Lecture 22: Title: Synchronous Motor performance The topics of this lesson are 1) V-Curves 2) Power flow in synchronous

motor 3) Efficiency of synchronous motor 4) Some solved examples By the end of this class you should understand the following issues in the synchronous motor: The V-curves Do calculation of different power Calculate the efficiency

V-Curves The different three modes of operation explained earlier are shown in the following graph called V-Curve.(Fig. (1). At a low field current (If), the generated EMF (Ea) is low and the stator current lags the terminal voltage. The motor acts as an inductive load and is said to be under-excited. As the field current is increased, the stator current becomes less and less lagging and will later become in phase with the voltage. At this point the motor operates at unit power factor and is said to be normally-excited. As the field current is increased further, the stator current becomes leading. The motor becomes a source of reactive power, and it is said to be overexcited.

P3 = const. P2 = const.

Ia

P 1 = const .

under excited Lag Absorb(Q)

Ea1

Over excited Lead

p. f . = 1

Delivere(Q)
Ea 2

If

Fig. (1) V-Curves of Synchronous motor

In the following three examples will be solved covering the analysis, performance and control of synchronous motor

Example 1 A three-phase, 208-V synchronous motor has a synchronous reactance of 1.0 per phase and negligible armature resistance. The motor draws 50 kVA at 0.8 power factor leading. Calculate (a) The stator current Ia and (b) The excitation voltage Ea. Solution Figures (2) and (3) show the equivalent circuit and the corresponding phasor digram for the motor in this example

Ra
+
Ia

JX s

Vt

Ea

Fig.(2) the equivalent circuit of synchronous motor

Ia

Vt

JI a X s

Ea
Fig.(3) phasor diagram of synchronous motor a. Vt as reference phasor.

V t = 208/ 3 0o = 1200oV (line-to-neutral)

The stator current is computed as

Ia =
b.

50,000 cos1 0.8 = 138.836.9o A 208 3

The excitation voltage is found as follows:

E a =V t ( R a + jX s ) I a = 1200o (0 + j 1.0)(138.836.9o ) = 231.7 28.6oV (line to neutral )

Therefore, the line-to-line excitation voltage is

Ea = 231.7 3 = 401 V (line to line )

Now suppose that the field current is increased. This increased field excitation increases the generated voltage Ea. However, the real power supplied by the motor remains the same because the mechanical load torque did not change and the rotational speed is not affected by the increased If. When the machine losses are neglected, the expression for the real power delivered by the motor is
P=3
' Vt E a VE sin ' = 3 t a sin Xs Xs

(1)

Alternatively, the real power may be expressed as

' P = 3Vt I a cos ' = 3Vt I a cos

(2)

It is evident from equations (1) and (2) that the expressions Ea sin and Ia cos must be constant. Of course, when the field current is increased, Ea increases but only in such a way that its projection Ea sin remains constant. This is illustrated in Fig. (3). Similarly, the stator current Ia is constrained to change so as to have a constant projection Ia cos . It may be seen that as the power factor and it absorbs reactive power as an under-excited motor. For field currents greater than the value for minimum stator current, the motor operates at a leading power factor, and it supplies reactive power to the external system and is said to be overexcited.

Example 2

A three phase, 200-hp, 480-V, six-pole, 60-Hz synchronous motor has a synchronous reactance of 1.5/phase. Neglect all losses. The motor is connected to an infinite bus, and it delivers its rated horsepower at unity power factor. Determine the pullout torque, that is, the maximum torque the motor can deliver without losing synchronism.
Solution

Take the line-to-neutral terminal voltage Vt as reference phasor:

Vt = 480 / 3 0o = 277.10oV

At unity power factor, the stator current is in phase with the applied voltages thus:
Ia = (200)(746) 3 480 0o = 179.46o0 A

Then the excitation voltage is given by E a = Vt (Ra + jX s )I a = 277.10o (0 + j1.5)(179.460o) = 386.3 44.2 o V (line to neutral ) Since the synchronous motor is assumed to be lossless. Tmax m = Pmax The maximum power occurs at a power angle =90o
Vt E a (277.1)(386.3) sin 90 o = 3 = 214kW Xs 1 .5 The mechanical angular speed is found from the radian frequency as P=3

m = (2 / p) = (2 / 6)(2 60) = 125.7rad / s

Finally, Tmax = Pmax / m = (214 103) / 125.7 = 1702.5 N .m

Power flow of synchronous motor

The power flow diagram for a synchronous motor is shown in Figure (4). The input power to the motor is electrical and is equal to 3VtIa cos The mechanical power developed, Pdev, is equal to Tindm.
2 The copper losses consist of the stator losses of 3I a Ra

The field winding losses are not included in this diagram because the field winding is excited by a separate DC source. The rotational losses include core losses, consisting of hystersis and eddy current losses. Mechanical losses, consisting of friction and windage losses. The output power Poutput is equal to Tloadm, where Tload is the output torque. When the motor is operated at rated conditions, the output mechanical power Poutput is equal to the motor rating, which is usually given in horsepower.

Fig. (4) Power flow diagram of synchronous motor

Example 3

A 200-hp, 2300-V, three-phase, 60-HZ, cylindrical-rotor motor has a synchronous reactance of 12 omega per phase and negligible armature resistance. When it is delivering its rated output, the motors efficiency is 90% and its power angle is 17o. Determine (a) (b) The excitation voltage Ea The stator current Ia and power factor

Insert Figure 7.27 Power flow diagram for a synchronous motor.

Solution

(a)

The line-to-neutral terminal voltage is taken as reference phasor; thus,

Vt = 2300 / 3 0 o = 13280 o V

From the power flow diagram, the input power is the same as the mechanical power developed, since the stator copper loss is negligible. Hence, Pinput = Poutput

=3

Vt E a sin Xs

1328E a (200)(746) =3 sin 17 o 12 (0.90)

Thus, the line-to-neutral excitation voltage is found as

Ea =

(200)(746)(12) = 1708V (0.90)(3)(1328)(sin 17 o )

Therefore, the line-to-line excitation voltage is Ea = 1708 3 = 2958V (line to line)

(b)

Since the armature resistance is negligible, the stator current is given by Ia = Vt E a 13280 o 17 o = = 48.831.4 o A jX s j12

The power factor is PF = cos(Vt I a ) = cos(0o 31.4o) = 0.85leading