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Three Rounds of Four Noble Truths

Speech by Ven. Bhikkhu Vpasama at Columbia University on 2013/4/18!!!

Translated by Betty Chen

Im very happy to be here at Columbia Univer-

Over the past two thousand years, there have been

sity again to discuss the Buddhas teaching with you.

so many different Buddhist schools with all kinds of

As Matthew mentioned, were going to talk about the

views. There is only one path towards enlighten-

cessation of suffering in the Four Noble Truths. Most

ment. But how do you step on the path? How do you

of you have probably already heard of the Four No-

practice and in which order? There are many hy-

ble Truths: suffering, the origination of suffering, the

potheses. For instance, in Theravada Buddhism, the

cessation of suffering and the way leading to the

first step is discipline then calmness and only then is

cessation. But what a lot of people dont know is that

wisdom developed. This theory was formed a hun-

there are three rounds within the Four Noble Truths.

dred years after Buddha passed away. Later, the

So within the cessation of suffering, there are three

Mahayana Bodhisattva discipline developed and

rounds and the meaning behind each round is differ-

they had different ideas. Even within Mahayana

ent. People might be curious as to what the three

Buddhism, there are different schools with different

rounds mean. Before we discuss it further, Id like to

assertions. Thus, there are many conflicting theo-

point out that there are different stages of practicing

ries. What Id like to talk about today is from the

the path of the Buddhas teaching. For a person who

Buddha's first sermon. That first sermon points out

has never heard of the Buddha or the Dharma, once

stages of practice. I'm sure no Buddhist would dis-

he starts to practice on the path, there is a certain

agree. Lets start with the three rounds of Four No-

order that he should follow. There are some schools

ble Truths. The three rounds include all the steps

that claim its possible to have an epiphany, a sud-

that lead to supreme enlightenment. That statement

den realization or enlightenment. However, that is

still maintains to be true after two thousand years.

not true. This kind of sudden realization theory was

No Buddhist would dare say it's wrong. Unfortu-

developed in India, about one hundred years after

nately, it was forgotten.

Pari-nirvana. This kind of advocacy is really not the

conventional or shall we say the orthodox view.
Even based on common sense, we all know that
there is a process to everything. Its illogical to assume that you can get any result without a series of
actions, changes or processes bringing about it.
What is the content of these stages in practice?

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I believe that you are all very brilliant to be able

to attend this university. You must be the elite in
your country or hometown. I believe you're smart
enough to understand based on your intelligence. I
trust that you all have a very rational and logical
mind. My advice is: don't discard your intelligence
while seeking the truth in religion. I must point out

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that there are many absurdities in all kinds of religion, Buddhism included. So be careful and don't buy
into all of them without doing any research. In Buddhism, there are lots that have nothing to do with the
Shakyamuni Buddha at all. Be sure to keep a clear
mind.

taught relevant influencing.

He never focused on karma as a form of fatalism or determinism. That idea of karma originated
from the Upanishads Its not Buddhism. This kind of
assumption is pretty much without proof either. I.e.
what you have now is based on what you did in your

With that in mind, were going to proceed to the

previous life and your previous life was destined due

three rounds of the Four Noble Truths. Please turn

to another previous life. I guess we all might get cu-

to page two on your handout. This is the City Sutra

rious about The First Cause argument again. This

from the Samyutta-Nikaya 12.65. This is the first

time the answer is that there is no beginning at all.

round of the Four Noble Truths. I'll talk about it

The theory that what I'm facing now is because of

briefly. You can read the content yourself and Ill

what I did in past lives is fatalism or determinism. If

help you digest it in a simple way. This is the story of

we follow this logic, the Boston Marathon Explosion

the Buddha while he was still an ordinary person.

would be a case of karma. Did those victims really

One day, the big question of why do suffering of

deserve it? Therefore, I think the philosophy is to-

age, sickness and death exist came to his mind.

tally preposterous.

