RMS Titanic was a British passenger liner that sank in the North Atlantic Ocean on 15 April 1912 after

colliding with an iceberg d ring her !aiden "o#age fro! So tha!pton$ %& to New 'ork (it#$ %S) The sinking of Titanic ca sed the deaths of !ore than 1$5** people in one of the deadliest peaceti!e !ariti!e disasters in !odern histor#) The RMS Titanic was the largest ship afloat at the ti!e it entered ser"ice) Titanic was the second of three Ol#!pic class ocean liners operated b# the +hite Star ,ine$ and was b ilt b# the -arland and +olff ship#ard in Belfast with Tho!as Andrews as her na"al architect) Andrews was a!ong those lost d ring the sinking) On her !aiden "o#age$ she carried 2$22. passengers and crew) %nder the co!!and of /dward S!ith$ the ship0s passengers incl ded so!e of the wealthiest people in the world$ as well as h ndreds of e!igrants fro! 1reat Britain and 2reland$ Scandina"ia and elsewhere thro gho t / rope seeking a new life in North A!erica) The ship was designed to be the last word in co!fort and l 3 r#$ with an on4board g#!nasi !$ swi!!ing pool$ libraries$ high4class resta rants and op lent cabins) A wireless telegraph pro"ided for the con"enience of passengers as well as for operational se) Tho gh Titanic had ad"anced safet# feat res s ch as watertight co!part!ents and re!otel# acti"ated watertight doors$ there were not eno gh lifeboats to acco!!odate all of those aboard d e to o tdated !ariti!e safet# reg lations) Titanic onl# carried eno gh lifeboats for 1$156 people7slightl# !ore than half of the n !ber on board$ and one4third her total capacit#) After lea"ing So tha!pton on 1* April 1912$ Titanic called at (herbo rg in 8rance and 9 eenstown :now (obh; in 2reland before heading westwards towards New 'ork)<2= On 1. April 1912$ fo r da#s into the crossing and abo t >55 !iles :?*. k!; so th of Newfo ndland$ she hit an iceberg at 11@.* p! ship0s ti!e) The glancing collision ca sed Titanic0s h ll plates to b ckle inwards along her starboard side and opened fi"e of her si3teen watertight co!part!ents to the seaA the ship grad all# filled with water) Meanwhile$ passengers and so!e crew !e!bers were e"ac ated in lifeboats$ !an# of which were la nched onl# partl# loaded) A disproportionate n !ber of !en were left aboard beca se of a Bwo!en and children firstB protocol followed b# so!e of the officers loading the lifeboats)<>= B# 2@2* AM$ she broke apart and fo ndered$ with well o"er one tho sand people still aboard) C st nder two ho rs after Titanic fo ndered$ the ( nard liner RMS (arpathia arri"ed on the scene of the sinking$ where she bro ght aboard an esti!ated 5*5 s r"i"ors) The disaster was greeted with worldwide shock and o trage at the h ge loss of life and the reg lator# and operational fail res that had led to it) D blic inE iries in Britain and the %nited States led to !aFor i!pro"e!ents in !ariti!e safet#) One of their !ost i!portant legacies was the establish!ent in 191. of the 2nternational (on"ention for the Safet# of ,ife at Sea :SO,AS;$ which still go"erns !ariti!e safet# toda#) Additionall#$ se"eral new wireless reg lations were passed aro nd the world in an effort to learn fro! the !an# !issteps in wireless co!! nications 7which co ld ha"e sa"ed !an# !ore passengers)<.= Man# of the s r"i"ors lost all of their !one# and possessions and were left destit teA !an# fa!ilies$ partic larl# those of crew !e!bers fro! So tha!pton$ lost their pri!ar# bread4winners) The# were helped b# an o tpo ring of p blic s#!path# and charitable donations) So!e of the !ale s r"i"ors were acc sed of cowardice for lea"ing the ship while people were still on boardA the +hite Star ,ine0s chair!an$ C) Br ce 2s!a#$ faced social ostracis! for the rest of his life) The wreck of Titanic re!ains on the seabed$ split in two and grad all# disintegrating at a depth of 12$.15 feet :>$56. !;) Since her disco"er# in 1965$ tho sands of artefacts ha"e been reco"ered and p t on displa# at ! se !s aro nd the world) Titanic has beco!e one of the !ost fa!o s ships in histor#$ her !e!or# kept ali"e b# n !ero s books$ folk songs$ fil!s$ e3hibits$ and !e!orials) (ontents <hide= 1 Backgro nd 2 Gi!ensions and la#o t > 8eat res >)1 Dower >)2 TechniE e >)> Dassenger facilities >). Mail and cargo >)5 ,ifeboats

. B ilding and preparing the ship .)1 (onstr ction$ la nch and fitting4o t .)2 Sea trials 5 Maiden "o#age 5)1 (rew 5)2 Dassengers 5)> (ollecting passengers 5). Atlantic crossing 5)5 Sinking ? After!ath of sinking ?)1 Arri"al of (arpathia in New 'ork ?)2 2n"estigations into the disaster ?)2)1 Role of the SS (alifornian ?)> S r"i"ors and "icti!s ?). Retrie"al and b rial of the dead 5 +reck 6 ,egac# 6)1 Safet# 6)2 ( lt ral 9 Appendi3 1* See also 11 Notes 12 References 1> Bibliograph# 1. /3ternal links Backgro nd The na!e Titanic was deri"ed fro! 1reek !#tholog# and !eant gigantic) B ilt in Belfast$ 2reland$ in the %nited &ingdo! of 1reat Britain and 2reland :as it then was;$ the RMS Titanic was the second of the three Ol#!pic4class ocean liners7the first was the RMS Ol#!pic and the third was the -M-S Britannic)<5= The# were b# far the largest "essels of the British shipping co!pan# +hite Star ,ine0s fleet$ which co!prised 29 stea!ers and tenders in 1912)<?= The three ships had their genesis in a disc ssion in !id419*5 between the +hite Star ,ine0s chair!an$ C) Br ce 2s!a#$ and the A!erican financier C) D) Morgan$ who controlled the +hite Star ,ine0s parent corporation$ the 2nternational Mercantile Marine (o) :2MM;) The +hite Star ,ine faced a growing challenge fro! its !ain ri"als ( nard$ which had F st la nched the , sitania and the Ma retania7 the fastest passenger ships then in ser"ice 7 and the 1er!an lines -a!b rg A!erica and Nordde tscher ,lo#d) 2s!a# preferred to co!pete on siHe rather than speed and proposed to co!!ission a new class of liners that wo ld be bigger than an#thing that had gone before as well as being the last word in co!fort and l 3 r#)<5= The co!pan# so ght an pgrade in their fleet pri!aril# in response to the ( nard giants b t also to replace their oldest pair of passenger ships still in ser"ice$ being the SS Te tonic of 1669 and SS MaFestic of 169*) Te tonic was replaced b# Ol#!pic while MaFestic was replaced b# Titanic) MaFestic wo ld be bro ght back into her old spot on +hite Star0s New 'ork ser"ice after Titanic0s loss)<citation needed= The ships were constr cted b# the Belfast shipb ilders -arland and +olff$ who had a long4 established relationship with the +hite Star ,ine dating back to 16?5)<6= -arland and +olff were gi"en a great deal of latit de in designing ships for the +hite Star ,ineA the s al approach was for the latter to sketch o t a general concept which the for!er wo ld take awa# and t rn into a ship design) (ost considerations were relati"el# low on the agenda and -arland and +olff was a thorised to spend what it needed on the ships$ pl s a fi"e percent profit !argin)<6= 2n the case of the Ol#!pic4class ships$ a cost of I> !illion for the first two ships was agreed pl s Be3tras to contractB and the s al fi"e percent fee)<9= -arland and +olff p t their leading designers to work designing the Ol#!pic4class "essels) The design was o"erseen b# ,ord Dirrie$ a director of both -arland and +olff and the +hite Star ,ineA na"al architect Tho!as Andrews$ the !anaging director of -arland and +olff0s design

depart!entA /dward +ilding$ Andrews0 dep t# and responsible for calc lating the ship0s design$ stabilit# and tri!A and Ale3ander (arlisle$ the ship#ard0s chief dra ghts!an and general !anager) <1*= (arlisle0s responsibilities incl ded the decorations$ eE ip!ent and all general arrange!ents$ incl ding the i!ple!entation of an efficient lifeboat da"it design)<a= On 29 C l# 19*6$ -arland and +olff presented the drawings to C) Br ce 2s!a# and other +hite Star ,ine e3ec ti"es) 2s!a# appro"ed the design and signed three Bletters of agree!entB two da#s later a thorising the start of constr ction)<1>= At this point the first ship7which was later to beco!e Ol#!pic7had no na!e$ b t was referred to si!pl# as BN !ber .**B$ as it was -arland and +olff0s fo r h ndredth h ll) Titanic was based on a re"ised "ersion of the sa!e design and was gi"en the n !ber .*1)<1.= Gi!ensions and la#o t

Titanic in 1912 Titanic was 662 feet 9 inches :2?9)*? !; long with a !a3i! ! breadth of 92 feet ? inches :26)19 !;) -er total height$ !eas red fro! the base of the keel to the top of the bridge$ was 1*. feet :>2 !;)<15= She !eas red .?$>26 gross register tons and with a dra ght of >. feet 5 inches :1*)5. !;$ she displaced 52$>1* tons)<1?= All three of the Ol#!pic4class ships had ten decks :e3cl ding the top of the officers0 E arters;$ eight of which were for passenger se) 8ro! top to botto!$ the decks were@ The Boat Geck$ on which the lifeboats were ho sed) 2t was fro! here d ring the earl# ho rs of 15 April 1912 that Titanic0s lifeboats were lowered into the North Atlantic) The bridge and wheelho se were at the forward end$ in front of the captain0s and officers0 E arters) The bridge stood 6 feet :2). !; abo"e the deck$ e3tending o t to either side so that the ship co ld be controlled while docking) The wheelho se stood directl# behind and abo"e the bridge) The entrance to the 8irst (lass 1rand Staircase and g#!nasi ! were located !idships along with the raised roof of the 8irst (lass lo nge$ while at the rear of the deck were the roof of the 8irst (lass s!oke roo! and the relati"el# !odest Second (lass entrance) The wood4co"ered deck was di"ided into fo r segregated pro!enadesA for officers$ 8irst (lass passengers$ engineers and Second (lass passengers respecti"el#) ,ifeboats lined the side of the deck e3cept in the 8irst (lass area$ where there was a gap so that the "iew wo ld not be spoiled)<15=<16= A Geck$ also called the Dro!enade Geck$ e3tended along the entire 5.? feet :1?? !; length of the s perstr ct re) 2t was reser"ed e3cl si"el# for 8irst (lass passengers and contained 8irst (lass cabins$ the 8irst (lass lo nge$ s!oke roo!$ reading and writing roo!s and Dal! (o rt)<15= B Geck$ the Bridge Geck$ was the top weight4bearing deck and the pper!ost le"el of the h ll) More 8irst (lass passenger acco!!odation was located here with si3 palatial stateroo!s :cabins; feat ring their own pri"ate pro!enades) On Titanic$ the A ,a (arte Resta rant and the (afJ Darisien pro"ided l 3 r# dining facilities to 8irst (lass passengers) Both were r n b# s bcontracted chefs and their staffA all were lost in the disaster) The Second (lass s!oking roo! and entrance hall were both located on this deck) The raised forecastle of the ship was forward of the Bridge Geck$ acco!!odating N !ber 1 hatch :the !ain hatch thro gh to the cargo holds;$ n !ero s pieces of !achiner# and the anchor ho sings)<b= Aft of the Bridge Geck was the raised Doop Geck$ 1*? feet :>2 !; long$ sed as a pro!enade b# Third (lass passengers) 2t was where !an# of Titanic0s passengers and crew !ade their last stand as the ship sank) The forecastle and Doop Geck were separated fro! the Bridge Geck b# well decks)<19=<2*= ( Geck$ the Shelter Geck$ was the highest deck to r n ninterr pted fro! ste! to stern) 2t incl ded both well decksA the aft one ser"ed as part of the Third (lass pro!enade) (rew cabins were ho sed below the forecastle and Third (lass p blic roo!s were ho sed below the Doop Geck) 2n between were the !aForit# of 8irst (lass cabins and the Second (lass librar#)<19=<21= G Geck$ the Saloon Geck$ was do!inated b# three large p blic roo!s7the 8irst (lass Reception Roo!$ the 8irst (lass Gining Saloon and the Second (lass Gining Saloon) An open space was pro"ided for Third (lass passengers) 8irst$ Second and Third (lass passengers had cabins on this deck$ with berths for fire!en located in the bow) 2t was the highest le"el reached b# the ship0s watertight b lkheads :tho gh onl# b# eight of the fifteen b lkheads;)<19=<22=

/ Geck$ the %pper Geck$ was predo!inantl# sed for passenger acco!!odation for all three classes pl s berths for cooks$ sea!en$ stewards and tri!!ers) Along its length ran a long passagewa# nickna!ed Scotland Road$ in reference to a fa!o s street in ,i"erpool) Scotland Road was sed b# Third (lass passengers and crew !e!bers) <19=<2>= 8 Geck$ the Middle Geck$ was the last co!plete deck and !ainl# acco!!odated Second and Third (lass passengers and se"eral depart!ents of the crew) The Third (lass dining saloon was located here$ as were the swi!!ing pool and T rkish bath)<19=<2>= 1 Geck$ the ,ower Geck$ was the lowest co!plete deck that carried passengers$ and had the lowest portholes$ F st abo"e the waterline) The sE ash co rt was located here along with the tra"elling post office where !ail clerks sorted letters and parcels so that the# wo ld be read# for deli"er# when the ship docked) 8ood was also stored here) The deck was interr pted at se"eral points b# orlop :partial; decks o"er the boiler$ engine and t rbine roo!s)<19=<2.= The Orlop Gecks and the Tank Top were on the lowest le"el of the ship$ below the waterline) The orlop decks were sed as cargo spaces$ while the Tank Top7the inner botto! of the ship0s h ll7 pro"ided the platfor! on which the ship0s boilers$ engines$ t rbines and electrical generators were ho sed) This area of the ship was occ pied b# the engine and boiler roo!s$ areas which passengers wo ld not be per!itted to see) The# were connected with higher le"els of the ship b# flights of stairsA twin spiral stairwa#s near the bow pro"ided access p to G Geck)<19=<2.= 8eat res Dower

