Purneet Sidhu January 2013

Grade 10 Science Exam Review

Biology: i!!ue!" #rgan! and Sy!tem! o$ %iving thing!
Chapter1: Cells are the basic unit of life and often combined with other cells to form tissues A cell is the basic unit of life; each cell contains smaller parts called organelles Life Processes of the Cell: Intake of nutrients, E change of gases, !o"ement, #aste remo"al, $eproduction, $esponse to stimuli All Cells ha"e: %ucleus, $ough and &mooth Endoplasmic $eticulum, C'toskeleton, (acuoles and (esicles, !itochondria, L'sosomes, C'toplasm, )olgi Apparatus, $ibosomes, Cell !embrane *nl' Plant Cells ha"e: Central (acuole, Chloroplast, and Cell #all Cell !embrane + the organelle that is a protecti"e border + is responsible for what enters and e its the cell Cell #all + the part of the plant cell that is pro"ides strength, protection and support Chloroplast + the organelle that holds chloroph'll in sacs called th'lakoids + does photos'nthesis to create food for the plant cell Chromatin + the organelle that is inside of the nucleus and is made up of ,%A and protein C'toplasm + a s-uish' substance that helps mo"e nutrients and others around the cell C'toskeleton + a s'stem that is made up of protein and helps the cell keep its shape Endoplasmic $eticulum + the organelle that is made up of tubes that carr' materials all o"er the cell + $ough E$: helps make protein and sometimes attached to $ibosomes + &mooth E$: helps make fats and oils )olgi Apparatus + the organelle that reforms and organi.es proteins and deli"ers them inside and outside of the cell + recei"es new protein from endoplasmic reticulum L'sosome + the organelle that filled en.'mes and is responsible for digestion +breaks down in"ading bacteria, wastes, damaged organelles !itochondria + the organelle that stores and pro"ides the cell with energ' + it transforms sugar into energ' for the cell to use %ucleus + the organelle that controls e"er' action/acti"it' that happens within the cell + holds the chromosomes and the ,%A of the cell needed for Cell ,i"ision %uclear En"elope 0 surrounds the nucleus and contains pores to allow transport of materials $ibosome + the organelle that is the location for protein production + ma' attach to $ough Endoplasmic $eticulum or be roaming around in c'toplasm (acuole + the organelle that keeps e tra nutrients and other substances + the plant cell one has one and it is called the central "acuole (esicles 0the organelle that is like a sac and is filled with substances and also carries them around ,iffusion+ mo"ement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration

Purneet Sidhu January 2013

Cell C'cle+=Interphase, Prophase, !etaphase, Anaphase, 5elophase and C'tokinesis > two new daughter cells

Interphase+ 123 of the cells is spent in this phase; )1: cell produces new proteins and organelles; &'nthesis: makes cop' of the ,%A; )4: produces organelles and structures for Cell ,i"ision Prophase + the chromatid is grouped into packages and centrioles mo"e to opposing sides; the nuclear en"elope is destro'ed; the mitotic spindle mo"es the positions of the chromatids !etaphase + each chromatid gets tightl' packaged and mo"es to line up across the middle, mitotic spindle touches each chromatid Anaphase + each chromatid is ripped apart and the mitotic spindle leads them to their designated sides 5elophase and C'tokinesis + the cell splits the c'toplasm and new nuclei are formed; the chromatids begin to unra"el Cell ,i"ision pro"ides new cells to replace the ones that are worn out and broken down *nl' Animal cells ha"e centrioles that are in"ol"ed in Cell ,i"ision 6actors that affect !itosis: Antibiotics and other drugs; Altitudes; Light Apoptosis + a cell, which is no longer useful, dies a regular and controlled death, 7commits suicide; self+death8 9ealth' Cell +reproduces onl' :2+;2 times +makes e act copies +will do apoptosis when instructed +work with other cells as a team Cancer Cell +di"ides uncontrollabl' + ,%A mutates + don<t do apoptosis, immortal +beha"e independentl' + can mo"e from one spot to another