This is a very important question. Why? Before the

Buddha found his own way and became enlightened, religion in India was of the indiscriminate type.
What does that mean? It means you accept religion
without any doubt. For instance, it said in the Brahmin script that Brahma the Creator (God) created
the world. Why do you believe that? It's a typical
example of the religious claim that if it's God's will,
you don't need to ask why. What will be will be. It's a
sin to challenge. You are not allowed to ask why.
This is what I call an indiscriminate type of religion;
you take a big leap before examining rational evidence. In short, answers will be provided but not the
reasons.

The Buddha didn't believe in karma at all. What

the Buddha taught is relevant influencing. Please
keep in mind that relevant influencing is not karma.
It's a totally different concept. Please don't mix them
up. If all you need is a deity to say your prayers to
then it's okay. But if you would rather keep a clear
mind and solve all your problems with wisdom in
your life, please don't just go with flow. Within this
sutra, the Buddha raised the big question of why
we're all trapped in the situation of ageing, sickness
and death. You can read the detail yourself. The first
thing that I like to point out is that the Buddha did
not accept any religious theory without a reality
check. It says here that life is full of predicaments or

During that time in India, there was another kind

sufferings, which are not a test from God or from our

of religion. They do not worship God but believed

bad karma. Yet, they entice people to jump on the

the world was formed due to karma. Lots of people

ship of faith. The Buddha did not like the theory of a

take for granted that the concept of karma came

Creator or karma. He wanted to know why and tried

from the Buddha. Thats actually a misconception.

very hard to search for the truth. Since we dont

Karma did not originate from Buddhism. It has noth-

have plenty of time here, Im going to get straight to

ing to do with the Buddha at all. The Buddha

the point. When the Buddha traced the cause of suf-

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fering of aging, sickness and death, he narrowed it

describe the situation as thats just the way it is.

down to two main reasons. One is delusion, the

Even though they all offered explanations, they did-

other is desire.

nt help much in reality. However, if you accept any

What kind of delusion? Delusion is just a general term, what does that term specifically refer to?

of these theories, you probably would feel justified

and reassured of yourself.

In Buddhism, there is a very strict definition. Usually

Now listen to me. The most precious asset of

we will use the term ignorance, which means you

human beings is that we are able to find solutions for

dont know, but thats not a comprehensive term. For

problems. We have so many great civilizations that

instance, I dont know how much money you keep in

have lasted for thousands of years. The best part of

your wallet. But you cant say thats delusion. Noth-

the history is the experience that we inherited from

ing will change in my life without that knowledge.

our ancestors to solve problems in life. At the same

There are a lot of things in our life that we dont need

time, we have come up with our own innovations

to know. What the Buddha referred to as delusion or

that shall be passed down to future genera-

ignorance is when we dont know how and why

tions.Whats the point of a great civilization if we are

things happen. Also please keep in mind the context

not able to pass down effective methodologies that

within which the question was raised. During the

we have inherited and developed to capture all the

Buddhas time, there were only three kinds of expla-

good solutions in life? So whats wisdom? I would

nations. The first kind is that God creates everything.

say wisdom is how to move through your predica-

The second kind points to karma. The third kind is

ments in a calm and easy way. Thats the Buddhas

no reason at all. Thats just the way it is. These are

wisdom. Anything that happens comes with relevant

the three basic attitudes that people held on to in

influencing. We need to understand it comprehen-

order to explain the world in ancient Indian society. I

sively. The capability of finding a good solution

dont think any of these views make sense. So when

comes with full comprehension.

