Curs Turca in LB Engleza

Numbers
Constructing numbers in Turkish is simple and straightforward. The rule is to line up the parts in decreasing magnitude like in English, but without putting any conjunctive words in between. For example, direct translation of !"# from Turkish would be $ thousand two hundred fifty six$. %et$s continue to construct numbers after you take a look at the table below. The numbers from & to & definitely need to be learned without any rule, as well as &, !&, ..., && and ,&&&' ,&&&,&&&' ,&&&,&&&,&&&.... (fter that, it$s all about applying the simple'straightforward rules and practicing.
&
s)f)r bir
! !! *& .& "& #& 1& 2& 3& && *1
yirmi bir yirmi iki otu+ k)rk elli altm)0 yetmi0 seksen doksan y,+ y,+ otu+ yedi
! * . " # 1 2 3 &
iki ,d/rt be0 alt) yedi seki+ doku+ on
on bir ! * on iki on ,-
!&& *&& ,&&&
iki y,+ ,- y,+ bin
Pronouns 1 Personal Pronouns

4ere are the Turkish translations of the personal pronouns. 4owever, these pronouns are generally omitted in sentences since person is implied in the adjectives or the verbs in sentences. They are often used to stress the person. i you he she it we you they g,+el ''8 beautiful 9 am beautiful. ''8 :en g,+el'im. ''8 ;,+elim. <=ersonal pronoun is implied> ?ou are beautiful. ''8 @en g,+el'sin. ''8 ;,+elsin. 4e7she7it is beautiful. ''8 A g,+el. ''8 ;,+el. Be are beautiful. ''8 :i+ g,+el'i+. ''8 ;,+eli+. ?ou are beautiful. ''8 @i+ g,+el'sini+. ''8 ;,+elsini+. They are beautiful. ''8 Anlar g,+el'ler. ''8 ;,+eller. k/t, ''8 bad 9 am bad. ''8 :en k/t,'y',m. ''8 C/t,y,m. <Dote how k/t, and 'm are connected with the fusion consonant $y$.> ?ou are bad. ''8 @en k/t,'s,n. ''8 C/t,s,n. 4e7she7it is bad. ''8 A k/t,. ''8 C/t,. Be are bad. ''8 :i+ k/t,'y',+. ''8 C/t,y,+. bi+ si+ onlar ben sen o i am adjective you are adjective he 5 she 6 is adjective it 7 we are adjective you are adjective they are adjective bi+ adjective'i+ si+ adjective'sini+ onlar adjective'ler ben adjective'im sen adjective'sin o adjective
?ou are bad. ''8 @i+ k/t,'sini+. ''8 C/t,s,n,+. They are bad. ''8 Anlar k/t,'ler. ''8 C/t,ler. geliyor ''8 coming <present continuous tense> 9 am coming. ''8 :en geliyor'um. ''8 ;eliyorum. ?ou are coming. ''8 @en geliyor'sun. ''8 ;eliyorsun. 4e7she7it is coming. ''8 A geliyor. ''8 ;eliyor. Be are coming. ''8 :i+ geliyor'u+. ''8 ;eliyoru+. ?ou are coming. ''8 @i+ geliyor'sunu+. ''8 ;eliyorsunu+. They are coming. ''8 Anlar geliyor'lar. ''8 ;eliyorlar. For nouns other than these pronouns, you must use the third person case. Ear+ena is beautiful. ''8 Ear+ena g,+el. Ear+ena is very beautiful. ''8 Ear+ena -ok g,+el. Foe is bad. ''8 Foe k/t,. Foe is coming. ''8 Foe geliyor.
Demonstrative pronouns
These are the pronouns used for obects instead of people. this that <between this and that> that these those <between these and those> those kitap ''8 book onlar o bunlar 0unlar bu 0u
:u bir kitap. ''8 This is a book. Gu bir kitap. ''8 That is a book. A bir kitap. ''8 That is a book. :unlar kitaplar. ''8 These are books. Gunlar kitaplar. ''8 Those are books. Anlar kitaplar. ''8 Those are books.
Possessive Pronouns
Personal posessive pronouns:
my your his her its our your their bi+'im si+'in onlar')n ben'im sen'in o'n'un my noun your noun his 5 her 6 noun its 7 our noun your noun their noun bi+'im noun'imi+ si+'in noun'ini+ onlar')n noun'leri ben'im noun'im sen'in noun'in o'n'un noun'i
Dotice his7her7its is o-n-un instead of o-un. @ince two vowels don$t come together in Turkish, one fusion consonant is added in between. 9t is $n$ in this case. Either a fusion consonant is added in between, or one of the vowels is dropped whenever a vowel is followed by another vowel. Bhich techniHue must be used changes among different rules, but it is consistent in a single rule. This will be mentioned in different lessons when necessary. ev ''8 house my house ''8 ben'im ev'im ''8 evim <personal pronoun is implied> your house ''8 sen'in ev'in ''8 evin
his7her7its house ''8 o'n'in ev'i ''8 onun evi ''8 evi our house ''8 bi+'im ev'imi+ ''8 evimi+ your house ''8 si+'in ev'ini+ ''8 evini+ their house ''8 onlar')n ev'leri ''8 evleri araba ''8 car my car ''8 ben'im araba'm ''8 arabam <the suffix 'im becomes 'm when added after a vowel, since two vowels don$t come together in Turkish> your car ''8 sen'in araba'n ''8 araban his7her7its car ''8 o'n'in araba's') ''8 onun arabas) ''8 arabas) <9nstead of dropping one vowel, here the fusion consonant $s$ is added between vowels since the suffix is only a single vowel.> our car ''8 bi+'im araba'm)+ ''8 arabam)+ your car ''8 si+'in araba'n)+ ''8 araban)+ their car ''8 onlar')n araba'lar) ''8 arabalar) For nouns other than these pronouns, always the third person form is used. ;i+em$s house ''8 ;i+em$in evi ;i+em$s car ''8 ;i+em$in arabas) Ey mother$s house ''8 (nnemin evi
Demonstartive posessive pronouns:

of this bu'n' un of that <between this and that> of that of these o'n'un bunlar' 0u'n' un
)n of those <between these and those> of those onlar' )n :unun evi ''8 The house of this Gunun evi ''8 The house of that Anun evi ''8 The house of that :unlar)n evleri ''8 The house of these. Gunlar)n evleri ''8 The house of those. Anlar)n evleri ''8 The house of those. For nouns other than these pronouns, always the third person form is used. The room of the house ''8 Evin odas) Cat$s food ''8 Cedinin yemeIi 0unlar' )n
Reflexive Pronouns
The way reflexive pronouns are constructed in Turkish is very similar to the way we do it in English. The Turkish word for self is kendi. The reflexive pronouns hence are as followsJ myself kendi' im yourself kendi' in himself kendi' kendisi kendin kendim
herself itself ourselves
si
kendi' imi+
kendimi+
yourselves
kendi' ini+
kendini+
themselves
kendi' leri
kendileri
Pronouns 2
9n the previous lesson on pronouns, we covered the basic pronouns. The topics covered wereJ

=ersonal pronouns <ben, sen, o, biz, siz, onlar> Kemonstrative pronouns <bu, u, o, bunlar, unlar, onlar> =ossessive pronouns
o
=ersonal possessive pronouns <benim, senin, onun, Kemonstrative possessive pronouns <bunun, unun,
bizim, sizin, onlarn>