R dder with central and port wing propellersA<c= !an at botto! Titanic was eE ipped with three !ain engines7two reciprocating fo r4c#linder$ triple4e3pansion stea! engines and one centrall# placed low4press re Darsons t rbine7each dri"ing a propeller) The two reciprocating engines had a co!bined o tp t of >*$*** hp and a f rther 1?$*** hp was contrib ted b# the t rbine)<15= The +hite Star ,ine had sed the sa!e co!bination of engines on an earlier liner$ the SS ,a rentic$ where it had been a great s ccess)<2?= 2t pro"ided a good co!bination of perfor!ance and speedA reciprocating engines b# the!sel"es were not powerf l eno gh to propel an Ol#!pic4class liner at the desired speeds$ while t rbines were s fficientl# powerf l b t ca sed nco!fortable "ibrations$ a proble! that affected the all4t rbine ( nard liners , sitania and Ma retania)<25= B# co!bining reciprocating engines with a t rbine$ f el sage co ld be red ced and !oti"e power increased$ while sing the sa!e a!o nt of stea!)<26= The two reciprocating engines were each ?> feet :19 !; long and weighed 52* tons$ with their bedplates contrib ting a f rther 195 tons)<25= The# were powered b# stea! prod ced in 29 boilers$ 2. of which were do ble4ended and 5 single4ended$ which contained a total of 159 f rnaces)<29= The boilers were 15 feet 9 inches :.)6* !; in dia!eter and 2* feet :?)1 !; long$ each weighing 91)5 tons and capable of holding .6)5 tons of water)<>*= The# were heated b# b rning coal$ ?$?11 tons of which co ld be carried in Titanic0s b nkers with a f rther 1$*92 tons in -old >) The f rnaces reE ired o"er ?** tons of coal a da# to be sho"elled into the! b# hand$ reE iring the ser"ices of 15? fire!en working aro nd the clock)<>1= 1** tons of ash a da# had to be disposed of b# eFecting it into the sea)<>2= The work was relentless$ dirt# and dangero s$ and altho gh fire!en were paid relati"el# genero sl#<>1= there was a high s icide rate a!ong those who worked in that capacit#)<>>= /3ha st stea! lea"ing the reciprocating engines was fed into the t rbine$ which was sit ated aft) 8ro! there it passed into a condenser$ to increase the efficienc# of the t rbine and so that the stea! co ld be condensed back into water and re sed)<>.= The engines were attached directl# to long shafts which dro"e the propellers) There were three$ one for each engineA the o ter :or wing; propellers were the largest$ each carr#ing three blades of !anganese4bronHe allo# with a total dia!eter of 2>)5 feet :5)2 !;)<>*= The !iddle propeller was slightl# s!aller at 15 feet :5)2 !; in dia!eter$<>5= and co ld be stopped b t not re"ersed) Titanic0s electrical plant was capable of prod cing !ore power than an a"erage cit# power station of the ti!e)<>?= 2!!ediatel# aft of the t rbine engine were fo r .** k+ stea!4dri"en electric generators$ sed to pro"ide electrical power to the ship$ pl s two >* k+ a 3iliar# generators for

e!ergenc# se)<>5= Their location in the stern of the ship !eant that the# re!ained operational ntil the last few !in tes before the ship sank)<>6= TechniE e The interiors of the Ol#!pic4class ships were s bdi"ided into si3teen pri!ar# co!part!ents di"ided b# fifteen b lkheads which e3tended well abo"e the waterline) /le"en "erticall# closing watertight doors co ld seal off the co!part!ents in the e"ent of an e!ergenc#)<>9= The ships0 e3posed decking was !ade of pine and teak$ while interior ceilings were co"ered in painted gran lated cork to co!bat condensation)<.*= Standing abo"e the decks were fo r f nnels$ each painted b ff with black tops$ tho gh onl# three were f nctional7the last one was a d !!#$ installed for aesthetic p rposes7and two !asts$ each 155 feet :.5 !; high$ which s pported derricks for working cargo) Titanic0s r dder was large eno gh7at 56 feet 6 inches :2>)96 !; high and 15 feet > inches :.)?5 !; long$ weighing o"er 1** tons7that it reE ired steering engines to !o"e it) Two stea!4 powered steering engines were installed tho gh onl# one was sed at an# one ti!e$ with the other one kept in reser"e) The# were connected to the short tiller thro gh stiff springs$ to isolate the steering engines fro! an# shocks in hea"# seas or d ring fast changes of direction)<.1= As a last resort$ the tiller co ld be !o"ed b# ropes connected to two stea! capstans)<.2= The capstans were also sed to raise and lower the ship0s fi"e anchors :one port$ one starboard$ one in the centreline and two kedging anchors;)<.2= The ship was eE ipped with her own waterworks$ capable of heating and p !ping water to all parts of the "essel "ia a co!ple3 network of pipes and "al"es) The !ain water s ppl# was taken aboard while Titanic was in port$ b t in an e!ergenc# the ship co ld also distil fresh water fro! seawater$ tho gh this was not a straightforward process as the distillation plant E ickl# beca!e clogged b# salt deposits) A network of ins lated d cts con"e#ed war! air$ dri"en b# electric fans$ aro nd the ship$ and 8irst (lass cabins were fitted with additional electric heaters)<>?= Titanic was eE ipped with two 1)5 k+ spark4gap wireless telegraphs located in the radio roo! on the Boat Geck$ in the Officers0 E arters) One set was sed for trans!itting !essages and the other$ located in a so ndproofed booth called the BSilent Roo!B$ for recei"ing the!) The signals were trans!itted thro gh two parallel wires str ng between the ship0s !asts$ 5* feet :15 !; abo"e the f nnels to a"oid the corrosi"e s!oke)<>?= The s#ste! was one of the !ost powerf l in the world$ with a range of p to 1$*** !iles :1$?*9 k!;)<.>= 2t was owned and operated b# the Marconi (o!pan# rather than the +hite Star ,ine$ and was intended pri!aril# for passengers rather than ship operations) The f nction of the two wireless operators7both Marconi e!plo#ees 7was to operate a 2.4ho r ser"ice sending and recei"ing wireless telegra!s for passengers) The# did$ howe"er$ also pass on professional ship !essages s ch as weather reports and ice warnings)<..= Dassenger facilities 8 rther infor!ation@ 8irst class facilities of the RMS Titanic The passenger facilities aboard Titanic ai!ed to !eet the highest standards of l 3 r#) According to Titanic0s general arrange!ent plans$ the ship co ld acco!!odate 6>> 8irst (lass Dassengers$ ?1. in Second (lass and 1$**? in Third (lass$ for a total passenger capacit# of 2$.5>) 2n addition$ her capacit# for crew !e!bers e3ceeded 9**$ as !ost doc !ents of her original config ration ha"e stated that her f ll carr#ing capacit# for both passengers and crew was appro3i!atel# >$5.5) -er interior design was a depart re fro! that of other passenger liners$ which had t#picall# been decorated in the rather hea"# st#le of a !anor ho se or an /nglish co ntr# ho se)<.5= Titanic was laid o t in a ! ch lighter st#le si!ilar to that of conte!porar# high4class hotels7the RitH -otel was a reference point7with 8irst (lass cabins finished in the /!pire st#le)<.5= A "ariet# of other decorati"e st#les$ ranging fro! the Renaissance to Kictorian$ were sed to decorate cabins and p blic roo!s in 8irst and Second (lass areas of the ship) The ai! was to con"e# an i!pression that the passengers were in a floating hotel rather than a shipA as one passenger recalled$ on entering the ship0s interior a passenger wo ld Bat once lose the feeling that we are on board ship$ and see! instead to be entering the hall of so!e great ho se on shoreB)<.?= Dassengers co ld se an on4board telephone s#ste!$ a lending librar# and a large barber shop) <.5= The 8irst (lass section had a swi!!ing pool$ a g#!nasi !$ a sE ash co rt$ a T rkish bath$

an electric bath and a Kerandah (afe)<.?= 8irst (lass co!!on roo!s were adorned with ornate wood panelling$ e3pensi"e f rnit re and other decorations$ while the Third (lass general roo! had pine panelling and st rd# teak f rnit re)<.6= The (afJ Darisien was located on a s nlit "eranda fitted with trellis decorations and offered the best 8rench ha te c isine for 8irst (lass passengers)<.9= Third (lass :also co!!onl# referred to as Steerage; acco!!odations aboard Titanic were not as l 3 rio s as 8irst (lass$ b t e"en so were better than on !an# other ships of the ti!e) The# reflected the i!pro"ed standards which the +hite Star ,ine had adopted for trans4Atlantic i!!igrant and lower4class tra"el) On !ost other North Atlantic passenger ships at the ti!e$ Third (lass acco!!odations consisted of little !ore than open dor!itories in the forward end of the "essels$ in which h ndreds of people were confined$ often witho t adeE ate food or toilet facilities$) The +hite Star ,ine had long since broken that !old) As seen aboard Titanic$ all +hite Star ,ine passenger ships di"ided their Third (lass acco!!odations into two sections$ alwa#s at opposite ends of the "essel fro! one another) The established arrange!ent was that single !en were E artered in the forward areas$ while single wo!en$ !arried co ples and fa!ilies were E artered aft) 2n addition$ while other ships pro"ided onl# open berth sleeping arrange!ents$ +hite Star ,ine "essels pro"ided their Third (lass passengers with pri"ate$ s!all b t co!fortable cabins capable of acco!!odating two$ fo r$ si3$ eight and ten passengers) Third (lass acco!!odations also incl ded their own dining roo!s$ as well as p blic gathering areas incl ding adeE ate open deck space$ which aboard Titanic incl ded the 8orecastle Geck forward$ the Doop Geck aft$ both well decks and a large open space on G Geck which co ld be sed as a social hall) This was s pple!ented b# the addition of a s!oking roo! for !en and a reading roo! for wo!en$ and altho gh the# were not as gla!oro s in design as spaces seen in pper class acco!!odations$ the# were still far abo"e a"erage for the period)<citation needed= ,eis re facilities were pro"ided for all three classes to pass the ti!e) As well as !aking se of the indoor a!enities s ch as the librar#$ s!oking roo!s$ and g#!nasi !$ it was also c sto!ar# for passengers to socialise on the open deck$ pro!enading or rela3ing in hired deck chairs or wooden benches) A passenger list was p blished before the sailing to infor! the p blic which !e!bers of the great and good were on board$ and it was not nco!!on for a!bitio s !others to se the list to identif# rich bachelors to who! the# co ld introd ce their !arriageable da ghters d ring the "o#age)<5*= One of Titanic0s !ost distincti"e feat res was her 8irst (lass staircase$ known as the 1rand Staircase or 1rand Stairwa#) This descended thro gh se"en decks of the ship$ fro! the Boat Geck to / deck in the elegant st#le depicted in photographs and !o"ies$ and then as a !ore f nctional and less elegant staircase fro! there down to 8 deck)<51= 2t was capped with a do!e of wro ght iron and glass that ad!itted nat ral light) /ach landing off the staircase ga"e access to ornate entrance halls lit b# gold4plated light fi3t res)<52= At the pper!ost landing was a large car"ed wooden panel containing a clock$ with fig res of B-ono r and 1lor# (rowning Ti!eB flanking the clock face)<51= The 1rand Staircase was destro#ed in Titanic0s sinking and is now F st a "oid in the ship which !odern e3plorers ha"e sed to access the lower decks)<5>= G ring the fil!ing of Ca!es (a!eron0s Titanic in 1995$ his replica of the 1rand Staircase was ripped fro! its fo ndations b# the force of the inr shing water on the set) 2t has been s ggested that d ring the real e"ent$ the entire 1rand Staircase was eFected pwards thro gh the do!e)<5.= Stat e facing a cit# b ilding with 1reek col !ns and h ge %)S) flag The g#!nasi ! on the Boat Geck$ which was eE ipped with the latest e3ercise !achines Kiew of a wide branching staircase$ leading off to the left and right top of the scene) /laborate bal strades line the steps$ down which a wo!an is walking) At the head of the stairs a wall clock is "isible$ and abo"e that a seg!ented do!e) A !an and a wo!an sit in chairs in the foregro nd) The fa!o s 1rand Staircase$ which connected Boat Geck and / Geck Kiew of an ornate wood4panelled resta rant) Tables with fo r or fi"e c shioned chairs are "isible aro nd the scene$ with rolled napkins and table la!ps set o t on the table tops) The A ,a (arte resta rant on B Geck$ r n as a concession b# 2talian4born chef 1aspare 1atti Mail and cargo

Altho gh Titanic was pri!aril# a passenger liner$ she also carried a s bstantial a!o nt of cargo) -er designation as a Ro#al Mail Ship :RMS; indicated that she carried !ail nder contract with the Ro#al Mail :and also for the %nited States Dost Office Gepart!ent;) 8or the storage of letters$ parcels and specie :b llion$ coins and other "al ables; 2?$6** c bic feet :5?* !>; of space in her holds was allocated) The Sea Dost Office on 1 Geck was !anned b# fi"e postal clerks$ three A!ericans and two Britons$ who worked thirteen ho rs a da#$ se"en da#s a week sorting p to ?*$*** ite!s dail#)<55= The ship0s passengers bro ght with the! a h ge a!o nt of baggageA another 19$.55 c bic feet :55*)9 !>; was taken p b# first4 and second4class baggage) 2n addition$ there was a considerable E antit# of reg lar cargo$ ranging fro! f rnit re to foodst ffs and e"en !otor cars) <55= Gespite later !#ths$ the cargo on Titanic0s !aiden "o#age was fairl# ! ndaneA there was no gold$ e3otic !inerals or dia!onds$ and one of the !ore fa!o s ite!s lost in the shipwreck$ a Fewelled cop# of the R bai#at of O!ar &ha##a!$ was "al ed at onl# I.*5 :I>>$951 toda#;)<5?= Titanic was eE ipped with eight electric cranes$ fo r electric winches and three stea! winches to lift cargo and baggage in and o t of the hold) 2t is esti!ated that the ship sed so!e .15 tons of coal whilst in So tha!pton$ si!pl# generating stea! to operate the cargo winches and pro"ide heat and light)<55= ,ifeboats Main article@ ,ifeboats of the RMS Titanic