$egeneration+ the process where a bod' part is replaced or regrown Cell &peciali.ation+ cells de"elop in different wa's to perform particular functions Embr'onic &tem Cells+ are found in embr'os; can go through differentiation which means the' can become an' speciali.ed cell Adult &tem Cells+ cells that ha"e de"oted their li"es to di"iding and creating new cells !eristematic Cells+ plant stem cells, the' are found in the stem and roots; the' produce new cells all the time ,ifferentiation+ a process in which stem cells become speciali.ed so that the' can perform different functions 5issue+ group of cells that function together to perform specific tasks Animal 5issues+= Epithelial, Connecti"e, !uscle, %er"ous Epithelial+ lines bod' ca"ities and outer surface of the bod'; protects structures; forms glands that produce hormones, en.'mes and sweat Connecti"e+ supports and protects structures; forms blood; stores fat; fills empt' space !uscle+ allows mo"ement

Purneet Sidhu January 2013 %er"ous+ responds to stimuli; transmits and stores information Plant 5issues+= !eristematic, Epidermal, )round, (ascular !eristematic+ unspeciali.ed tissue capable of di"iding b' mitosis; responsible for growing new parts of plants; found in stem and roots Epidermal+ forms protecti"e outer co"ering; allows the e change of materials and gases in and out of the plant )round+ in the stem: pro"ides strength and support; in the roots: stores food and water; in the lea"es: where photos'nthesis occurs (ascular+ mo"es substances from roots to lea"es; transports sugars from the lea"es to the other parts of the plant Perspire+ to secrete a salt', water' fluid from the sweat glands of the skin; sweat? 5ranspire+ to emit or gi"e off waste matter, water' "apor, etc?, through the surface of the bod' or of lea"es? Inspire+ to inhale E pire+ to e hale !icroscopes are re-uired to stud' cell; useful tool for assessing human health Compound light microscope+ uses 4 lenses, light source to form a magnified image Electron !icroscopes+ uses beam of electrons instead of light; onl' useful for obser"ing dead cells since electrons must pass through a thin section of a cell Properties of !icroscopes: magnification, resolution, contrast Chapter4: An organ consists of a group of tissues and works with other organs to for an organ s'stem An organ is organi.ed group of tissues that perform a specific function Animal *rgans+= &kin, Lungs, 9eart, and the organs in"ol"ed with digestion &kin+ the largest organ; protects; insulates; releases heat; e cretes bodil' waste; made up of epidermis 7outer; to protect insides8, blood "essels 7tries to deli"er blood to parts that need it most8, dermis and it has muscles 7goose bumps8, ner"es 7sense pain, pressure, heat and cold8 and sweat glands 7to maintain bod' temperature8

Lungs+ breathe in o 'gen and out carbon dio ide; made up of connecti"e and epithelial tissue; parts: bronchus, bronchioles 7sacs8 al"eoli which is surrounded b' capillaries

9eart+ muscular pump; @ chambers: left atrium, right atrium, left "entricle and right "entricle; right side pumps blood to the lungs, left side send o 'genated blood to the bod'