o
onun, bunlarn, unlarn, onlarn>
Leflexive pronouns <kendim, kendin, kendisi, kendimi+,
kendini+, kendileri> There are also other pronouns used for many different situations, like everybody, nothing... %et$s now see the Turkish meanings for these pronouns. English Turkish
Basic components of these pronouns every thing none any one, a some all Pronouns everything something her0ey bir0ey <singular> her 0ey hiherhangibir bir ba+) b,t,n
bir0eyler <plural> nothing anything everybody somebody hi-bir 0ey herhangibir 0ey herkes birisi <singular> birileri <plural> hi- kimse herhangi birisi <bunlar)n> hepsi <onlar)n> hepsi hepimi+ hepini+ <bunlar)n> hi-biri <onlar)n> hi-biri hi-birimi+ hi-birini+ <bunlar)n> ba+)lar) <onlar)n> ba+)lar) ba+)lar)m)+ ba+)lar)n)+
nobody anybody all of these all of those all of us all of you none of these none of those none of us none of you some of these some of those some of us some of you
9n English, some of these pronouns that have negative meanings are used in
positive sentences. For example, There is nobody here. <9nstead of there isn$t nobody here> 9n Turkish, you never do this. 9f the meaning of a pronoun is negative, it must always be used in a negative sentence. @imilarly, pronouns with positive meanings must always be used in positive sentences. There is nobody here. ''8 :urada hi-kimse yok. Dow, let$s use some of these pronouns in sentencesJ Every flower does not smell. ''8 4er -i-ek kokma+. Bhat is this thingM ''8 :u 0ey neM There is none left. ''8 4i- kalmad). @ome students are here. ''8 :a+) /Irenciler burada. (ll students are here. ''8 :,t,n /Irenciler burada. Everything$s ok. ''8 4er0ey yolunda. Everything is here. ''8 4er0ey burada. (sk something. ''8 :ir0ey sor. 9 saw nothing. ''8 4i-bir 0ey g/rmedim. 9s there anythingM ''8 4erhangibir 0ey var m)M 9s everybody hereM ''8 4erkes burada m)M @omebody came. ''8 :irisi geldi. Dobody came. ''8 4i- kimse gelmedi. (nybody can come. ''8 4erhangi birisi gelebilir. (ll of these are mine. ''8 :unlar)n hepsi benim.
Date and Time
1 Time
%et$s start with simple dialogue sentences about time, the Huestion and different answers. Time ! English Bhat time is itM 9t is ten o$clock. 9t is five past ten. 9t is five past five. 9t is five past six. 9t is five past three. 9t is Huarter past ten. 9t is ten twenty. 9t is half past ten. 9t is ten thirty five. 9t is ten forty. 9t is Huarter to eleven. 9t is ten to eleven. 9t is eleven. Turkish "Parantheses for explanation onl#$ @aat ka-M @aat on < &>. @aat onu < &'i> be0 <"> ge-iyor. @aat be0i <"'i> be0 <"> ge-iyor. @aat alt)y) <#'NyO'i> be0 <"> ge-iyor. @aat ,-, <*'i> be0 <"> ge-iyor. @aat onu < &'i> -eyrek <Huarter> ge-iyor. @aat onu < &'i> yirmi <!&> ge-iyor. @aat on < &> bu-uk <half>. @aat on bire < 'e> yirmi be0 <!"> var. @aat on bire < 'e> yirmi <!&> var. @aat on bire < 'e> -eyrek <Huarter> var. @aat on bire < 'e> on < &> var. @aat on bir < >.
Dow, time to explain the words and phrases used in this table. %et$s start with the Huestion, $Saat ka !$. Bord by wordJ @aat ''8 4our Ca- ''8 4ow many 9t is not perfectly logical, but the Huestion sentence used for asking the time is $ Saat ka !$.
%ove
9n this lesson, we will cover the love words and expressions in Turkish. 9n English, you can use words like $honey, darling, sweetheart$ to call the person you love. %et$s start with a list of love words used to call the person you love in Turkish. ( general point here is that you always use these words with possession in Turkish. 9nstead of saying $ honey$, the word you use in Turkish means $my honey$. 9 will also give the direct translations of these words to English. (lthough the meaning of some of these words may seem strange, they can all be used to call the person you love. Turkish a0k)m can)m bi tanem hayat)m sevgilim bal)m tatl)m g,+elim English my love my life my only one my life my darling my honey my sweety <used for girls> my beautiful <used for girls> -i-eIim g,l,m meleIim my flower <used for girls> my rose <used for girls> my angel <used for girls>
Dow, let$s see some common love phrases in Turkish and their meaningsJ
Turkish @eni seviyorum. @eni -ok seviyorum. @enden -ok ho0lan)yorum. :enimle -)kar m)s)nM :enimle dans eder misinM :enimle evlenir misinM Evlenme teklifi. Di0anl) L,yalar)m)n erkeIisin7kad)n)s)n. @eninle olmak istiyorum. @eninle kalmak istiyorum. @eni -ok /+l,yorum. @eni -ok /+ledim. :ira+ daha kalabilir misinM @eni bir daha ne +aman g/receIimM :ir yerlerde bulu0al)m. @eni g/rmek istiyorum.
English 9 love you. 9 love you very much. 9 like you very much. Bould you like to go out with meM Bould you like to dance with meM Bill you marry meM Earriage proposal. Fiancee ?ou are the man7woman of my dreams. 9 want to be with you. 9 want to stay with you. 9 am missing you very much. 9 missed you very much. Can you stay a little longerM Bhen will 9 see you nextM %et$s meet somewhere. 9 want to see you.
Pok g,+elsin.
?ou are very beautiful.
"rint view
&nton#ms
( set of important antonyms you need to know... English big'small fast'slow Huick'slow full'empty easy'difficult heavy'light open'shut right'wrong old'new old'young first'last beautiful'ugly free'busy Turkish b,y,k'k,-,k h)+l)'yava0 -abuk'yava0 dolu'bo0 kolay'+or aI)r'hafif a-)k'kapal) doIru'yanl)0 eski'yeni ya0l)'genilk'son g,+el'-irkin serbest'me0gul
good'bad better'worse the best'the worst early'late cheap'expensive near'far here'there right'left tall'short dark'light high'low open'closed thin'thick slim'fat
iyi'k/t, daha iyi'daha k/t, en iyi'en k/t, erken'geucu+'pahal) yak)n'u+ak burada'orada saI'sol u+un'k)sa koyu'a-)k y,ksek'al-ak a-)k'kapal) ince'kal)n +ay)f'0i0man
'uantit# (ords
English a little, some very, much, many enough any, no, none few too much, too many too more less a few
Turkish bira+ -ok yeterli hia+ -ok fa+la fa+la daha fa+la, daha -ok daha a+ birka- <tane>
)olors
English :lack Bhite Led :lue Arange ;reen =urple =ink :rown ?ellow ;rey Color %ight Kark
Turkish @iyah :eya+ C)rm)+) Eavi Turuncu ?e0il Eor =embe Cahverengi @ar) ;ri Lenk (-)k Coyu
The Huestion for asking colors is constructed similar to the way it$s done in EnglishJ #ngJ Bhat color is QQQM $rJ QQQ ne renkM <%ere, ne is what and renk is color>
The answer is also simpleJ EngJ QQQ is red. TrJ QQQ k)rm)+). 4owever, note the difference in word ordering when you want to add a color <or any adjective> to an indefinite noun. EngJ ( red QQQ. TrJ C)rm)+) bir QQQ. <Dot $&ir krmz '''$> Dow, try to understand the following sentences. 4old the mouse pointer on a sentence to see its English translation. ' :u araba a-)k mavi. ' Evim koyu k)rm)+). ' ;/+lerin ne renkM ' :eya+ bir g/mlek ald)m.
*amil#
English father mother brother sister elder brother elder sister son daughter aunt <mother side> aunt <father side> grandfather grandmother grandmother <mother side> grandmother <father side> nephew, niece
Turkish baba anne <erkek> karde0 <k)+> karde0 abi abla oIul ' erkek -ocuk k)+ ' k)+ -ocuk tey+e hala dede ' b,y,kbaba nine ' b,y,kanne anneanne
babaanne
yeIen
uncle <father side> uncle <mother side> cousin father'in'law mother'in'law sister'in'law sister'in'law$s husband son'in'law daughter'in'law sister$s husband grandson, granddaughter, grandchild twin twin brother, twin sister wife husband step mother step father
amca day) ku+en kay)nbaba ' kay)npeder kaynana ' kay)nvalide bald)+ bacanak damat gelin eni0te torun
iki+ iki+ karde0 e0, han)m, kar) koca ,vey anne ,vey baba
*ruits and vegetables
English *ruits !!! +e#veler banana apple orange grape cherry tangerine sour cherry pear avocado pineapple strawberry currant grapefruit fig watermelon
Turkish
mu+ elma portakal ,+,m kira+ mandalina vi0ne armut avokado ananas -ilek ku0,+,m, greyfurt incir karpu+
melon apricot kiwi mulberry raspberry blackberry plum ,egetables !!! -eb.eler lettuce eggplant +ucchini cucumber parsley potato onion tomato pepper cabbage
kavun kay)s) kivi dut ahududu b/I,rtlen erik
marul patl)can kabak salatal)k ' h)yar maydano+ patates soIan domates biber lahana
cauliflower lemon
karn)bahar limon
Beight is measured with kilograms in Turkey like in Europe, unlike pounds used in (merica. @ome sentences useful for buying fruits and vegetables would beJ @entences for reHuestJ (. :ir kilo domates alabilir miyimM <Can 9 get one kilogram tomatoesM> (. Rki kilo elma verir misini+M <Can you give me two kilograms of appleM> (. ?ar)m kilo -ilek alacakt)m. <@omething like S9 would like to buy half a kilogram of strawberries.S> =ossible response of the sellerJ :. Tabi, buyrun.<@ure, here you are> :. 4emen. <9mmediately> :. :uyrun, afiyet olsun. <4ere you are, good appetite> Leply to the seller before leavingJ (. Te0ekk,rler. <Thank you> (. 4ay)rl) i0ler. <@omething like S4ave a fruitful work dayS> (. Ryi g,nler. <4ave a nice day> (nother point worth noting if you are in Turkey is that bargaining is very common J> ?ou can buy many things under the display price with some bargaining. 4owever, this is not true if you are shopping from a supermarket where you buy things and pay to the cashier.
Bod# parts
English
Turkish
,/cudumu. !!! 0ur Bod# head body arm leg hand foot finger index finger thumb eye ear hair nail nose mouth tooth kafa ' ba0 v,cut ' g/vde kol bacak el ayak parmak i0aret parmaI) ba0 parmak g/+ kulak sat)rnak burun aI)+ di0
&nimals
English &nimals !!! 1a#vanlar animal lion tiger sheep cow bull ox hen rooster pig horse donkey turkey dog cat mouse fish whale dolphin
Turkish
hayvan aslan kaplan koyun inek boIa /k,+ tavuk horo+ domu+ at e0ek hindi k/pek kedi fare bal)k balina yunus
)haracter
English )haracter !!! 2arakter behavior honest patient impatient kind proud polite impolite decent skilful witty, clever Huite curious funny boring cruel
Turkish
davran)0 d,r,st sab)rl) sab)rs)+ kibar gururlu kibar kaba terbiyeli ' na+ik yetenekli +eki ' ak)ll) suskun ' sessi+ merakl) komik s)k)c) +alim
1ouse and furniture
English 1ouse !!! Ev door room front door back door window kitchen bedroom dining room living room ch)ldren$s room bathroom toilet balcony corridor garden basement
Turkish
kap) oda /n kap) arka kap) pencere mutfak yatak odas) yemek odas) oturma odas) -ocuk odas) banyo tuvalet balkon koridor bah-e bodrum
3llness
English -icknesses sick headache to catch a cold flu measles tootache stomach ache contagious ulcer cancer to faint hiccups migraine heart attack itch
Turkish
hasta, rahats)+ ba0 aIr)s) soIuk almak grip ne+le di0 aIr)s) kar)n aIr)s) bula0)c) ,lser kanser bay)lmak h)-k)r)k migren kalp kri+i ka0)t)
to itch angina bronchitis
ka0)nmak anjin bron0it
Dow, some sentences for telling you or somebody is sick. ' 9 am very sick. <(ok hastaym.> ' 9 have a toothache. <)iim a*ryor.> ' 9 have measles. <+ezleyim. or +ezle oldum.> ' 9 got sick. <%asta oldum.> ' 9 don$t feel well. <,endimi iyi hissetmiyorum. > ' Ey foot is itching. <-ya*m kanyor.> 9f somebody tells you that he is sick or somebody close to him is sick, you sayJ ' ;e-mi0 olsun. <This is like wishing for recovery.>
+a4or ,o5el 1armon#
Towel harmony is one of the most fundamental and important aspects of Turkish grammar. Turkish words generally obey two vowel harmony rules, called the major vowel harmony and the minor vowel harmony. Eore important than the words obeying these rules, there are ways these rules change the vowels in the suffixes added to words. ( good understanding of these rules is necessary to be able to use suffixes, hence to be able to make correct and meaningful sentences.
1 +a4or ,o5el 1armon#

The 2 vowels in the Turkish alphabet are separated into two groups called hard vowels and soft vowels. There are . hard vowels and . soft vowels. 1ard vo5elsJ -oft vo5elsJ a, ), o, u e, i, /, ,
Bords of Turkish origin generally <not always> have all hard or all soft vowels. This is just a generali+ation that you won$t use for constructing Turkish words and sentences. Bords that have hard and soft vowels together are said to violate the major vowel harmony. ( word that violates the major vowel harmony probably has been adopted from another language or has been changed in the lifetime of the Turkish language. Each of the hard vowels are the hard counterparts of one soft vowel <and vice versa>. Following this rule, vowels can be paired with their counterparts as followsJ 1ard a ) o u -oft e i / ,
( Turkish word is either a hard word or a soft word depending on its last
vowel. ev.home/ is a soft word since its last and only vowel, e, is a soft vowel. okul.school/ is a hard word since its last vowel, u, is a hard vowel. kahve.coffee/ is a soft word since its last vowel, e, is a soft vowel. Dow, try to guess if the following words are hard or soft. Eove the mouse over the right table cell of the word to see the answer. (ord meslek.job/ araba.car/ g,+el.beautiful/ yemek.food/ g,l,mse.smile/ -abuk.0uick/ g,l.rose/ g/l.lake/ gidelim.let1s go/ telefon.tele2hone/ Eajor vowel harmony states thatJ

1ard or -oft @AFT 4(LK @AFT @AFT @AFT 4(LK @AFT @AFT @AFT 4(LK
(ny suffix appended to a hard word must have hard vowels (ny suffix appended to a soft word must have soft vowels
(s an example to this rule let$s consider the suffix -de. Bhen added to a noun, this suffix gives the meaning of Sat3in the location ex2ressed by that nounS. Bhen added to a soft word like ev.home/, this suffix is -de. 4owever, when
added to a hard word like okul.school/, the soft vowels in this suffix are replaced by their hard counterparts and the suffix becomes -da. 4enceJ at home ''8 evde at school ''8 okulda in the car ''8 arabada at the lake ''8 g/lde
+inor ,o5el 1armon#

2 +inor ,o5el 1armon#

Be saw that the 2 vowels in the Turkish alphabet are divided into two groups as hard and soft vowels. :esides this grouping, the 2 vowels are divided into two groups as round vowels and flat vowels. There are . flat and . round vowels. ( vowel$s being round or flat is actually determined from the shape of the mouth when pronouncing that vowel, but it can also be seen in the shape of the capital characters. *lat vo5elsJ Round vo5elsJ ( Turkish word is either a round word or a flat word depending on its last vowel. ev.home/ is a flat word since its last and only vowel, e, is a flat vowel. okul.school/ is a round word since its last vowel, u, is a round vowel. kahve.coffee/ is a flat word since its last vowel, e, is a flat vowel. (, E, 9, R A, U, V, W
Dow, try to guess if the following words are round or flat. Eove the mouse over the right table cell of the word to see the answer. (ord meslek.job/ araba.car/ g,+el.beautiful/ yemek.food/ g,l,mse.smile/ -abuk.0uick/ g,l.rose/ g/l.lake/ gidelim.let1s go/ telefon.tele2hone/ Einor vowel harmony states thatJ 9f a suffix starting with -i is appended to a round word, the -i in the suffix becomes -u or -. This depends on whether the word is hard or soft. The major vowel harmony and the minor vowel harmony apply to words simultaneously. This meansJ
Round or *lat F%(T F%(T F%(T F%(T F%(T LAVDK LAVDK LAVDK F%(T LAVDK
9f a suffix starting with -i is added to a hard and round word, the -i in the suffix becomes -u.
o o o
okul ''8 school Na hard vowelO suffix we will add is -im <gives the meaning my> my school ''8 okulum Nthe suffix -im changes according to vowel harmonies and becomes -umO
9f a suffix starting with -i is added to a soft and round word, the -i in the suffix becomes -.
o o o
g,l ''8 rose suffix we will add is -im <gives the meaning my> my rose ''8 g,l,m Nthe suffix -im changes according to vowel harmonies and becomes -mO
my telephone ''8 telefonum my beautiful ''8 g,+elim my lake ''8 g/l,m
Notes on ,o5el 1armon#