A collapsible lifeboat with can"as sides Titanic carried a total of 2* lifeboats@ 1. standard wooden -arland and +olff lifeboats with a capacit# of ?5 people each and fo r /nglehardt BcollapsibleB :wooden botto!$ collapsible can"as sides; lifeboats :identified as A to G; with a capacit# of .5 people each) 2n addition$ she had two e!ergenc# c tters with a capacit# of .* people each)<56=<d= Ol#!pic herself did not e"en carr# the fo r collapsibles A4G in the 1911L12 season) All of the lifeboats were stowed sec rel# on the boat deck and$ e3cept for collapsible lifeboats A and B$ connected to da"its b# ropes) Those on the starboard side were odd4n !bered 1L15 fro! bow to stern$ while those on the port side were e"en4n !bered 2L1? fro! bow to stern)<59= The two c tters were kept sw ng o t$ hanging fro! the da"its$ read# for i!!ediate se$ while collapsible lifeboats ( and G were stowed on the boat deck :connected to da"its; i!!ediatel# inboard of boats 1 and 2 respecti"el#) A and B were stored on the roof of the officers0 E arters$ on either side of n !ber 1 f nnel) There were no da"its to lower the! and their weight wo ld !ake the! challenging to la nch)<59= /ach boat carried :a!ong other things; food$ water$ blankets$ and a spare life belt) ,ifeline ropes on the boats0 sides enabled the! to sa"e additional people fro! the water if necessar#) Titanic had 1? sets of da"its$ each able to handle . lifeboats) This ga"e Titanic the abilit# to carr# p to ?. wooden lifeboats<?*= which wo ld ha"e been eno gh for .$*** people7considerabl# !ore than her act al capacit#) -owe"er$ the +hite Star ,ine decided that onl# 1? wooden lifeboats and fo r collapsibles wo ld be carried$ which co ld acco!!odate 1$156 people$ onl# one4third of Titanic0s total capacit#) At the ti!e$ the Board of Trade0s reg lations reE ired British "essels o"er 1*$*** tons to carr# 1? lifeboats with a capacit# of 99* occ pants)<56= Therefore$ the +hite Star ,ine act all# pro"ided !ore lifeboat acco!!odation than was legall# reE ired)<?1=<e= At the ti!e$ lifeboats were intended to ferr# s r"i"ors fro! a sinking ship to a resc ing ship7not keep afloat the whole pop lation or power the! to shore) -ad the SS (alifornian responded to Titanic0s distress calls$ the lifeboats wo ld ha"e been adeE ate to ferr# the passengers to safet# as planned)<?>= B ilding and preparing the ship (onstr ction$ la nch and fitting4o t The sheer siHe of Titanic and her sister ships posed a !aFor engineering challenge for -arland and +olffA no shipb ilder had e"er before atte!pted to constr ct "essels this large) The ships were constr cted on 9 een0s 2sland$ now known as the Titanic 9 arter$ in Belfast -arbo r) -arland and +olff had to de!olish three e3isting slipwa#s and b ild two new ones$ the biggest

e"er constr cted p to that ti!e$ to acco!!odate the giant ships)<9= Their constr ction was facilitated b# an enor!o s gantr# b ilt b# Sir +illia! Arrol M (o)$ a Scottish fir! responsible for the b ilding of the 8orth Bridge and ,ondon0s Tower Bridge) The Arrol 1antr# stood 226 feet :?9 !; high$ was 25* feet :62 !; wide and 6.* feet :2?* !; long$ and weighed !ore than ?$*** tons) 2t acco!!odated a n !ber of !obile cranes) A separate floating crane$ capable of lifting 2** tons$ was bro ght in fro! 1er!an#)<?.= The constr ction of Titanic and Ol#!pic took place "irt all# in parallel$ with Ol#!pic0s h ll laid down first on 1? Gece!ber 19*6 and Titanic0s on >1 March 19*9)<1.= Both ships took abo t 2? !onths to b ild and followed ! ch the sa!e constr ction process) The# were designed essentiall# as an enor!o s floating bo3 girder$ with the keel acting as a backbone and the fra!es of the h ll for!ing the ribs) At the base of the ships$ a do ble botto! 5 feet > inches :1)?* !; deep s pported >** fra!es$ each between 2. inches :?1 c!; and >? inches :91 c!; apart and !eas ring p to abo t ?? feet :2* !; long) The# ter!inated at the bridge deck :B Geck; and were co"ered with steel plates which for!ed the o ter skin of the ships)<?5= The 2$*** h ll plates were single pieces of rolled steel$ !ostl# p to ? feet :1)6 !; wide and >* feet :9)1 !; long and weighing between 2)5 and > tons)<??= Their thickness "aried fro! 1 inch :2)5 c!; to 1)5 inches :>)6 c!;)<>9= The plates were laid in a clinkered :o"erlapping; fashion fro! the keel to the bilge) Abo"e that point the# were laid in the Bin and o tB fashion$ where strake plating was applied in bands :the Bin strakesB; with the gaps co"ered b# the Bo t strakesB$ o"erlapping on the edges) Steel welding was still in its infanc# so the str ct re had to be held together with o"er three !illion iron and steel ri"ets which b# the!sel"es weighed o"er 1$2** tons) The# were fitted sing h#dra lic !achines or were ha!!ered in b# hand)<?5= The work of constr cting the ships was diffic lt and dangero s) 8or the 15$*** !en who worked at -arland and +olff at the ti!e$<?6= safet# preca tions were r di!entar# at bestA a lot of the work was dangero s and was carried o t witho t an# safet# eE ip!ent like hard hats or hand g ards on !achiner#) As a res lt$ deaths and inF ries were to be e3pected) G ring Titanic0s constr ction$ 2.? inF ries were recorded$ 26 of the! Bse"ereB$ s ch as ar!s se"ered b# !achines or legs cr shed nder falling pieces of steel) Si3 people died on the ship herself while she was being constr cted and fitted o t and another two died in the ship#ard workshops and sheds)<?9= C st before the la nch a worker was killed when a piece of wood fell on hi!)<5*= Titanic was la nched at 12@15 p! on >1 Ma# 1911 in the presence of ,ord Dirrie$ C) Dierpoint Morgan and C) Br ce 2s!a# and 1**$*** onlookers)<51= 22 tons of soap and tallow were spread on the slipwa# to l bricate the ship0s passage into the Ri"er ,agan)<5*= 2n keeping with the +hite Star ,ine0s traditional polic#$ the ship was not for!all# na!ed or christened with cha!pagne)<51= The ship was towed to a fitting4o t berth where$ o"er the co rse of the ne3t #ear$ her engines$ f nnels and s perstr ct re were installed and her interior was fitted o t)<52= Altho gh Titanic was "irt all# identical to the class0s lead ship Ol#!pic$ a few changes were !ade to differentiate the two ships) The !ost noticeable of these was that Titanic :and the third "essel in class Britannic; had a steel screen with sliding windows installed along the forward half of the A Geck pro!enade) This was installed as a last !in te change at the personal reE est of Br ce 2s!a#$ and was intended to pro"ide additional shelter to first class passengers)<5>= These changes !ade Titanic !arginall# hea"ier than her sister$ and th s she co ld clai! to be the largest ship afloat) The work took longer than e3pected d e to design changes ordered b# 2s!a# and a te!porar# pa se in work occasioned b# the need to repair Ol#!pic$ which had been in a collision in Septe!ber 1911) -ad Titanic been finished earlier$ she !ight well ha"e !issed her collision with an iceberg)<5*= (onstr ction in gantr#$ bow is seen (onstr ction in gantr#$ 19*9411 ,a nch$ 1911A ship with nfinished s perstr ct re ,a nch$ 1911 8itting4o t$ 1911412@ Ship is seen in dock 8itting4o t$ 1911412 Sea trials

Titanic lea"ing Belfast for her sea trials on 2 April 1912 Titanic0s sea trials began at ? a! on Monda#$ 2 April 1912$ F st two da#s after her fitting o t was finished and eight da#s before she was d e to lea"e So tha!pton on her !aiden "o#age)<5.= The trials were dela#ed for a da# d e to bad weather$ b t b# Monda# !orning it was clear and fair)<55= Aboard were 56 stokers$ greasers and fire!en$ and .1 !e!bers of crew) No do!estic staff appear to ha"e been aboard) Representati"es of "ario s co!panies tra"elled on Titanic0s sea trials$ Tho!as Andrews and /dward +ilding of -arland and +olff and -arold A) Sanderson of 2MM) Br ce 2s!a# and ,ord Dirrie were too ill to attend) Cack Dhillips and -arold Bride ser"ed as radio operators$ and perfor!ed fine4t ning of the Marconi eE ip!ent) 8rancis (arr thers$ a s r"e#or fro! the Board of Trade$ was also present to see that e"er#thing worked$ and that the ship was fit to carr# passengers)<5?= The sea trials consisted of a n !ber of tests of her handling characteristics$ carried o t first in Belfast ,o gh and then in the open waters of the 2rish Sea) O"er the co rse of abo t twel"e ho rs$ Titanic was dri"en at different speeds$ her t rning abilit# was tested and a Bcrash stopB was perfor!ed in which the engines were re"ersed f ll ahead to f ll astern$ bringing her to a stop in 65* #d :555 !; or > !in tes and 15 seconds)<55= The ship co"ered a distance of abo t 6* na tical !iles :92 !iA 15* k!;$ a"eraging 16 knots :21 !phA >> k!Nh; and reaching a !a3i! ! speed of F st nder 21 knots :2. !phA >9 k!Nh;)<56= On ret rning to Belfast at abo t 5 p!$ the s r"e#or signed an BAgree!ent and Acco nt of Ko#ages and (rewB$ "alid for twel"e !onths$ which declared the ship seaworth#) An ho r later$ Titanic left Belfast again7as it t rned o t$ for the last ti!e7to head to So tha!pton$ a "o#age of abo t 55* na tical !iles :??* !iA 1$*?* k!;) After a Fo rne# lasting abo t 26 ho rs she arri"ed abo t !idnight on . April and was towed to the port0s Berth ..$ read# for the arri"al of her passengers and the re!ainder of her crew)<59= Maiden "o#age Both Ol#!pic and Titanic registered ,i"erpool as their ho!e port) The offices of the +hite Star ,ine as well as ( nard were in ,i"erpool$ and p ntil the introd ction of the Ol#!pic$ !ost British ocean liners for both ( nard and +hite Star$ s ch as , sitania and Ma retania$ sailed o t of ,i"erpool followed b# a port of call in 2reland) -owe"er$ the Ol#!pic class liners were to sail o t of the port of So tha!pton on /ngland0s so thern coast) So tha!pton had !an# ad"antages o"er ,i"erpool$ the first being its closer pro3i!it# to ,ondon)<6*= 2n addition So tha!pton$ being on /ngland0s so thern coast$ allowed ships to easil# cross the /nglish (hannel and !ake a port of call in northern 8rance$ s all# at (herbo rg) This allowed British ships to pick p clientele fro! continental / rope before recrossing the channel and picking p passengers in so thern 2reland) The So tha!pton4(herbo rg4New 'ork r n wo ld beco!e so pop lar that !ost British ocean liners began sing the port after +orld +ar 2) O t of respect for ,i"erpool$ ships contin ed to be registered there ntil the earl# 19?*s) 9 een /liHabeth 2 was one of the first ships registered in So tha!pton when introd ced into ser"ice b# ( nard in 19?9)<6*= Titanic0s !aiden "o#age was intended to be the first of !an# cross4Atlantic Fo rne#s between So tha!pton in /ngland$ (herbo rg in 8rance$ 9 eenstown in 2reland and New 'ork in the %nited States$ ret rning "ia Dl#!o th in /ngland on the eastbo nd leg) 2ndeed$ her entire sched le of "o#ages thro gh to Gece!ber 1912 still e3ists)<61= The +hite Star ,ine intended to operate three ships on that ro te@ Titanic$ Ol#!pic and the s!aller RMS Oceanic)<62= /ach wo ld sail once e"er# three weeks fro! So tha!pton and New 'ork$ s all# lea"ing at noon each +ednesda# fro! So tha!pton and each Sat rda# fro! New 'ork$ th s enabling the +hite Star ,ine to offer weekl# sailings in each direction) Special trains were sched led fro! ,ondon and Daris to con"e# passengers to So tha!pton and (herbo rg respecti"el#)<62= The deep4water dock at So tha!pton$ then known as the B+hite Star GockB had been speciall# constr cted to acco!!odate the new Ol#!pic4class liners$ and had opened in 1911)<6>= Dhotograph of a bearded !an wearing a white captain0s nifor!$ standing on a ship with his ar!s crossed /dward S!ith$ captain of Titanic$ in 1911

