum Arce et Bold, 1958, p 499, f 42-54, 94
C. schizochlamys (Korsh.) comb. novo
=Hypnomonas schizochlamys Korsh., 1953, p 57, f I
C. tetrasporum Arce et Bold, 1958, P 493, f 9-15
C. tubercuIatum (Korsh.) comb. novo
=Hypnomonas tuberculata Korsh., 1953, I' 60, f 5
C. vacuolatum Starr, 1953
C. wimmeri (Hilse) Rabenhorst, 1868, p 60

Starr (1955) listed 18 species ,of Chlorococcum, including C. olivaceum (Rabenh.) Rabenh.
P 58) and C. humicolo (Naegeli) Rabenh., which are known from naturally occurring populations and
75

(1868,

b. considered them uncertain. A further 13 species, including C. I/atalls Snow (1903, I' 383), C. vitiosum Printz
(1921) and C.lobatum (Korsh.) Fritsch etJohn (l.c.) , are also1:0nsidered by him as_doubtful since they have

fit3..
"':I"

~a
not been studied in unialgal cultures, or, when so studied, full details have not been given. These 13

~ '"
also include C. sociable Brand (Brand et Stockmayer, 1925), which as West and Fritsch (1927) pointed out
should be considered as a Trlbou;da, and a few others which have to be transferred or had already been
removed to other genera under the Chlorophyceae or Xanthophyceae. S"talT (l.c.) did not refer to
C. dissectum Korsh. or the species of HYP/lomollas described by Korshikov in 1953;. since he had not evidently
consulted this work at the time. .

Korshikov (1953>: and Bourrelly (1959) retained the genus HYPllomollos within the family Hyp~
monadaceae under the'series Vacllolales and the order Tetrasporales, respectively. They considered
the presence of two contractile vacuoles in !9pnomollas as distinguishins it from Chlorococcum. However, the
author is following Fritsch a!ldJohn (1M:!) and Starr (1955) in including Hypnomollas. under ChlofococculII.
Emergococcus Miller (1921, with one species, E.lucens), ha,ving several contractile vacuoles, has been
considered by Korshikov (1926) as allied to Chlam)'domonas. But BOUITelly (1959) kept lhe genus under the
'. Hypnomonadaceae. Emergosphaera Miller (1921, with one species, E. super.ficialisMiller) which was consi-
dered by Korshikov (1926) as incompletely described is retained by him later (1953) under the Chloro-
coccoideae. Starr (1955) considered it as prob~bly synonymous to Chlorococcum.
- In a recent comparative study of 17 species of Chlorococcumin axenic culture, Bold, H. C. and Parker
B. C. (Ark. Mikrobiol. 42(3) : 267-68, 1962) found such supplementary attributes as colony charact-
FIGs.1-4. I, Chlorococcum
i,ifusionum (SCHRANK) MENEOH.; 2, C. vitiosum eristics, changes in colour and cellular morphology with increasing age, inhibition in the light
PRINTZ; 3, C. humicolo (NAEO.) RABENH.; 4, Tribouxia humicola (TREB.) WEST ET by organic compounds such as acetate, pyruvate and certain pentase sugars, and differential sensitivity
FRITSCH. . to antibiotic agents, usefu! in distingui~hing the ..species of the genus.
(La, FROM BEIJERINCK; rb, FROM BOLD; 2, FROM PRINTZ, 1920; 3a, PROM
FRITSCH & JOHN, 1942; 3b, AFTER BISWAS, 1934;, 3c-e, AFTER BEIJERINCK; II. Genus TREBOUXIA-Pttymaly, 1924, p 109 _
,_4, AFTERGHODAT).
Unicellular, terrestrial, and usually found in the thalli'of lichens.' Cell spherical
DISTRIBUTION. Cosmopolitan.
and with a thin cell membrane. Chromatophore central and massive w~th wrinkled
StaIT (1955) considered this species as uncertain on the ground that none of or lobed margins, filling the cell, and with a central pyn:noru. Nucleus single and
the characteristics mentioned by Naegeli are distinctive, and that the species, as at in the space between two lobes of the chromatophore. {
present understood, was rather pbscure, being a composite of several ill defined Reproduction by. biciliate zoospores or isogj.UIlousgametes. Aplanospores and
species. Further, Starr considered the presence of a cell wall in zoospores an resting cells with thick cell membrane and containing' oils also known.
important chara,cter of the genus Chlorococcum. The alga is included in the present Only one species is recorded, so far, from the Indian region.
account tentatively.

Species not recordedfrom the India1t region

. 4. Trebouxia humicola (Treboux) West et Fritsch
G. S. West & F. E. Fritsch, 1927, I' 106, f23 k
C.aplanosporum
Arce et Bold, 1958, P 495,f 16-23,92 =Cystococcus humicola Treboux, 1912, p. 69, nOli Nae~eli, 1849
C. i:hIorococcoldes (Korsh.) comb. novo =Cystococcus humicola Naegeli emend. Treboux, in J. Brunnthaler, 1915, P 65 f 3; H. Skuja,
=HyprwmonaschlorococcoidesKorsh., 1926,p44l, p14,f 1-7; 1953,P 57,f2 1949, p 60
-.-
C. diplobionticumHerndon, 1958a, pp 308-12, f 1-30 ,
C. dissectumKorshikov, 1953, P 125, f65
 )

CHLOROCOCCALES TREBOCXL\ 77
76
,Hyrlllecill Printz, 1921,emend. G. :\1.Smith, 1933,with fivespecies:
Cells 2-25 P, in diameter, the resting cells being larger.
Forming green coats M. aqualieaG. M. Smith, 1933, p 470, f 313
on tree trunks, planks, brick walls, etc. and often associated with Chlorococcumhumicolo. M. biatorellae(Tsehermak- Woess et Pless.) Petersen
(=M. pyriformis Tschermak-Woess et Pless., 1948)
Also the algal component of the lichen Xanthoria parietina forming gonidia within the M. globosa Printz, 1921, p 14, pi 2 f 105-23
lichen (Fig. 4). M. ppiformis Petersen, 1928, pp 426-28, f 34
lvi. reticulalaTsehermak-Woess, 1951, p 419
HABITAT. On the barks of Anacardium occidentaleand Albizzia labbek as associate Xautococcopsis
Geitler 11011Korshikov, 1953, p 65, with two species:
of a lichen, together with Gloeocapsasanguinea and Trentepohlia lage~iJera respectively. .N. cOllstricta(Ko~sh.) Geitler .
(=Nautococcus cOllstrictlls Korsh., 1926, p 464; =Nautococcopsis cOllstricla
in Rangoon and its suburbs during May and July (Skuja, i.e.). (Korsh.) Korsh., 1953, p 65, f 10)
DISTRIBUTION. Europe and Burma. N. ell/trslls Geitler .
Xalltococcus Korshikov, 1926, with four species:
N. caudatlls Korsh., 1926, p 455.pl 7, f 1-8
Species not recorded from the Indian regwll ,A'. gralldis Korsh.. 1926, p 458, p14, f 19; p18, f 1-13, p19, f 1-9, Text-fE-G
N. mamillatusKorsh., 1926, p 447, pi 5, f 1-18, Text-f A-C
T. glomera/a(Waren) Ahmadjian, 1960, }'-.Piriformis Korsh.. 1926, p 453, p16, f6-23, Text-fD
T. allticipataAhmadjian, 1959 ){eocldoris Starr, 1955, with seven species:
T. arboricola Puymaly, 1924, P 109 p679
T. impressaAhmadjian, 1960, p 681 N. alveolaris Bold, 1958, p 737, f 1-16, 31-38
T. cladolliae (Chodat) G. M. Smith, .' N. aqllatiea Starr, 1955,pp 86-87, f 226-32
1933, p 469, f312 T. incrustata Ahmadjian
=Cystococcuscladolliae Chodat, 1913, pl88 T. lambii Ahmadjian A,fllsispora Arce et Bold, 1958, p 500, f62-70, 91
T. decoloralls Ahmadjian, 1960, p 681 T. parmeliaeCh9dat .N.gelatinosa Herndon 1958 a, p 314, f 50-69
T. erici Ahmadjian, 1960, p 680 T. polteri Ahmadjian N. millllta Arce et Bold, 1958, P 500, f 55-61,95
N. p)'TClloidosaArce et Bold, 1958 p 500, f 71-84,97
. T. gelatillosa Ahmadjian, 1959 )y'. /emstris Herndon, 1958 a, p 313,f 31-49 _
OophilaLambert ex Collins, Halden et Setehell, 1902, No. 1267, with single species:
GelUra of Chlorococcaceae -not recordedfrom the IlIdwn region O. amblystomatis Lambert in ibid.
Phaseolaria Printz, 1921. with two species:
Ac/inochloris Korshikov, 1953, p 69, emend., with two species: P. obliqua Printz, 1921, p 12, pi I, f 52-78
A. sphaericaKorshikov, 1953, p 69, f 12
P. variabilis (Hansg.) Printz-see Printz, 1927, p 88
A. minutus (Herndon) comb. /Iou. (=Pr%cOCCU! t'ariabilis Hansg.)
=Radiosphaera minuta Herndon, 1958 a, p 317, f 70-89 PlallktosPhaeria G. M. Smith, 1918, with three species:
p, botryoides Herndon, 1958 a, p 320, f90--118
Bourrelly (1959, p 54) did not c0!1sider Snow's (1918) Ra!fiosphaera(without any described species) P. gelatillosa G. 1\1. Smith, 1918. p 627, pliO, f 8-11
as valid since she did not give any diagnosis.or measurement~. Radiosphaeradissec/a(Korshikov) Starr- P. paradoxalis (Miller) Starr, 1953, p 395-
(1955, pp 50-53, f 117-27) is, in part, apparently the same as Acjinochloris sphaericaKorsh. (=Folliclliaria parado.Talis Miller, 1924)
Korshikov's Ac/inochloris has contractile vacuoles in the vegetative cells. 'Herndon's RadiosPhaera
millu/a is without these. The genus is, therefore, emended to include species without contractile vacuoles. Following Korshikov (1953), Bourrelly (1961) considered Folliclliaria Miller as a valid genus and
ApiococcusKorshikov, 1926,with singlespecies: did not recognise Starr's new combination. According to Herndon (1958 a), since the granular photo-
A. consociatusKorsh., 1926, pp 469, 496; pi 12, f .1-13, Text-f L-N synthate produced by Miller's alga did not give a positive reaction to starch (seeMiller, 1924) there is
Borodinella Miller, 1927, with single species : ,?me doubt whether the alga can be included in the Chlorophyceae. .
B. polytetras Miller, 1927, p 209
BracteacuccusTereg,- 1923, with ten specics : Both P. botT).oidesand P. gelalillosa are known to reproduce by zoospores.
B. aggregatus Tereg, 1923, p 191 ?-Poloidioll Pascher, 1944, with single species:
B. anomalus (James) Starr, 1955,.p 65. P. didymosPascher, 1944, p358
B. cinnabarinus (Kol et F. Chodat) Starr, 1955, p 65 Spol/giochloris Starr, 1955, with two specics : _
B. engadinensis lKol et F. Choda1) Starr, 1955, p 65 S. excel/trica Starr, 1955, pp 72-73, f 165-86
B.gametifer (Chodat) Starr, 1955, p 65 . S. spongiosaStarr, 1955, p-70, f 154:'6.~
B. gernecki (Wil!e) Starr, 1955, p 65 SpollgiococcllmDeason, 1959, p 572, with two species:
B. helue/icus (Kol et F. Chodat) $tarr, 1955, p 65 S. alabamense Deason, 1959, p 574, f 10-18, 34-37
B. irregularis (Petersen) Starr, 1955,p 65 S. tetraspOTIIIIIDeason, 1959, p 574, f 1-9, 31-33
B. millor (Chodat) Petrova, 1931 p 227 ~
B. terrestris (Kol et F. Chodat) Starr, 1955, p 65 (In the former species, no contractile vacuoles havc becn obscrved in thc vegetative cells in contrast
G1wraciella Schmidle, 1902, with single species: to the latter which has such contractile vacuoles).
C. rukwae Schmidle, 1902, p 82
Dic!>'ochlorisVischer ex Starr, 1955, p 77, 11011 Korshikov, 1953, p 216, with single species: Lean (.-IIn".].A third 51 (1)0of57-60,
Bol., species SpongioclJoris.
l~). viz~, S. Iypica, has been described from Counecticut soils by Trainor and ~Ic-
D.fragralls Vischer ex Starr, 1955, pp 79-80, f 187 (Dictyochloris Korshikov, 1953, is
synonymous with Dictyochlorella.'5ilva, J959, p 63 and belongs to the Palmellaeeae)
DictyocoeclIs Wille 1909, emend. Viseher, 1936, with two species:
D. ml/COSIIS Korsh., 1953, p 127, f 67-
)). uarialls Gerneck emend. Starr, 1955, pp 57-60, f 128-42
GlallcosPhaera Korshikov, 1930, with single species: "
G. ,'aellolata Korsh., 1930; 1953, P 419, f 421
Gyarjlyana Kol et Chodat, with single species:
G. humicola Kol et Chodat
Kremas/ochloris Pascher, 1942, with single species :
K. C~IIUS
Pascher, 1942, p 486
 UHARACiOSIPllON 7~