Buddha became enlightened, he referred to these

views as delusion and the people who hold these
views as ignorant. Therefore, please understand
when we say delusion, it refers to this view. What
the Buddha pointed out is that everything happens
with a cause and under a specific influence. We
have to know the cause of a problem to solve it. For
instance, You got married and love your partner very
much but somehow you always get into fights with
him or her lately, you have to ask why. In India, before the Buddha became enlightened, people would
probably tell you that its the Creators will. The
question is, why does God bother to do this? Some
other guys might tell you that its due to bad karma.
But how do you know its true? Another guy might

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In Asia, Buddhists have a saying In the western

culture, people believe in God but live the Dharma.
In Asia, people believe in Buddhism but they pray to
gods to take care of problems. Thats why there are
so many underdeveloped areas in Asia. The sutra
cited here is the first round of the Four Noble Truths,
where Buddha raised the big question of how suffering came about. This is the first step; the second
step is to get rid of the obstacles according to the
way they came along. In other words, first you have
to identify the elements of suffering before proceeding to eradicate them. These are two issues of absolute importance. Its a procedure of why and how.
Thats why we have to refine tonights topic. The
cessation of suffering really involves the origination

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of suffering. We have to know the origination to

not going to serve any purpose. I have to emphasize

tackle the issue of cessation. I have to make a point

this again. When a person trapped in a situation

here that in the first round of Four Noble Truths, ces-

thinks that this too shall pass, he is not going to get

sation means how. The content of cessation of suf-

anything done. Just think it over; when you take a

fering in the first round is to get rid of the elements

stand like that, do you really plan to do anything?

that cause suffering. Thats why the Buddha started

with the question of why are there so many restraints in life. The answer is delusion and desire.
Delusion means you have no idea how things happened. In Buddhism, relevant influencing mainly
refers to difficult situations that sentient beings are
trapped in. Ignorance is not being able to understand the situation. Please keep in mind that the
point is if suffering comes around due to certain elements, its destined to change under other circumstantial situations. Most people will feel stress and
fear when they come across a difficult situation. But
from a Buddhists point of view, any predicament
comes with its relevant influencing. As long as there
is influencing, theres the ability to change. Therefore, the Buddhist way to deal with suffering is to
change it. A Buddhists attitude toward suffering is
definitely not to bury your head in the sand. Its
rather a positive and courageous way of dealing
with things rather than to get away from the source
of pain. I cannot emphasize this concept enough.

The rightful Buddhist way to deal with any situation is to fully understand why it happened. You
have to master your past in the present. Its not
about what happens eventually, its not about the
future. Thats not what the Buddha taught. Mastering your present moment enables you to react. The
purpose of learning the Dharma is to help us go
through lifes issues more effectively. Id like to remind you to be alert. If you believe in God, you
probably often hear that God will take on your burdens. Its not like that in Buddhism. The Buddha will
never take on your burdens. Think it over. You have
learned the Dharma and you cannot ease your problems by giving it to the Buddha. If you dont study
your present situation, how are you going to deal
with it? Neither God nor Buddha is going to take
care of all your problems. Again, if you dont have a
strategy for yourself, whats the purpose of being a
Buddhist? So you have to be very careful. Dont get
wild ideas out of blue. Some people fancy the idea
that wisdom will come along with deep meditation.

Please listen carefully. For a long time now,

Thats not a very smart idea. But I must confess that

there has been a very odd attitude prevailing over

for the first ten years of my Buddhist life, that was

the Buddhist population. The saying this too shall

my idea of practicing too. I sat for nothing. There-

pass indicates that all things are only temporary.

fore, I sincerely advice you dont do that.

This too shall pass leads to a comprised attitude

toward life. The old Chinese saying, once you kick
the bucket, you are not going to bring anything with
you reminds people to let go. No matter what kind
of life youre leading, this kind of attitude seems to
focus only on the end. I have to tell you that this is
not the original view from Buddhism. Why do I have

From this sutra, you can see that Buddha didnt

just sit there waiting and doing nothing. We have to
ask ourselves where the suffering is from and how
did the problem start. Once you understand that,
understanding is wisdom. Understanding will ease
your suffering. Because now you know that as long
as we can get rid of the cause, things will change.

to point this out? This kind of unprepared attitude is

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The understanding of origination leads to the cessa-

healing, what kind of attitude are we going to hold?