Titanic at So tha!pton docks$ prior to depart re seen fro! the bow Titanic at So tha!pton docks$ prior to depart re Gispla# ad for Titanic0s first b t ne"er !ade sailing fro! New 'ork on April 2*$ 1912 Gispla# ad for Titanic0s first b t ne"er !ade sailing fro! New 'ork on April 2*$ 1912 (rew Main article@ (rew of the RMS Titanic Titanic had aro nd 665 crew !e!bers on board for her !aiden "o#age)<6.= ,ike other "essels of her ti!e$ she did not ha"e a per!anent crew$ and the "ast !aForit# of crew !e!bers were cas al workers who onl# ca!e aboard the ship a few ho rs before she sailed fro! So tha!pton)<65= The process of signing p recr its had beg n on 2> March and so!e had been sent to Belfast$ where the# ser"ed as a skeleton crew d ring Titanic0s sea trials and passage to /ngland at the start of April)<6?= (aptain /dward Cohn S!ith$ the !ost senior of the +hite Star ,ine0s captains$ was transferred fro! Ol#!pic to take co!!and of Titanic)<65= -enr# Tingle +ilde also ca!e across fro! Ol#!pic to take the post of (hief Mate) Titanic0s pre"io sl# designated (hief Mate and 8irst Officer$ +illia! McMaster M rdoch and (harles ,ightoller$ were b !ped down to the ranks of 8irst and Second Officer respecti"el#) The original Second Officer$ Ga"id Blair$ was dropped altogether)<66= <f= Titanic0s crew were di"ided into three principal depart!ents@ Geck$ with ?? crewA /ngine$ with >25A and Kict alling$ with .9.)<69= The "ast !aForit# of the crew were th s not sea!en$ b t were either engineers$ fire!en or stokers$ responsible for looking after the engines$ or stewards and galle# staff$ responsible for the passengers)<9*= Of these$ o"er 95O were !aleA F st 2> of the crew were fe!ale$ !ainl# stewardesses)<91= The rest represented a great "ariet# of professions 7bakers$ chefs$ b tchers$ fish!ongers$ dishwashers$ stewards$ g#!nasi ! instr ctors$ la ndr#!en$ waiters$ bed4!akers$ cleaners and e"en a printer$<91= who prod ced a dail# newspaper for passengers called the Atlantic Gail# B lletin with the latest news recei"ed b# the ship0s wireless operators)<..=<g= Most of the crew signed on in So tha!pton on ? AprilA<1.= in all$ ?99 of the crew ca!e fro! there$ and .* percent were nati"es of the town)<91= A few specialist staff were self4e!plo#ed or were s bcontractors) These incl ded the fi"e postal clerks$ who worked for the Ro#al Mail and the %nited States Dost Office Gepart!ent$ the staff of the 8irst (lass A ,a (arte Resta rant and the (afJ Darisien$ the radio operators :who were e!plo#ed b# Marconi; and the eight ! sicians$ who were e!plo#ed b# an agenc# and tra"elled as second4class passengers)<9>= (rew pa# "aried greatl#$ fro! (aptain S!ith0s I1*5 a !onth :eE i"alent to I6$6*2 toda#; to the I> 1*s :I29> toda#; that stewardesses earned) The lower4paid "ict alling staff co ld$ howe"er$ s pple!ent their wages s bstantiall# thro gh tips fro! passengers)<92= Dassengers Main article@ Dassengers of the RMS Titanic

Cohn Cacob Astor 2K in 19*9) -e was the wealthiest person aboard Titanic) Titanic0s passengers n !bered aro nd 1$>15 people@ >2. in 8irst (lass$ 26. in Second (lass and 5*9 in Third (lass) 6?9 :??O; were !ale and ..5 :>.O; fe!ale) There were 1*5 children aboard$ the largest n !ber of which were in Third (lass)<9.= The ship was considerabl# nder capacit# on her !aiden "o#age$ as she co ld acco!!odate 2$5?? passengers71$*>. 8irst (lass$ 51* Second (lass and 1$*22 Third (lass)<95= %s all#$ a high prestige "essel like Titanic co ld e3pect to be f ll# booked on its !aiden "o#age) -owe"er$ a national coal strike in the %)&) had ca sed considerable disr ption to shipping sched les in the spring of 1912$ ca sing !an# crossings to be cancelled) Man# wo ld4be passengers chose to postpone their tra"el plans ntil the strike was o"er) The strike had finished a few da#s before Titanic sailedA howe"er$ that was too late to ha"e ! ch of an effect) Titanic was able to sail on the sched led date onl# beca se coal was transferred fro! other "essels which were tied p at So tha!pton$ s ch as (it# of New 'ork and Oceanic as well as coal Ol#!pic had bro ght back fro! a pre"io s "o#age to New 'ork and which had been stored at the +hite Star

Gock)<5>= So!e of the !ost pro!inent people of the da# booked a passage aboard Titanic$ tra"elling in 8irst (lass) A!ong the! were the A!erican !illionaire Cohn Cacob Astor 2K and his wife Madeleine 8orce Astor$ ind strialist BenFa!in 1 ggenhei!$ Mac#0s owner 2sidor Stra s and his wife 2da$ Gen"er !illionairess Margaret BMoll#B Brown$<h= Sir (os!o G ff 1ordon and his wife$ co t riPre , c# :,ad# G ff41ordon;$ cricketer and b siness!an Cohn Borland Tha#er with his wife Marian together with their son Cack$ the (o ntess of Rothes$ a thor and socialite -elen (h rchill (andee$ Fo rnalist and social refor!er +illia! Tho!as Stead$ a thor CacE es 8 trelle with his wife Ma#$ and silent fil! actress Goroth# 1ibson$ a!ong others)<9?= Titanic0s owner C) D) Morgan was sched led to tra"el on the !aiden "o#age$ b t cancelled at the last !in te)<95= Also aboard the ship were the +hite Star ,ine0s !anaging director C) Br ce 2s!a# and Titanic0s designer Tho!as Andrews$ who was on board to obser"e an# proble!s and assess the general perfor!ance of the new ship)<96= The e3act n !ber of people aboard is not known as not all of those who had booked tickets !ade it to the shipA abo t fift# people cancelled for "ario s reasons$<99= and not all of those who boarded sta#ed aboard for the entire Fo rne#)<1**= 8ares "aried depending on class and season) Third (lass fares fro! ,ondon$ So tha!pton or 9 eenstown cost I5 5s :eE i"alent to I?*6 toda#; while the cheapest 8irst (lass fares cost I2> :I1$926 toda#;)<62= The !ost e3pensi"e 8irst (lass s ites were to ha"e cost p to I65* in high season :I52$9>2 toda#;)<95= (ollecting passengers On +ednesda# 1* April 1912 Titanic0s !aiden "o#age began) 8ollowing the e!barkation of the crew the passengers began arri"ing fro! 9)>* a! when the ,ondon and So th +estern Railwa#0s boat train fro! ,ondon +aterloo station reached So tha!pton Ter!in s railwa# station on the E a#side$ right alongside Titanic0s berth)<1*1= The large n !ber of Third (lass passengers !eant that the# were the first to board$ with 8irst and Second (lass passengers following p to within an ho r of depart re) Stewards showed the! to their cabins and 8irst (lass passengers were personall# greeted b# (aptain S!ith on boarding)<1*2= Third (lass passengers were inspected for ail!ents and ph#sical i!pair!ents that !ight lead to the! being ref sed entr# to the %nited States7not a prospect that the +hite Star ,ine wished to see$ as it wo ld ha"e to carr# the! back across the Atlantic)<99= 922 passengers were recorded as ha"ing e!barked Titanic at So tha!pton) 8 rther passengers were picked p at (herbo rg and 9 eenstown)<5>= The !aiden "o#age began on ti!e at noon) An accident was narrowl# a"erted onl# a few !in tes later as Titanic passed the !oored liners SS (it# of New 'ork and Oceanic) -er h ge displace!ent ca sed both of the s!aller ships to be lifted b# a b lge of water$ then dropped into a tro gh) New 'ork0s !ooring cables co ld not take the s dden strain and snapped$ swinging her aro nd stern4first towards Titanic) A nearb# t gboat$ K lcan$ ca!e to the resc e b# taking New 'ork nder tow and (aptain S!ith ordered Titanic0s engines to be p t Bf ll asternB)<1*>= The two ships a"oided a collision b# a !atter of abo t . feet :1)2 !;) The incident dela#ed Titanic0s depart re for abo t an ho r while the drifting New 'ork was bro ght nder control)<1*.= After !aking it safel# thro gh the co!ple3 tides and channels of So tha!pton +ater and the Solent$ Titanic headed o t into the /nglish (hannel) She headed for the 8rench port of (herbo rg$ a Fo rne# of 55 na tical !iles :69 !iA 1.> k!;)<1*5= The weather was wind#$ "er# fine b t cold and o"ercast)<1*?= Beca se (herbo rg lacked docking facilities for a ship the siHe of Titanic$ tenders had to be sed to transfer passengers fro! shore to ship) The +hite Star ,ine operated two at (herbo rg$ the SS Traffic and the SS No!adic) Both had been designed specificall# as tenders for the Ol#!pic4class liners and were la nched shortl# after Titanic)<1*5= :No!adic is toda# the onl# +hite Star ,ine ship still afloat); 8o r ho rs after Titanic left So tha!pton$ she arri"ed at (herbo rg and was !et b# the tenders) 25. !ore passengers boarded Titanic and 2. left aboard the tenders to be con"e#ed to shore) The process was co!pleted within onl# 9* !in tes and at 6 p! Titanic weighed anchor and left for 9 eenstown<1*6= with the weather contin ing cold and wind#)<1*?= At 11)>* a! on Th rsda# 11 April$ Titanic arri"ed at (ork -arbo r on the so th coast of 2reland) 2t was a partl# clo d# b t relati"el# war! da# with a brisk wind)<1*?= Again$ the dock facilities were not s itable for a ship of her siHe$ and tenders were sed to bring passengers aboard) 11> Third (lass and se"en Second (lass passengers ca!e aboard$ while se"en passengers left) A!ong the depart res was 8ather 8rancis Browne$ a Ces it trainee$ who was a keen photographer and

took !an# photographs aboard Titanic$ incl ding the last4e"er known photograph of the ship) A decidedl# nofficial depart re was that of a crew !e!ber$ stoker Cohn (offe#$ a nati"e of 9 eenstown who sneaked off the ship b# hiding nder !ail bags being transported to shore)<1*9= Titanic weighed anchor for the last ti!e at 1)>* p! and departed on her westward Fo rne# across the Atlantic)<1*9= Titanic :right; after the near4collision with New 'ork :left$ with Oceanic; Titanic :right; after the near4collision with New 'ork :left$ with Oceanic; Titanic in (ork harbo r$ 11 April 1912 Titanic in (ork harbo r$ 11 April 1912 The ro te of Titanic0s !aiden "o#age$ with the coordinates of her sinking The ro te of Titanic0s !aiden "o#age$ with the coordinates of her sinking Atlantic crossing After lea"ing 9 eenstown Titanic followed the 2rish coast as far as 8astnet Rock$<11*= a distance of so!e 55 na tical !iles :?> !iA 1*2 k!;) 8ro! there she tra"elled 1$?2* na tical !iles :1$6?* !iA >$*** k!; along a 1reat (ircle ro te across the North Atlantic to reach a spot in the ocean known as Bthe cornerB so th4east of Newfo ndland$ where westbo nd stea!ers carried o t a change of co rse) Titanic sailed onl# a few ho rs past the corner on a rh !b line leg of 1$*2> na tical !iles :1$155 !iA 1$695 k!; to Nant cket Shoals ,ight when she !ade her fatal contact with an iceberg)<111= The final leg of the Fo rne# wo ld ha"e been 19> na tical !iles :222 !iA >55 k!; to A!brose ,ight and finall# to New 'ork -arbor)<112= The first three da#s of the "o#age fro! 9 eenstown passed witho t incident) 8ro! 11 April to local apparent noon the ne3t da#$ Titanic co"ered .6. na tical !iles :555 !iA 69? k!;A the following da#$ 519 na tical !iles :595 !iA 9?1 k!;A and b# noon on the final da# of her "o#age$ 5.? na tical !iles :?26 !iA 1$*11 k!;) 8ro! then ntil the ti!e of her sinking she tra"elled another 256 na tical !iles :295 !iA .56 k!;$ a"eraging abo t 21 knots :2. !phA >9 k!Nh;)<11>= The weather cleared as she left 2reland nder clo d# skies with a headwind) Te!perat res re!ained fairl# !ild on Sat rda# 1> April$ b t the following da# Titanic crossed a cold weather front with strong winds and wa"es of p to 6 feet :2). !;) These died down as the da# progressed ntil$ b# the e"ening of S nda# 1. April$ it beca!e clear$ cal! and "er# cold)<11.= Titanic recei"ed a series of warnings fro! other ships of drifting ice in the area of the 1rand Banks of Newfo ndland)<115= Nonetheless the ship contin ed to stea! at f ll speed$ which was standard practice at the ti!e)<11?= Altho gh the ship was not tr#ing to set a speed record :a perennial !#th<115=Q<116=;$ ti!e4keeping was an o"erriding priorit# and nder pre"ailing !ariti!e practices$ ships were often operated at close to f ll speed$ with ice warnings seen as ad"isories and reliance placed pon looko ts and the watch on the bridge)<11?= 2t was generall# belie"ed that ice posed little danger to large "essels) (lose calls with ice were not nco!!on$ and e"en head4on collisions had not been disastro s) 2n 19*5 SS &ronprinH +ilhel!$ a 1er!an liner$ had ra!!ed an iceberg b t still been able to co!plete her "o#age$ and (aptain S!ith hi!self had declared in 19*5 that he co ld not Bi!agine an# condition which wo ld ca se a ship to fo nder) Modern shipb ilding has gone be#ond that)B<119=<i= Sinking Main article@ Sinking of the RMS Titanic