Reproduction by a mass of zoospores, by a number of coenocysts or by isogamous

to anisogamous gametes. Zoospores 5-7 fJ broad, 7-12 fJ.long. Microgametes 4-5 fJ
broad, 6-7 fJ long. Macrogametes 5-6 fJ broad, 7-9 fJ long. Plants dioecious.
(Fig. 5).
2. Family CHARACIOSIPHONACEAE
Iyengar, 1936, p 317
Protocoenocytes usually occurring in clusters attached to a substratum.
Thallus club-shaped or clavate with a single layer of numerous separate naked cell-like
protoplasts lining a firm membrane and with a central vacuole filled with sap. Proto-
plasts with a stellate chloroplast and two or more contractile vacuoles.
)Jd
i
Reproduction by biciliate zoospores or gametes.
Monogeneric family. ;~-

J ~

III. Genus CHARACIOSIPHON Iyengar, 1936, p 317

Thallus elongate cylindrical and more or less clavate when old, with an outer
firm cell membrane closely investing a nu~ber of separate naked cell-like protoplasts'
arranged in 2 single layer and with a central hollow space containing sap. Proto- D-.
if (
g
plasts connected to one another by cytoplasmic strands. Each protoplast with an
outer stel!ate chloroplast having single pyrenoid, a nucleus situated close to the hollow
space and two or more contractile vacuoles. Eye-spot: absent.
_ Asexual 'reproduction
_

by biciliate zoospores. Sexual reproducti<¥l by biciliate

~
isogamous or anisogamous gametes. Zoospores and ga~etes liberated by the .rupture
of the thallus at the apex. .'

Ramji Sharma (1958) has reported the formation of coenoc)'sts, the protocoeno-
cysts. The thallus forms a large number of spnerical bodies, each with several discrete
.1
uninucleate protoplas!s and surrounded by a wall. These are very siinilar to the.
coenocysts of Protosiphonbut differ from the latter in bearing the same relationship that
Protosiphonbears to Characiosiphon.
CD,
e
Monospecific.

5. _ - Characiosiphon rivularis Iyengar

M.O.P. Iyengar, 1936, pp 313-18, Text f-l-IO, p123, f. 1--4; 1954, 'pp 148-51, f 1-17, pi 5, 0.
~~~~ n
~. ...._.
)u. J;::'\( ..
<~:.:. ::::~~:
,,}~::.::::('. .
) . . ,; 0
f 1-3; M. S. Agarkar, 1953, pp 245-46, Text-f 1-20, pi I ; K.V.~. Rao, 1954, p 191; M. M.
Bhandari, 1955, pp 16.17; R. Sharma, 1958, pp 500-OJ
FIG.5 Characiosiphon rivularis IYENGAR; a, CLUSTER OFYOUNG PLANTS;
b-c, TWO FULL GROWN PLANTS; d-i, k-I, PLANTS WITH DIFFERENTLY LOBED
Thallus with the apex broadly rounded to obtusely conical, sometimes lobed, .
THALLI; j, PROTOPLASTS FROM UPPER PART OF THALLUS; m, PROTOPLASTS
and gradually tapering towards the base where it is attached to the substratum. Outer FROM LOWER PART OF THALLUS; n, EDGE VIEW OF CELLS FROM LOWER PART OF
THALLUS; 0, A SINGLE PROTOPLAST SHOWING STELLATE CHLOROPLAST AND
cell membrane thick and lamellated. Protoplasts in lower part ot: thallus separate PYRENOID.
from each other and round to ellipsoid in surface view. Protoplasts in the uppermost - <#:..~
(a-c, j, m-o, FROM IYENGAR, 1936; d-e, k-I, FROM AGARKAR, 1953).
parts ~rr~nged compactly, angular due to mutual pressure and pentagonal to hexagonal
in surfa~e view. Thallus up to 4 mm. in breadth and up to 13 rom. in length.' HABITAT. Growing in clusters on pebbles and stones in a stream near Trichina-
Protoplasts 13-15 fJ in diameter. pally (Iyengar, 1936, 1954); on pebbles, twigs, leaves, snails, and other submerged sub-
strata (sometimes even epiphytically) in shallow margin of a channel, Gwalior
78 (Agarkar, I.e.); semipermanent stream, Tirupati, during the monsoon months
80 CHLOROCOCCALES

(Rao, i.e.); standing water and temporary stream near Jodhpur (Bhandari, l.c.); Indore
(Sharma, l.c.); on stones, sticks and decaying leaves on pond shore at 'khan,
Kolhapur, and in a slow-flowing streamlet, Takala, kolhapur (Kamat, 1963,
Hydrobiologia 22 (3-4) : 209-305), 3. Family CHARACIACEAE (Naegeli) Wille
DISTRIBUTION.India (Madras, Andhra, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and in Warming, 1884, p 23
Maharash tra) .
Usually unicellular, rarely in close aggregates or colonies; usually attached,
rarely free living; when attached, attachment by means of a long or short stalk, rarely
without a-stalk. Celfs usually elongate, rarely spherical or flattened. Adult celIs
sometimes with contractile vacuoles. Chloroplast usually single, parietal, and laminate
. with one pyrenoid, very rarely cup-shaped, stellate or numerous, and disc-shaped.
Pyrenoid somtimes two or more, rarely absent. Reproduction usually by zoospores
or isogamous gametes; rarely by autospore..s.
Three g~nera are recorded from the Indian region.
KEY TO THE GENERA
(a) Usually attached to a substratum, very rarely free-floating; chloroplast pari~tal and laminatc.
(i) Cells usually with a short or long stalk which is usually expanded at the base into a
distinct or indistinct adhesive disc; usually epiphytic, rarely epizoic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Characium (p 81)

(ii) Cells with a bifurcate stalk; apex of cell with or without a long spine; always epizoic. . . . . .
: Korshikoviella(p 87)
·
(b) Always free-floating and with a spine from each end; chloroplast parietal and laminate ........
- Schroederia(p 89)

IV. Genus CHARACWM A. Braun ex Kuetzing, 1849, p 208

Unicellular, mostly aquatic and epiphytic or rarely _epizoic, or in moist soil.

,Attached to the sul1stratum by a long or sho);t stalk which is usually expanded in the
form of a distinct or indistinct adhesive disc, sometimes subsessile. Cells subspherical,
ovoid, pyriform or spindle-shaped with a single parietal laminate chloroplast having
one o\" more pyrenoids, rarely with several chloroplasts.
Reproduction by the formation of 8-16-64-128 zoospores, _which are liberated
th~ough a pore or by a fissure. -
Nine species are known from the Indian region.

KEY TO THE SI'ECIES

I. Aquatic
A. Epiphytic on algae and water plants
Cells with distinct apical points
(a) Stalk almost absent .' .C. naSI/turn(p 82)
(b) Stalk short and without basal thickening
Cell small and obliquely elongatcd , .C. ambigllUln(p 82)
(c) Stalk short and with knob-like basal thickening
Cell oblong-ovoid with acuroinate apex ,C. ,acwninatflln(p 83)

81
~
 f
82 UHLOROUOCUALES
CHARACIU~[ 83
Cell ellipsoid or obovoid .C. apiculalum( p 84 )
(d) Stalk short and thick with disc-shaped basal thickening
Cell short-Ianceolate with hyaline acute apex. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. al/guslum ( p 84 )
I
B. Epizoic on crustacea, rotifera or insect larvae.
(a) On copepods, cladocera, rotifers, etc.
Cells club-shaped to pyriform with short stalk having no distinct basal thickening. . . . . .
C. orissicum ( p 84 )
9
Cells ellipsoid to ovoid with basal forking stalk.. . . . . . . . . . . . .C. debaryal/um ( p 85 ) 6 7 b 8

,,
::{.

(b) On mosquito larvae <

Cells somewhat pear-shaped and with basal pad of mucilage... .C. anophelesi ( p 85 )
~'
II In cultures' of soils , .."..
...
.". ..:;,:.:>.::.
Cells obovate to globose with a short filamentous stalk having a tiny basal disc. ... . ...'..::;:.::.
C. terreslris ( p 86 ) ;10

"
..,.: "'~"

If Korshikov's (1953) revision of Characium is followed strictly, all epizootic forms wiII have to be i,1 .<~!:}:
. <i:;.((
..
excluded from the genus and the three epizootic species included here, viz. C. anophelesi, C. debaryanUln,
and C. orissicum, may have to be referred to Chloral/giopsis Korshikov. Though Korshikov (op. cil.) stated
that C. debaryanum is probably a Chlorangiopsis, he did not refer to C. anoPhelesi Iyeng. et Iyeng. at all. In' a lib
the present account these three species are tentatively retained within Characium, especially because no
a 12 b
contractile vacuoles have bee!} observed in them.

6. Characium nasutum Rabenhorst

~
L.Rabenhorst, 18SS,p8S,fl; 1868,p82jJ. Brunnthaler,19I5,p78, f IS; R. N. Singh, 1939,
p 62

Cells obliquely lanceolate with a stumpy hyaline beak at the apex and epiphytic
by a broad base... Cells 23-24 p broad, 90-115 ,u-long (Fig. 6).
HABITAT~ Epiphytic on Oedogonium"in cultures oC paddy-field"soils from U.P.
(Singh, l.c.); in cultures of rice-field algae from Kashmir (Khan, 1957); on Cladophora
~," ---'3 b ."
8 13 c
.'
or together with other algae in ponds, Rangoon and Maymyo, during January
(Skuja, 1949). '. ~

7.
DISTRIBUTION.Europe, India, Burma.
The alga from U.P. is slightly smaller than the type, being only 18-20 p broad'
and 40-70 ft lsmg.

Characium
.J. Hermann
-ambiguum
ex L. Rabenhorst,
Hermann ex RabenhorSt -
.
1863) p 26;,,17, f9 a,b; L. Rabenhorst,
.
1868, pp 86~7;
,.
J. Br~n-
~.
i~ ~ ~ ..
....