tion. Then it is qualified to be called wisdom. Thats

First, of course wed like to get cured as soon as

how you help yourself in daily life. Thats the way to

possible. Act quickly. This is the suffering part of the

practice and to benefit you and others.

second round. An urge to get cured as soon as pos-

Now that we know why and how, next step is

what. The correct way is to get rid of the cause. The
practical procedures that we take is called path in
Buddhism. And what are these procedures related
to? It goes without saying that these procedures
should go along with the reasons that caused the
suffering to happen. This is the first round of the
Four Noble Truths, the suffering, the origination of
suffering, the cessation of suffering and the way
leading to cessation of suffering. This is the first
round and the focus is to understand. The focus is
on understanding and there is no action yet. Of
course, after you understand why and how, you
need to act. The cessation of suffering we just mentioned is referring to understanding how. Action
comes up in the second round. The focus in the second round is how to carry out your understanding
methodically. This will be based on our understanding of the first round.

sible is usually coupled with painstaking effort. We

would work exuberantly to get rid of the elements
that cause our illness. This is the origination of suffering part in the second round. To reach for the goal
of health and to be able to remove all ill elements
pushes us through the pain. This is the cessation of
the suffering part in the second round. This whole
process of urging, acting, accelerating is like a race
against time. Thats the second round of the Four
Noble Truths, which focus on speedy and accurate
action. The keyword in the second round is action.
After we have done all we can do, the problem is
solved. Thats the third round. Whats the content of
the third round in Four Noble Truths? The suffering
has been eased. Thats the suffering part of the third
round. The suffering has been abandoned. The second thing is that the origination of suffering has been
eradicated. The third thing is that the cessation of
suffering has been experienced. This is the cessation of suffering in the third round. The way leading

For example, in the first round, we get ill. What

to cessation of suffering has been developed. Suf-

kind of illness is it? That is the suffering part. Then

fering has been abandoned. The origination of suf-

we should figure out the cause of illness; that would

be the part of origination of suffering in the first
round. The knowledge that the illness can be cured

fering has been eradicated. The cessation of suffering has been experienced. The way leading to cessation of suffering has been developed and prac-

when the cause is eradicated is the part of cessation

ticed. Thats the third round of the Four Noble

of suffering in the first round. Then comes the knowl-

Truths. The accomplishment of these three rounds

edge of healing, the procedure that you should take

to heal is the way leading to the cessation in the first
round. Once we know all four, we have turned the
dharma wheel of Four Noble Truths for the first
round. The foundation for healing is right here.

leads to liberation and supreme enlightenment.

Therefore, I have to sincerely remind you again that
Buddhism is not about a god who creates everything. Its not about karma from your previous life
that determines who you are now. Its not about the

Then we start the healing. There are certain

world as just the way it is without any reason. Since

procedures that were going to use. In the process of

youre smart enough to get into the Columbia Uni-

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versity, I assume that you wouldnt agree with these

views. These three views might provide some kind
of self-consolation for your daily problems, but they
wont get you out of it in reality.

neighbors might tell you to go away.

My friends, the key point is the Buddha did not
teach that famous quote this too shall pass. We all
know that this too shall pass, however the crucial

!Nor should we adopt another kind of inappro-

detail is how. Its the journey itself, not the end that

priate view. For instance, in Asia there is a method

counts. Another example, you have a baby, you

of meditation. Youre taught to watch your thoughts

feed him, you dress him, you may spend a lot of

during meditation. You see your thoughts rise and

time with him or you may not have time to grow up

fall, come and go, up and down. You are taught to

with him but hell grow up anyway. But would you

just watch your thoughts and disregard anything

use that excuse for not taking any responsibility at

else. Then youll realize that all thoughts will come

all" We all know that the child is going to grow up,

to an end. No matter what you do, they will not stay.

but the way he is going to be brought up will make a

You dont think about them and they will pass. You

big difference. Be sure not to treat your child with a

pay a lot of attention to them and they will pass. No

negative and pessimistic attitude. Instead of letting

matter how hard you try, the thoughts will go away.

go, we focus on what we have and why we have it

Once you see through this, you are taught that this

at the present moment. We can only change

is how you let go of everything. Everything shall

courses if we know the reasons behind why were

pass. When you realize that, your mind will emerge

on a particular path. No matter what religion you

into serenity. Why? Because nothing is left. Your

believe in or if youre simply interested in Buddhism,

mind will not struggle with the thoughts anymore.