+reck of the RMS Titanic At 11).* p! on 1. April :ship0s ti!e;$ looko t 8rederick 8leet spotted an iceberg i!!ediatel# ahead of Titanic and alerted the bridge)<122= 8irst Officer +illia! M rdoch ordered the ship to be steered aro nd the obstacle and the engines to be p t in re"erse$<12>= b t it was too lateA the starboard side of Titanic str ck the iceberg$ creating a series of holes below the waterline) :The official enE ir# fo nd that da!age e3tended abo t >** feet$ b t both /dward +ilding0s testi!on# and !odern ltraso nd s r"e#s of the wreck s ggest the total area was perhaps a few narrow openings totalling perhaps no !ore than 12 to 1> sE are feet :1)1 to 1)2 !2;)<12.=<125= (onsiderable e!phasis has also been placed on the E alit# and strength of the ri"ets sec ring Titanic0s h ll sections together)<125=<12?=<125=<126=<129=; 8i"e of the ship0s watertight

co!part!ents were breached) 2t soon beca!e clear that the ship was doo!ed$ as she co ld not s r"i"e !ore than fo r co!part!ents being flooded) Titanic began sinking bow4first$ with water spilling fro! co!part!ent to co!part!ent as her angle in the water beca!e steeper)<1>*= Those aboard Titanic were ill4prepared for s ch an e!ergenc#) 2n accordance with accepted practices of the ti!e$ where ships were seen as largel# nsinkable and lifeboats were intended to transfer passengers to nearb# resc e "essels$<1>1=<F= Titanic onl# had eno gh lifeboats to carr# abo t half of those on boardA if the ship had carried her f ll co!ple!ent of abo t >$>>9 passengers and crew$ onl# abo t a third co ld ha"e been acco!!odated in the lifeboats)<1>>= The crew had not been trained adeE atel# in carr#ing o t an e"ac ation) The officers did not know how !an# the# co ld safel# p t aboard the lifeboats and la nched !an# of the! barel# half4f ll)<1>.= Third4class passengers were largel# left to fend for the!sel"es$ ca sing !an# of the! to beco!e trapped below decks as the ship filled with water)<1>5= The Bwo!en and children firstB protocol was generall# followed for the loading of the lifeboats<1>5= and !ost of the !ale passengers and crew were left aboard) At 2@2* a!$ two ho rs and fort# !in tes after Titanic str ck the iceberg$ her rate of sinking s ddenl# increased as her forward deck dipped nderwater and the sea po red in thro gh open hatches and grates)<1>?= As her ns pported stern rose o t of the water$ e3posing the propellers$ the ship began to break in two between the third and fo rth f nnels d e to the i!!ense strain on the keel)<1>5= +ith the bow nderwater$ and air trapped in the stern$ the stern re!ained afloat and b o#ant for a few !in tes longer$ rising to a nearl# "ertical angle with h ndreds of people still clinging to it$<1>6= before sinking) 8or !an# #ears it was generall# belie"ed the ship sank in one piece$ howe"er when the wreck was located !an# #ears later$ it was disco"ered that the ship had f ll# broken in two) All re!aining passengers and crew were pl nged into lethall# cold water with a te!perat re of onl# 26 R8 :S2 R(;) ,ife e3pectanc# in s ch te!perat res is often nder 15 !in tes e"en for people who are #o ng and fit) The "icti!s wo ld ha"e died fro! bodil# reactions to freeHing water rather than h#pother!ia :loss of core te!perat re;) Dl nged into freeHing seas$ aro nd 2*O of "icti!s die within 2 !in tes fro! cold shock : ncontrolled rapid breathing and gasping ca sing water inhalation$ !assi"e increase in blood press re and cardiac strain leading to cardiac arrest$ and panic;$ another 5*O die within 15L>* !in tes fro! cold incapacitation :inabilit# to se or control li!bs and hands for swi!!ing or gripping$ as the bod# 0protecti"el#0 sh ts down peripheral ! scles to protect its core;$<1>9= and e3ha stion and nconscio sness ca se drowning$ clai!ing the rest within a si!ilar ti!e)<1.*= Al!ost all of those in the water died of cardiac arrest or others of these ca ses within 15L>* !in tes)<1.1= Onl# 1> of the! were helped into the lifeboats tho gh these had roo! for al!ost 5** !ore people)<1.2= Gistress signals were sent b# wireless$ rockets and la!p$ b t none of the ships that responded was near eno gh to reach her before she sank)<1.>= A nearb# ship$ (alifornian$ which was the last to ha"e been in contact with her before the collision$ saw her flares b t failed to assist)<1..= Aro nd . a!$ RMS (arpathia arri"ed on the scene in response to Titanic0s earlier distress calls) <1.5= Abo t 51* people s r"i"ed the disaster and were con"e#ed b# (arpathia to New 'ork$ Titanic0s original destination$ while 1$5** people lost their li"es)<6.= (arpathia0s captain described the place as an ice field that had incl ded 2* large bergs !eas ring p to 2** feet :?1 !; high and n !ero s s!aller bergs$ as well as ice floes and debris fro! TitanicA passengers described being in the !iddle of a "ast white plain of ice$ st dded with icebergs)<1.?= B%ntergang der TitanicB$ a painting showing a big ship sinking with s r"i"ers in the water and boats B%ntergang der TitanicB$ conception b# +ill# StTwer$ 1912 Dhoto of an iceberg taken the da# after the sinking at the place of sinking The iceberg tho ght to ha"e been hit b# Titanic$ photographed on the !orning of 15 April 1912) After!ath of sinking Arri"al of (arpathia in New 'ork A !an wearing a bowler hat and a wo!an in a shawl e!brace a!ong a crowd of people standing in a wooden b ilding

The arri"al of Titanic0s s r"i"ors at New 'ork :artist concept;<k= (arpathia took three da#s to reach New 'ork after lea"ing the scene of the disaster) -er Fo rne# was slowed b# pack ice$ fog$ th nderstor!s and ro gh seas)<1.5= She was$ howe"er$ able to pass news to the o tside world b# wireless abo t what had happened) The initial reports were conf sed$ leading the A!erican press to report erroneo sl# on 15 April that Titanic was being towed to port b# the SS Kirginian)<1.6= ,ater that da#$ confir!ation ca!e thro gh that Titanic had been lost and that !ost of her passengers and crew had died)<1.9= The news attracted crowds of people to the +hite Star ,ine0s offices in ,ondon$ New 'ork$ Montreal$<15*= So tha!pton$<151= ,i"erpool and Belfast) <citation needed= 2t hit hardest in So tha!pton$ whose people s ffered the greatest losses fro! the sinking)<152= . o t of 5 crew !e!bers ca!e fro! this town)<15>=<l= (arpathia docked at 9)>* p! on 16 April at New 'ork0s Dier 5. and was greeted b# so!e .*$*** people waiting at the E a#side in hea"# rain)<15?= 2!!ediate relief in the for! of clothing and transportation to shelters was pro"ided b# the +o!en0s Relief (o!!ittee$ the Tra"elers Aid Societ# of New 'ork$ and the (o ncil of Cewish +o!en$ a!ong other organisations)<155= Man# of Titanic0s s r"i"ing passengers did not linger in New 'ork b t headed onwards i!!ediatel# to relati"es0 ho!es) So!e of the wealthier s r"i"ors chartered pri"ate trains to take the! ho!e$ and the Denns#l"ania Railroad laid on a special train free of charge to take s r"i"ors to Dhiladelphia) Titanic0s 21. s r"i"ing crew !e!bers were taken to the Red Star ,ine0s stea!er SS ,apland$ where the# were acco!!odated in passenger cabins)<156= (arpathia was h rriedl# restocked with food and pro"isions before res !ing her Fo rne# to 8i !e$ A stria4- ngar#) -er crew were gi"en a bon s of a !onth0s wages b# ( nard as a reward for their actions$ and so!e of Titanic0s passengers Foined together to gi"e the! an additional bon s of nearl# I9** :I55$..5 toda#;$ di"ided a!ong the crew !e!bers)<159= The ship0s arri"al in New 'ork led to a frenH# of press interest$ with newspapers co!peting to be the first to report the s r"i"ors0 stories) So!e reporters bribed their wa# aboard the pilot boat New 'ork$ which g ided (arpathia into harbo r$ and one e"en !anaged to get onto (arpathia before she docked)<1?*= (rowds gathered o tside newspaper offices to see the latest reports being posted in the windows or on billboards)<1?1= 2t took another fo r da#s for a co!plete list of cas alties to be co!piled and released$ adding to the agon# of relati"es waiting for news of those who had been aboard Titanic)<!= Man# charities were set p to help the "icti!s and their fa!ilies$ !an# of who! lost their sole breadwinner$ or$ in the case of !an# Third (lass s r"i"ors$ e"er#thing the# owned) On 29 April opera stars /nrico (ar so and Mar# 1arden and !e!bers of the Metropolitan Opera raised U12$*** in benefits for "icti!s of the disaster b# gi"ing special concerts in which "ersions of BA t !nB and BNearer M# 1od To TheeB were part of the progra!)<1?>= 2n Britain$ relief f nds were organised for the fa!ilies of Titanic0s lost crew !e!bers$ raising nearl# I.5*$*** :I>5$52>$552 toda#;) One s ch f nd was still in operation as late as the 19?*s)<1?.= A 1912 cartoon$ showing the p blic de!anding safet# i!pro"e!ents fro! shipping co!panies A 1912 cartoon$ showing the p blic de!anding safet# i!pro"e!ents fro! shipping co!panies (arpathias captain Arth r Rostron awarded for his effort b# Margaret Brown (arpathia0s captain Arth r Rostron awarded for his effort b# Margaret Brown$ 1912 2n"estigations into the disaster Main articles@ %nited States Senate inE ir# into the sinking of the RMS Titanic and British +reck (o!!issioner0s inE ir# into the sinking of the RMS Titanic /"en before the s r"i"ors arri"ed in New 'ork$ in"estigations were being planned to disco"er what had happened$ and what co ld be done to pre"ent a rec rrence) 2nE iries were held in both the %nited States and 1reat Britain$ the for!er !ore rob stl# critical of traditions and practices$ and scathing of the fail res in"ol"ed$ and the latter broadl# !ore technical and e3pert4oriented) <1?5= The %S Senate0s inE ir# into the disaster was initiated on 19 April$ a da# after (arpathia arri"ed in New 'ork)<1??= The chair!an$ Senator +illia! Alden S!ith$ wanted to gather acco nts fro! passengers and crew while the e"ents were still fresh in their !inds) S!ith also needed to

s bpoena all s r"i"ing British passengers and crew while the# were still on A!erican soil$ which pre"ented the! fro! ret rning to the %& before the A!erican inE ir# was co!pleted on 25 Ma#) <1?5= The British press conde!ned S!ith as an opport nist$ insensiti"el# forcing an inE ir# as a !eans of gaining political prestige and seiHing Bhis !o!ent to stand on the world stageB) S!ith$ howe"er$ alread# had a rep tation as a ca!paigner for safet# on %)S) railroads$ and wanted to in"estigate an# possible !alpractices b# railroad t#coon C) D) Morgan$ Titanic0s lti!ate owner) <1?6= The British Board of Trade0s inE ir# into the disaster was headed b# ,ord Merse#$ and took place between 2 Ma# and > C l#) Being r n b# the Board of Trade who had pre"io sl# appro"ed the ship$ it was seen b# so!e as ha"ing little interest in its own or +hite Star0s cond ct being fo nd negligent)<1?9= /ach inE ir# took testi!on# fro! both passengers and crew of Titanic$ crew !e!bers of ,e#land ,ine0s (alifornian$ (aptain Arth r Rostron of (arpathia and other e3perts)<15*= The British inE ir# also took far greater e3pert testi!on#$ !aking it the longest and !ost detailed co rt of inE ir# in British histor# p to that ti!e)<151= The two inE iries reached broadl# si!ilar concl sionsA the reg lations on the n !ber of lifeboats that ships had to carr# were o t of date and inadeE ate$ <152= (aptain S!ith had failed to take proper heed of ice warnings$<15>= the lifeboats had not been properl# filled or crewed$ and the collision was the direct res lt of stea!ing into a dangero s area at too high a speed)<152= Neither inE ir#0s findings listed negligence b# 2MM or the +hite Star ,ine as a factor) The %S inE ir# concl ded that those in"ol"ed had !erel# followed standard practice$ and the disaster co ld th s onl# be categorised as an Bact of 1odB$<15.= and the British inE ir# concl ded that S!ith had followed long4standing practice which had not pre"io sl# been shown to be nsafe<155= :the inE ir# noted that British ships alone had carried >)5 !illion passengers o"er the pre"io s decade with the loss of F st 1* li"es<15?=; and concl ded that he had done Bonl# that which other skilled !en wo ld ha"e done in the sa!e position)B The British inE ir# also warned that B+hat was a !istake in the case of the Titanic wo ld witho t do bt be negligence in an# si!ilar case in the f t re)B<155= The reco!!endations incl ded !aFor changes in !ariti!e reg lations to i!ple!ent new safet# !eas res$ s ch as ens ring that !ore lifeboats were pro"ided$ that lifeboat drills were properl# carried o t and that wireless eE ip!ent on passenger ships was !anned aro nd the clock)<155= An 2nternational 2ce Datrol was set p to !onitor the presence of icebergs in the North Atlantic$ and !ariti!e safet# reg lations were har!onised internationall# thro gh the 2nternational (on"ention for the Safet# of ,ife at SeaA both !eas res are still in force toda#)<156= Role of the SS (alifornian

The SS (alifornian$ which had tried to warn Titanic of the danger fro! pack4ice One of the !ost contro"ersial iss es e3a!ined b# the inE iries was the role pla#ed b# SS (alifornian$ which had been onl# a few !iles fro! Titanic b t had not picked p her distress calls or responded to her signal rockets) (alifornian had warned Titanic b# radio of the pack ice that was the reason (alifornian had stopped for the night$ b t was reb ked b# Titanic0s senior wireless operator$ Cack Dhillips)<159= Testi!on# before the British inE ir# re"ealed that at 1*@1* p!$ (alifornian obser"ed the lights of a ship to the so thA it was later agreed between (aptain Stanle# ,ord and Third Officer ()K) 1ro"es :who had relie"ed ,ord of d t# at 11@1* p!; that this was a passenger liner)<159= At 11@5* p!$ the officer had watched that ship0s lights flash o t$ as if she had sh t down or t rned sharpl#$ and that the port light was now "isible)<159= Morse light signals to the ship$ pon ,ord0s order$ were !ade between 11@>* p! and 1@** a!$ b t were not acknowledged)<16*= 2f Titanic were as far fro! the (alifornian as ,ord clai!ed$ then he knew$ or sho ld ha"e known$ that Morse signals wo ld not be "isible) A reasonable and pr dent co rse of action wo ld ha"e been to awaken the wireless operator and to instr ct hi! to atte!pt to the contact Titanic b# that !ethod) -ad ,ord done so$ it is possible that he co ld ha"e reached Titanic in ti!e to sa"e additional li"es)<?>= (aptain ,ord had gone to the chartroo! at 11@** p! to spend the nightA<161= howe"er$ Second Officer -erbert Stone$ now on d t#$ notified ,ord at 1@1* a! that the ship had fired 5 rockets) ,ord