~~~;,:;.;.0:~
..
14 c
8.
_
13 d _
..
.
-

-.
___
13~
.

nthaler, ]915. p 79, f 17; incl. CharaciumIet/ueHermann, 1863 FIGs. 6-14. 6, Characiu", I/asulum RABENH.; 7, C. ambiguum HERMANN; 8,C.
acuminalum A. BRAUN; 9, C. apiculalum RABENH.; 10, C. anguslum A. BRAUN; II, C.
Cells small, elongated, and oblique. Apex in the form of a slightly bent hyaline orissicumsp. NOV. (lle-a.d., A'ITACHING DISC?); 12, C. debaryanum (REINSCH)
DE TONI; 13, C. anophelesi IYENG. ET IYENG.; 14,C. lerres/ris KANTH.
beak. Attached by a short stalk without basal thickening. Cells 4-8 ft broad,
24-32 ft long (Fig. 7). (6,9, FROM RABEN HORST; 7, FROM HERMANN; 8, 10, FROM BRAUN;
HABITAT. Epiphytic on Pithophorain a pond at Borivali, Bombay during August ll-x875,12-x 1500, 13, FROM l\r.o.p. & M.O.T IYENGAR, 1932; 14, FROM

(Dixit, 1937); epiphytic on Oedogoniumsp. in a pond at Banaras (G. S.'V enkataraman,

.
KANTHAMMA, 1940).

1957) . Korshi.kov(1953) considered this species doubtful.

DISTRIBUTION.Europe, N. and S. America, India, and Japan.
The Indian alga is'slightly smaller than the European one, the Banaras alga 8.
Characium acuminatum A. Braun ex Kuetzing
l:....

hcing 3' 6-4' 5 ft broad and 18 ft long and the Bombay one 4-'7 -4 ft broad and 22-26 ft
lung. F. T. Kuetzing, 1849, p 892;J. Brunnthaler, 1915, p 79, f 18; G. W. Prescott, 1951, p 216,
pI 46, f7; O. A. Korshikov, 1953, p 161, f 101
=H'ydroC)'lium acuminalum (A.Br.) A. Braun, 1855, p 26, pilI a
 CHARACIUM 85
CHLOROCOCCALES
84
DISTRIBUTION.India (Orissa).
Cells oblong or ovoid with the apex in the form of a short acuminate beak. Stalk No clear attaching disc could be seen in most of the individuals, which were
short and with a basal knob-like thickening. Cells 15-201-" rarely 25 f' broad, and attached to the dorsal and ventral sides of the cladoceran, even after staining. How-
35-50 I-' long. ever, one individual attached to one of the posterior spines showed what could probably
HABITAT. In cultures of paddy field soils from D.P. (R. N. Singh, 1939). be a very small hyaline disc (Fig. 11 c):
DISTRIBUTION..Europe, Egypt, W. Africa, N. America, Sandwich Isles, Siberia, In the obovoid shape of the cell and its epizoic habit the alga shows a certain
and India. amount of resemblance to Characiumdebaryallum(Reinsch) De Toni, but the present
The Indian alga is much smaller than the type: only 10-15 I-'wide and 20-35 I-' alga is more club-shaped or pyriform than C. debaryanum and the stalk is also much
long. shorter and without any ,basal bifurcation. Also, unlike C. debaryallum,which usually
occurs on rotifers or copepoda, the alga under consideration is attached to cladocera.
9. Characium apicu1atum Rabenhorst In its club-shaped cells, absence of distinct basal disc and its frequent gregarious habit,
the present alga shows a certain degree of resemblance to C. hookeri(Reinsch) Hansgirg
L. Rabenhorst, 1855, P 85, pI 1 2; 1868, p. 82; J. Brunnthaler, 1915, P 79, f 19
(seeBrunnthaler, 1915, p 84, f 39; Prescott, 1951, p 217, pi 45, f 17), but the present
alga is Il10re pyriform and robust with much shorter stalk and found on cladocera in
Cells straight, ellipsoid or obovoid. Apex broadly rounded wi~. a stumpy
contrast to C. hookeri, which usually occ~rs on copepods. It is, therefore, considered as
apical point. Stalk very short, thick, and colourless, with the base widened. Cells a new species under the name C. orissicum.
20-27 f' broad, 60-100 f' long (Fig. 9).
HABITAT.Epiphytic on Chaetomorpha- and Schizomerisieibieiniiin a
herbiPolensis
12. Characium debaryanum (Reinsch) De Toni
pond in Rangoon (Skuja, 1949).
DISTRIBUTION.Europe, Siberia, and Burma. G. B. De Toni, 1889, p 628; J. Brunnthaler, 1915, p 84, f 40; M. T. Philipose, 1940, p 15~
pIlI, f23-25; G. W. Prescott, 1951, p 216, pI 46, f 19
10. Characium angustum A. Braun =Doctylococcus debaryonus Reinsch, !875, p 78, pI XI, f I

A. Braun, 1855, P 36, pI 111 b, f 1-6; J. Brunnthaler, 1915, pp 79-80, f2l; O. A. Korshikov, Cells ellipsoid to obovoid with a short stalk enlarged at the base into an adhesive
1953,p 165,f 109. -
disc (?), or forked. Cells 16-25 f' broad and 30-40 f' long (Fig. 12).
HABITAT. Attached to plankton animalcules (Brachiollus) in die Museum pond,
Cells straight and lanceolate with a short hyaline apical beak. ?talk short and
Madras, rare to rather common-September to November (Philipose, i.e.); on rotifers
thick with a colourless disc-shaped basal thickening. Cells 14-24 I-' broad and
40-110 f' long (Fig. 10).
HABITAT. On decaying algae, northern India (Turner, 1892).
.· and Cyclops in a swamp at Kausalya Ganga (Orissa), stray-April
DISTRIBUTION.Europe, "N. America, and India. _
(!).

DISTRIBUTION.Europe and India. The Indian alga is smaller than the E~rop-ean and the American form, being
OIl1y8' 8-13' 8 I-' broad and 12' 3-15' 5 f' long, without stalk, which is 5' 3"-12 f' long.
. 11. Characium
.
orissicum sp. novo
.. .
Korshikov (1953) considered this alga as probably a Chiorallgiopsisand, hence,
doubtful.- It is included here t~ntatively. Prescott (i. c.) refers to a basal disc.
__ Cellulae c1avatae vel pyrifonnes, apice late rotundato, basi gradatim fastigata efl'onnante stipitem
brevissimum. Basis stlpitis absque ullo claro disco unionis. Cellulae immaturae omatae chloroplast~
parietali cum unico pyrenoideo; cellulae maturiores divisione subjectae,. duplici" vel' qmidruplici 13. Characium anophelesi Iyengar, M. O. P. et Iyengar, M. O. T.
chloroplasto, quorum singula unicum pyrenoideum continent. Cellulae 5.6-16.9 14latae, 11.3-27.4 14
longae. Reproductio per divisionem in 2-4 partes. . . M.O.P. Iyengar & M. Q. T. Iyengar, 1932, p 69, Text-f I A-L, pI III, f 1-5
HABITAT. Singula vel aggregata animalculae planktonicae Moinae affixa, in stagno ad Cuttack
mense augusto anni 1954 et 1955. Species servata in fonnaldehido (Coli. No.5) in Central Inland
Fisheries Research Sub-station, Cuttack, Orissa, India. Cells pear-shaped, squat 01' elongated, broadly rounded at the top and narrowed "
gradually below into a rounded base, attached to the substratum by a thin round pad
Cells club-shaped to pyriform with broadly rounded apex and a gradually
of mucilage; contents dividing into 2,4, or 8 parts which escape by a clean rupture at
attenuated base forming a very short stalk. Base of stalk without any'clear attaching
.the top; empty mother wall urn-shaped; small colonies sometimes formed; fully grown
disc. Young cells witl} a parietal chloroplast having a single pyrenoid. Older cells
cells 22-30 I-' broad, 41-48 I-' long (Fig. 13).
undergoing division" with. two or more chloroplasts, each with a pyrenoid. Cells
:. HABITAT. Growing densely on living larvae of' several species of Allopheies
5'6-16'9 I-' broad, 11'3-27'4 I-' long (Fig. 11).
'~:mosquitoes in ponds in Sonarpur, Lower Benll.al (Iyengar et Iyengar, i.e.):
Reproduction by division of cell contents into 2-4 parts.
HABITAT. Singly or in clusters on Moina in a pond at Cuttack, common-
DISTRIBUTION.India (Bengal).