Purneet Sidhu January 2013 ,igestion+ mouth, tongue, esophagus, stomach, intestines 7small then large8, rectum; made up of connecti"e, epithelial and muscle tissue; has glands, secrete mucus, sali"a, en.'mes Plant *rgans+= $oots, &tem, Leaf, 6lower $oots+ permits the plant to grow; collects water and sends it around; store food; keeps the plant growing upright and not toppling o"er; bottom part is made of Epidermal tissue; !eristematic tissue 7to grow8 and the centre is )round and (ascular tissue &tem+ transports water and nutrients throughout the plant; supports the lea"es and flowers; Epidermal tissue is the outer co"ering, and inside there are !eristematic, )round and (ascular tissues Leaf+ photos'nthesis occurs in the mesoph'll 7speciali.ed )round tissue8; (ascular tissue carries water and sugar; Epidermal tissue is where the carbon dio ide enter, o 'gen lea"es and water lea"es 6lower+ the reproducti"e structure of the Plant holds the female and male se organs; main function is to produce seeds; made of !eristematic tissue Animal *rgans &'stems+= Integumentar', &keleton, !uscular, ,igesti"e, $espirator', Circulator', %er"ous, E cretor', $eproducti"e, and Immune Integumentar'+ skin, hair, nails, glands; co"er and protects bod', glands control bod' temperature &keletal+ bones, cartilage; supports and protects bod', allows mo"ement !uscular+ skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, tendons, ligaments; works with the skeletal s'stem to pro"ide mo"ement ,igesti"e+ churning, mi es with acid and en.'mes, breaks up fat, absorbs water and nutrients, stores waste and waste e its bod' $espirator'+ nose/mouth, trachea, lung, bronchi, bronchioles, al"eoli 7e changes gases in lungs8, diaphragm; e change of o 'gen and carbon dio ide; carries waste with carbon dio ide outside of the bod' Circulator'+ heart, blood "essels 7arter', capillar', "ein8, blood; transports o 'gen, carbon dio ide, nutrients, hormones and etc?; helps maintain bod' temperature; spreads white blood who fight infections; carries wastes and poison from li"er to kidne's to be filtered %er"ous+ brain, ner"es, spinal cord; controls the bod'<s functions, coordinates responses and acti"ities E cretor'+ skin, kidne's, bladder, urther, urethra; elimination of waste $eproducti"e+ 6emale: o"aries, fallopian tubes, "agina, uterus; !ale: testes, epidid'mis, "as deferens, urethra, p; reproduction Immune+ white blood cells, th'mus, l'mph nodes, l'mph "essels; protects bod' from infection and etc?; absorbs and transports fats Plant *rgan &'stems+= &hoot and $oot &hoot+ sends water and nutrients to lea"es and flower $oot+ gathers water and nutrients; pushes it into stem

Interdependent+ connections between parts of so that e"er' part contributes to the action being done 5he diaphragm is the muscle that helps air mo"e in and out of 'our bod'? It is a muscle below 'our lungs, contracting and rela ing as 'ou breathe? #hen inhaling, the diaphragm contracts and mo"es down, causing the "olume of 'our chest ca"it' to increase with air?

Purneet Sidhu January 2013 5his causes air pressure to reduce in the chest ca"it', thus causing air pressure outside the bod' to increase and force itself into 'our air passage wa's and into 'our lungs? Pleura+ two thin linings with a little bit of li-uid; placed in the middle of the inner chest and the lungs that pre"ent friction between them Alood+ made up of platelets 7creates clots to pre"ent bleeding8, and plasma 7123 water; helps mo"ement8? $ed blood cells+ deli"er o 'gen from the lungs to the rest of the bod' and transport carbon dio ide from the bod' to the lungs? #hite blood cells+ fight infection and kill of germs and carbon dio ide Pulse+ indicates how often 'our heart beats per minute BBBbeats/min Alood pressure+ measure of the pressure of the blood against the walls of 'our arteries BBB/BBBmm9g Arter'+ the largest blood "essel of the three; carries o 'genated blood awa' from the heart Capillar'+ the smallest blood "essel of the three; e changes water and chemicals between blood and tissue (ein+ a blood "essel; brings blood back to the heart from the capillaries Petals+ the part of the flower that surrounds the reproducti"e organs, petals as a group are called corolla &tomata+ tin' opening or pore, in the underside of a leaf that allows carbon dio ide, water and o 'gen to mo"e into or out of the leaf C'lem+ (ascular tissue in the plant that carries water and minerals from the from the roots up the stem to the lea"es Phloem+ (ascular tissue in a plant that transports the sugar produced during photos'nthesis from the lea"es to other parts of the plant !esoph'll+ speciali.ed )round tissue in which photos'nthesis and gas e change occurs Cuticle+ Epidermal tissue secretes a wa ' substance that is a protecti"e coating and reduces water loss Pistil+ in the flower, the female se organs; o"ar', st'le and stigma &tamen+ in the flower, the male se organs; consists of filament with an antler at the tip *"ar'+ where the female se cells, eggs are held ChapterD: Ad"ances in biological technologies ha"e an impact on indi"iduals and societ' 9omeostasis+ to keep a stead' state; bod' s'stems maintain it 5he bod' maintain homeostasis when it<s hot b': sweating to keep cool, regulating the iron content in our blood, retention and production of energ' and o"erall blood composition !edical imaging+ taking images of organs and tissues within the bod' for use in diagnosis and treatment C+ra' + high energ' radiation, easil' goes through skin and tissue but can<t go through metal and bone; uses: to diagnose cardio"ascular and respirator' problems, bone inEuries, teeth inEuries and etc 6luoroscop'+ a continuous beam of +ra's to produce an image that shows mo"ement of organs; uses: to see blood "essels of the heart and brain, to see how well the blood flow in organ s'stems is $adiotherap'+ a beam of +ra's at the tumour, so that there is no damage to health' cells; uses: cancer therap'