Im sure its because you are striving for a better life.

Because you know they will pass. I believe that

If what youre learning is not practical, and cant

some of you might have learned this kind of medita-

make your life better, whats the purpose? Bud-

tion. Its quite pristine. Its quite agreeable for many

dhism is famous for meditation. However, meditation

people. I have nothing against it if the purpose of

is not about relaxing the body and mind. If you think

your meditation is only for a calm mind. However, if

that the Dharma is just about sitting and loosening

youd like to learn something that can be beneficial

up, then there must be some kind of misunderstand-

to your daily life, I would say this kind of meditation

ing. The sitting posture of meditation is just a con-

is not helpful. Lets put it this way. You may not al-

venient way to watch your mental and physical ac-

ways get along with a colleague, your family or

tivities more closely. To try to figure out why things

neighbors. Will you always say this too shall pass? If

happened the way they did. Thats the point. My

you have a close relationship, the friction shouldnt

friends, the Dharma is something that you can apply

last too long. If you have a bumpy relationship, eve-

in your daily life. Its very practical. The Dharma that

rything is okay too since the conflict shall pass any-

you have learned should help you be successful.

way. Eventually, whatever you do will be just by-

Thats the Dharma that works. Thats why relevant

gones. Does that mean you can apply the same rule

influence is the core of Buddhas teaching.

in your daily life? Just let any problem that comes up

pass? Can you live like that? If you live like that,

Matthew asked me to talk about the cessation

of suffering tonight. This topic really involves many

your colleague, your boss, your family or your

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- - - ./01%

different levels of teaching in Buddhism. At the earli-

actly due to the eventual parting that the present

est stage, its about how to cease suffering. In the

moment is so precious for us to get along. The rea-

middle stage, its about the effort that you put in to

son for a good relationship is not possession. Get

cease suffering. At the end its about the accom-

along with each other so you wont feel regrets at

plishment of ceasing suffering. Many of you have

the end. This will make our lives better and make it

heard of the term nirvana or nibbana in Buddhism.

easier for others too. Also it will make the world a

Lots of people consider that as another quirky world.

better place.

Some people in Buddhism even look down upon

nirvana as something that is not compassionate.

The most precious quality of a human being is

that he is able to solve a problem and stop the suf-

As behavior without mercy. Many schools in

fering. Ceasing suffering is the whole point. Life is

Buddhism hold unto this kind of view. Actually the

short. Yet there are many kinds of suffering. Thats

term nirvana refers to a solved problem. In other

why its such an important topic in our lives. Most

words, suffering has been ceased. Nirvana means

people are trying to pursue happiness. They rather

the end of the suffering. Its not referring to empti-

sweep the suffering under the rug. The truth is hap-

ness or a state of nothingness. Thats a misunder-

piness is often coupled with suffering. If you dont

standing. Some people believe that nirvana is a

know how to cease suffering, sitting and relax wont

beautiful world in eternity. There are all kinds of odd

last too long. Sitting without thinking, you might feel

explanations. The truth is, it is the end of suffering.

less stress. But there is no such simple life. So

Anyway, none of us are going to get to nirvana soon.

please keep that in mind and dont waste your life.

Lets not waste too much time discussing that.