August (!).
 KORSHIKOVIELLA 87
CHLOROCOCCALES
86 C. ellipsoidea W. et G. S. West, C. epiPYxis Hermann, C. gibba A. Braun, C. groenlandicum Richter, C. hori;:-
on/ale A. Braun, C. longipes A. Braun, C. malleus Pascher, C. minu/um A. Braun, C. nacgelii A. Braun, C. pedic-
el/a/umHermann, C. peranemaRabenhorst, C. phascoidesHermann, C. pyriforme A. Braun, C. sessileHerm-
14. CharaciulU terrestris Kanthamma ann, C. subula/um A. Braun, C. luba Hermann, C. lurgida W. et G. S. West and C. urnigerum Hermann.
Of these, C. pyriforme A. Braun has been recorded from Burma (W. et G. S. West, 1907). Now, it is
S. Kanthamma, 1940, p 174, Text-f 1-23 known as Characiopsis pyriformis (A. .Braun) Borzi. Characium curva/um G. M.Smith (1918, p 641, pill, f
6-13) has been regarded by Skuja (1948) as a Characiopsis, but Prescott (1951) retains it under Characium.
According to him, the species mayor may not have a pyrenoid.
Cells shortly stalked, obovate to nearly globose, 22' 8-38' 5 P.broad, 26' 2-38' 5-p. A number of species have been considered by Brunnthaler (1915) and Korshikov (1953) as either
insufficiently described or doubtful. These are: Characium acula/um Korshikov, C. apiocys/iforme Hermann
long without stalk; stalk narrow and filamentous, 7-10'5 p. long and expanded at the (1863), C. chlamydopus Hermann (1855), C. elliplicum Reinhard (1869), C. eurypus Hermann (1863), C.
point of attachment into a tiny disc. Zoospores biciliate and conical with a broadly obova/um R~inhard, 1869 (Korshikov, op. c., refers to this species as C. ovalum, probably by mistake), C.
ovale Lacoste et Suringer (1859), (regarded by Brunnthaler, op. ci/., as one of the Chamaesiphonaceae),
rounded anterior end and a narrow elongate posterior end, 3' 2-4' 8 P. at the broadest C. ros/ra/um Reinhard (1876), and C. slipi/a/um (Bachmann) Wille, 1909, (considered by Geitler
part and 1l'2-16 P. long (Fig. 14).
HABITAT. In a laboratory culture of soil algae at Madras (Kanthamma, l.e.).
. as Stylosphaeridium slipi/atum (Bachm.) Geitler, under the Chlorangiopsidaceae (see Konhikov, op. c.).
Some species of Characium have been transferred to Ankyra Fou, Apodochloris Komflrek, Hydrianum
Rabenhorst, Korshikoviella Silva (=Lambertia Korsh.) and Rhopalosolen Fott. Characium chrysopyxidis Pascher
DISTRIBUTION.India (Madras). . (1929, p 399, f 1-3) is the same as Hyalocharacium chrysopyxidis Pascher (seefurther below):

Species not recorded from the Indian region V. Genus KORSHIKOVIELLA Silva, 1959, p 63
C. ari;:ollicum Taylor et Cotton, 1928 -Lambertia Korshikov, 1953, p 186nonJ. E. Smith, 1793
C. aJymmetricum Korshikov, 1953, p 168
C. braunii Bruegger, 1863, p 272 ~.
C. brunn/haleri Printz, 1915 a, P 14, pi I, f 16-35 Cells spindle-shaped to cylindrical with one or two spines, of which one is usually ;~t
C. bulbosum Korshikov, 1953, p 163, f 107 furcate (forked) and is for attachment. Cells when young uninucleate and with one '.
'C. conicum Korshikov, ,1953, p 162
C. corolla/UrnReinsch, 1877, p 247 ~.:>; pyrenoid, but later multinucleate and with articulate chloroplast. Reproduction
C. cucurbitinum Jao, 1947 a, p 246 f Ig-i ~." by zoospores and gametes. Epizoic on Entomostraca. Relatively seidom, though
C. ensiforme Hermann, 1863, p 26, pl6 B, f I
widespread.
.
C. eremosphaerac Hieronymus,
C..falca/um Schroeder, 1898, p 23
1895
.
C. giganteum (Wolle) De Toni, 1889, P 624 Two sp,ecies krio~n from the Indian region, so far.
(=Hydrianum gigan/eum Wolle, 1877, P 186) ..'A..,
C. gul/ula Playfair, 1918, p 528
C. hagmerianum Schmidt, 1938, p 231
:
-.
~ # KEY TO THE SPECIES I<

C. heteromorphum Reinsch, 1875, p 80, pi 11, f 3 (i> Stalk without basal thickening or fureation K. limnetiea ( p 87 )
C. hookeri (Reinsch) Hansgirg, 1886, p 123
(=Dactylococcus hookeri Reinsch, 1875, P 78, pill) (ii) Stalk with rhizoidal base K. gracilipes( p 88 )
I C. inspersum Beck-Mannegetta, 1926, p 180, f 13
G. lanceolalum Jaag, 1938, pp 119-20, f 26
C. marinum Kjellman, 1877, p 57
C. obesum Taylor et Cotton, 1928 Korshiko~ella ~etica (Lemm.) Silva
C.oblusel/um (A. Braun) De Toni, 1889, p'626
(=Hydrianum oblusum A. Braun, 1855, p 28) P. C. Silva, 1!P.>9,p li3
C. obl!lSum A. Braun, 1855, pp 39, 106, pi 3 E, 1-9 =Characium limneticum Lemmermann, 1903 a, p 81, pi 3, f 7-10; J. Brunnthaler, 1915, p 84,
\ C. operculum Ackley, 1929, P 304 . f41; G. M.Smith, 1920, p 177,p149, f25-29; H. Skuja, 1948,p 125,pI15, 0-10
t
, '

C. ornilhocePhalum A. Braun, 1855, P 42, p13 C =Lambertia lirrwelica (Lemm.) Korsh., 1953, p 187. . . '
G. pluricoccum Korshikov, 1953, p 160, f 100-
C.polymorphum Printz, 1915 a, P 16 pll, f44-59, lion Trainor et Bold, 1953, P 763)
C. pringsheimii A. Braun, 1855, P 106 Cells straight or slightly curved, broadly fUsiform with one end drawn out into
C. pseudo-polymorphum. (Trainor et Bold) nom. novo .a long hyaline spine and the other into a delicate seta without any basal disc or furca-
(=C.polymorphum Trainor et Bold, 1953, P 763, non Printz, 1915 a, P 16) .
C. pseudo-pyriforDle (Lund) nom. novo .~ tion. Chloroplast one or more; each with one (-2) pyrenoid. Cells 3-14 p. broad,
(=C. pyriforme Lund, 1947, P 47, f 2 h-l, non A. Braun,.1855, P 40) t~.25-110 p. long, with stipe 5-10 p. long (Fig. 15).
C. sieboldii A. Braun ex Kuetzing, 1849, p 208
C. sikangenseJao, 1940, p 540, f2 D-F HABITAT. Free-floating in ponds at Dum Dum, Cuttack, Kurnool, and Madras;
C. simplex Korshikov, 1953, p 166, f 112 <' siray-october and December (!). 1 ~
C. slriclum A. Braun, 1855, P 37, pi 5 A, 1-15
C. subsessile (Wolle) De Toni 1889, P 622 DISTRmUTlON. Eprope, S. and W. Mrica, N. America, India, and Japan.
(=Hydrianum subsessile Wolle, 1877, P 186) '. Though normally attached to the plankter Diaphanosoma (Brunnthaler and :'-4
C. subslrictum Jao, 1947 a, P 246, f 1 d-f
C. Iransvalense Cholnoky, 1954 . .K.orshikov, op. eit.), the alga may also occur in the free-floating condition (Skuja, l.e.) 1
C. weslianum Printz, 1914, P 39; 1915 a, P 17 probably by detachment from die host. The alga which occurred stray in the localities
(=C. ensiforme G. S. West, 1904, P 200, f 80 d ,wn Hermann, 1863)
}Jlentioned was observed by the author only in the detached condition,
A number of species originally ascribed to Characium have since been referred to other genera, mostly
to Characiopsis Borzi belonging to the Xanthophyceae (see Wille, 1909; Printz, 1927; G. M. Smith, 1933).
Some of these are Characium acu/llm A. Braun, C. ceranforme Eichl. et Raciborski, C. clava Hermann,
 ~
SCHROEDERIA 89
CHLOROCOCCALES
88 Cells curved or nearly straight, median portion fusiform, with a long spine from
the apex and a filiform stalk having two rhizoidal branches from the other end.
Chloroplasts one to several, each with a pyrenoid. Cells 5-14 fJ broad, 38-480 fJ
long (Fig. 16).
HABITAT, On the plankton animalcule Moina (rarely detached) in ponds at
Cuttack, common-August and Kausalya Ganga, common to abundant, February-
March (!).
DISTRIBUTION.N. America, Europe, and India.
.t
Korshikov (1953) made a distinction into the type with the cells 5-13 fJ broad
and 80-480 fJ long and var. minor with cells 5-10 fJ broad and 50-175 fJ long. Since
there is overlapping between the dimensions of the type and th'e variety, it appears
better to treat the two togethet'. The Indian alga with cells 5' 3-11' 3 fJ broad and
41..:.105fJ long resembles very much the Swedish alga (Skuja, I.e.) which is 5-11 fJ
broad and 38-80 fJ long.