Purneet Sidhu January 2013 Fltrasound+ high+fre-uenc' sound wa"es to produce images of the bod' tissue and organs; uses: during pregnanc', to check on the bab', to diagnose an' flaws there ma' be Computed 5omograph' 7C58 + +ra's from different angle to form a D, image; uses: to diagnose cancer, problems in the skeletal s'stem, "ascular s'stem, check up on brain, bones and soft tissue !agnetic $esonance Imaging 7!$I8 + magnets and radio wa"es to form detail images of the bod'; uses: check on brain, heart, li"er, soft tissue, inside of bones, diagnose cancer, brain disease Positron Emission 5omograph' 7PE58 + pro"ides images of how tissue or organs function b' inserting positrons; uses: to diagnose cancer, heart disease, brain disorders like Al.heimer<s or epileps' Public 9ealth+ promotes health' li"ing, disease pre"ention programs, immuni.ation, water safet', protection against the sun (accination+ a substance that is gi"en to boost 'our bod'<s immune s'stem against the odds !!$+ !easles, !umps and $ubella; mental issues, sterilit', deafness 9I(+ 9uman Immunodeficienc' (irus; attacks 'our immune s'stem, it becomes "er' weak and "ulnerable AI,&+ Ac-uired Immune ,eficienc' &'ndrome; ad"anced stage of 9I( 9P(+ 9uman Papilloma (irus; #%(+ #est %ile (irus; mild influen.a, paral'sis, sei.ures (accines that people in *ntario recei"e: ,iphtheria; 5etanus; acellular Pertussis; Polio; 9aemophilus influen.ae t'pe A; 9epatitis A; !easles, !umps and $ubella 7!!$8; (aricella; !eningococcal; $abies; $ota"irus; 5wo "iral diseases without a "accine+ #est %ile (irus 7#%(8; 9uman Immunodeficienc' (irus 79I(8 &moking causes poisoning, cancer, heart disease, li"er disease, emph'sema Cancer &creening and ,%A &creening+ in"estigates genes; could be treatment $ules and $egulations for organ donation in Canada: E"er'one can be considered for organ donation in Canada, the safet' of the cells, tissues and organs intended for transplantation is dominant; If a donor falls into an' of the high risk categories, it is then a decision between the recipient and his or her ph'sician as to whether a donation from a high risk donor is appropriate to the situation; a high+risk organ can onl' be considered for transplant if an organ that meets all of the standard re-uirements is not immediatel' a"ailable? 9igh risk categories+=to a man who has had se with another man within the past fi"e 'ears; if the' ha"e had a recent tattoo or piercing; are an inmate of a correctional facilit'; ha"e hemophilia and ha"e recei"ed blood products; Gidne', Lungs, Pancreas, Li"er and &mall Aowl can be donated while still being ali"e )ene 5herap'+ in"ol"es inserting health' genes so that the cells can function properl' Cloning+ creates geneticall' identical organism that is an e act cop' of the gene, tissue, cell or whole organism Cloning Animals+ reproducti"e cloning, gene cloning, therapeutic cloning 5ransgenic *rganisms+ contains genes from other species

&hemi!try: &hemical Reaction!