6 Practical notes about vo5el harmon# rules

(s far as vowel harmony is concerned, we can separate all the suffixes in Turkish into two main groups. Thinking in terms of these two cases simplifies these seemingly complicated rules. These areJ . The suffixes with first vowel 'i <the suffixes 'i, 'di, 'iyor, 'im, 'in ...> !. suffixes with first vowel 'e <the suffixes 'e, 'de, 'den, 'erek, ...> (ll suffixes you see used in words with first vowel 'i, ', 'u, ' fall into the first group, and they are different forms of this case modified according to vowel harmony rules. (ll suffixes you see in words with first vowel 'e, 'a fall into the second group, and they are different forms of this case modified according to vowel harmony rules. Do suffixes have 'o or '4 as the first vowel. (ctually, no suffix has the letter '/ in it and there is only one suffix that has the vowel 'o <this is the suffix for present continuous tense, 'iyor and this 'o does not change according to any
vowel harmony rules>. The suffixes in the first case are affected from both the major vowel harmony and the minor vowel harmony. For example, the suffix 'di can become 'di, 'd, 'du or 'd depending on the word at which it is appended. The suffixes in the second case are affected by only the major vowel harmony rule. For example, the suffix 'erek can become 'erek or 'arak depending on the word at which it is appended.
,o5el Rules
:esides the vowel harmony rules, there are other basic rules that affect the way suffixes are used. ( vowel following another is never allowed in Turkish, and there are rules to avoid these situations when they occur as a result of other rules. There are also rules about consonant harmony, that make some consonants change in certain cases.
1 (hen t5o vo5els come together

9n Turkish, two vowels can never come together. @o, what do we do when we need to add a suffix that starts with a vowel at the end of a word that ends with a vowelM There are two cases hereJ
1.1. Dropping a vowel

To say my house, you append the suffix meaning my <'im> to the word meaning house <ev>. @imple enough, $my house$ ''8 evim. ?ou want to say $my car$. Car is araba and the suffix that gives the meaning my is 'im. Change the suffix according to vowel harmony rules so that is can be appended to araba <a hard and flat word> and 'im becomes ')m. @o, to put it together, my car becomes $araba-m 5 arabam$. 4owever, two vowels can not come together in Turkish. Trouble... To avoid this, we drop one of the vowels in this case. 9f both of the vowels are in the group 6-i, -, -u, -6 than these two vowels have to be the same <look at the vowel harmony rules to understand why>. @ince the two vowels are the same, it does not matter which one we drop in this case. 4owever, if one of the vowels is in the group 6-i, -, -u, -6 but the other is not <meaning that it is one of 6a, e, o, 46> then generally the vowel in the group S'i,
'), 'u, ',S is dropped. There are some exceptions to this, however, and these exceptions will be noted when necessary. (pplying these rules, 1my car1 becomes 1arabam1.
1.2. Adding a fusion consonant in between

?ou are asked where you are going. ?ou want to say 67to8 home6. Dote that for home, the direction proposition is omitted in English but not in Turkish. 4ence, you append the suffix giving the direction meaning <'e> to the word meaning home <ev> and your reply becomes SeveS. 4owever, if you are going to the car and you want to tell this to your friend, life is not that simple for youJ
First, change the suffix 'e according to vowel harmony rules according to araba and it becomes 'a9 Dow, add this suffix 'a at the end of our word araba, and get arabaa.
Two vowels togetherXX Krop oneM Vnfortunately, not this time. 9n this case, we need to add a fusion consonant between the two vowels. There is not a simple rule to tell why. @ometimes one of the two vowels is dropped, sometimes one fusion consonant is added in between. 4owever, what you do is consistent for a given suffix. 9f you are adding the suffix -e to a word that ends with a vowel <like araba>, you always add the fusion consonant $y$ in between. @aying $to the car$ then becomes arabaya. Too much effort spent to say a very simple wordM Eore to come. %et$s practice on a few other wordsJ Coast ''8 C)y) 6 To the coast ''8 C)y)'e ''8 C)y)ya Loom ''8 Ada 6 To the room ''8 Ada'e ''8 Adaya @hip ''8 ;emi 6 To the ship ''8 ;emi'e ''8 ;emiye This may take some time to get used to, but you can sure do that. :ut unfortunately, that$s not everything. The fusion consonant is not $ y$ every time. $y$ is the most common one, so you can put $y$ whenever you don$t remember which one to put, chances are high you$ll be right. The other consonants that are sometimes used as fusion consonants are $ s$ and $n$. %et$s see different cases where these fusion consonants are usedJ
! The suffix -i 9f the suffix -i is used as the -i form of a noun, making it a direct object <like the in English>, then the fusion consonant y is used. araba'i sat '8 araba'y') sat '8 arabay) sat <sell the car> ya+)'i oku '8 ya+)'y') oku '8 ya+)y) oku <read the text> 9f the suffix -i is used as the third person posessive <his'her'its>, then the fusion consonant s is used. araba'i '8 araba's') '8 arabas) <his'her'its car> para'i '8 para's') '8 paras) <his'her'its money> kedi'i '8 kedi's'i '8 kedisi <his'her'its cat> Y Dote that the word for water <su> is an exception for this case, the fusion consonant y is used with the word su <water>. su'i '8 su'y'u '8 suyu <his'her'its water> ! The suffix -e <direction suffix, adds the meaning of preposition to> Bhen the direction suffix -e is added to a word that ends with a vowel, the fusion consonant y is added in between. araba'e '8 araba'y'a '8 arabaya <to the car> konu'e '8 konu'y'a '8 konuya <to the topic> pencere'e '8 pencere'y'e '8 pencereye <to the window> ! The suffix -in <gives the genitive meaning, like (ndy$s> Bhen the suffix -in is added to a word that ends with a vowel, the fusion consonant n is added in between.
araba'in '8 araba'n')n '8 araban)n <of the car, the car$s> konu'in '8 konu'n'un '8 konunun <of the topic> pencere'in '8 pencere'n'in '8 pencerenin <of the window> UbrP Y Dote that the suffix -in is also used with the second person posessive meaning. 9f the suffix -in used as second person possessive is added to a word that ends with a vowel, than the letter i of the suffix is dropped. The same is true for the first person possessive suffix, -im, first person plural possessive suffix, -imiz and second person plural possessive suffix, -iniz. araba'im '8 araba'm '8 arabam <my car> kedi'in '8 kedi'n '8 kedin <your cat> kap)'imi+ '8 kap)'m)+ '8 kap)m)+ <our door> para'ini+ '8 para'n)+ '8 paran)+ <your <plural> money> pencere'im '8 pencere'm '8 pencerem <my window> There are also other uses of fusion consonants besides separating two vowels. ! The suffix -le <with, by> Bhen the suffix -le is added to a word that ends with a vowel, the fusion consonant y is added in between. araba'le git '8 araba'y'la git '8 arabayla git <go by car> kedi'le oyna '8 kedi'y'le oyna '8 kediyle oyna <play with the cat> gemi'le gel '8 gemi'y'le gel '8 gemiyle gel <come by ship> ! The suffix -de <location, like propositions at, in, on> and the suffix 'den <proposition from> Bhen the suffix -de or -den is added to a word as the first suffix, no fusion consonant is used. :ut when one of -de or -den3 is added to a word that already has a suffix or a series of suffixes that end with a vowel, the fusion consonant n is added in between.
araba'de '8 araba'da '8 arabada <in the car> kedi'den '8 kediden <from the cat> araba'si'de '8 araba's)'n'da '8 arabas)nda <in his'her'its car> kedi'in'ki'den '8 kedi'n'in'ki'n'den '8 kedininkinden <from the cat$s> gemi'leri'den '8 gemi'leri'n'den '8 gemilerinden <from their ship>
)onsonant 1armon#
:esides the vowel harmony rules, there are other basic rules that affect the way suffixes are used. ( vowel following another is never allowed in Turkish, and there are rules to avoid these situations when they occur as a result of other rules. There are also rules about consonant harmony, that make some consonants change in certain cases.
2 )onsonant 1armon#
Towel harmony rules cause the vowels of suffixes to be modified when they are added to some words. There are similar rules about consonants. 4owever, you may feel that all these rules are too many just for a simple start. Then, 9 advice you to omit the consonant harmony rules when you want to say or write something, just for the start. ?ou will still be understood. Consonant harmony is mainly for making speech more fluent, it does not have a major effect on understandability. ?ou will eventually learn these if you decide to continue learning Turkish, as you read sentences or listen to Turkish speakers. There are two cases consonant harmony takes affectsJ The trouble making consonants in this case are $p$, $-$, $t$ and $k$. Bhenever a word ends with one of these consonants and you want to add some suffix to that word, stop there and think twice. Try to find a different way of expressing your thoughts. 9f you can$t do that, if you really need to use that word and add a suffix to it, then follow the guidelines 9 will present nowJ %et$s call the words that end with one of $p$, $-$, $t$ or $k$ the trouble words. :ut be careful, this is not an officially used term.
CASE A - Word mutation.

Two conditions must be satisfied for word mutation to occurJ
. !. change. sa-') ''8 sa-)
?ou have a word ending with one of $2, , t, k$. ?ou want to add this word a suffix that starts with a vowel.
9f the word has only one syllable, like sa-, you are safe. The word does not
sap'a ''8 sapa 4owever, if the word has more than one syllable, than the consonant at the end changes.

p becomes b - becomes c t becomes d k becomes I
(nd here are some examples to thisJ aIa-'a ''8 aIaca <to the tree> 0arap')n ''8 0arab)n <of the wine> kaI)t'a ''8 kaI)da <to the paper> geyik'e ''8 geyiIe <to the deer>
CASE B - Suffix mutation.

Two conditions must be satisfied for suffix mutation to occurJ 1. ?ou have a word ending with one of $2, , t, k, f, h, s, $. !. ?ou want to add this word a suffix that starts with $c$ or $d$. 9n this case, the first letter of the consonant changes.

c becomes d becomes t
Examples to this would beJ %eh ''8 =olish <people> %eh'ce ''8 %eh-e ''8 =olish <language> T,rk ''8 Turkish <people> T,rk'ce ''8 T,rk-e ''8 Turkish <lanuage> yap ''8 do
yap'di ''8 yapt) ''8 he did
3nfinitives and Plurals
1 3nfinitives
Terbs in Turkish, when used alone, have the imperative meaning as in English. do ''8 yap come ''8 gel go ''8 git drink ''8 isleep ''8 uyu 9n order to make a verb infinitive, the suffix -mek is used. to do ''8 yapmak <changes to -mak since ya2.do/ is a hard word> to come ''8 gelmek to go ''8 gitmek to drink ''8 i-mek to sleep ''8 uyumak The following are examples to the use of infinitives in TurkishJ 9t is good to sleep. ''8 Vyumak iyi<dir>. 9t is difficult to study. ''8 Pal)0mak +or<dur>. 9 want to go. ''8 ;itmek istiyorum. 9 want to walk. ''8 ?,r,mek istiyorum.
2 Plurals
To make plurals of nouns, the suffix 'ler is used. :elow are some examples, note how the suffix 'ler becomes $sometimes 'ler, sometimes 'lar1 obeying the rules of vowel harmony. road<s> ''8 yol ''8 yollar tree<s> ''8 aIa- ''8 aIa-lar rose<s> ''8 g,l ''8 g,ller room<s> ''8 oda ''8 odalar house<s> ''8 ev ''8 evler job<s> ''8 meslek ''8 meslekler
Negatives 1 Negatives of nouns and ad4ectives

To make a noun or adjective negative, add the word de*il at the end of the adjective or noun. Positive :u bir araba. .$his is a car9/ A bir ev. .$hat is a house9/ A -ok g,+el. .She is very beautiful9/ Negative :u bir araba deIil. .$his is not a car/ A bir ev deIil. .$hat is not a house/ A -ok g,+el deIil. .She is not very beautiful9/ :u araba beya+. .$his car is white9/ :u araba beya+ deIil. .$his car is not white/
2 Negatives of verbs
To make a verb negative, add the suffix 'me at the root of the verb. to come ''8 gel'mek not to come ''8 gel'me'mek <the negating suffix is always added at the verb root> Dote how the suffix is added at the root. This is always the case. ( verb may have many suffixes, but the negating suffix is always immediately after the verb root. (ll the other suffixes follow as if they are being added to the positive of the verb. gel'di ''8 geldi ''8 he came gel'me'di ''8 gelmedi ''8 he did not come ol'mak ya da ol'ma'mak ''8 olmak ya da olmamak ''8 to be or not to be
6 There is7 there is not