Species tif Korshikoviella not recordedfrom the Indian region

15 K. michai/ovskoensis (Elenkin) Silva, 1959, p 63
=Characiummichailovskoense Elenkin, 1924, p 34
a 11 b =Lambertia michai/ovskoensis (Elenkin) Korshikov, 1953, p 187
K. schaefernai (Fott) Silva, 1959, p 63
=Lambertia schaeftrnai Fott, 1957, p 304, pliO, f 1-7
K. selosa (Pilars.) Silva, 1959, p 63 .
=Characium setosum Filarszky, 1914, p 10
=Lambertia setosa. (Filars.) Korshikov, 1953,..p 188, f 131

-'
- VI. Genus SCHROEDERIA Lemmermann, 1898a, p 311
',:".
: .~ .,emend. Korshikov, 1953, p 151
.'~:-'
,~-..,
::-
." CellS solitary, free-floating, straight or curved, spindle-shaped with both ends
drawn out into spines or setae. . CWoroplast single, parietal, and with one or more
~ pyrenoids; older cells may have"more than one cWoroplast, each with a pyrenoid.
a b Reproduction By 4-.-10 biciliate zoospores whic!t are usually liberated through
c a lateral pore. .
".~ Three species are known from the Indian region.
r
18 '~:;,<
g 18'd 18e KEY TO THE SPECIES
" ~.
1. Cells usually straight, rarely curved
' ' ,
(a) Cells straight or sometim~ curved and never tumid in the middle: 2.5-10 ,.. broad and
:i...
"'.
tsSILVA; 56-200 ,..Iong ' : , " ,... S..seligera(p 89)
FIas. 15-18. 15, Korshikoviella limnetica (LsMk. 16, K. graciliPes (b) Cellsstraightand frequentlytumidin the middle;5-28,..broadand 34-146,..long... . ..
(LAMB.) SILVA; 17, Schroederia setigera (SCHROED.) LEMM.; 18, S. planctonica ~ -_ S.planctonica( p 90 )
(SKUjA) COMB. NOV. .
(18 a-b, f, g, FROM SKUJA, 1949; 18 c-e, FROM PHILIFOSE, 1940; 15-17,
x 1,500). . 2. Cells usually distin~~ed; 4,4-12,3,.. broad and 68-84 ,..Iong.., , .S. indica (p 90 )

16. KorshikovieUa graci1ipes (Lambert) Silva 17. Schroederia setigera (Schroeder) Lemmermann '~ .
P. e. Silva, 1959,p 63 ,- E. Lemmermann, 1898 a, p 311; C. Bernard, 1908, p 173, f 362'-64; G. M. Smith, 1926, p 183,
=Characium graci/ipes Lambert, 1909, P 65, pi 79, f 3-6,9, 14-22; J. Brunnthaler, 1915, p 84, pi 13, f 12-16; O. A. Korshikov, 1953, p 152, f 92 .JJ;,-. .
f 42; G. M. Smith, 1920 P 178, pi 49 f 20-24; H. Skuja, 1948, P 124, p115, f 5-6 =Reinschie/la setigera Schroeder, 1897 a, p 489, p125, f" ~ '.:'\
(Lambert)
=Lambertia graci/ipes Korshikov, 1953, P 188, f 132; incl. var. minorKorsh., 1953, -',
p 189, f 133' '
'to.
 90 CHLOROCOCCALES

SCHROEDERiA
=Ankistrodesmus setigerus (Schroeder) G. S. We5t, 1907, p 149; J. Brunnthaler, 1915, p 191, 91
f 304; W. B. Crow, 1923, p 167; K. M. Salim, 1963, p 210..
=Characiumsetigerum (Schroeder) Bourrelly, 1951, p 680, f22.
Cells 4'12'3-21'2
Spines 4-12' 3 I-' broad,
I-'long 28-44 I-' long without spines, and 68-84 I-' long with spines.
(Fig. 19).
Cells solitary, free-floating, spindle-shaped, straight or curved with the ends
produced into a long, delicate or stout seta or spine, which is straight or curved. "
Chloroplast single, parietal and with a single .pyrenoid, which is often inconspicuous
or lacking in young cells. Cells 2' 5-10 fl broad, 56-108 (-200) fl long with spines.
Spines 13-27 (-50) fllong (Fig. 17); pool, L3.hore (Salim, l. c.).
HABITAT. Tanks and lakes, Ceylon.,-October (Crow, l.c.); ponds, Cuttack, stray ~
to very rare, July-August, and Ochira (Kerala); stray-February; swamp, Kausalya
Ganga, Puri, rare-April (!). ~:
DISTRIBUTION. Europe, N. America, Sandwich Isles, Africa (Egypt, S. and
Central Africa), Ceylon,India, W. Pakistan Java, and China.

18. Schroederia planctonica (Skuja) comb. novo

...CharaciumplaroctonicumSkuja, 1949, pp 60-62, pliO, f I-II

Cells fusiform, tumid in the middle with drawn out apex and slightly curved hind
end. Cell membrane fairly thick and produced into a long solid spine at either end.
Chromatophore parietal with 1-2 (or 4) pyrenoids. - Cells 5-28 I-' broad, 34-146 I-'
long with spines, and 11-~8 I-' without spines (Fig. 18).
Reproduction by 4-10 zoospores which are lib<;rated through a lateral pore.
HABITAT. Planktonic in Museum pond, Madras-:-September 1939 (Philipose,
1940); Planktonic or on moist ground, Rangoon.,-May (Skuja, l.c.). FIG. 1-9. SchroederiaindicaSP. NOV. ~ 1,500.
, DISTRIBUTION.India and Burma.
Reproduction not known.
I Though Skuja described the alga as a species of ChaTacium,Korshikov's (1953)
I .revision of the genus Characiumto include only attached (usually epiphytic) forms makes HABITAT. Planktonic
July (!). - in a pond at Bhopal (Madhya Pradesh), abundant-
it n~cessary to exclude this from Characium.
The author (l.c.) had originafly described this -alga as a new species of' DISTRIBUTION.India (Madhya Pradesh).
AnkistTOdesmUS,no reproductory stages being obserVed in- the material. However, it _t In -the curved nature of the cell, the present alga shows some resemblance to
agreed with Sklija's alga in all respe,cts excepting for a wider range of dimensions. SchTo~deria spiralis- (Printz~ Korshikov (1953, p 153, f 94), but the plant .body as well
Skuja gives the length o(the,alga together with spi~es as 34-1081-". .as the spines in S. spiralis are usually spirally twisted. In the presence of 1-2-4
pyrenoids in the cell and the curved nature of the cell, S. indicashows some resemblance
19. Schroederia indica sp. novo -r 'to S. Tohw.ta KOt'shikov(1953,p'153, (95) as wel!,but-there the cellsare not always
Cellulae plus minusve semicirculares, latere externo convexo, interiore vero .concavo, fere recto vel distinctly curved and they are narrower (3-8 I-' broad) and much longer (50-140 1-',
tenuiter convexo; rarissime cellulae fere rectae. Apices cellularum ornati spinis solidi. paulum brunnies, with
speciesspines up to 33 I-' I0!lg). S. indica does not also agree with other known
of Schroederia.
quae sunt plus minusve longitudine aequales. Chloroplast a parietalia, vulgo unico, nonnumquam 2-4
pyrenoideis ornata. Cellulae 4.4-12 . 3 p.latae, 28-44 p.longae absque spinis, et 66-84 p.longae cum spinis.
Spinae 12,3-21,2 p.longae. .( I The Indian alga also shows great resemblance to some species of Closteridium
HABITAT.Abundat in planktone in palude ad Bhopal, M. P., mense juliQ anni 1954; legit K. H.
,
;,Reinsch like C. siamensis(W. et G. S. West) G. M. Smith (=Reinschiellasiamensis
Alikunhi. Species servata In formaldehido (Coli. No.9) in C.I.F.R. SU\).:Jltation,Cuttack.
4.. Reinsch (= Tetraedron crassispinum
't ~W.et G. S. West, 1901a, p 183) and C. crassispinum
Cells more or less semicircular with the outer side convex and the inner side !
k (Reinsch) Wille ( see Brunntha1er, 1915, p 154, f 184-) in the somewhat semicircular
concave, nearly straight or slightly convex; very rarely, the cells nearly straight. Ends f"shape of the cell with the inner side of the cell occasionally straight or slightly convex,
rbut the chloroplast of Closteridiummayor may not have a single pyrenoid, whereas the ."
of cells with solid slightly. brownish spines which are more or less equal in length or
present alga has always a distinct pyrenoid in young cells and more in older cells.
slightly une~ual. Chloroplast parietal with usually one, sometimes 2-41 pyrenoids,
:'I'hus, the presence in this alga of 1-2-4 pyrenoids appears to weigh in favour of
~,consideringit as a Schroederiarather than as a Closteridium.
,;t-
 CHLOROCHYTRluM 95

Resting spores with irregularly thickened cell wall formed during the cold
season. There is great accumulation of starch followed by change of colour from green
It to yellow and ultimately deep reddish orange. Resting cell 36 I' broad and 55 I' long
4. Family CHLOROCHYTRIACEAE (West) " (average
and measurement
43 /llong (Fig. 20). 34--381') with cell wall 4' 7-9 I' and cell contents 31 /l broad
Setchell et Gardner, 1920, p 146
Unicellular; usually endophytic, rarely free living or epiphytic. Cells large..
and irregularly thickened, or in the form of irregularly branched filaments. Cells
sometimes coloured due to the presence of haeniatochrome. Chloroplast axial and
massive with one or more pyrenoids. Reproduction by zoospores or gametes (isoga-
mous or anisogamous) which are formed in large numbers within the cell or in special
gametangia.
Only two genera are recorded from the Indian region. ~

KEY TO THE GENERA

(a) Endophytic on freshwater macroflora or-marine algae .ChlorochyTriUM

( p 94 ) d
c
(b) Free living or intermingled with the gelatinous envelopes of other algae.. ;
Kentrosphaera( p 96 )