Purneet Sidhu January 2013 Chapter@: Chemical change occurs during chemical reactions Alkali metals+ member of the famil' of elements composed of soft, sil"er+gra' metals that react easil' with water and with o 'gen gas; group 1 on the periodic table+= lithium 7Li8, sodium 7%a8, potassium 7G8, rubidium 7$b8, cesium 7Cs8, francium 76r8 Alkaline earth metals+ member of the famil' of the elements composed of sil"er+gra' metals that are harder and more reacti"e than alkali metals; group 4 on the periodic table+= ber'llium 7Ae8, magnesium 7!g8, calcium 7Ca8, strontium 7&r8, barium 7Aa8, radium 7$a8 9alogens+ member of the famil' of elements composed of "er' reacti"e, coloured non+metals; group 1H on the periodic table+= fluorine768, chlorine 7Cl8, bromine 7Ar8, iodine 7I8, astatine 7At8 %oble gases+ member of the famil' of non+metal gases that are colourless, odourless and unreacti"e; group 1I on the periodic table+= helium 79e8, neon 7%e8, argon 7Ar8, kr'pton 7Gr8, erion 7Ce8, radon 7$n8 !atter+ an'thing that has mass and takes up space Atom+the smallest particle in matter Parts of the atom+=protons 7J8, electrons 7+8 and neutrons 7no charge8; the atom<s nucleus contains a mi of positi"el' charged protons and electricall' neutral neutrons; the electrons of an atom surround the nucleus Atomic mass+ measure of the a"erage mass of an atom of an element Atomic number+ number of protons in an atom of an element Atomic 5heor'+ the stud' of the nature of atoms and how atoms combine to form all t'pes of matter

Aohr ,iagram+ illustration of an atom that shows the arrangement and number of electron in each shell

Ph'sical Properties of !atter Aoiling point or Condensation Point += temperature of boiling or condensing !elting Point or 6ree.ing Point +=temperature of melting or free.ing !alleabilit' +=abilit' to be beaten or rolled into sheet without crumbling ,uctilit' +=abilit' to be stretched without breaking &tate +=solid, li-uid or gas &olubilit' +=abilit' to dissol"e in a li-uid Conducti"it' += abilit' to conduct heat or electricit' Chemical $eaction is a process b' which chemical change happens

Chemical Properties of !atter Abilit' to burn +=combustion 7flame, heat, light8 6lash Point +=lowest temperature at which a flammable li-uid will ignite Aeha"iour in air +=tendenc' to degrade, react or tarnish $eaction with water +=tendenc' to corrode or dissol"e $eaction to heating +=tendenc' to melt or decompose

Chemical change+ transformation of one or more substances into new substances with new properties Chemical E-uation uses either words or s'mbols and formulas to describe the changes that occur during a chemical reaction &keleton E-uation+ a chemical e-uation that is missing its coefficients aka an unbalanced e-uation

Purneet Sidhu January 2013 5he Law of Conser"ation of !ass+ a chemical reaction, the mass of the products alwa's e-uals to mass of the reactants Element+ substance that cannot be broken down into an' simpler substance b' an' chemical means Compound+ pure substance made from two or more elements that are combined together chemicall' Ionic Compounds+ a compound that is formed from one or more positi"el' charged ions and one or more negati"el' charged ions 7metals8 +the' ha"e "er' high melting and boiling points; good electrical conducti"it'; are solids at room temperature and usuall' form cr'stals; brittle; dissol"es into water, dislocates into ions 5he ions produced b' electron transfer attract each other b' electrostatic attraction and this creates an ionic bond Pol'atomic ion+ a group of atoms, usuall' of different elements, that acts as a single ion Cation+ a positi"el' charged atom Anion+ a negati"el' charged atom Co"alent Compounds+ a compound/molecule formed b' co"alent bonds, in which the atoms 7non+metals +/J8 share one or more pairs of electrons +the' are soft and s-uish' 7compared to ionic compounds8; tend to be more flammable than ionic compounds; donKt conduct electricit' in water; arenKt usuall' "er' soluble in water %aming of atoms for a !olecular Compound Prefi es 1 : mono+ 7use onl' for o 'gen8 4 : di+ D : tri+ @ : tetra+ : : penta+ ; : he a+ H : hepta+ I : octa+ 1 : nona

,iatomic elements+ atoms that make up diatomic molecules 7molecule made from two atoms8 Chapter:: Acids and Aases are important to our health, industries and en"ironment P9 &cale+ power of h'drogen scale indicates how acidic or basic a solution is

Acid+ a substance that has the p9 less than H when it is in a a-ueous solution; chemicals that generate h'drogen ions 79J8