wanted to know if the# were co!pan# signals$ that is$ colo red flares sed for identification) Stone said that he did not know and that the rockets were all white) (aptain ,ord instr cted the crew to contin e to signal the other "essel with the !orse la!p$ and went back to sleep) Three !ore rockets were obser"ed at 1@5* a! and Stone noted that the ship looked strange in the water$ as if she were listing) At 2@15 a!$ ,ord was notified that the ship co ld no longer be seen) ,ord asked again if the lights had had an# colo rs in the!$ and he was infor!ed that the# were all white)<162= (alifornian e"ent all# responded) At aro nd 5@>* a!$ (hief Officer 1eorge Stewart awakened wireless operator (#ril 8 r!stone /"ans$ infor!ed hi! that rockets had been seen d ring the night$ and asked that he tr# to co!! nicate with an# ship) -e got news of Titanic0s loss$ (aptain ,ord was notified$ and the ship set o t to render assistance) She arri"ed well after (arpathia had alread# picked p all the s r"i"ors)<16>= The inE iries fo nd that the ship seen b# (alifornian was in fact Titanic and that it wo ld ha"e been possible for (alifornian to co!e to her resc eA therefore$ (aptain ,ord had acted i!properl# in failing to do so)<16.=<n= S r"i"ors and "icti!s Main article@ ,ist of Titanic passengers The n !ber of cas alties of the sinking is nclear$ d e to a n !ber of factors) These incl de conf sion o"er the passenger list$ which incl ded so!e na!es of people who cancelled their trip at the last !in te$ and the fact that se"eral passengers tra"elled nder aliases for "ario s reasons and were therefore do ble4co nted on the cas alt# lists)<16?= The death toll has been p t at between 1$.9* and 1$?>5 people)<165= The fig res below are fro! the British Board of Trade report on the disaster)<6.= Dassenger categor# N !ber aboard N !ber sa"ed N !ber lost Dercentage sa"ed Dercentage lost (hildren$ 8irst (lass ? 5 1 6>).O 1?)?O (hildren$ Second (lass 2. 2. * 1**O *O (hildren$ Third (lass 59 25 52 >.O ??O +o!en$ 8irst (lass 1.. 1.* . 95O >O +o!en$ Second (lass 9> 6* 1> 6?O 1.O +o!en$ Third (lass 1?5 5? 69 .?O 5.O +o!en$ (rew 2> 2* > 65O 1>O Men$ 8irst (lass 155 55 116 >>O ?5O Men$ Second (lass 1?6 1. 15. 6O 92O Men$ Third (lass .?2 55 >65 1?O 6.O Men$ (rew 665 192 ?9> 22O 56O Total 222. 51* 151. >2O ?6O ,ess than a third of those aboard Titanic s r"i"ed the disaster) So!e s r"i"ors died shortl# afterwardsA inF ries and the effects of e3pos re ca sed the deaths of se"eral of those bro ght aboard (arpathia)<166= The fig res show stark differences in the s r"i"al rates of the different classes aboard Titanic) Altho gh onl# > percent of first4class wo!en were lost$ 5. percent of those in third class died) Si!ilarl#$ fi"e of si3 first4class and all second4class children s r"i"ed$ b t 52 of the 59 in third class perished)<169= The last li"ing s r"i"or$ Mill"ina Gean fro! /ngland$ who at onl# nine weeks old was the #o ngest passenger on board$ died aged 95 on >1 Ma# 2**9)<19*= A special s r"i"or was crew !e!ber Kiolet Cessop who s r"i"ed the sinkings of both Titanic and Britannic and f rther was onboard Ol#!pic when she was ra!!ed in 1911)<191= Retrie"al and b rial of the dead Once the !assi"e loss of life beca!e known$ +hite Star ,ine chartered the cable ship (S Macka#4Bennett fro! -alifa3$ No"a Scotia to retrie"e bodies)<192= Three other (anadian ships followed in the search@ the cable ship Minia$<19>= lightho se s ppl# ship Mont!agn# and sealing "essel Algerine)<19.= /ach ship left with e!bal!ing s pplies$ ndertakers$ and clerg#) Of the >>> "icti!s that were e"ent all# reco"ered$ >26 were retrie"ed b# the (anadian ships and fi"e !ore b# passing North Atlantic stea!ships)<195=<o= The first ship to reach the site of the sinking$ the cable ship (S Macka#4Bennett fo nd so !an# bodies that the e!bal!ing s pplies aboard were E ickl# e3ha sted) -ealth reg lations reE ired

that onl# e!bal!ed bodies co ld be ret rned to port)<195= (aptain ,arnder of the Macka#4 Bennett and ndertakers aboard decided to preser"e onl# the bodies of first class passengers$ F stif#ing their decision b# the need to "is all# identif# wealth# !en to resol"e an# disp tes o"er large estates) As a res lt$ !an# third class passengers and crew were b ried at sea) ,arnder hi!self clai!ed that as a !ariner$ he wo ld e3pect to be b ried at sea)<196= Bodies reco"ered were preser"ed for transport to -alifa3$ the closest cit# to the sinking with direct rail and stea!ship connections) The -alifa3 coroner$ Cohn -enr# Barnstead$ de"eloped a detailed s#ste! to identif# bodies and safeg ard personal possessions) Relati"es fro! across North A!erica ca!e to identif# and clai! bodies) A large te!porar# !org e was set p in a c rling rink and ndertakers were called in fro! all across eastern (anada to assist)<196= So!e bodies were shipped to be b ried in their ho!e towns across North A!erica and / rope) Abo t two4thirds of the bodies were identified) %nidentified "icti!s were b ried with si!ple n !bers based on the order in which their bodies were disco"ered) The !aForit# of reco"ered "icti!s$ 15* bodies$ were b ried in three -alifa3 ce!eteries$ the largest being 8air"iew ,awn (e!eter# followed b# the nearb# Mo nt Oli"et and Baron de -irsch ce!eteries)<199= 2n !id4Ma# 1912$ RMS Oceanic reco"ered three bodies o"er 2** !iles :>2* k!; fro! the site of the sinking who were a!ong the original occ pants of (ollapsible A) +hen 8ifth Officer -arold ,owe and si3 crew!en ret rned to the wreck site so!eti!e after the sinking in a lifeboat to pick p s r"i"ors$ the# resc ed a doHen !ales and one fe!ale fro! (ollapsible A$ b t left the dead bodies of three of its occ pants)<p= After their retrie"al fro! (ollapsible A b# Oceanic$ the bodies were b ried at sea)<2**= The last Titanic bod# reco"ered was steward Ca!es Mc1rad#$ Bod# No) >>*$ fo nd b# the chartered Newfo ndland sealing "essel Algerine on Ma# 22 and b ried at 8air"iew ,awn (e!eter# in -alifa3 on C ne 12)<2*1= Onl# >>> bodies of Titanic "icti!s were reco"ered$ one in fi"e of the o"er 15** "icti!s) So!e bodies sank with the ship while c rrents E ickl# dispersed bodies and wreckage across h ndreds of !iles !aking the! diffic lt to reco"er) B# C ne one of the last search ships reported that life Fackets s pporting bodies were co!ing apart and releasing bodies to sink)<2*2= +reck Main article@ +reck of the RMS Titanic

The bow of the wrecked RMS Titanic$ photographed in C ne 2**. Titanic was long tho ght to ha"e s nk in one piece and$ o"er the #ears$ !an# sche!es were p t forward for raising the wreck) None ca!e to fr ition)<2*>= The f nda!ental proble! was the sheer diffic lt# of finding and reaching a wreck that lies o"er 12$*** feet :>$5** !; below the s rface$ in a location where the water press re is o"er ?$5** po nds per sE are inch)<2*.= A n !ber of e3peditions were !o nted to find Titanic b t it was not ntil 1 Septe!ber 1965 that a 8ranco4A!erican e3pedition s cceeded)<2*5= The tea! disco"ered that Titanic had in fact split apart$ probabl# near or at the s rface$ before sinking to the seabed) The separated bow and stern sections lie abo t a third of a !ile :*)? k!; apart in a can#on on the continental shelf off the coast of Newfo ndland) The# are located 1>)2 !iles :21)2 k!; fro! the inacc rate coordinates gi"en b# Titanic0s radio operators on the night of her sinking$<2*?= and appro3i!atel# 515 !iles :1$151 k!; fro! -alifa3 and 1$25* !iles :2$*12 k!; fro! New 'ork) Both sections hit the sea bed at considerable speed$ ca sing the bow to cr !ple and the stern to collapse entirel#) The bow is b# far the !ore intact section and still contains so!e s rprisingl# intact interiors) 2n contrast$ the stern is co!pletel# wreckedA its decks ha"e pancaked down on top of each other and ! ch of the h ll plating was torn off and lies scattered across the sea floor) The ! ch greater le"el of da!age to the stern is probabl# d e to str ct ral da!age inc rred d ring the sinking) Th s weakened$ the re!ainder of the stern was flattened b# the i!pact with the sea bed)<2*5= The two sections are s rro nded b# a debris field !eas ring appro3i!atel# 5 b# > !iles :6)* k! V .)6 k!;)<2*6= 2t contains h ndreds of tho sands of ite!s$ s ch as pieces of the ship$ f rnit re$

dinnerware and personal ite!s$ which fell fro! the ship as she sank or were eFected when the bow and stern i!pacted on the sea floor)<2*9= The debris field was also the last resting place of a n !ber of Titanic0s "icti!s) Most of the bodies and clothes were cons !ed b# sea creat res and bacteria$ lea"ing pairs of shoes and boots7which ha"e pro"ed to be inedible7as the onl# sign that bodies once la# there)<21*= Since its disco"er#$ the wreck of Titanic has been re"isited n !ero s ti!es b# e3plorers$ scientists$ fil!!akers$ to rists and sal"agers$ who ha"e reco"ered tho sands of ite!s fro! the debris field for conser"ation and p blic displa#) The ship0s condition has deteriorated significantl# in recent #ears$ partl# d e to accidental da!age ca sed b# s b!ersibles b t !ainl# beca se of an accelerating rate of growth of iron4eating bacteria on the h ll)<211= 2t has been esti!ated that within the ne3t 5* #ears the h ll and str ct re of Titanic will collapse entirel#$ e"ent all# lea"ing onl# the !ore d rable interior fittings of the ship inter!ingled with a pile of r st on the sea floor) <212= Man# artefacts fro! Titanic ha"e been reco"ered fro! the sea bed b# RMS Titanic 2nc)$ which e3hibits the! in to ring e3hibitions aro nd the world and in a per!anent e3hibition at the , 3or ,as Kegas hotel and casino in ,as Kegas$ Ne"ada)<21>= A n !ber of other ! se !s e3hibit artefacts either donated b# s r"i"ors or retrie"ed fro! the floating bodies of "icti!s of the disaster)<21.= On 1? April 2*12$ a da# after the 1**th anni"ersar# of the sinking$ photos were released showing possible h !an re!ains resting on the ocean floor) The photos$ taken b# Robert Ballard d ring an e3pedition led b# NOAA in 2**.$ show a boot and a coat close to Titanic0s stern which e3perts called Bco!pelling e"idenceB that it0s the spot where so!ebod# ca!e to rest$ and that h !an re!ains co ld be b ried in the sedi!ent beneath the!)<215= The wreck of the Titanic falls nder the scope of the 2**1 %N/S(O (on"ention on the Drotection of the %nderwater ( lt ral -eritage) This !eans that all states parties to the con"ention will prohibit the pillaging$ co!!ercial e3ploitation$ sale and dispersion of the wreck and its artifacts) Beca se of the location of the wreck in international waters and the lack of an# e3cl si"e F risdiction o"er the wreckage area$ the con"ention pro"ides a state cooperation s#ste!$ b# which States infor! each other of an# potential acti"it# concerning ancient shipwreck sites$ like the Titanic$ and cooperate to pre"ent nscientific or nethical inter"entions)<21?=<215=<216= ,egac# Safet#

An ice patrol aircraft inspecting an iceberg After the disaster$ reco!!endations were !ade b# both the British and A!erican Boards of 2nE ir# stating$ that ships wo ld carr# eno gh lifeboats for all aboard$ !andated lifeboat drills wo ld be i!ple!ented$ lifeboat inspections wo ld be cond cted$ etc) Man# of these reco!!endations were incorporated into the 2nternational (on"ention for the Safet# of ,ife at Sea passed in 191.)<219= The con"ention has been pdated b# periodic a!end!ents$ with a co!pletel# new "ersion adopted in 195.)<22*= Signatories to the con"ention followed p with national legislation to i!ple!ent the new standards) 8or e3a!ple in Britain$ new WR les for ,ife Sa"ing AppliancesX were passed b# the Board of Trade on Ma# 6$ 191. and then applied at a !eeting of British stea!ship co!panies in ,i"erpool in C ne 191.)<221= 8 rther$ %nited States go"ern!ent passed the Radio Act of 1912) This act$ along with the 2nternational (on"ention for the Safet# of ,ife at Sea$ stated that radio co!! nications on passenger ships wo ld be operated 2. ho rs along with a secondar# power s ppl#$ so as not to !iss distress calls) Also$ the Radio Act of 1912 reE ired ships to !aintain contact with "essels in their "icinit# as well as coastal onshore radio stations)<222= 2n addition$ it was agreed in the 2nternational (on"ention for the Safet# of ,ife at Sea that the firing of red rockets fro! a ship ! st be interpreted as a sign of need for help) Once the Radio Act of 1912 was passed it was agreed that rockets at sea wo ld be interpreted as distress signals onl#$ th s re!o"ing an# possible !isinterpretation fro! other ships)<222= 8inall#$ the disaster led to the for!ation and international f nding of the 2nternational 2ce Datrol$

an agenc# of the %nited States (oast 1 ard that to the present da# !onitors and reports on the location of North Atlantic Ocean icebergs that co ld pose a threat to transatlantic sea traffic) (oast 1 ard aircraft cond ct the pri!ar# reconnaissance) 2n addition$ infor!ation is collected fro! ships operating in or passing thro gh the ice area) /3cept for the #ears of the two +orld +ars$ the 2nternational 2ce Datrol has worked each season since 191>) G ring the period there has not been a single reported loss of life or propert# d e to collision with an iceberg in the patrol area)<22>= ( lt ral Main article@ ( lt ral legac# of RMS Titanic