VIr: Genus CHLOROCHYTRIUM Cohn, 1872, p 102

Endophytic_ genus occurring in _the intercellular spaces of various freshwater

and marsh plants,_ rarely within marine algae. Cells irregularly spherical, cllipsoid,
often lobed. Cell wall usually thick and stratified and sometimes with localized
~
excrescences. Chloroplast parietal and cup-shaped in young cells, somewhat stellate
with radialbranchesexpimdingtoJfarietallobesandwith scattered pyrenoids in old cells;
Reproduction by biciliate (rarely quadri-ciliate) zoospores. or gametes.
Aplanospores and -akinetes are also often formed.
O~y on~ species recorded frgm the Indian region.
~

20. Chlorochytrium UWlnaDthem1im (Cunningh.) G.S. West

G. S. W~t, 1916, p 212; H. Printz, 1927,p 90; -= Stomalochy!riumlimnantlumum Cunningham
- 1888, P 33, pis I & 3, CI-II; G.B. De Toni, 1889, p 638

An endophytic alga with somewhat spheri~! or irregularly ovoid to ellipsoid

cell. Cell membrane thin in young cells. Chloroplast parietal. Peripheral portion
FIGS. 20-21. 20, ChlorochYlrium limnanlhemum (CUNNINGH.) G. S. WEST ON
of cytoplasm with amyloid granules, central portion hyaline with a single nucleus. Limnalllhemum indicum; a, INFECTED LEAF SHOWING .PATCHES OF YELLOWISH
Cell becomes multinucleate prior to formation of swarmers. D~SCOLOURATIO'" (IN DOTTED UNES); b, LEAF IN TRANSVERSE SECTION SHOWING

Swarmers biflagellate, pear-shaped with posterior broad portion of body green - ALGAL CELLS PRESSING LATERALLY ON THE NEIGHBOURING PAUSADE CELLS AND
REMAINING INCLOSE CONTACT WITH THE UNDER SURFACE OF THE GUARD CELLS; C,
and the anterior end colourless, 5 I' broad and 7-8 I' long. Swarmers frequently MULTINUCLEATE CELL FORMED BY REPEATED NUCLEAR DIVISION; d, RESTING CELL;
e, SURFACE VIEW OF LEAP SHOWING A NUMBER OF LARGE OVAL OR SPHERICAL
behave as gametes; those which do not escape from the sporangium become motion- CELLS SITUATED IN THE SUBSTOMATAL SPACES; C,A ZOOSPORE; g, A ZYGOZOOSPORE;
less and .spherical and are 7 I' in diameter. Invasion of host leaves through stomata. h, A ZOOSPORANGIUM WITH UNUBERATED ZOOSPORES ROUNDED .UP; i, LEAF IN
SURFACE VIEW SHOWING TWO YOUNG CELLS WITH AMYLOID GRANULES IN THE
PERIPHERAL GREEN LAYER; 21, Kenlrosphaera brislolae G. M. SMITH.
94
(20, PROM
G. M. SMITH, CUNNINGHAM,
1933). 1888 (AS Siomalochylrium limnanthemum) ;21, FROM
 I\.~:,')':I

~~~ '
".
CHLOROCHYTRIW 95
,\.~,~\,t;'il
h1:,,~, '

Resting spores with irregularly thickened cell wall formed during the cold
III;~~";
11,,, ~~ ,1111 "1 ;; season. There is great accumulation of starch followed by change of colour from green
11\i¥.;'II~ 1m((l~
(1) ,v',,
,!ra:' , '(,JjIi to yellow and ultimately deep reddish orange. Resting cell 36 p broad and 55 p long
'1J'(',
'\'i"tl
'
1:~";:'!l I
i
.

',".:", .~I
llil';,.
'
\r!J')

.". '1
~ "ps ..
_
(average measurement 34-38 p) with cell wall 4' 7-9 It and cell contents 31 p broad
and 43 p long (Fig. 20).

! ~. . j}I,1 .\'
~'1f';11
i~
. ,.",,~I
..
I\f

~;,
1,1,1

$
" d
c

~
~f

A \.

!~
,
III
;

::
'
FIGs. 20-21.
Limnanthemum
20, Chlorochytrium limnanthemum
indicum;
(CUNNINGH.) G. S. WEST ON
a, INFECTED LEAF SHOWING' PATCHES' OF YELLOWISH
DISCOLOURATIOli (IN DOTTED LINES); b, LEAF IN TRANSVERSE SECTION SHOWING
~~~
"'!II'"!' ALGAL CELLS PRESSING LATERALLY ON THE NEIGHBOURING PALISADE CELLS AND
,~ " REMAINING INCLOSE CONTACT WITH THE UNDER$URFACE OF THE GUARD CELLs; C,
,:\.~otP MULTINUCLEATE CELL FORM!!D BY REPEATED NUCLEAR DIVISION; d, RESTING CELL;
e, SURFACE VIEW OF LEAF SHOWING A NUMBER OF LARGE OVAL OR SPHERICAL
CELLS SITUATED IN THE SUBSTOMATAL SPACES; f, A ZOOSPORE; g, A ZYGOZOOSPORE;
~?~ h, A ZOOSPORANGIUM WITH UNLIBERATED ZOOSPORES ROUNDED 'UP; i, LEAF IN
,(,,1
.'' 1IIi"
lfj/ SURFACE VIEW SHOWING TWO YOUNG CELLS WITH AMYLOID GRANULES IN THE
."-.!'.. r. PERIPHERAL GREEN LAYER; 21, KentrosPhaera bristolae G. M. SMITH.
~.St (20, FROMCUNNINGHAM,1888 (ASStomatochytrium limnanthemum) ;21, FROM
G. M. SMITH, 1933).

'~I
96 CHLOROCOCCALES
KENTROSPHAERA 97
HABITAT. In the substomatal space of Limnalllhemum illdicum in the Botanical
Gardens, Calcutta (Cuningham, I.e.). HABITAT. In cultures of paddy field soils from D.P. forming a green papery mat
on the surface of the culture solution (Singh, i.e.).
DISTRIBUTION.India.
DISTRIBUTION.England, N. America, and India.

Some of lhi species of Chlorochytrium /lot recordedfrom the Indian region KentrosPhaerais distinguished from Chlorochytriumby its free living habit, though
some authors, including Fritsch (1935), merge it with Chlorochytrium. Chlorochytrium
C. bietlne (Klebs) G. S. West, 1916, p 212, f 137B paradoxum (Klebs) G. S. West is known from Europe as an endophyte usually occurring
=Endosphaera biennis Klebs, 1881, p 265
C. eohnii Wright, 1877, p 355; 1879, P 14 inside Hypnum or Le.mna sulca (Brunnthaler, 1915; West and Fritsch, 1927). So,
=Chtorocystis cohnii (Wright) Reinhardt, 1885, p oJ. Smith (op.c.) considered Bristol's alga, which is a free living one, as a new species of
=Chloroehytrium reinhardtii Gardner, 1917, p 382
=C. porPhyrae Setchell et Gardner in Gardner, 1917, p 379, pi 32 f 6 (=C. reinhardtii var. KentrosPhaera. Since Singh (l.c.) did not give any figure or description, but only the
porphyrae (Gardner) Bristol, 1920a, p 18) dimensions and habitat, it is not possbile to place the Indian alga exactly. The Indian
C. dinobryonis Lund, 1955, p 222, f I
C. inclusum KjelIman, 1883, p 320, pi 31, f8-17 _ alga with its cells 9'9-30 fJ in diameter, 3'3-4'9 fJ broad, and 6'6-8 fJ long is also
=C. dermatoeolax Reinke; = C. sehmitzii Rosenvinge, 1893, p 964- much smaller. However, because of its free living habit, it is tentatively included
C. laetum Schroeter, 1883, p 181 - under Kentrosphaerabristolae G. M. Smith.
C. lemnae Cohn, 1872, p 87 (incl. C. areherianum Hieronymus, 1887, p 296; C. k,!yanum Cohn et
Szymanskii in Kirchner, 1878, p 102; and C. pallidum Klebs, 1881, p 257, pI 2, f 16a-f)
C. moorei Gardner, 1917, p 382 Species of Kentrosphaera not recordedfrom the Indian region
C. paradoxum (Klebs) G. S. West, 1916, p 212, f 137E
(ScotinosPhaera paradoxa Klebs, 1881, p ~OO) K. gppendiculata'Korshikov, 1953, p 134 f 7!
C. rubrum (Schroeter) Freem~n, 1899 K.foceiolae Borzi, 1883; p 87 pI 7, f 1-13
C. sarcoPhyei (Whitting) G. S. West, 1~16, p 212
=Chtorocystis sarcophyei Whitting, 1893, p 4-1 =Chloroehytriumfoceiolae (Borzi) Bristol, 1.920a, p 12 incl., K. gloeophila(Bohlin) Brunnthaler,
C. viride Schroeter. 11183, p 181 1915, p 68 £6; = Chloroehytrium gloeoPhilum Bohlin, 1897a, p 28 pI i, f 53-54-
K. grande (Bristol) G. M. Smith, 1933, p 4-76
C. wittei Printz, 1927a (occurring within Enteromarpha) =Chloroehytrium grande Bristol, 1917, p 107
Bristol (1920a) considered C. laetum, C. rubrum and C. viride as doubtful species. How~ver, K. minor Borzi, 1883, p 87, pi 7, f 14--19 -
Printz (1927) recogmzed all these as vali?
=Chlorochytrium/tfleiolae var. minor (Borzi) Bristol, 192Qa p 22
,K. willei Reichardt, 1927