9n Turkish, there are special words for there is and there is not. 9n particularJ there is ''8 var there is not ''8 yok %et$s make sentences with these wordsJ
There is a book on the table. ''8 Easada bir kitap var. There isn$t a table in this room. ''8 :u odada <bir> masa yok. The words $var$ and $yok$ are more important than this, since they are used when you want to say 6: have6 or 6: don1t have6 as well. 9n Turkish, to say S9 have somethingS, you say SThere is my somethingS. %et$s give examplesJ 9 have a book. ''8 <:enim> kitab)m var. (ylin has a car. ''8 (ylin$in arabas) var. This woman has seven cats. ''8 :u kad)n)n yedi kedisi var. <%ike saying S $here is this woman1s seven catsS> 9 don$t have a car. ''8 <:enim> arabam yok. Ey uncle does not have a daughter. ''8 (mcam)n k)+) yok.
Noun states
9n Turkish, a noun has " fundamental states, produced using suffixes, that correspond to meanings of some prepositions in English. 9t is not necessary to learn these as the states of nouns, but learning these suffixes is important since they are very commonly used. -tate Dothing state <no suffix> 'i state 'e state Earks the noun as the subject of an action. (dds the meaning of direction <very similar to the proposition to> 'de state (dds the meaning of position <Vsed for the prepositions in, at, on> 'den state (dds the meaning of from, used for this preposition (n important thing to note here is the use of the 'i form. 9t is used to denote the subject of an action, and adds the meaning of Sbeing known, s2ecifiedS +eaning Fust the plain noun.
just as the meaning given by StheS. This will be more clear after looking at the sentences below. <bir ''8 one, kedi ''8 cat, g/rd,m ''8 9 saw> :ir kedi g/rd,m. ''8 9 saw a cat. <Dote that although cat is the object of the action here, the 'i form of kedi is not used since it is not known, i.e. it is a cat, not the cat> Cediyi g/rd,m. ''8 9 saw the cat. <Dote that kedi has the suffix 'i, but the two 'i$s are separated by the fusion consonant $y$.> Dow, example sentences for all the cases.
Dothing stateJ
o
This is a house. ''8 :u bir ev.
'i stateJ
o
9 saw the house. ''8 Evi g/rd,m.
'e stateJ
o
;o home. ''8 Eve git. <4ouse and home are the same
word in Turkish, 1ev1.>
'de stateJ
o o o
The pen is on the table. ''8 Calem masada. Foe is at school. ''8 Foe okulda. ?our mother is in that room. ''8 (nnen o odada.
'den stateJ
o
9 came from home. ''8 Evden geldim.
To be
The verb to be <for the ;is; in English> is handled in a special way, it is different from the other verbs. This is also the case in Turkish, the use of the verb to be is very uniHue. Vnlike all the other verbs, to be is expressed with suffixes. 9t can be in one of present tense or past tense. %etZs see it in present tense and past tense for different cases of personal pronouns.
English
Turkish
-uffix
Present tense to be i am xxx you are xxx he 5 she 6 is xxx it 7 we are xxx you are xxx they are xxx bi+ xxx'i+ si+ xxx'sini+ onlar xxx or onlar xxx'ler Past tense to be i was xxx you were xxx he 5 she 6 was xxx ben xxx'dim sen xxx'din o xxx-di 'dim 'din -di ben xxx'im sen xxx'sin o xxx 'im 'sin -<none> or 'dir 'i+ 'sini+ none or 'ler
it 7 we were xxx you were xxx they were xxx bi+ xxx'dik si+ xxx'dini+ onlar xxx7-y8'diler 'dik 'dini+ <'y>' diler
N0TE 1 For the third person of the present tense to be, there are two cases. Ane with no suffix and one with 'dir. 9f you are making a personal statement or you are talking in a casual way, you use the no suffix case. 4owever, if you want to make a definitive or informative statement like one in an encyclopedia, you use the suffix 'dir. :oth have the same meaning, and sometimes can be used interchangeably. %etZs see examples to this. This house is very big. ''8 :u ev -ok b,y,k. That is my house. ''8 A benim evim. 4e is a student. ''8 A bir /Irenci. @pider is an animal. ''8 Ur,mcek bir hayvand)r. <The 'dir case is used since this is an informative statement> @un is larger than earth. ''8 ;,ne0 d,nyadan daha b,y,kt,r. <(gain, this is an informative statement>
N0TE 2 When constructing the third person plural past tense form of to be, the suffix -ler can be ommitted in some cases. These are explained below
a. !umans or ob"ects that ha#e no indi#idualit$ ta%e singular con"ugation for third person plural. But if the spea%er wants to gi#e ob"ects indi#idualit$ then
he can use plural. This would be a poetic sentence.
b. !umans and other things that ha#e indi#idualit$ &for instance animals that ha#e names' can ta%e either singular or plural con"ugation. (suall$ if the sub"ect is defined &if we %nown them' then we use plural con"ugation. )f the sub"ect is undefined then we use singular con"ugation.
N0TE 6 @ince the verb to be is different for each personal pronoun, personal pronouns can be omitted in speech or writing. The meaning of person is given with this verb. To say S: am beautiful9S you can use one ofJ S&en gzelim.S S<zelim9S. Vsing the personal pronoun adds the meaning of stressing person. Be will use the personal pronoun in parenthesis to indicate that it is optional. Dow, letZs see where to be is usedJ . To construct a sentence with a noun or adjective instead of a ?ou are beautiful. ''8 <@en> g,+elsin. ?ou were beautiful. ''8 <@en> g,+eldin. This is a house. ''8 :u bir ev. That was a house. ''8 A bir evdi. verb, like in English. The verb to be is the implicit verb here.
o o o o
!.
To construct verbs in different tenses, the suffix for each tense is
used with either present tense of to be or past tense of to be. (ctually, it is present tense of to be in all cases except the regular 2ast tense.
&d4ective and noun clauses

9n this lesson, we will learn how adjective clauses <for describing a noun using
an adjective, like beautiful girl> and noun clauses <for describing ownership relationships between nouns, like car1s door> are formed in Turkish. First, let$s start with the adjective clauses which is simpler and then we$ll look at noun clause construction.
&d4ective clauses
Constructing adjective clauses in Turkish is very simple and straightforward, almost the same as in English. The only thing you need to do is to put the correct adjective before the noun. beautiful girl [[8 g,+el k)+ fast car [[8 h)+l) araba big house [[8 b,y,k ev thick book [[8 kal)n kitap high building [[8 y,ksek bina hard lesson [[8 +or ders slow train [[8 yava0 tren 9f you don$t add the adjective before the noun but use it as the main expression in the sentence, the word order changes in English and it changes the same way in Turkish. This girl is beautiful. ''8 :u k)+ g,+el This car is fast. ''8 :u araba h)+l). (hmet is tall. ''8 (hmet u+un. 9 am tall. ''8 :en u+unum. <Dote the use of verb to be with the adjective> ?ou are tall. ''8 @en u+unsun. 4owever, note that when you want to say a beautiful girl, the word for a <bir> is placed between the adjective and the noun. a small piece [[8 k,-,k bir par-a a greedy man [[8 a-g/+l, bir adam a blue book [[8 mavi bir kitap a short tree [[8 k)sa bir aIaa long movie [[8 u+un bir film
%et$s now apply what we$ve learned in the construction of a few sentences. This is a red rose. [[8 :u k)rm)+) bir g,l. Foe is a Huiet kid. [[8 Foe sessi+ bir -ocuk. Foe is a very Huiet kid. [[8 Foe -ok sessi+ bir -ocuk.
Noun clauses
Two nouns form a clause in three different ways in TurkishJ
Case1:
The first noun tells what the second noun is made of <i.e. metal box, plastic plate...>. 9n this case, you just write these nouns in the same order as you do in English without adding any suffixes. metal box [[8 metal kutu plastic plate [[8 plastik tabak
Case2:
The first noun describes the second noun, w)th any relationship except for the made-of relationship we saw above and the s2ecific ownershi2 relationship. Examples to this case can be car key, book shelf, garden door, window glass... 9n this case, you write the nouns in the same order as English, but add the suffix -i at the end of the second noun. 9f the noun to which you append suffix 'i already ends with a vowel, you add the fusion consonant -s between these vowels to separate the two vowels. The third example below demonstrates this case. car key [[8 araba anahtar) book shelf [[8 kitap raf) garden door [[8 bah-e kap)s) <note the fusion consonant s here> window glass [[8 pencere cam)
Case 3:
There is a specific ownership relationship between the two nouns <the key of the car, the door of the garden, Cemal$s daughter, the door of the car>. 9n this
case, you write the describing noun first and the described noun second as it was done in the preceding two cases. 4owever, you add the suffix -in to the first noun and the suffix -i to the second noun. 9f the noun to which you append the suffix -in already ends with a vowel, you add the fusion consonant n between the two vowels to separate them. For the suffix -i, the fusion consonant is same as told in the previous case. ?ou add the consonant s to separate the word ending with a vowel from the suffix -i. the key of the car [[8 araban)n anahtar) <note the use of fusion consonant n here for the first noun, araba> the door of the garden [[8 bah-enin kap)s) Cemal$s daughter [[8 Cemalin k)+) the door of the car [[8 araban)n kap)s) <note the use of fusion consonant n for the first noun and the fusion consonant s for the second noun> exceptionJ The word for water, su, is an exception for the fusion consonants in noun clauses. The fusion consonant for water <su> is always 1y1. color of water ''8 su'in renk'i ''8 suyun rengi <not sunun rengi> water of Cemal ''8 Cemal'in su'i ''8 Cemal$in suyu. <not Cemal$in susu> <Dote that $ is used in Turkish to separate the suffixes from private words that need to be always capitali+ed, like Cemal in this case>
Present )ontinuous Tense
Tenses
There are " fundamental tenses in Turkish. These areJ . !. *. .. ". =resent simple tense <;eni0 +aman> =resent continuous tense <Gimdiki +aman> Future tense <;elecek +aman> =ast tense with 'di <'di$li ge-mi0 +aman> ''8 Legular past tense =ast tense with 'mi0 <'mi0$li ge-mi0 +aman> ''8 (lso called the
story past tense 9n the basic grammar lessons, we will cover the present continuous tense and the future tense. Lest will be covered in the intermediate level lessons. To start with, let$s review some verbs we$ll use in the following lessons and their meaningsJ gelmek ''8 to come gitmek ''8 to go okumak ''8 to read kapatmak ''8 to close ko0mak ''8 to run aramak ''8 to call konu0mak ''8 to talk vermek ''8 to give kaynamak ''8 to boil -al)0mak ''8 to work yemek ''8 to eat beklemek ''8 to wait The meaning of tenses are given using some suffixes. There are some important properties common to all these suffixes denoting tenseJ
The suffix for tenses is added right after the verb root if the verb The present tense for of $to be$ comes after the suffix for tense.
o
is positive, or after the negating suffix if the verb is negative.
Therefore, the order becomesJ verb root \ <negative> \
tense \ present tense to be
*uture Tense
Tenses
story past tense 9n the basic grammar lessons, we will cover the present continuous tense and the future tense. Lest will be covered in the intermediate level lessons. To start with, let$s review some verbs we$ll use in the following lessons and their meaningsJ gelmek ''8 to come gitmek ''8 to go okumak ''8 to read kapatmak ''8 to close ko0mak ''8 to run aramak ''8 to call konu0mak ''8 to talk vermek ''8 to give kaynamak ''8 to boil -al)0mak ''8 to work yemek ''8 to eat beklemek ''8 to wait The meaning of tenses are given using some suffixes. There are some important properties common to all these suffixes denoting tenseJ
The suffix for tenses is added right after the verb root if the verb The present tense for of $to be$ comes after the suffix for tense.
o
is positive, or after the negating suffix if the verb is negative.
Therefore, the order becomesJ verb root \ <negative> \
tense \ present tense to be
'uestions
'uestion -entences
]uestion sentences in Turkish can be classified into two groups like in EnglishJ . !. youMS. 9n this lesson, we will see how these different types of Huestions can be asked in Turkish. :efore looking at how Huestions are constructed, let$s see the Huestion words in Turkish. English whatM whoM whichM whereM whenM howM how manyM how muchM how oftenM Turkish neM kimM hangiM nereM ne +amanM nas)lM ka- taneM ne kadarM ne s)kl)kla ?es'no Huestions Legular Huestions
There are also Huestion tags, i.e. Huestions of the form S?ou are coming, aren$t
Dow, let$s see how different types of Huestion sentences can be constructed.
1 8es!no 9uestions
9n Turkish, yes'no Huestions are constructed with the Huestion suffix 1-mi1. 9t is important to note, however, the Huestion suffix -mi is written separate from the word it is appended to. ?ou can ask at this pointJ SBhy is it a suffix instead
3mperatives ! %et
Eaking a verb imperative for the second singular person <sen>, is the same as it is done in English. Fust use the plain verb without any suffix or change. Bhen you want to order something to a single person listening to you, you just say the plain verb. ExamplesJ ComeX ''8 ;elX ;oX ''8 ;itX LeadX ''8 AkuX @it downX ''8 AturX @tand upX ''8 CalkX 4owever, different from English, there is an imperative form for different cases of person. %et Zs see now how these are constructedJ
Personal Pronoun :en @en A :i+ @i+ Anlar
-uffix Do first person singular form ' <no suffix> 'sin Do first person plural form 'in 'sinler
Dow, letZs see the meaning of each case using the verb to go <gitmek>.
)ase <sen> git
+eaning goX <singular, to a single person>
<o> git'sin ''8 gitsin
let him go <not like Sallow him to goS, this has the meaning that you want him to go in an imperative way>
<si+> git'in ''8 gidin <onlar> git'sinler ''8 gitsinler
goX <plural, to multiple people> let them go <again, the meaning is not like Sallow them to goS, gitsinler means that you want them to go and you are expressing this in an imperative way>
(s you can see, a commonly used clause, Slet;sS, is included in the imperative definition. 9f you want to say S=et;s go to the movieS, it becomes SSinemaya gidelimS in Turkish. Dow, let Zs see how the example verbs we used above are made imperative with respect to different cases of person.
Personal Pronoun sen o si+ onlar
gelmek ! to come gel gelsin gelin gelsiler
gitmek ! to go git gitsin gidin gitsinler
okumak ! to read oku okusun okuyun okusunlar
oturmak ! to sit do5n otur otursun oturun otursunlar
kalkmak ! to stand up kalk kalks)n kalk)n kalks)nlar
There is no first person singular or first person plural form of the imperatives, but there is another form called 5ish clause that gives a similar meaning for the first 2erson singular and 2lural. Dote that only the first 2erson singular and first 2erson 2lural forms of the wish clause are used in practice. 4ere is how the wish clause is constructedJ
Personal Pronoun en i# !e"im !elim
Suffix
Case &ben' git-e$im --* gide$im &bi+' git-elim --* gidelim let me go let,s go
$eaning
Personal Pronoun Ben Bi+
gelme% ! to come -ele$im -elelim
gitme% ! to go gide$im gidelim
o%uma% ! to read o%u$a$.m o%u$al.m
oturma% ! to sit down otura$.m otural.m
%al%ma% ! to stand up %al%a$.m %al%al.m
Degrees of &d4ectives
Comparatives and superlatives are constructed in a very straightforward way in Turkish. :esides these, there is a special way of making adjectives stronger in Turkish and this is not very trivial. 9 this lesson, we will cover all these topics.
1 )omparatives
1.1. $ore& 'ess
Comparative of an adjective is obtained by adding the word SdahaS before the adjective. Be can say that daha is the word for more and all adjective comparatives are constructed like $more clever$ <not like faster>. faster ''8 daha h)+l)
slower ''8 daha yava0 more intelligent ''8 daha +eki more hardworking ''8 daha -al)0kan more beautiful ''8 daha g,+el 9f you want to say less beautiful or less hardworking, then replace the word 1daha1 with 1daha az19 less fast ''8 daha a+ h)+l) less intelligent ''8 daha a+ +eki less hardworking ''8 daha a+ -al)0kan less beautiful ''8 daha a+ g,+el Dow, let$s see how the comparative form of an adjective is used in sentences. 9 am beautiful. ''8 <:en> g,+elim. 9 am more beautiful. ''8 <:en> daha g,+elim. ?ou are more beautiful. ''8 <@en> daha g,+elsin. @he is more beautiful. ''8 <A> daha g,+el. This is a fast car. ''8 :u h)+l) bir araba. This is a faster car. ''8 :u daha h)+l) bir araba. This car is faster. ''8 :u araba daha h)+l).
1.2. $ore t(an