Titanic Belfast$ 2*12 Titanic has gone down in histor# as the ship that was called nsinkable)<E= 8or !ore than 1** #ears she has been the inspiration of fiction and non4fiction) She is co!!e!orated b# !on !ents for the dead and b# ! se !s e3hibiting artifacts fro! the wreck) C st after the sinking !e!orial postcards sold in h ge n !bers<22.= together with !e!orabilia ranging fro! tin cand# bo3es to plates$ whiske# Figgers$<225= and e"en black !o rning tedd# bears)<22?= Se"eral s r"i"ors wrote books abo t their e3periences<225= b t it was not ntil 1955 the first historicall# acc rate book A Night to Re!e!ber was p blished)<226= The first fil! abo t the disaster$ Sa"ed fro! the Titanic$ was released onl# 29 da#s after the ship sank and had an act al s r"i"or as its star7the silent fil! actress Goroth# 1ibson)<229= The British fil! A Night to Re!e!ber :1956; is still widel# regarded as the !ost historicall# acc rate !o"ie portra#al of the sinking$<2>*= b t the !ost s ccessf l b# far has been Ca!es (a!eron0s Titanic :1995;$ which beca!e the highest4grossing fil! in histor# p to that ti!e)<2>1= The Titanic disaster was co!!e!orated thro gh a "ariet# of !e!orials and !on !ents to the "icti!s$ erected in se"eral /nglish4speaking co ntries and in partic lar in cities that had s ffered notable losses) These incl ded So tha!pton$ ,i"erpool and Belfast in the %nited &ingdo!A New 'ork and +ashington$ G)() in the %nited StatesA and (obh :for!erl# 9 eenstown; in 2reland) <2>2= A n !ber of ! se !s aro nd the world ha"e displa#s on Titanic) 2n Northern 2reland$ the ship is co!!e!orated b# the Titanic Belfast "isitor attraction$ opened on >1 March 2*12$ that stands on the site of the ship#ard where Titanic was b ilt)<2>>= RMS Titanic 2nc)$ which is a thorised to sal"age the wreck site$ has a per!anent Titanic e3hibition at the , 3or ,as Kegas hotel and casino in Ne"ada which feat res a 224ton slab of the ship0s h ll) 2t also r ns an e3hibition which tra"els aro nd the world)<2>.= 2n No"a Scotia$ -alifa30s Mariti!e M se ! of the Atlantic displa#s ite!s that were reco"ered fro! the sea a few da#s after the disaster) The# incl de pieces of woodwork s ch as panelling fro! the ship0s 8irst (lass ,o nge and an original deckchair$<2>5= as well as obFects re!o"ed fro! the "icti!s)<2>?= 2n 2*12 the centenar# was !arked b# pla#s$ radio progra!!es$ parades$ e3hibition and special trips to the site of the sinking together with co!!e!orati"e sta!ps and coins)<152=<2>5=<2>6=<2>9= <2.*= Appendi3 Giagra!s of RMS Titanic <show= Ti!eline of RMS Titanic <show= See also Dortal icon Gisaster portal Dortal icon Na tical portal Dortal icon %nited &ingdo! portal 2nternational Mariti!e OrganiHation ,ists of shipwrecks RMS Titanic alternati"e theories 4Theories abo t the sinking incl ding a coal fire aboard ship and Titanic0s hitting pack ice rather than an iceberg Notes C !p p Y (arlisle wo ld lea"e the proFect in 191*$ before the ships were la nched$ when he

beca!e a shareholder in +elin Ga"it M /ngineering (o!pan# ,td$ the fir! !aking the ship0s da"its)<11= +ilding was sacked following the Titanic disaster$ ha"ing apparentl# been bla!ed b# Dirrie$ nfairl#$ for the ship0s loss)<12= C !p p Y 2t was kept off4li!its to passengersA the fa!o s Bfl#ingB scene at the ship0s bow fro! the 1995 fil! Titanic wo ld not ha"e been per!itted in real life) C !p p Y This photo is probabl# of Titanic0s sister ship$ Ol#!pic)<25= C !p p Y Meas re!ent of lifeboats@ 1L2@ 2502B long b# 502B wide b# >02B deepA >2?)? c bic feet :9)25 !>;A >L1?@ >*0 long b# 901B wide b# .0 deepA ?55)2 c bic feet :16)55 !>; and ALG@ 2505B long b# 60 wide b# >0 deepA >5?)? c bic feet :1*)?? !>; C !p p Y Since 169.$ when the largest passenger ship nder consideration was the ( nard ,ine0s 1>$***4ton , cania$ the Board of Trade had !ade no pro"ision to increase the e3isting scale regarding the n !ber of reE ired lifeboats for larger ships$ s ch as the .?$***4ton Titanic) Sir Alfred (hal!ers$ na tical ad"iser to the Board of Trade fro! 169? to 1911$ had considered the !atter of adF sting the scale Bfro! ti!e to ti!eB$ b t beca se he not onl# ass !ed that e3perienced sailors wo ld need to be carried B selessl#B aboard ship onl# to lower and !an the e3tra lifeboats$ b t also anticipated the diffic lt# in getting awa# a greater n !ber than 1? boats in an# e!ergenc#$ he Bdid not consider it necessar# to increase <the scale=B)<?2= C !p p Y -e e3pressed deep disappoint!ent abo t the decision before the "o#age$ b t was pres !abl# greatl# relie"ed afterwards)<66= C !p p Y Titanic also had a ship0s cat$ Cenn#$ who ga"e birth to a litter of kittens shortl# before the ship0s !aiden "o#ageA all perished in the sinking)<92= C !p p Y &nown afterward as the B%nsinkable Moll# BrownB d e to her efforts in helping other passengers while the ship sank C !p p Y (aptain /dward S!ith had been in co!!and of Titanic0s sister Ol#!pic when she in 1911 collided with a warship) /"en tho gh that ship was designed to sink others b# ra!!ing the!$ it s ffered greater da!age than Ol#!pic$ thereb# strengthening the i!age of the class being nsinkable)<12*=<121= C !p p Y An incident confir!ed this philosoph# while Titanic was nder constr ction@ the +hite Star liner Rep blic was in"ol"ed in a collision and sank) /"en tho gh she did not ha"e eno gh lifeboats for all passengers$ the# were all sa"ed beca se the ship was able to sta# afloat long eno gh for the! to be ferried to ships co!ing to assist)<1>2= C !p p Y According to an e#ewitness report$ there Bwere !an# pathetic scenesB when Titanic0s s r"i"ors dise!barked at New 'ork<citation needed= C !p p Y The Sal"ation Ar!# newspaper$ The +ar (r#$ reported that Bnone b t a heart of stone wo ld be n!o"ed in the presence of s ch ang ish) Night and da# that crowd of pale$ an3io s faces had been waiting patientl# for the news that did not co!e) Nearl# e"er# one in the crowd had lost a relati"e)B<15.= 2t was not ntil 15 April that the first inco!plete lists of s r"i"ors ca!e thro gh$ dela#ed b# poor co!! nications)<155= C !p p Y On 2> April$ the Gail# Mail reported@ B,ate in the afternoon hope died o t) The waiting crowds thinned$ and silent !en and wo!en so ght their ho!es) 2n the h !bler ho!es of So tha!pton there is scarcel# a fa!il# who has not lost a relati"e or friend) (hildren ret rning fro! school appreciated so!ething of traged#$ and woef l little faces were t rned to the darkened$ fatherless ho!es)B<1?2= C !p p Y ,ord protested his innocence to the end of his life$ and !an# researchers ha"e asserted that the known positions of Titanic and (alifornian !ake it i!possible that the for!er was the infa!o s B!#ster# ship$B a topic which has Bgenerated ))) !illions of words and ))) ho rs of heated debatesB and contin es to do so)<165= C !p p Y Most of the bodies were n !bered$ howe"er$ the fi"e passengers b ried at sea b# (arpathia went nn !bered)<19?= C !p p Y Tho!as Beattie$ a first class passenger$ and two crew !e!bers$ a fire!an and a sea!an) C !p p Y An e3a!ple is Ganiel B tler0s book abo t RMS Titanic$ titled %nsinkable Y C !p p to@ a b c d e Ship0s ti!eA at the ti!e of the collision$ Titanic0s clocks were set to 2 ho rs 2 !in tes ahead of /astern Ti!e Zone and 2 ho rs 56 !in tes behind 1reenwich Mean Ti!e) <2.?= References

C !p p Y Be"eridge M -all 2**.$ p) 1) C !p p Y BTitanic Ship ,istingB) (hris0 ( nard Dage) Retrie"ed 12 April 2*12) C !p p Y Second Officer ,ightoller insisted on e3cl ding !en$ while 8irst M rdoch$ on the other side of the ship$ ad!itted both !en and wo!en to the lifeboats) C !p p Y BDatrick S) R#an$ The 2T% and the 2nternet0s Titanic Mo!entB :DG8;) Retrie"ed 2*1>4 *5426) C !p p Y (hirnside 2**.$ p) >19) C !p p Y Be"eridge M -all 2*11$ p) 25) C !p p Y Bartlett 2*11$ p) 2?) Y C !p p to@ a b Bartlett 2*11$ p) 25) Y C !p p to@ a b - tchings M de &erbrech 2*11$ p) 12) C !p p Y - tchings M de &erbrech 2*11$ p) 1.) C !p p Y BTesti!on# of Ale3ander (arlisleB) British +reck (o!!issioner0s 2nE ir#) >* C l# 1912) Retrie"ed 6 No"e!ber 2**6) C !p p Y Mc(l skie 1996$ p) 2*) C !p p Y /aton M -aas 1995$ p) 55) Y C !p p to@ a b c /aton M -aas 1995$ p) 5?) Y C !p p to@ a b Mc(l skie 1996$ p) 22) C !p p Y (hirnside 2**.$ p) efn>19) Y C !p p to@ a b - tchings M de &erbrech 2*11$ p) .5) C !p p Y 1ill 2*1*$ p) 229) Y C !p p to@ a b c d e f g - tchings M de &erbrech 2*11$ p) .6) C !p p Y 1ill 2*1*$ p) 2>2) C !p p Y 1ill 2*1*$ p) 2>>) C !p p Y 1ill 2*1*$ p) 2>5) Y C !p p to@ a b 1ill 2*1*$ p) 2>?) Y C !p p to@ a b 1ill 2*1*$ p) 2>5) C !p p Y Be"eridge 2**6$ p) 1**) C !p p Y 1ill 2*1*$ p) 12*) Y C !p p to@ a b 1ill 2*1*$ p) 121) C !p p Y - tchings M de &erbrech 2*11$ p) 59) C !p p Y - tchings M de &erbrech 2*11$ p) 6*) Y C !p p to@ a b 1ill 2*1*$ p) 12?) Y C !p p to@ a b 1ill 2*1*$ p) 1.6) C !p p Y - tchings M de &erbrech 2*11$ p) 6?) C !p p Y - tchings M de &erbrech 2*11$ p) 65) C !p p Y - tchings M de &erbrech 2*11$ p) 9?) C !p p Y 1ill 2*1*$ p) 125) Y C !p p to@ a b c - tchings M de &erbrech 2*11$ p) 5.) C !p p Y - tchings M de &erbrech 2*11$ p) 1*?) C !p p Y - tchings M de &erbrech 2*11$ p) 1*5) Y C !p p to@ a b - tchings M de &erbrech 2*11$ p) ..) C !p p Y 1ill 2*1*$ p) 1*.) C !p p Y - tchings M de &erbrech 2*11$ p) ?6) Y C !p p to@ a b - tchings M de &erbrech 2*11$ p) 5*) C !p p Y 1ill 2*1*$ p) 1?5) Y C !p p to@ a b 1ill 2*1*$ p) 1?2) Y C !p p to@ a b - tchings M de &erbrech 2*11$ p) 55) Y C !p p to@ a b 1ill 2*1*$ p) 162) C !p p Y +els 1995$ p) >.) C !p p Y B>rd (lass 1eneral Roo!B) National M se !s Northern 2reland) 2*11) Retrie"ed 26 Ma# 2*11) C !p p Y B1st (lass (afe DarisienB) National M se !s Northern 2reland) 2*11) Retrie"ed 26 Ma# 2*11) C !p p Y 1ill 2*1*$ p) 169)

Y C !p p to@ a b - tchings M de &erbrech 2*11$ p) 59) C !p p Y ,#nch 1992$ p) 5>) C !p p Y ,#nch 1992$ p) 2*5) C !p p Y Merideth 2**>$ p) 2>?) Y C !p p to@ a b 1ill 2*1*$ p) 1.?) C !p p Y /aton M -aas 1965$ p) 1>1) C !p p Y The Titanic@ The Me!orabilia (ollection$ b# Michael Swift$ 2gloo D blishing 2*11$ 2SBN 9564*46556*42514. Y C !p p to@ a b - tchings M de &erbrech 2*11$ p) 112) Y C !p p to@ a b ,ord 1995$ p) 56) C !p p Y (hirnside 2**.$ p) 2?) C !p p Y B tler 1996$ p) >6) C !p p Y BBoard of Trade0s Ad!inistrationB) British +reck (o!!issioner0s 2nE ir#) >* C l# 1912) Retrie"ed 9 No"e!ber 2**6) Y C !p p to@ a b Berg$ (hris :1> April 2*12;) BThe Real Reason for the Traged# of the TitanicB) The +all Street Co rnal) C !p p Y 1ill 2*1*$ p) 56) C !p p Y - tchings M de &erbrech 2*11$ p) .2) C !p p Y - tchings M de &erbrech 2*11$ p) .>) C !p p Y 1ill 2*1*$ p) 65) C !p p Y 1ill 2*1*$ p) 1*5) C !p p Y 1ill 2*1*$ p) 1*9) Y C !p p to@ a b c Bartlett 2*11$ p) >>) Y C !p p to@ a b - tchings M de &erbrech 2*11$ p) 15) C !p p Y - tchings M de &erbrech 2*11$ p) 16) Y C !p p to@ a b c Marriot$ ,eo :1995;) T2TAN2() DR( D blishing ,td) 2SBN 1465?.64.>>45) C !p p Y Spignesi 1996$ p) 22) C !p p Y /aton M -aas 1995$ p) ..) C !p p Y /aton M -aas 1995$ pp) ..$ .?) C !p p Y (hirnside 2**.$ pp) >9L.*) C !p p Y /aton M -aas 1995$ p) .5) C !p p Y /aton M -aas 1995$ p) .?) Y C !p p to@ a b Mc(l skie 1996$ p) 21) C !p p Y /aton and -aasA The Misad"ent res of the +hite Star ,ine$ c)199* Y C !p p to@ a b c So tha!ptonL(herbo rgLNew 'ork Ser"ice$ +hite Star ,ine leaflet of circa Can ar# 1912) C !p p Y BSo tha!pton in 1912B) So tha!pton (it# (o ncil) Retrie"ed 1 April 2*12) Y C !p p to@ a b c Merse# 1912$ pp) 11*L111) C !p p Y Barratt 2**9$ p) 6.) C !p p Y Barratt 2**9$ p) 6>) C !p p Y Bartlett 2*11$ pp) .>L..) Y C !p p to@ a b 1ill 2*1*$ p) 2.1) C !p p Y Barratt 2**9$ p) 92) C !p p Y B tler 1996$ p) 2>6) Y C !p p to@ a b c 1ill 2*1*$ p) 2.2) Y C !p p to@ a b 1ill 2*1*$ p) 2.?) C !p p Y Barratt 2**9$ p) 5*) C !p p Y Barratt 2**9$ p) 9>) Y C !p p to@ a b -owells 1999$ p) 16) C !p p Y BTitanic Dassenger ,ist 8irst (lass DassengersB) /nc#clopedia Titanica) Retrie"ed 2. No"e!ber 2**6) C !p p Y (hernow 2*1*$ (hapter 6) C !p p Y Brewster M (o lter 1996$ p) 16) Y C !p p to@ a b /aton M -aas 1995$ p) 5>) C !p p Y BTitanic7Dassenger and (rew statisticsB) -istor#onthenet)co!) Retrie"ed 6 April 2*12)