VIII. Genus KENTROSPHAERA Borzi, 1883, p 87 Other genera not recordedfrom the Indian regioll

Free living, usually growing on damp soil, sometimes aquatic and intermingled Codiolum A. Braun, 1855, p 19, monospecific :
C. locustre Printz, 1914-, p 42; pi 3 £ 59-65
with or in the gelatinous envelope of other algae. Unicellular, often crowded.
Cells spherical, ellipsoid or irregular with their walls lamellated, irr.egularly thickened . 'Marine species of Codiolum A. Braun, viz. C. gregarium A. Braun (1855, p 20-thc lecto-lype),
and with knob-like outgrowths. - Chloroplast axial with extensions. flattened at the ,TC.cylindroceum Foslie (1887, p 175), C. illtermedium Foslie (1887, p 175), C. IOllgipes Foslie (1881, p II),
tC. nordenskjoeldianum Kjellm. (1887,'p 56), C. petroeelidis Kuckuck (1896), and C. pusillum (1.10gb.)
wall to form irregularly shaped processes, green or yellowish green and with a single .' .I(jellman (1883, p 318) found 'on red algae have either been considered as the diploid stages in the life
pyrenoid. , _ - -- "~liistories of Siphonocladean green algae like Uro5pora, SpollgomorPha, A,'rosip!.pnia, etc. (seeJorde, 1933; Far>,
"1959) or they are under suspicion (see Fott, 1959). ~obably the same may be the case with Codiolum
Reproduction by zoospores, aplanospores or by large thick-walled -resting spores !enieillifoT1/i'e (Roth) Silva, 1957 (= Conferva penieillif"rme Roth).
containing orange-red oil. ~exual reproduction not known. Eetogeron Dangcard ( =Eremostyle Geitler)' monospecific :
Only one species recorded from the Indian region. - E. eJodeaeDangeard-see Bourrelly, 1961, p 24, pi 3, f 12
Macrochloris Korshikov, 1926, monospecific:
M.dissecta Korsh., 1926, p 4-76, Text-fOa-f
21. Kentrosphaera bristolae G. M. Smith
This alga cannot be considered as synonymous to AetinoeMoris sphaeriea Korshikov (1953, p 69)
,since, apart from the absence of contractile vacuoles in the vegetative cells, the chromatophore in
G. M. Smith, 1933, p 4-76, £ 318 :Macroehlorisis not as symmetrical as in Aetinoehloris. Starr (1955) has combined an Aetilloehlorisand
=Chloroehytrium paradOXUIIIBristol, 1920a, p 13, non Chlaroehytrium paradoxum (Klebs) G. S. West, ,},facroehlorisin his RadiosPhaera disseeta
1916, p 212; as C.paradoxum (Klebs) G. S. West-see R. N. Singh, 1939, pp 61-62
Phyllobium Klebs, 1881, with three species:
P.dimorphum Klebs, 1881, p 268, pl3 f29-37; pi 4, f38-49
Cells free living, -never _endophytic, globose, ellipsoid, triangular or irregular P. ineertum Klebs, 1881, p 297, pi 4-, f50-54-
with th~ cell membrane irregularly thickened and often lamellated. Chloroplast P. sphagnieola G. S. West, 1908, p 283, p121, f31-35
PhytoPhysa W. v. Bosse, 1890, monospecific :
single, parietal, and with many lobes. Resting cells may have the protoplast coloured P. treubii W. v. Bosse, 1890, p 185, pis 24-26
a bright orange. . Cells 35-63 fJ broad and 50-165 fJ long with the cell wall 2-10 fJ Rllodochytrium Lagerheim, 1893a, monospecific:
R. spilallthidis Lagerheim, 1893a.
thick (Fig. 21).
 100 CHLOROCOCCALES
OOLENKINIA
101
23. Trochiscia aspera (Reinsch) Hansgirg

A. Hansgirg, 1888, p 128; G. S. West, 1916, p 193, f 119 A-F; J. Brunnthaler, 1915, p 204;
DISTRIBUTION.Europe, N. and S. America, S. and W. Africa, Ceylon, and India.
G. S. West & F. E. Fritsch, 1927, p 120, f23 A-F; G. W. Prescott, 1951, p 239, pi 53 f 17 The alga from U.P. (Singh, l.c.) differs from the type in having a third smooth
=AcanthococclIsa..perReinsch, 1886, p 239, pi II, f 2
layer external to the sculptured wall. His alga is also smaller, usually 12-18 ft, rarely
differences.
up to 28 ft in diameter. However, Singh did not give any figure to show these
Cells spherical. Cell membrane thick and covered by numerous fine papillae.
Cells 13-29' 5 ft in diameter with the cell membrane 2 ft thick (Fig. 23).
HABITAT. In cultures of paddy field soils fl'om Bombay (Gonzalves and 26.
Gangla, 1949). . Trochiscia obtusa (Reinsch) Hansgirg
DISTRIBUTION.Europe, N. Amcrica, S. Africa, and India.
1946,P
-A. 174, pi
Hansgirg, I, f 5 130; J. Bnnmthaler,
1888,p . 1915, p 205;E. A. Gonzalvesand D. B.Joshi,
24. Trochiscia granulata (Reinsch) Hansgirg =AccnnthococclIs obtllsus Reinsch, 1886, p 243 pi 12, f 21

A. Hansirg, 1888, p 128; J. Brunnthaler, 1915, p 204; G. W. Prescott, 1951, p 239, pi 53,
f 18 Cells spherical. Cell membrane thick and with well developed verrucose ridges
= AcanthococclIs
grami/a/II"Reinsch, 1886,p 239, pili, f 3-4 in the form of folds. Cells 34---37ft In diameter (Fig. 26).

Cells spherical with thick cell membrane densely covered by prominent granular HABITAT. Planktonic in a pond in Bombay (Gonzalves and Joshi, I.e.).
DISTRIBUTION.'Europe, N. America, and India.
or wart-like emergences. Cells 8-23 ft (more commonly 13-18 ft) in diameter.
HABITAT. In puddles, Khan (Kamet, 1963, -p 238).
DISTRIBUTION.Europe, N. America, India (Maharashtra). Speciesof Trochiscia 110lrecorded.from lhe Indian region
The Indian alga is larger (19-28-30 ft) - .
T. angUca(Bennett) Hansgirg, 1888, p 128 T. ooata(Pouchet) Lemm., 1903, p 349
T. antarcticaFritsch, 1912, p 325 T. pachyderma(Reinsch) Hansg., IIJ!jIJ,p 128
val'. aerophila
.
(Printz) Printz
'- H. Printz, 1927, f 78; T. gralllliata var. aerophila printz in H. Skuja, 1949." p 63
T. arguta(Reinsch) Hansg., 1888, p 129
T. brachiolata(Moeb.) Lemm. 1903, p 348
T. crassaHansg., 1890; 1892, p 242
T. cryophilaChodat, 1896 __
T. palustrisKuetzing, 1845, p 129
T. papillosaKuetz., 1845, p 129
T. pallcispiizosa
(Cleve) Lemm., 1903, p 348,
T. PlanctonieaLind et Pearsall, 1945
=AcqnthococclIs granlllatlls Reinsch var ae~ophilusPrintz,-19~ I, piS, pi 2,.f 79-89
;;:- T. dictyon(JoeTgs.) Lemm., 1903, p 349 T. Plicata(Reinsch) Hansg., 1888, p 129
..~" T. echinospora(Crouan) De Toni, 1889, p 695 T. polygona(Ostenf.) Lemm., 1903, p 350
Cells spherical with thick colourless membrane covered by short, coarse; and " T. eeeviLemm., 1903, p'349 T. prolococcoitles
Kuetz., 1845, p 129
irregularly disposed warts usually with blunt tips. Cells 3-30 ft in diameter. Cell .,Y. T. erlangensisHansg., 1888, p 129 T. psammophilaHansg., 1892, p 240 ".it
.T. gutwinskiiSchmidle-see Brunnthaler, 19150;p204 T. reinschiiHansg., 1888, p 129
membrane up to 4 ft thick. Chloroplast parietal, bell-shaped, covering the -entire
inner wall and without a pyrenoid (Fig. 24). - , r. T.haloPhilaHansg.,1888,p 128
T. hirta (Reinsch) Hansg., 1888, p 128
' T. hystrix (Reinsch) Hansg., 1888, p 129
T. re/usa
(Reinsch)Hansg.,1888,p 128
T. rotunda (Pouchet) Lemm., 1903, p 349
T. sanguineaLagerheim, 1892
HABITAT. Epiphytic on Euglena sp., 10th mile, Prome Road-July (Skuja, I.e.): J- T. insignis (Reinsch) Hansg., 1838, p 129 T. sPinosa (Reinsch), Hansg., 1888, p 129,
DISTRIBUTION.
S. Africa and Burma. . . ,;r.minor (Hansg.) Hansg., 1888, p. 129 = T. reticularisHansgirg, sensu Prescott (1951)
'.,. '=Acanthococcus minor Hansg., 188_6,p 145 T. sporoides(Reinsch) Hansg., 1888, p-129
The alga originally described by Printz from p'urban is a typical aerophilous T. moebiusii(Joergs.) Lemm., 1903, p 349 T.'stagnalis Hansg., 1888, p 128
T. multangularisKuetzing, 1845,-p 129 T. uncinataW. West, 1892, p 737
form, with cells usually 10-20 ft (rarely 3~30 ft) in diameter, and the cell membrane up
'T. multispinosa(Moeb.) Lemm., 1903, p 349 T. undulala.(Ostenf,) Lemm., 1903, p 349_
to 4 ft thick. The- Burm~se form o~curring on Euglena had a diameter of 6-16 ft. T. naumanni,Kol, 1949-see Fott, 1959, p 424 T. vanhoejJenii
(Joeigs.) Lemm., 1903, p 349
· T. nioalisLagerheim,
ostenfeldiiLemm., 1903,
1892 p 349 T. ;::achariasiiLemm., 1903, p 157
25: Trochiscia reticu1aris (Reinsch) Hansgirg
A. Hansgirg, 1888, p 129; 1892, p 241; G. M. Smith, 1920, p 109, pi 22, f2; G. S. West and
F. E. Fritsch, 1927, p 121, f33 K X. Genus GOLENKINIA Chodat, 1894a, p 305
= AcanthococcusreticularisReinsch, 1886, p 241, pili, f 12, 14