Dont make Buddhism the opium of your life. Thats

I just want to tell you how to learn the way to

solve problems effectively. We shouldnt assume
that things should come to an end. Therefore, dont
bother to think too much about it now. In China, we
have a saying that we all come to the end of our
lives naked and empty handed as on the day we
were born. Therefore, dont think too much. Thats
really a bad attitude. A very bad idea. It is true that
we all come to the end of our lives naked and empty
-handed as on the day we were born. But the meaning of life does not lie on the issue of being fullhanded or empty-handed. The point is how you deal
with life. Yes well all have to give up our wealth,
fame, etc when its time to go but that doesnt mean
we can avoid facing reality. One of these days were
going to say farewell to our parents and children. But
that doesnt mean we dont care anymore. Its ex-

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so sad. Ive been a Buddhist for forty years. Ive

seen so many people use religion as an anesthesia.
Even some so-called spiritual teachers provide
meditation courses that can really numb your spirit.
Buddhism bloomed in most Asian counties over the
past hundred years. But the compromised way of
teaching by some gurus didnt bring any positive
impact toward the society. Society just became
weaker and weaker. This is something we need to
reflect upon. Whats the correct way to learn the
Buddhas teaching? Whats the correct way to teach
the Buddhas teaching? All these topics need to be
examined again. Youre the elite thinkers of society.
I hope you will seriously think over what I just said.
Dont make yourself a slave to religion. Become
enlightened and stop the suffering. Thats the way to
do it. That is all for today. Thank you for coming.! !

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VaroBhikkhu Dhammadis Ven. Lokadpa @
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Before I started to pen-off my "experience", let

thought. But that night, a fellow Sangha participant

me introduce my religion background. I was

brings

up

the

incident

again,

which

makes

brought up in a Buddhist family. My parents are

me realize she had harbour the remarks from the mar-

Buddhists but not stout believers. As I grew older, I

ket to the temple. I told her it is because of our pres-

started to feel the interest to learn more about Bud-

ence in the market that arouses the Dependently co-

dhism. It was through 'Fa An' who introduced me to

arisen that causes the incident. And since we are al-

"Original Buddhism Society".

ready back in the temple, the nasty remarks does

not exist anymore. I may have the Right View or Right

When I learned there was a Retreat for Short

Thought for the above incident, but for Right ConcenTerm Monastic Life in Taiwan for month of August
tration, I still need to put more effort. The first session
2013, I decided to participate without hesitation.
as Sangha life, we were reminded not to look around
What prompts me to participate is that I want
the surrounding environment, during alms round. This
to experiences the everyday life of Sangha, who are
was been reminded again for "Right Concentration"
able to abandoned cravings and clinging.
from Venerable Bhikkhu Vpassama even during the
With a group of Dharma friends together we
whole session of retreat.
flew to Taiwan on the 1st of August 2013 and arLuckily I enrolled for two sessions and had the
rived at the temple later in the evening. A few hours
chances to improve on "Right Concentration". Bhiklater, I had my head shaved by Venerable Tissar
khu later said participants in the 2nd session are
and even taught to learn the skill of wearing the
better than the 1st session.
robe. The next morning, Venerable Bhikkhu Vpassama gives a brief Dharma talk on "Life dependently
co-arisen phenomenon, that subject to old age, to

Lastly I really cherish the Life as a Short Term

Sangha...!!

sickness, to death and to pain. My emotion overcomes me, when my thought was drifting back to
my mother, who is facing her semifinal stage of old
age, sickness and death.
Two days later in the morning, we started to get
ready for alms round with the Sangha at a market
place. We started to pack dharma materials in our
alms bowls for distribution. Venerable Bhikkhu Vpassama leads the team and we followed slowly from behind. It was during the alms rounds that from behind
the team, we accidentally blocked a roadside stall
sellers front entrance, which indirect hinders his business for the day. Out of his irritation, he spoke these
words "This Ku Gua Mian"(bitter gourd face) are blocking his business. We quickly shifted away from blocking his entrance and continued with the alms round,
leaving the remarks behind without giving a second

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