C !p p Y Barratt 2**9$ p) ?1) C !p p Y 1ill 2*1*$ p) 252) C !p p Y /aton M -aas 1995$ p) 5?) C !p p Y Brewster M (o lter 1996$ p) 22) C !p p Y Bartlett 2*11$ p) 51) Y C !p p to@ a b c -alpern 2*11$ p) 59) C !p p Y /aton M -aas 1995$ p) 92) C !p p Y /aton M -aas 1995$ p) 9>) Y C !p p to@ a b /aton M -aas 1995$ p) 1**) C !p p Y -alpern 2*11$ p) 51) C !p p Y -alpern 2*11$ p) 55) C !p p Y -alpern 2*11$ p) 5>) C !p p Y -alpern 2*11$ pp) 5.L55) C !p p Y -alpern 2*11$ p) 6*) C !p p Y R#an 1965$ p) 9) Y C !p p to@ a b Mowbra# 1912$ p) 256) C !p p Y Gespite later !#th$ feat red for e3a!ple in the 1995 fil! Titanic$ the ship Titanic was not atte!pting to set a transatlantic speed recordA the +hite Star ,ine had !ade a conscio s decision not to co!pete with their ri"als ( nard on speed$ b t instead to foc s on siHe and l 3 r#) C !p p Y Bartlett 2*11$ p) 2.) C !p p Y BarcHewski 2**?$ p) 1>) C !p p Y BTitanic and co$ RMS Ol#!pic The Old ReliableB) Titanicandco)co!) Retrie"ed 2*1>4 *5426) C !p p Y Ca!es Gonah e :19114*942*;) BThe Titanic[s Sister Ship Ol#!picB) Derd rabo1*)tripod)co!) Retrie"ed 2*1>4*5426) C !p p Y ,ord 2**5$ p) 2) C !p p Y BarcHewski 2**?$ p) 191) C !p p Y Report on the ,oss of the BTitanic)B :s)s);$ p) E estion 2*.22$ Ga# 19) Y C !p p to@ a b Broad 1995) C !p p Y Materials Toda#$ 2**6) C !p p Y Mc(art# M 8oecke 2*12$ p) <page needed=) C !p p Y Broad 2**6) C !p p Y Kerhoe"en 2**5$ p) .9) C !p p Y Ballard 1965$ p) 22) C !p p Y - tchings M de &erbrech 2*11$ p) 11?) C !p p Y (hirnside 2**.$ p) 29) C !p p Y - tchings M de &erbrech 2*11$ p) 1*9) C !p p Y BarcHewski 2**?$ p) 21) Y C !p p to@ a b BarcHewski 2**?$ p) 26.) C !p p Y -alpern M +eeks 2*11$ p) 116) C !p p Y Ballard 1965$ p) 2*.) C !p p Y BarcHewski 2**?$ p) 29) C !p p Y http@NNwww)gcaptain)co!Ncold\waterN]11196 BThe Tr th Abo t (old +aterB 4 drowning e3pert Mario Kittone$ p b) g(aptain 2*1>4*.412 and own website 2*1*41*421@ <S=o!ething that al!ost no one in the !ariti!e ind str# nderstands ))) That incl des !ariners <and= e"en !an# :!ost; resc e professionals@ 2t is i!possible to get h#pother!ic in cold water nless #o are wearing flotation$ beca se witho t flotation #o won[t li"e long eno gh to beco!e h#pother!ic) </!phasis in original$ and details of ca ses in article= C !p p Y B-#pother!ia safet#B) %nited States Dower SE adrons) Can ar# 2>$ 2**5) Retrie"ed 2**64*2419) C !p p Y Aldridge 2**6$ p) 5?) C !p p Y ,ord 2**5$ p) 1*>) C !p p Y Brewster M (o lter 1996$ pp) .5L.5) C !p p Y Brewster M (o lter 1996$ pp) ?.L?5) C !p p Y Bartlett 2*11$ p) 2>6) C !p p Y Bartlett 2*11$ p) 2.2$2.5)

C !p p Y Bartlett 2*11$ p) 2??) C !p p Y Bartlett 2*11$ p) 25?) C !p p Y B tler 2**2$ p) 1?9) C !p p Y The +hatle# Gesign 1ro p$ 2*** :15 April 1912;) BA +alking To r of Montreal 4 Sites Related to the Titanic GisasterB) Kehic lepress)co!) Retrie"ed 1> A g st 2*12) C !p p Y &erins$ Gan :2*12;) B+hite Star Offices$ (an te (ha!bers$ (an te Road$ So tha!ptonB) Titanic trail) So thern Gail# /cho) Retrie"ed 21 March 2*12) Y C !p p to@ a b BTitanic anni"ersar#@ the da# So tha!pton went silentB) The Telegraph) 5 April 2*12) C !p p Y B tler 2**2$ p) 152) C !p p Y Bartlett 2*11$ p) 2?1) C !p p Y Bartlett 2*11$ p) 2?2) C !p p Y B tler 2**2$ pp) 15*$ 152) C !p p Y ,anda 2**1$ pp) 22L2>) C !p p Y /aton M -aas 1995$ p) 16>) C !p p Y /aton M -aas 1995$ p) 16.) C !p p Y /aton M -aas 1995$ p) 162) C !p p Y /aton M -aas 1995$ p) 2*.) C !p p Y B tler 1996$ p) 15>) C !p p Y New 'ork Ti!esA T esda# >* April 1912 B1/OR1/ KANG/RB2,T0S /S(AD/)A Mrs) Gresser Ders aded -i! Not to Sail on Titanic78oot!an ,ost)B :in DG8 for!at; C !p p Y B tler 1996$ p) 15.) C !p p Y BarcHewski 2*11$ pp) 5*L1) C !p p Y Brewster M (o lter 1996$ p) 52) Y C !p p to@ a b BTitanic7The Senatorial 2n"estigationB) %nited States Senate 2nE ir#) Retrie"ed 19 C ne 2*1*) C !p p Y B tler 1996$ pp) 16*L16?) C !p p Y BarcHewski 2*11$ p) 5*451$162) C !p p Y B tler 1996$ pp) 192L19.) C !p p Y B tler 1996$ p) 19.) Y C !p p to@ a b B tler 1996$ p) 195) C !p p Y B tler 1996$ p) 169) C !p p Y BarcHewski 2*11$ p) ?5) Y C !p p to@ a b ,#nch 1996$ p) 169) C !p p Y /aton M -aas 199.$ p) 2?5) C !p p Y /aton M -aas 1995$ p) 22>) C !p p Y /aton M -aas 1995$ p) >1*) Y C !p p to@ a b c B tler 2**2$ p) 1?*) C !p p Y B tler 2**2$ p) 1?1) C !p p Y B tler 2**2$ p) 159) C !p p Y (hirnside 2**.$ p) >..) C !p p Y B tler 2**2$ pp) 1?.L1?5) C !p p Y B tler 2**2$ pp) 191$ 19?) C !p p Y Da l Rogers) BThe Titanic and the 2ndifferent StrangerB) /nc#clopedia4titanica)org) Retrie"ed 2*1>4*5426) C !p p Y B tler 1996$ p) 2>9) C !p p Y ,ord 195?$ p) 195) C !p p Y /aton M -aas 199.$ p) 159) C !p p Y -owells 1999$ p) 9.) C !p p Y ,ast Titanic s r"i"or$ a bab# p t in a lifeboat$ dies at 95 The 1 ardian) Retrie"ed >1 March 2*12 C !p p Y BTitanic and other +hite Star ships Titanic (rew Me!ber Drofile@ Kiolet (onstance Cessop$ Ship StewardessB) Titanic4whitestarships)co!) 19564*5419) Retrie"ed 2*1>4*5426) C !p p Y /aton M -aas 1995$ p) 226) C !p p Y /aton M -aas 1995$ p) 2>2) C !p p Y /aton M -aas 1995$ p) 2>.)

C !p p Y /aton M -aas 1995$ p) 225) C !p p Y BRMS Titanic@ ,ist of Bodies and Gisposition of Sa!eB) No"a Scotia Archi"es and Records Manage!ent) Retrie"ed > March 2**6) C !p p Y BMariti!e M se ! of the Atlantic Titanic Research Dage7Kicti!sB) M se !)go")ns)ca) 6 No"e!ber 2*1*) Retrie"ed 29 Can ar# 2*11) Y C !p p to@ a b Mowbra#$ Ca# -enr# :1912;) B(hapter 33i) the f neral ship and its deadB) The sinking of the Titanic :1912;) Retrie"ed 2. No"e!ber 2**6) C !p p Y /aton M -aas 1995$ pp) 2..L2.5) C !p p Y Bartlett 2*11$ pp) 2.2L2.>) C !p p Y Alan R ff!an$ Titanic Re!e!bered@ The %nsinkable Ship and -alifa3 8or!ac D blishing :1999;$ p) >6) C !p p Y B+h# So 8ew]B) M se !)go")ns)ca) Retrie"ed 2*1>4*5426) C !p p Y +ard 2*12$ p) 1??) C !p p Y Spignesi 2*12$ p) 221) Y C !p p to@ a b +ard 2*12$ pp) 151L152) C !p p Y -alpern M +eeks 2*11$ pp) 12?L125) C !p p Y Ballard 1965$ p) 2*5) C !p p Y (anfield 6 March 2*12) C !p p Y Ballard 1965$ p) 2*>) C !p p Y Ballard 1965$ p) 2*5) C !p p Y +ard 2*12$ p) 151) C !p p Y (rosbie M Morti!er 2**?$ p) last page :no page n !ber specified;) C !p p Y Spignesi 2*12$ p) 259) C !p p Y +ard 2*12$ pp) 2.6$ 251) C !p p Y B- !an re!ains pict red at Titanic shipwreck siteB) -erald S n) C !p p Y BTitanic ^ %nited Nations /d cational$ Scientific and ( lt ral OrganiHationB) %nesco)org) Retrie"ed 2*1>41*4*2) C !p p Y BTitanic0s re!ains to co!e nder %nesco0s protectionB) ? April 2*12) C !p p Y Booth$ Robert :? April 2*12;) BTitanic wreck to be protected b# %N !ariti!e con"entionB) The 1 ardian) p) ?) C !p p Y 1?@1>) B(aptains"o#age4for !$ lifeboat reE ire!entsB) (aptains"o#age4for !)co!) Retrie"ed 2*1>4*5426) C !p p Y 2nternational (on"ention for the Safet# of ,ife at Sea :SO,AS;) 2nternational Mariti!e OrganiHation$ 195.) C !p p Y (onlin$ Gan :2*1>4*.415;) BA Titanic Report that (hanged -istor#B) Marinec rator)blogspot)ca) Retrie"ed 2*1>4*5426) Y C !p p to@ a b Minichiello$D)/)$ Ra#) BT2TAN2( Traged# Spawns +ireless Ad"ance!entsB) The 1 gliel!o Marconi 8o ndation$ %)S)A)$ 2nc) Retrie"ed 6 No"e!ber 2**6) C !p p Y BNa"igation (enter$ 2ce DatrolB) Na"cen) scg)go") Retrie"ed 2*1>4*5426) C !p p Y /aton M -aas 1995$ p) >25) C !p p Y /aton M -aas 1995$ pp) >29L>>*) C !p p Y Maniera 2**>$ p) 5*) C !p p Y Rasor 2**1$ p) 55) C !p p Y ,ord 2**5$ p) 3ii) C !p p Y Spignesi 2*12$ p) 2?5) C !p p Y -e#er 2*12$ p) 1*.) C !p p Y Darisi 1996$ p) 22>) C !p p Y Spignesi 2*12$ pp) 2?2L2?>) C !p p Y BB( News >1 March 2*12) C !p p Y +ard 2*12$ p) 252) C !p p Y +ard 2*12$ p) 251) C !p p Y Spignesi 2*12$ p) 2?1) C !p p Y 2TK@ Titanic) Retrie"ed 1> Can ar# 2*12 C !p p Y 2ceberg Right Ahead_7re"iew The 1 ardian) Retrie"ed 1 April 2*12 C !p p Y B(r ise to !ark Titanic centenar#B) BB( News) 15 April 2**9) C !p p Y B1ibraltar Titanic sta!psB) 1ibraltar4sta!ps)co!) Retrie"ed 2*1>4*5426)

C !p p Y Be"eridge$ Br ceA Andrews$ ScottA -all$ Ste"eA &listorner$ Ganiel :2**9;) B(hapter 1@ 2nception M (onstr ction DlansB) 2n Bra nschweiger$ Art) Titanic@ The Ship Magnificent 2) 1lo cestershire$ %nited &ingdo!@ -istor# Dress) 2SBN 956*552..?*??) Retrie"ed 25 Ma# 2*11) C !p p Y B,a nch of TitanicB) National M se !s Northern 2reland) 2*11) Retrie"ed >* Ma# 2*11) Y C !p p to@ a b c d e f ,ord 2**5$ p) 1.6) C !p p Y ,ord 2**5$ p) 1.9) Y C !p p to@ a b c d ,ord 2**5$ p) 15*) C !p p Y -alpern 2*11$ p) 56) C !p p Y BBritish +reck (o!!issioner0s 2nE ir#B) British +reck (o!!issioner0s 2nE ir# Report) Titanic 2nE ir# DroFect) Retrie"ed 19 C ne 2*1*