Solitary or in palmelloid aggregates. Cells spherical. Cell wall fairly thick Cells usually solitary" fi'ee-floating, spherical and with a thin cell wall covered
and covered by linear ridges which intersect to form polygons. Cells usually 20-32 p, by long hyaline setae or bristles which are not thickened at the base. Chloroplast
single, parietal and with a single pyrenoid. .
. rarely 12-18 ft or up to 39 ft, in diameter (Fig. 25).
HABITAT.In paddy fields, Ceylon (W. and G. S. West, 1902); in cultures cf Asexual reproduction by the formation of 2-4-8 autospores or aplanospores,
rarely by(hemi-zoospores).
ZOOspores (4 in number) without flagella or stigma but with contractile
.
paddy field soils from U.P. (R. N. Singh, 1939); in pond, Azhicode, Kerala, rare- vacuoles
February (!).
Only one species recorded from the Indian region.
 MICRACTINIUM 105
CHLOROCOCCALES
,4
spherical with a thin firm cell membrane and with one or more (2-5) long hyaline
Colonies pyramidate and often with larger number of cells; cells usually with one spine, which is setae from their outer surface. Chloroplast single, parietal, cup-shaped and with a
50-90 p.long, rarely s20rter and broader at the base .M. bornhemiensie
(p 105) pyrenoid. Cells 3-10 p, in diameter. Setae usually up to 30 p, long, rarely up to 60 p"
l and 1-1' 5 P, broad at the base.
" ~

;MiC<1'actinium pusillum Fresenius Reproduction by autospores which are liberated as auto colonies or by oogamous
G. Fresenius, 1858, p 236, pili, £4.5-49; G. M. Smith, 1920, pp 125-26, pi 28, f 1-3; S. H. gametes. Oospores with an outer spinous wall, and 14-15 p, in diameter (Fig. 29).
Ley, 1947, P 276 HABITAT. Planktonic in ponds and' tanks, Bhopal, rather common-July,
=Goltnkiniabotryoides
Schmidle, 1896,P 194 '

=Richteriella botryoides(Schmidle) Lemmermann, 1898 a, p 307, pi 10, f 1-6; J. Brunnthaler, Raipur, rare-April, Cuttack, rare to rather comm:m, July, August, and December;
1915, p 119, f 87a and Hyderabad, rare-January; Swamp, Kausalya Ganga, rather common-April (!).
=R. botryoidesf. JenestrataChodat, 1902, P 194 '

=R. botryoides f. tetraedrica Lemm., 1910, P 307; J. Brunnthaler, 1915, p \19, f 87 b DISTRIBUTION.Europe. N. America, Africa, India, Java, Japan, and China.

Colonies quadrate, tetrahedric, or rarely pyramidate, with 4-8-16 or more 30. Micractinium bornhemiense (Conrad) Korshikov
of four, each group being quadrate or pyramidate,. Cells
lIs arranged in groups O. A. Korshikov, 1953, p 40 I, f 405
=Errerella bornhemiensis Conrad, 1913, p 242, f 1-3: J. Brunnthaler, 1915, p 120, f 87 c; G. M.
Smith, 1926, pp 178-79, p12, f 1-3; S. H. Ley, 1947, p 276

Colonies usually pyramidate with 16-64-256, rarely more, cells arrangjft in

. '

groups 1>ffOlJr,each_group being pyramidate. Cells spherical with a thin nrm memDriome
,,' ~ and usually with one (rarely two or three) gradually tapering hyaline setae fPOmtheir
outer surface. Chloroplast single, parietal and cup-shaped with or without a pyrenoid. .
Cells usually 6-9 p,,' rarely 3-5 p" in diam~ter. Setae usually 50-90 p" rare!y,
22'5-40 p" long and 1'3-2'0 f.l broad at,the'base (Fig. 30).
,lIABrr1\.T. Planktonic in ponds, Cuttack, rather common-August and
Azhicode, Cochin, abundant-February (!)',
DISTRIBUTION.Europe, N. America, India, and China.
Though there is a certain amount of overlappingbetweenM. bornhemiense and
. M. pusillum, particularly in the measureme~ts, it can be easily distinguished from
M. pusillum by its distinctly pyramidate colonies and usually larger number of cells.
The setae 'are also generally longer with slightly broader base. The absence of a
pyrenoid and the presence of only one spine'from each cell, as given in Conrad's original.
description, are not characteristic features Jince pyrenoids are, often present and the
..,.
fit number of setae may also _occasion~!ly be two to three from each ~ell.
Speciesnot recordedfrom the Indian region
M. appendiculatum Korshikov, 1953, p 402, f 406
M. eriense Tiffany et Ahlstrom, 1931
M. octospinum 'Hallett, 1962, p 487, f 4-6
M. quadrisetum (Lemm.) G. M. Smith, 1916 b, p479, pI 25, r 17
=Richteriella quadriseta Lemm., 1898 a, p 307
= R. botryoides (Schmid1e) Lemm. var. quadriseta (Lemm.) Chodat, 1902, p 194

Genera of Micractiniaceae lIot recordedfrom the Indian region

Acanthosphaera Lemmermann, 1899, p 118, with two species :
A. tenuispina Korsh., 1953, p 138, f 78
A. zachariasi Lemm., 1899, p 118, pI I, f 10-1 I
Echinosphaeridium Lemmermann, 1904, monospecific :
~f'.' E. nordstedtii Lemm., 1904
FIGs. 29-30. 29, MiGractinium pusillum FRESENIUS; 30, M. bornhemiense Palmellochaete "Korsh., 1953, p 268, monospecific :
(CONRAD) KORSH.; 30 a and c, PORTIONOF 30b, ENLARGED:,'30b x 1000;
p. te"mima K,orsh., 1953, p 269, f 222
~
--'
30 a, eX 1570.~9-X .570, .; '~~
..,
 MICRACTINIUM 105
CHLOROCOCCALES
i4 spherical with a thin firm cell membrane and with one or more (2-5) long hyaline
Colonies pyramidate and often with larger number of cells; cells usually with one spine, which is setae from their outer surface. Chloroplast single, parietal, cup-shaped and with a
50-90 ,..Iong, rarely s~orter and broader at the base .M. bornhemiensie
(p 105) pyrenoid. Cells 3-10 ft in diameter. Setae usually up to 30 ftlong, rarely up to 60 ft,
and 1-1' 5 ft broad at the base. ..
;Mi~actinium pusillum Fresenius Reproduction by autospores which are liberated as autocolonies or by oogamous
G. Fresenius, 1858, p 236, pili, f -1,5-49; G. M. Smith, 1920, pp 125-26, pI 28, £ 1-3; S. H. gametes. Oospores with an outer spinous wall, and 14-15 ft in diameter (Fig. 29).
Ley, 1947, P 276 HABITAT. Planktonic in ponds and tanks, Bhopal, rather common-July,
=Goltnkinia botryoides Schmidle, 1896, p 194
=Richteriella botryoides (Schmidle) Lemmermann, 1898 a, p 307, pi 10, £ 1-6; J. Brunnthaler, Raipur, rare-April, Cuttack, rare to rather comm:m, July, August, and December;
1915, p 119, £ 87a
=R. botryoides£.jenestrata Chodat, 1902, P 194 '
and Hyderabad, rare-January; Swamp, Kausalya Ganga, rather common-April (!).
=R. botryoides £. tetraedrica Lemm., 1910, P 307;J. Brunnthaler, 1915, p 119, £87 b DISTRIBUTION.Europe. N. America, Africa, India, Java, Japan, and China.

Colonies quadrate, tetrahedric, or rarely pyramidate, with: 4-8-16 or more 30. Micractinium boruhemieuse (Conrad) Korshikov
of four, each group being quadrate or pyramidate,. Cells
Us arranged in groups O. A. Korshikov, 1953, p 40 I, £ 405
=Errerella bornhemiensis Conrad, 1913, p 242, £ 1-3; J. Brunnthaler, 1915, p 120, £ 87 c; G. M.
Smith, 1926,pp 178-79,pl2, £ 1-3; S. H. Ley, 1947,p 276 '
.
Colonies usually pyramidate with 16-64-256, rarely more, cells arrangjtVin
groups2ffol,Jr, each_group being pyramidate. Cells spherical with a thin firm mem't~ane
\. > ,-and usually with one (rarely two or three) gradually tapering hyaline setae from their
outer surface. Chloroplast single, parietal and cup-shaped with or without a pyrenoid. .
Cells usually 6-9 ft,' rarely 3-5 ft, in diam~ter. Setae usually 50-90 ft, rare!y,
22'5-40 ft, long and 1'3-2'0 f' broad at ,the 'base (Fig. 30).
,HABITAT. Planktonic in ponds, Cuttack, rather common-August and
Azhicode, Cochin, abundant-February (!)',
DISTRIBUTION.Europe, N. America, India, and China.
l: Though there is a certain amount of overlapping between M. bornhemiense and
,. M. pusillum, particularly in the measuremeqts, it can be easily distinguished from
M. pusillum by its distinctly pyramidate colonies and usually larger number of cells.
The setae 'are also generally longer with slightly broader base. The absence of a
pyrenoid al}.dthe presence of only one spine"from each cell, as given in Conrad's original.
Sl)a description, are not characteristic features Jince pyrenoids are.often present and the
....
number of setae may also _occasion~!ly be two to three from each ~ell.
Speciesnot recorded
from the Indian region
M. appendiculatum Korshikov, 1953, p 402, f 406
M. eriense Tiffany et Ahlstrom, 1931
M. octosPinum'Hallett, 1962, p 487, £ 4-6
M. quadrisetum (Lemm.) G. M. Smith, 1916 b, p479, pi 25, r 17
=Richteriella quadriseta Lemm., 1898 a, p 307
= R. botryoides (Schmidle) Lemm. var. quadriseta (Lemm.) Chodat, 1902, p 194

Genera of Micractiniaceae tlot recordedfrom the Indian region

Acanthosphaera Lemmermann, 1899, p 118, with two species :
A. tenuisPina Korsh., 1953, p 138, £ 78
A. zachariasi Lemm.. 1899, p 118, pi I, £ 10-11
Echinosphaeridium Lemmermann, 1904, monospecific:
~~ E. nordstetftii Lemm., 1904
FIGs. 29-30. 29, Micractinium pusillum FRESENIUS;
30, M. bornhemiense Palmellochaete .Korsh., 1953, p 268, monospecific :
(CONRAD)KaRSH.; 30 a and c, PORTIONOF 30b, ENLARGI!:D:, '30b x 1000; 1'. tel!mima
..;
K,orsh., 1953, p 269, £ 222
......
aOare xI570.~9-X1570. .;. ~~""
to,