9f you want to compare two nouns with respect to an adjective, the structure used in English is as followsJ noun> is more adjective than noun? #x>@ (hmet is more hardworking than Eehmet. #x?@ 9 am more intelligent than you. The structure to express the same meaning in Turkish is as followsJ noun> noun?'den daha adjective #x>@ (hmet Eehmet$ten daha -al)0kan. <Dote that the $ sign is used to separate
private names from their suffixes> #x?@ :en senden daha +ekiyim. Dow, let$s see a few example sentences with this expression. ' :eril is beautiful. ''8 :eril g,+el. ' ;/k-e is more beautiful. ''8 ;/k-e daha g,+el. ' ;/k-e is more beautiful than :eril. ''8 ;/k-e :eril$den daha g,+el. ' 4e is more hardworking than me. ''8 A benden daha -al)0kan. ' Ey car is faster than your car. ''8 :enim arabam senin arabandan daha h)+l). ' V@ is larger than Turkey. ''8 (merika T,rkiye$den daha b,y,k.
1.3. As ... as
9f you want to say that two nouns are eHual with respect to an adjective, the str)ct)re used in English isJ noun> is as adjective as noun? #x>@ :eril is as beautiful as ;/k-e. #x?@ 9 am as beautiful as you. The structure to express the same meaning in Turkish is as followsJ noun> noun? kadar adjective 9 or noun> de noun? kadar adjective :oth of these expressions have the same meaning, you will understand the very slight difference as you see them used. Ane point to note here is that if noun? is a simple pronoun <like ben, sen, bu, 0u> then it is used in possessive form <like benim, senin, bunun, 0unun>. #x>@ :eril de ;/k-e kadar g,+el. #x?@ :en de senin kadar g,+elim. Dow, let$s see a few example sentences with this expression. ' :eril is beautiful. ''8 :eril g,+el. ' ;/k-e is also beautiful. ''8 ;/k-e de g,+el. <de means 1also1, 1as well1> ' ;/k-e is as beautifl as :eril. ''8 ;/k-e de :eril kadar g,+el.
' 4e is as hardworking as me. ''8 A da benim kadar -al)0kan. ' Ey car is as fast as your car. ''8 :enim arabam da senin araban kadar h)+l). ' V@ is almost as large as China. ''8 (merika neredeyse Pin kadar b,y,k. <neredeyse means almost>
2 -uperlatives
@uperlatives are also straightforward in Turkish, like it is in English. 9nstead of $the most$, you use $en$, and all superlatives are constructed using this word. the fastest ''8 en h)+l) slower ''8 en yava0 the most intelligent ''8 en +eki the most hardworking ''8 en -al)0kan the most beautiful ''8 en g,+el Dow, let$s see how the superlative form of an adjective is used in sentences. 9 am beautiful. ''8 <:en> g,+elim. 9 am more beautiful. ''8 <:en> daha g,+elim. Bhen you want to use the superlative form in a sentence, there are two different casesJ 9 am the most beautiful. ''8 <:en> en g,+elim. <This has the meaning of describing yourself, like an answer to the Huestion SAhat are your traits!S> 9 am the most beautiful. ''8 En g,+el benim. <This has the meaning of the answer to the Huestion SAho is the most beautiful!S> 9 am the most beautiful girl. ''8 En g,+el k)+ benim. 9 am the most beautiful girl in this class. ''8 :u s)n)ftaki en g,+el k)+ benim. ?ou are the most beautiful girl in this class. ''8 :u s)n)ftaki en g,+el k)+ sensin. @he is the most beautiful girl in this class. ''8 :u s)n)ftaki en g,+el k)+ o.
6 +aking an ad4ective stronger

3.1. )er"
9n English, when you want to make an adjective stronger, you use the word $very$. @aying very fast is a stronger statement than just saying fast. The same method is applied also in Turkish, and the word for very is $ ok$. 4enceJ very fast ''8 -ok h)+l) very slow ''8 -ok yava0 very intelligent ''8 -ok +eki very hardworking ''8 -ok -al)0kan very beautiful ''8 -ok g,+el ?ou are very beautiful. ''8 <@en> -ok g,+elsin. @he is a very beautiful girl. ''8 <A> -ok g,+el bir k)+. This girl is very beautiful. ''8 :u k)+ -ok g,+el.
3.2. *oo
(nother way of making an adjective stronger, but this time giving the meaning extreme, is to use the word too. @aying something is too fast gives the meaning that it is extremely fast and should be slower. The word for too in Turkish is $fazla$. too fast ''8 fa+la h)+l) too slow ''8 fa+la yava0 too intelligent ''8 fa+la +eki too hardworking ''8 fa+la -al)0kan too beautiful ''8 fa+la g,+el Be are too fast. ''8 <:i+> fa+la h)+l)y)+. This car is too fast. ''8 :u araba fa+la h)+l).
3.3. +t(er wa"s

( third way commonly used in Turkish <which is not seen in English> to make an adjective stronger is adding a modified form of the first syllable before the adjective. 9mportant points to note here areJ
There is not a rule for how this first syllable should be modified,
which makes this rule hard to learn.
This gives the same meaning as using the word $very$ and makes (ll adjectives can$t be made stronger using this method, and
the adjective stronger.
there is not a rule to understand for which adjectives this method can be used. ( group of adjectives you can always use this method is colors, to express that the color is strong. 4owever, there is no rule to exactly say which adjectives can be made stronger like this.
:ecause there is not a well'defined rule, it will be very difficult to
go over adjectives and see what the stronger form of each adjective is. 9 think you should not try to learn this for each adjective at this step. The best strategy here would be to note that there is a rule like this and when you see it used, you will understand what it means. 9n your sentences, you simply can use $ ok B adjective$ instead and you will be clearly understood. %et$s see some examples to this ruleJ h)+l) ''8 fast h)ph)+l) ''8 very fast sar) ''8 yellow sapsar) ''8 very yellow, strong yellow mavi ''8 blue masmavi ''8 very blue, strong blue beya+ ''8 white bembeya+ ''8 very white, strong white -abuk ''8 Huick -ar-abuk ''8 very Huick kal)n ''8 thick kapkal)n ''8 very thick (nother way to make an adjective stressed and stronger is to repeat it twice. (gain, this is not done with all adjectives and the best way to learn for which adjectives this rule is applicable is to note when you hear an adjective used like
this. Kon$t be afraid by these rules, you will learn how to use them if you start reading Turkish texts or if you speak to native speakers. ?ou can still express yourself without using these methods for making adjectives stronger. @imply use the word $ ok$ before the adjective. 9 am giving these rules now so that you know the meaning when you see such a usage somewhere. b,y,k b,y,k evler ''8 big houses, the property big is stressed sar) sar) elmalar ''8 yellow apples, the property yellow is stressed There is also another way to stress an adjective and make it stronger. That is, adding a modified form of the adjective after the original form. This is again an irregular rule and you don$t need to know this completely, just understand it when you see this usage. @ometimes, an adjective followed by the modified form of that adjective may have a slightly different meaning. ya0l) ''8 old <for people> ya0l) ba0l) ''8 old, mature eski ''8 old <for objects> eski p,sk, ''8 very old and useless
Present -imple Tense
Tenses
story past tense
Present simple tense ":eni; .aman$

The present simple tense is used, very much ike the one in EnglishJ
To make general statements

o
Bater boils at && degrees. ''8 @u && derecede kaynar.
To mention things you do regularly

o
9 run every morning. ''8 4er sabah ko0ar)m.
=resent simple tense is used only for verbs, it is not meaningful for nouns and adjectives. =resent simple tense of a verb is constructed this wayJ verb root \ ir or er \ present tense to be The suffix for constructing the present simple tense of a verb is not always the same. The suffix is sometimes 'ir, sometimes 'er. This is the only tense with this irregularity, but there are certain rules that will tell you which one to choose most of the time. The rules that will help you choose which one of ' ir or 'er to use as suffix are as followsJ . 9f the verb ends with a vowel, the vowel of the suffix falls and you ara'r ''8 arar ''8 he calls oku'r ''8 okur ''8 he reads add only 'r.
o o
!.
9f the verb has more than one syllable, use 'ir

o
kapat'ir ''8 kapat)r ''8 he closes
Past Tense
Tenses
story past tense
Past tense 5ith !di "!di<li ge=mi; .aman$ !!> Regular past tense
There is no suffix for the regular past tense. The only point is that you must use the past tense form of to be. :e careful about the harmony rules though, as always. The use of the past tense with 'di is almost the same as the English past tense.
To tell an action that took place in the past.

o
4e came. ''8 ;eldi.
To make a statement that was true in the past.

o
@he was beautiful. ''8 ;,+eldi.
The same way regular past tense is applied to verbs, it can also be applied to nouns and adjectives using the past tense form of to be. The meaning in this case is the same as the meaning of $was$ in English. 4e was good. ''8 Ryiydi. 9 was successful. ''8 :a0ar)l)yd)m. Legular past tense of a word is constructed this wayJ word root \ <negative> \ past tense to be %et$s see how a verb is used in regular past tense on the following examplesJ gel'di ''8 geldi ''8 he came git'me'di ''8 gitmedi ''8 he did not go oku'di ''8 okudu ''8 he read
-tor# Past Tense
Tenses
story past tense
Past tense 5ith !mi; "!mi;<li ge=mi; .aman$ ??> &lso called the stor# past tense
To obtain the story past tense of a verb, we append the suffix -mi to the verb. :e careful about the harmony rules. =ast tense with 'mi0 is usedJ
To talk about something you learned from somebody else or
some other resource, there is some uncertainty in the statement. 9f you use the story past tense when talking about something, it implies that you are not the source of the information and you shouldn$t be responsible for the mistakes.
o
9 talked to his mother. 4e went to school. ''8 (nnesiyle
konu0tum. Akula gitmi0. <The part about talking to the mother is your direct experience, so you tell it using regular past tense. 4owever, the part about he going to school is information you got from the mother, so you tell it using story past tense.>
To talk about something you just learned or understood

o
9s this your daughterM @he is very beautiful. ''8 :u senin
k)+)n m)M Pok g,+elmi0. <?ou just noticed that she is beautiful, and you express this using story past tense>
@imple stories are written and told in using this tense.
@tory past tense of a word is constructed this wayJ word root \ <negative> \ mi0 \ present tense to be The same way story past tense is applied to verbs, it can also be applied to nouns and adjectives.
+ust7 1ave to7 Need to7 (ant to 1 +ust

The best counterpart in Turkish for the meaning of necessity that is given with $must$ in English is the suffix $!meli$. The skeleton for using a verb with this suffix is as followsJ verb!meli!to be 9 must go ''8 git'meli'im ''8 gitmeliyim <note the use of the fusion consonant #> Be must study ''8 -al)0mal)y)+ <note that the suffix !meli becomes !mal@ due to the major vowel harmony> ?ou must sit down <plural> ''8 oturmal)s)n)+ ?ou must go home now. ''8 Gimdi eve gitmelisin. Be can show how to express the necessity of a verb the for different cases of personJ Personal Pronoun :en @en A :i+ @i+ Anlar -uffix 'meliyim 'melisin 'meli 'meliyi+ 'melisini+ 'meliler
2 1ave to
The meaning of formal obligation that $have to$ gives in English is best given
by the word $la.@m$ in Turkish. The structure for using this construct is as followsJ verb!me!possession "blank space$ la.@m This might seem confusing, let us explain how this structure works. The suffix !me allows a verb to be used like a noun, it is similar to a gerund. ?ou might ask at this point, wasn$t the suffix !me used for negating verbsM That is right, but the suffix for negating verbs and the suffix for using a verb like a noun are the same. @o, okuma can mean either don<t read or reading according to the context in which it is used. 9n this case, we are concerned about the second meaning. @o, in the phrase okumam la.@m, the part okumam means my reading and the part la.@m means reHuired. Bhen we put these together, it becomes m# reading is re9uired and this is what we use for 3 have to read in Turkish. %et$s look at a few examples to clarify this furtherJ 9 have to go to school tomorrow. ''8 ?ar)n okula gitmem la+)m. 9 have to work now. ''8 Gimdi -al)0mam la+)m. Be have to get ready. ''8 4a+)rlanmam)+ la+)m. ?ou have to go. ''8 ;itmen la+)m.
6 Need to
This is very similar to the use of have to, both in meaning and structure. The word we use to give the meaning of need to is $gereki#or$. 9t is similar to $have to$ in meaning, so that it can be used interchangeably with have to <la.@m>. 9t is similar in structure, which can be seen in the structural skeletonJ verb!me!posession "blank space$ gereki#or The following examples will clarify this furtherJ 9 need to go home. ''8 Eve gitmem gerekiyor. ?ou need to be here at !. ''8 @aat ikide burada olman gerekiyor. ?ou need to sleep early. ''8 Erken uyuman gerekiyor. @he needs to see a doctor. ''8 Koktora gitmesi gerekiyor.
A (ant to
The use of want to is logically almost identical to the English counterpart. Ane
important difference is that you use the verb $to 5ant$ in present continuous tense instead of present simple. The turkish verb for to 5ant is istemek. The structure goes as followsJ verb"infinitive$ "blank space$ isti#or!to be 9 want to go. ''8 ;itmek istiyorum. 9 want to sleep. ''8 Vyumak istiyorum. 9 want to take a rest. ''8 Kinlenmek istiyorum. 9 want to go home. ''8 Eve gitmek istiyorum. Bhat do you wantM ''8 De istiyorsunM Conu0mak istiyor musunM ''8 Ko you want to talkM
%esson AB Names of nations and countries

Names of -ome Nations
&lmanB ;erman &merikal@B (merican &rapB (rab &rnavutB (lbanian BulgarB :ulgarian CinliB Chinese Danimarkal@B Kanish *inlandi#al@B Finnish *rans@.B French 1ollandal@B Kutch Dngili.B English Dranl@B 9ranian Rrlandal@B 9rish Dspan#olB @panish Dsve=liB @wedish Dsvi=reliB @wiss Dtal#anB 9talian EaponB Fapanese +eksikal@B Eexican +@s@rl@B Egyptian Pakistanl@B =akistani Polon#al@B =olish
RusB Lussian T/rkB Turk7Turkish 8unanl@B ;reek
Names of -ome )ountries

&lman#aB ;ermany &merikaB (merica &rnavutlukB (lbania BulgaristanB :ulgarian CinB China *ransaB France 1ollandaB 4olland DngiltereB England DranB 9ran DrlandaB 9reland Dspan#aB @pain Dsve=B @weden Dsvi=reB @wit+erland Dtal#aB 9talia Eapon#aB Fapan +eksikaB Eexico +@s@rB Egypt PakistanB =akistan Polon#aB =olland Rus#aB Lussia -uidi &rabistanB @audi (rabia T/rki#eB Turkey 8unanistanB ;reece
Personal Pronouns
BenB 9 -enB ?ou 0B 4e, she, it Bi.B Be -i.B ?ou 0nlarB They
,ocabular#
merhabaB hello, hi
benB 9 senB you adB name neBwhat memnun oldumB 9 am glad7pleased. nerelisinB Bhere are you fromM T/rki#eli#imB 9 am from Turkey. milli#etB nationality T/rk</mB 9 am Turkish FGrenciB student
Hnderstanding the text "+etni anlama$

+ineB' EerhabaX :enim ad)m Eine. @enin ad)n neM <4iX Ey name is Eine. Bhat is your nameM> 1ilalB ' :enim ad)m 4ilal. <Ey name is 4ilal.> +ineB' Eemnun oldum, 4ilal. < '9 am' pleased to meet you, 4ilal.> 1ilalB ' :en de memnun oldum Eine. <'9 am' pleased to meet you too, Eine.> +ineB' @en nerelisin, 4ilalM <Bhere are you from, 4ilalM> 1ilalB ' :en T,rkiyeliyim. @en nerelisin, EineM <9 am from Turkey. Bhere are you from, EineM> +ineB' :en de T,rkiyeliyim. <9 am from Turkey, too> 1ilalB ! @enin milliyetin ne, EineM <Bhat is your nationality, EineM> +ineB' :en T,rk^,m. @enin milliyetin ne 4ilalM <9 am Turkish. Bhat is your nationality, 4ilalM> 1ilalB ' :en de T,rk^,m. <9 am Turkish too.> 7-a*daki metindeki boluklar, yukardaki metne bakarak doldurunuz9 I Cill in the blanks in this text, according to above text98 +ineB' EerhabaX .............ad)m Eine. @enin ................. neM 1ilalB ' :enim ................4ilal. +ineB' Eemnun oldum ................... 1ilalB ' :en de ................oldum Eine. +ineB' @en ................. 4ilalM 1ilalB ' ........... T,rkiyeliyim. @en nerelisin..............M +ineB' :en de T,rkiyeli.........
1ilalB ! @enin......................... ne EineM +ineB' :en T,rk^,m. ............... milliyetin ne 4ilalM 1ilalB ' :en de ................ .
Translating the texts

<Dukardaki 4rnekte oldu*u gibi, aa*daki metinlerdeki cmleleri Engilizceye eviriniz3$ranslate the each sentence in below texts into #nglish, as above exam2les8 Text 1 +ert Be# +ert Be# Text 2 -elcen 1an@m +ustafa Be# -elcen 1an@m +ustafa Be# -elcen 1an@m +ustafa Be# -elcen 1an@m Text 6 %e#la 8iGit %e#la 8iGit %e#la 8iGit %e#la 8iGit %e#la B ' EerhabaX :enim ad)m %eyla. @enin ad)n neM B ' :enim ad)m ?iIit . B ' Eemnun oldum ?iIit. B ' :en de memnun oldum %eyla . B ' @en nerelisin ?iIit M B ' :en T,rkiyeliyim. @en nerelisin %eylaM B ' :en de T,rkiyeliyim. B ! @enin milliyetin ne %eyla M B ' :en T,rk^,m. @enin milliyetin ne ?iIitM B ' EerhabaX :enim ad)m @elcen @enin ad)n neM B ' :enim ad)m Eustafa. B ' Eemnun oldum Eustafa. B ' :en de memnun oldum @elcen . B ' @en nerelisin EustafaM B ' :en T,rkiyeliyim. @en nerelisin @elcen M B ' :en de T,rkiyeliyim. B ' EerhabaX :enim ad)m Eert. @enin ad)n neM B ' Eemnun oldum Duriye. Nuri#e 1an@m B ' :enim ad)m Duriye. Nuri#e 1an@m B ' :en de memnun oldum Eert.
8iGit Text A
B ' :en de T,rk^,m.
7Fnce, >9 cmleyi Engilizceye eviriniz9 Sonra ?9 cmledeki boluklara kendi kiisel bilgilerinizi yaznz9 )aha sonra, onu da Engilizceye eviriniz9 33 Cirst, translate the first sentence into #nglish9 Second, fill in the blanks with your 2ersonal information in the second sentence, and then translate it #nglish too98
1 _:enim ad)m @teven. :en /Irenciyim. Rngili+^im ve Rngiltereliyim.` 2 _:enim ad)m aaa. . liyim.` :en aaaa..im. ...................$im ve aaaa
Basic Expressions
EerhabaX %ey, hello @elamX %eyG 4o0 geldinX <informal> 7 4o0 geldini+X <formal or plural> AelcomeG 4o0 buldukX 7He2ly of Aelcome8 ;,nayd)nX <or Siyi sabahlarS> <ood morningG Ryi g,nlerX
<ood dayG Ryi ak0amlarX <ood morningG Ryi gecelerX <ood nightG De haberM <or D$aberM> Ahat1s u2! De var ne yokM Ahat1s u2! Das)ls)nM <informal> %ow are you! Das)ls)n)+M <formal> %ow are you! Das)l gidiyorM %ow is it going! DerelisinM
Ahere are you from! (nkaral)y)m. :1m from -nkara De i0 yap)yorsunM Ahat do you do! .Ahich job are you doing!/ UIretmenim :1m a teacher9 @aat ka-M Ahat time is it! @aat bir. :t1s one o1clock9 =ostane neredeM Ahere is 2ost-office! :u ka- liraM %ow much lira1s does this cost! :u kitap ka- liraM
%ow much does this book cost! ;/r,0,r,+X See youG ;/r,0mek ,+ereX See youG @onra g/r,0,r,+X See you laterG 4o0-a kalX &ye byeG Cendine iyi bakX $ake careG ;,le g,le <remaining person can say this> &yeG
T&+%&+&%&R ")0+P0HND N0HN-$

To her....who likes orange colour.. 9n Turkish, a compound noun, called tamlama, is the smallest word unit that carries no judgement. 9t is made up of two or more separete nouns or noun'originated words, and most of the time appears as separete nouns.
ad1 ad2 tamlama 4ere the first noun is called tamlayan, and the second, tamlanan. The first element defines modifies, describes, or determines the second one, which carries the main meaning in a compound nounJ ad tamlamas@ tamla#an demir a*acn k4y ehrin ocu*un gnein tamlanan ka2 dal yaants klar umutlar do*uu
(s seen above, a noun compound doesn$t necessarily take suffixes, it may perfectly be without any suffixb however it can take only the genitive suffix S!inS to its first element and7or the possessive suffix S!iS for the third person singular to its second element. @ometimes the two nouns, however, join together and make one word compound nounsJ tamla#an J tamlanan ? compound noun kl k)+)l kr kafa dil B kedisi \ )rmak B i e*i B tas B bilgisi 5 klkedisi [ k)+)l)rmak 5 kr i e*i 5 kafatas 5 dilbilgisi
:9 $amlama $rleri 7$y2es of Iom2ound +ouns8

a Belirtili &d Tamlamas@ "Defined )ompound Nouns$
These are the compound nouns both of whose elements take a suffix. 9n this type of compound nouns, there is always a specific relationship like $possession$ between the two nouns. The first noun takes the genitive suffix !"nK$in, while the second noun, !"sK$i, the possessive suffix for the third person singular. These suffixes may slightly vary, depending on the vowel harmonyb thus a genitive suffix can be !"n$in, !"n$@n, !"n$un or !"n$/n, and the first person singular suffix, !"s$i, !"s$@, !"s$u or !"s$/.
K :oth the n and s in the above brackets are the buffering letter.
belirtili ad tamlamas@ "n$@n "n$un "n$/n "s$@ "s$u "s$/ ad1 \ "n$in ad2 \ "s$i
S&ursa1nn 0eftalisi pek nldr96 S&ah enin duvar rengarenk96 S#lindeki dnn gazetesiydi96 SJ dlerimizin 4yks96 S&ir okyanusun derinli*i nasl 4l lr!6
K Dote that the words SsuS and SneS are two exceptions and don$t suit the above rule. S+e gzel su-y-un tadG6 S&u alet su-y-un akkanl*n 4l er96 S+e-y-in resmini izdin!6 S+e-y-in 4l sn alacaksn!6
Kefined compund nouns indicateJ K that an item belongs to the entireJ Iyrano1nun burnu 7kocaman98
ka2nn kolu 7krk98 a*acn dal 7bklm98 bilgisayarn ilemcisi 7 ok yava98 K that a Hualification7Huality belongs to a beingJ s2orcunun zekisi 7az bulunur98 giysinin yenisini 7giyerim98 arabn eskisini 7se 98 2atatesin irisi 7artk yetimez bu b4lgede98 K that an action is performed by the subject or a state belongs to the subject or objectJ kzn glmsemesi 7ya2mackt98 kuun 4lmesi 7he2imizi ok zd98 horozun 4tmesi7yle uyandk o sabah98 ya2raklarn d4klmesi 7demek, sonbahar demektir98 ocu*un sevinci 7g4rlmeye de*erdi98 K 9n some of defined compound nouns, the first element is a personal pronoun, and accordingly the third person singular suffix S!iS replaces with appropriate personal suffixes where other personal pronouns are usedJ 6Benim hayallerim ger ek oldu96 6Senin snavn ok mu zordu!6 6Onun dncesi yanl96 6Kendisinin kalemi krk96 6Bi im evimi soka*n sonunda96
K Dote that in defined compound nouns the first or the second element can also be a verbal noun, a clause or a sentenceJ ,erbal NounB @abah ko!mann yararlar@ <saymakla bitme+.> @igara i"menin +ararlar@ <m) dedinM> )lauseB Sen giderken#in anlam@ <sence ne olabilirM> E$er %lrsek#in -aIr)0)m@ <-ok ,rk,t,c,.> -entenceB &anllar do$ar, ya!ar 'e %lr1n yorumu <gayet basit.> (e ya)labilir#in ce'ab<n) bul hadiX>
b Belirtisi. &d Tamlamas@ "Hndefined )ompound Nouns$ Vndefined compound nouns take a suffix to only the second noun, and the first noun is in nominative case. There is a rather general than specific relationship like SpossessionS between the two nouns. belirtisi. ad tamlamas@ "s$@ ad1 J * ad2 J "s$i "s$u "s$/ 2encere* cam 7temizlenir98 sevmek* korkusu 7sard heryanm8 ak* acs 7zor ge er98 $aksim* Keydan 7bugn bo98 konser* bileti <kalmam)0 yaX> 9n this type of compound nounsb the first nounJ
K indicates the type and function7purpose of the second oneJ kiraz a*ac okul antas tra b a* yaz kalemi yk gemisi 2osta 2ulu
K describes what the second one is made of <or vice versa>J 2ortakal suyu sebze orbas vine re eli K indicates the reason of the second oneJ de2rem felaketi kaza kurban ak cinayeti kemik erimesi K indicates the place and time of the second one <or vice versa>J yaz ya*muru sava alan K can be a verbal nounJ dinlenme ihtiyac yaama sevinci 7i ki8 i me alkanl* yrmek alkanl* 4lmek korkusu sevimek arzusu K can be a clause or a sentenceJ Sna' kaybedersem korkusu clause Belki beni se'er inanc@ sentence Ben bu i!i ya)amam d,0,ncesi sentence 6+a i!ten atlrsam kaygs gnlerdir zihnini megul ediyordu96 6 1,!k iki ki!iliktir# di esi ok etkileyici96 6)avranlarnda enginim ))eli$i gizliydi96 6+ardm edin- "$l$-n duymadn bile96 K the first noun can be a proper nounb and the second one, an adjective used as a noun. 9n this sahne dans ce2 telefonu kr gezisi sevime vakti 2irin 2ilav zeytin ya* eker 2ancar
case, the Hualification of the adjective, mostly bad one, is attributed by the speaker to the proper name. Ser2il delisi 7. deli Ser2il8 +ecdet al a* 7. al ak +ecdet8 Jsman ays 7. ay Jsman8 <amze ede2sizi 7. ede2siz <amze8 Sinan dangala* 7. dangalak Sinan8 %asan soytars 7. soytar %asan8 6Lu Burcu densi i-ni susturunG6 6/olkan hayrs bizi unuttu96 60urat ))esi-nin ne ya2t*n g4rdn m!6 6Emel !mar$-nn kahkahalarna katlanamyorum96 Note that an adjective becomes a noun when it takes a suffix of noun states. ThusJ ad4ective noun densiz z22e densizi z22esi
hayrsz hayrsz mark mar* K These compound nouns make names of foundations, places, professions, maga+ines, dates, months and daysJ $rk )il ,urumu Cen Cakltesi $rkiye E &ankas -tatrk &ulvar En4n Iaddesi $ando*an Keydan &ursa Malisi &elediye &akan $abur ,omutan cumartesi gn haziran ay 2askalya haftas ?NNO yl >PPQ bahar >PQR a*ustosu 6-z sonra dernek yeleri to2lanacak96 6-sker, tabur komutanna selam verdi96 6&umartesi gn almyorum96 6&iz 1221 yl sonbaharnda evlenmitik96 63askalya ha4tasnda $rkiye1ye gelmitin96
K Vndefined compound nouns are very suitable for joining two nouns togetherJ g4k kua* 5 g4kkua* kire ta 5 kire ta hanm eli 5 hanmeli kahve rengi 5 kahverengi c Tak@s@. &d Tamlamas@ ")ompound Nouns 5ith No -uffixes$ These are also called SS4at TamlamasS, and take no suffix. 4ere both of the nouns are in nominative caseb the first noun modifies the second one, and in this respect is the same as in English. tak@s@. ad tamlamas@ ad1 J * ad2 J *
erkek karde gzel kz zgn ocuk kz karde cahil adam beyinsiz yaratk gm atal vey anne uzak lke 9n this type of compound nouns, the first noun indicatesJ K what the second one is made up ofJ i2ek ear2 yn ora2 tahta masa altn madalya elik kasa demir ivi K what the second one looks like or resemblesJ dev adam kiraz dudak elma yanak canavar adam karga kulak yumurta kafa K the first element can be an ordinal numberJ on iki litre be kuru be adm yedi kat krk ayak K some compound nouns of this type indicate place or directionJ 4n koltuk arka masa st kat alt yol sa* el a2raz bina
6Sevgilimin elma yanaklar, kira dudaklar var96 6J he2 yumurta to)uklu ayakkablar giyerdi96 6&ani heri4 d4rt kiiyi daha b aklad96 63lastik ko'aya su doldursanaG6 6&4lkG 5" adm geriG KarG6
d Lincirleme &d Tamlamas@ ")ompound Noun )hain$ Compound noun chain is a compound noun both or either of whose elements is another compound noun. 9t is mostly made up of three words. =ossible samples are below. dilbilgisi kitab \ n@n belirtisi tamlama tamlayan 4*rencinin tamlayan snav sonucu tamlanan ta duvar tamlayan 4*n tamlayan yemek [ 4*n yemek kalnts [ ta duvar kalnts [ 4*rencinin snav sonucu i-eriIi tamlanan [ dilbilgisi kitabnn i eri*i
belirtisi tamlama
taks tamlama tamlanan
taks taml. tamlanan
hurda araba \ n@n diki+ ayna's@ [ hurda arabann dikiz aynas taks tamlama belirtisi tamlama $rkiye Iumhuriyeti Kerkez &ankas [ $rkiye Iumhuriyeti Kerkez &ankas belirtisi tamlama belirtisi tamlama
(nd finally additional words take the third person singular suffix SiSJ $rkiye Iumhuriyeti %kmeti $emsilcisi hava koullar tahmini el havlusu motifleri dosyas yl sonu snavlar ortalamas t2 fakltesi dekanl* binas fen fakltesi kimya b4lm 4*rencisi 6Bilgisayar masasnn 4iyat ok ucuz96 6Dazn deni suyu scakl$ artar96 6)ilerseniz ya i!leri sorumlusuyla g4rebilirsiniz96 6Kadnn rktc "$l$n he2imiz duyduk96 66l O anlar 7erne$i 4ilmini seyrettin mi!6 6"ardon, ni'ersitenin merke kt)hanesi nerede acaba!6 6-h, bunu da lokantann yemek mensne eklemeliyiz96
::9 Ionjugations of Iom2ound +ouns

Compound nouns, when conjugated, are regarded as one word noun and are conjugated like plain nouns. Thus they, too, can take both the plural suffix S!lerS and other suffixes of the noun cases. The plural suffix S!lerS always precedes both the genitive suffix S!inS in the first element and the third person singular suffix S!iS in the second one. K 9n defined compund nouns, both the first and second noun can be plurali+edJ singular ku-un kanad- ku-un kanad- ev-in balkon-u ev-in balkon-u plural ku-un kanat-lar- ku-lar-n kanat-lar- ev-in balkon-lar- ev-ler-in balkon-lar-
K 9n indefined compound nouns, either the first or the second noun can be plurali+edJ
singular d soka*- d soka*- lke gelir-i kita2 liste-si
plural
d sokak-lar- d-ler soka*- lke gelir-ler-i kita2-lar liste-si
K 9n compound nouns with no suffixes, only the second noun can be plurali+edJ singular elmas kolye deri anta plural elmas kolye-ler deri anta-lar
uzak lke uzak lke-ler The suffixes of the noun cases come always after the first person singular suffix S !iS in the second noun. &ccusativeB S6lm acs'n' yaadm96 63erdenin deseni-n-i iz96 68ne!in bat!-n- izledik sahilde96 DativeB 6Sar d$me-y-e bas96 6,nnesinin gl!-n-e i erledi96 69rans kltr-n-e hayranm96 &blativeB 6:luda$#n ir'esi-n-den 2aratle indik96 6Kr "i"ekleri-n-den bir ta ya2tm sana96
:::9 Ssages of Iom2ound +ouns in Sentences

a. As the sub"ect
S+a!l kadn yol kysnda dinleniyordu96 S;stanbul#un tra4i$i insan deli eder96 S0e'sim de$i!imleri herkesi tedirgin ediyor96
b. As the predicate &onl$ in noun sentences'

S 1>1, ar2ma ileminde etkisi elemandr96 SFzgrlk, orunluluklarn bilincidir96 S-k, ba! d%nmesidir96 c as the ob4ect or the indirect complementB Bhen compound nouns take any suffix of the noun cases, they become either the object or the indirect complement of a sentence. S:,y,k d,0,n,rler, uygarl$n yarn-n- /nceden g/r,rler.S object S-ranzda kutsal kitab- okuyan var m!6 object SF*retmen, ci'ann kimyasal % ellikleri-n-i tahtaya yazd96 object S7ere kenar-n-dan gidi2, ta! k%)r-den ge tik96 indirect complement indirect complement S(ocuk, !eytan u"urtmas-y-la avundu96 indirect complement
&D,ERB3&% )%&H-E-
(dverbial clauses express the relationships of cause, effect, space, time, condition... 9n English they are often introduced by words like Safter, before, until, while, because, since, as, so that, in order that, if, unless, whether, though, although, even though, where...S
ExampleB 9 write a shopping list be4ore going to the su2ermarket. Turkish doesn$t have these words. They are replaced by standard word constructions derived from the verb in the subordinate clause. ExampleB S2ermarkete gitmeden %nce bir al)0veri0 listesi ya+ar)m.
&dverbial clauses 5ith M+E
!+EDEN 9ormation< E=am)le< M+EDEN NN)E 9ormation< E=am)le< M+E-D DCDN 9ormation< E=am)le< verb stem \ 'EEKED UDCE Tatile -)kmadan /nce -ok 0ey ha+)rlamam gerek. verb stem \ 'EEKED Ellerini y)kamadan yemek yemeye ba0lad).
5ithout
before7 prior to
so that7 in order that verb stem \ 'EE \ personal suffix \ RPRD =roblemi anlamam i-in /Iretmen onu defalarca a-)klad).
N0TEB when making a general statement, or when it$s clear that the subject of the main clause is the
same as in the adverbial clause, !+E2 DCDN can be used as well.
(raba kullanmak i-in yak)t lc+)m E=am)le< T,rk-e /Irenmek i-in T,rkiye^ye gidiyorum.
M+E-DNE R&O+EN 9ormation< E=am)le< M+E2-DLDN 9ormation< E=am)le< M+E2TEN-E 9ormation< E=am)le< verb \ 'TED@E verb \ '@RdRD Udemeksi+in d,kkcndan -)kt)lar
in spite of verb stem \ 'EE \ pers. suffix \ dative case \ raImen =aras) olmamas)na raImen, pahal) bir araba sat)n ald) 5ithout
instead of
Evini temi+lemektense b,t,n g,n bah-esinde tembellik etti.
&dverbial clauses 5ith MDD2

MDD2TEN -0NR& 9ormation< E=am)le< verb stem \ 'KRCTED \ sonra R0imi bitirdikten sonra birka- arkada0la bulu0tum. after
MDDOD L&+&NI -3R&D& MDDODNDE MDDOD ,&2DT I &N MDDOD :PN 5hen 5hen the moment that the da# that 9ormation< verb stem \ 'KRC \ personal suffix \ +aman, an... verb stem \ 'KRC \ personal suffix \ locative suffix E=am)le< Anu g/rd,I, an hemen a0)k oldu. :uradan ayr)ld)I)n g,n hepimi+ -ok ,+g,nd,k. ;/k g,r,lt,s,n, duyduIumda s)-rad)m. MDDOD -PRE)E I +PDDETCE as long as
9ormation<
verb stem \ 'KRC \ personal suffix \ s,rece 7 m,ddet-e Ehliyetini almad)I)n s,rece, arabaya dokunama+s)n.
E=am)le< MDDOD D)DN 9ormation< E=am)le< verb stem \ 'KRC \ personal suffix \ i-in @/+ verdiIim i-in, ona bir hediye g/ndereceIim. PocuIumu+un -ok ate0i olduIu i-in, doktoru -aI)rd)k. MDDOD 1&%DE 9ormation< "al$though verb stem \ 'KRC \ personal suffix \ halde because
E=am)le< MDDOD :DBD 9ormation< E=am)le< MDDOD 2&D&R
4ava o kadar g,+el olduIu halde, d)0ar)ya -)kmak istemedi. as soon as verb stem \ 'KRC \ personal suffix \ gibi (nnesi odaya girdiIi gibi bebek aIlamay) b)rakt). as much as verb stem \ 'KRC \ personal suffix \ kadar
9ormation< E=am)le< MDDODNDEN BERD 9ormation< E=am)le< verb stem \ 'KRC \ personal suffix \ 'den beri Pin^e ta0)nd)I)ndan beri ondan hi-bir haber alamad)m. Pocuklar istedikleri kadar oyuncak alabilir. since
N0TEB an important distinction between noun clauses and adverbial clauses is the fact that the subject of the latter doesn^t get the genitive suffix. E=am)le< <:i+> tan@;t@G@m@. g/n -ok g,ld,k [8 the da#I5hen 5e met we laughed a lot <we laughed a lot then [8 adverbial clause> <:i+im> tan@;t@G@m@. g/n/ hat)rl)yorum [8 9 remember the da# 5e met <9 remember it ?> noun clause>
Turkish verbs &ll QQ Terms

Term gecik'mek kap'mak tak'mak kravat tak' koy' <dat> seyret'mek 0a0)r' <dat> destekle' haraket et' durdurlu'mak tutuklan'mak tutukla'mak ait ol' <dat> dine'mek kat)l'mak i0birliIi yap'mak idam et'mek geli0'mek merak et'mek destekle'mek e0lik et' <dat> deIerini bil'mek ata bin'mek vur'mak yalan s/yle'mek Definition to be late, delayed to grab, to snatch to attachb to wear a tie, jewelry to wear a tie to put, place <in> to watch, look at <[ i+le'> to be surprised <at> to support to act, to move to be stopped <by s.o.> to be arrested to arrest s.o. to belong <to s.th.> to try to participateb to join to cooperate to hang<escude> to progress <intransitive> to worry <about> to support to accompany <s.o.> to appreciate <s.th.>b to know s.th.Zs value to ride a horse to hit, strike to lie
yasakla'mak etkile'mek rica et' <acc>mek d,0,n' <acc>mek tart)0'mak tavsiye et' <'ma verbal noun indirect speech> g/r,n'mek /ner'mek ya0lan'mak uyan'mak 0ikcyet et'mek kararmak k)salmak sinirlen' <dat>mek sevin' <dat>mek al)0' <dat>mak utan' <abl>mak duygular rahats)+ ol' <abl>mak emin ol' <abl>mak ,0,'mek +orluk -ek'mek susa' <'e>mak
to forbid to affect, influence to ask, reHuest <s.th.> to think about, consider to debate, discuss to recommend to appear, look like <eg to look good> to suggest to grow old to wake up <self> to complain to get dark, to darken to shorten, to shrink to be nervous7 mad <about> to be pleased <by> to be accustomed7 used <to> to be embarrassed <by> emotions, feelings to make uncomfortable <about> to be sure, confident <of> to feel cold to have difficulty to thirst <for>b to get thirsty
umurunda olmak <[ umursamak> to care about iyile0mek gecik'mek kap'mak to recover <from an illness>b to improve, get better to be late, delayed to grab, to snatch
tak'mak kravat tak'mak koy' <dat>mak seyret'mek 0a0)r' <dat> destekle' haraket et' durdurlu' tutuklan' tutukla' ait ol' <dat> dine' kat)l' i0birliIi yap' idam et' geli0' merak et' destekle' e0lik et' <dat> deIerini bil'mek ata bin'mek vur'mak yalan s/yle'mek yasakla'mak etkile'mek rica et' <acc> d,0,n' <acc> tart)0'mak
to attachb to wear a tie, jewelry to wear a tie to put, place <in> to watch, look at <[ i+le'> to be surprised <at> to support to act, to move to be stopped <by s.o.> to be arrested to arrest s.o. to belong <to s.th.> to try to participateb to join to cooperate to hang to progress <intransitive> to worry <about> to support to accompany <s.o.> to appreciate <s.th.>b to know s.th.Zs value to ride a horse to hit, strike to lie to forbid to affect, influence to ask, reHuest <s.th.> to think about, consider to debate, discuss
tavsiye et' <'ma verbal noun indirect speech> g/r,n'mek /ner'mek ya0lan'mak uyan'mak 0ikcyet et' kararmak k)salmak
to recommend to appear, look like <eg to look good> to suggest to grow old to wake up <self> to complain to get dark, to darken to shorten, to shrink
terms and definitions &ll AQ Terms

Term biliyorum biliyorsun biliyor biliyoru+ Definition 9 know you know <s> he knows we know
biliyorsunu+ you know biliyorlar g/r,yorum g/r,yorsun g/r,yor g/r,yoru+ they know 9 see you see <s> he sees we see
g/r,yorsunu+ you see g/r,yorlar okuyorum okuyorsun okuyor they see 9 am reading you are reading <s> he is reading
okuyoru+
we are reading
okuyorsunu+ you are reading okuyorlar ba0l)yorum ba0l)yorsun ba0l)yor ba0l)yoru+ they are reading 9 am beginning you are beginning<s> he is beginning we are beginning
ba0l)yorsunu+ you are beginning ba0l)yorlar s/yl,yorum s/yl,yorsun s/yl,yor s/yl,yoru+ they are beginning 9 am saying you are saying<s> he is saying we are saying
s/yl,yorsunu+you are saying s/yl,yorlar kal)yorum kal)yorsun kal)yor kal)yoru+ they are saying 9 am staying you are staying <s> he is staying we are staying
kal)yorsunu+ you are staying kal)yorlar yap)yorum yap)yorsun yap)yor yap)yoru+ they are staying 9 am doing you are doing <s> he is doing we are doing
yap)yorsunu+ you are doing yap)yorlar gidiyorum they are doing 9 am going
gidiyorsun gidiyor gidiyoru+
you are going <s> he is going we are going
gidiyorsunu+ you are going gidiyorlar they are going

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Numbers

! !! *& .& "& #& 1& 2& 3& && *1

iki ,d/rt be0 alt) yedi seki+ doku+ on

!&& *&& ,&&&

iki y,+ ,- y,+ bin

Pronouns 1 Personal Pronouns

Demonstartive posessive pronouns:

herself itself ourselves

bizim, sizin, onlarn>

onun, bunlarn, unlarn, onlarn>

Leflexive pronouns <kendim, kendin, kendisi, kendimi+,

Date and Time

?ou are very beautiful.

*ruits and vegetables

kavun kay)s) kivi dut ahududu b/I,rtlen erik

1ouse and furniture

to itch angina bronchitis

ka0)nmak anjin bron0it

+a4or ,o5el 1armon#

1 +a4or ,o5el 1armon#

+inor ,o5el 1armon#

2 +inor ,o5el 1armon#

my telephone ''8 telefonum my beautiful ''8 g,+elim my lake ''8 g/l,m

Notes on ,o5el 1armon#

6 Practical notes about vo5el harmon# rules

1 (hen t5o vo5els come together

1.1. Dropping a vowel

1.2. Adding a fusion consonant in between

CASE A - Word mutation.

. !. change. sa-') ''8 sa-)

p becomes b - becomes c t becomes d k becomes I

CASE B - Suffix mutation.

yap'di ''8 yapt) ''8 he did

3nfinitives and Plurals

Negatives 1 Negatives of nouns and ad4ectives

6 There is7 there is not

This is a house. ''8 :u bir ev.

9 saw the house. ''8 Evi g/rd,m.

word in Turkish, 1ev1.>

9 came from home. ''8 Evden geldim.

he can use plural. This would be a poetic sentence.

To construct verbs in different tenses, the suffix for each tense is

&d4ective and noun clauses

Present )ontinuous Tense

is positive, or after the negating suffix if the verb is negative.

Therefore, the order becomesJ verb root \ <negative> \

tense \ present tense to be

is positive, or after the negating suffix if the verb is negative.

Therefore, the order becomesJ verb root \ <negative> \

tense \ present tense to be

Personal Pronoun :en @en A :i+ @i+ Anlar

)ase <sen> git

+eaning goX <singular, to a single person>

<o> git'sin ''8 gitsin

<si+> git'in ''8 gidin <onlar> git'sinler ''8 gitsinler

Personal Pronoun sen o si+ onlar

gelmek ! to come gel gelsin gelin gelsiler

gitmek ! to go git gitsin gidin gitsinler

okumak ! to read oku okusun okuyun okusunlar

oturmak ! to sit do5n otur otursun oturun otursunlar

kalkmak ! to stand up kalk kalks)n kalk)n kalks)nlar

Personal Pronoun en i# !e"im !elim

Personal Pronoun Ben Bi+

! !! & .& "& #& 1& 2& 3& && 1

singular d soka- d soka- lke gelir-i kita2 liste-si