Purneet Sidhu January 2013 Acid Properties+= produces 9J in solutions, tastes sour, less than H p9, litmus turns red, corrodes metal, acids react with metals to produce a compound and a h'drogen gas +to identif' acid chemical formula: start with 9 7h'drogen8 or ends with C**9 7carbo 'l pol'atimicion8 +to name acid: 1? Add Lh'droM to the front 4? Add LicM to non+metallic element D? Add word LacidM in the end Aase+ a substance that has p9 greater than H when it in an a-ueous solution; chemicals that lower 9J ions Aase Properties+= reduces 9J in solution, tastes bitter, more than H p9, litmus turns blue, slipper', +to identif' base chemical formula: start with metallic ion or with %9@J and end with *9 7h'dro 'l group8 +to name base: 1? If positi"el' charged ion is a pol'atomic ion no change 4? Add word Lh'dro ideM in the end Acid and Aase Properties+= tested with indicators 7litmus8, harmful of helpful, conductors of electricit', dissol"e in water, can irritate or burn skin Acidic &olutions +Lemon Euice +5omatoes +(inegar +!ilk Aasic &olutions +,raino +Aaking &oda +5oothpaste +&eawater

Litmus+ acid/base indicator, acid: red, base: blue, neutral: no change %eutrali.ation $eaction+ chemical reaction between an acid and a base that produces water and a salt Precipitate+ a suspension of small, solid particles formed during a chemical formula Application of %eutrali.ation: add calcium carbonates aka add lime to soil to change it from acidic to basic + turn CaC*D tablets neutrali.e stomach acid, to relie"e heart burn Acid Precipitation+ a result of pollution containing nitrogen o ides and sulfur o ides e : changes in p9 le"els of soil in the forests, causes trees and other plant species to die; changes in p9 le"els in freshwater, causes fish and other water organisms to die %eutrali.ing Acidic Lakes+ adding limestone CaC*DJ94* += Ca7*984JC*4 += 49%*D7a-8JCa7*9847s8 += Ca7%*D84 7a-8J494* + E pensi"e and onl' a short term solution Chapter;: Chemical reactions can be grouped according to the characteristics of their reactants and products )eneral Chemical E-uation+ an e-uation that uses letters of the alphabet in place of the s'mbols for elements &'nthesis reaction+ two elements combine to form a compound AJA+= AA ,ecomposition reaction+ a compound is broken apart into two or more elements and/or simpler compounds AA += AJA Combustion reaction+ a compound or element that is rapidl' combined with o 'gen gas CC9NJ *4 += C*4 J94* %eutrali.ation on reaction+ a reaction between an acid and a base to create an ionic salt and water 9CI 7a-8 J %a*9 7a-8 += %aCl 7a-8 J 94* 7l8 &ingle ,isplacement $eaction+ an element reacts with an ionic compound, element becomes a part of ionic compound meanwhile the other element becomes alone; one similar element replaces it

Purneet Sidhu January 2013 5'pe 1: compoundJ metallic element product+= compoundJ metallic element AA J C += CA J A 5'pe 4: compoundJ non+metal element product+= compoundJ non+metal element ,E J 6 += 6E J , ,ouble ,isplacement+ the positi"e or negati"e ions in two dissol"ed ionic compounds switch places; positi"e ion will onl' switch with a positi"e ion; negati"e ions will onl' switch with a negati"e ion AA J C, += A, J CA

Aalancing E-uations 1? #rite how much of each atom there is 4? Aalance atoms in this order+= !etals, %on+!etals, 9'drogen/* 'gen D? $ewrite the amount of atoms when balanced @? #rite the final balanced e-uation 5he big 4 or other number, means multipl' b' all atoms that are attached 7 can onl' change this number8; little 4 or other number means onl' add to the atom that its touching; little 4 or other number touching brackets means multipl' b' all inside of the brackets

&limate &hange:
ChapterH: Earth<s climate s'stem is a result of interactions among its components #eather refers specificall' to the en"ironmental conditions that occur at a particular place at a particular time A"erage+ monthl' temperature; precipitation, wind speed/direction Climate is the a"erage weather conditions that occur in a region o"er a long period of time Climate affects: clothing choices, recreation, basic needs of inhabitants, diet 7fresh, canned or fro.en8 Almost all the energ' on Earth is initiall' solar radiation 7energ' wa"es from the sun8; solar radiation is absorbed b' thermal energ' 5hermal energ'+ total kinetic energ' of the molecules or atoms in a substance; heat flows from a substance at a high temperature to cooler temperature Aiosphere+ a relati"el' thin la'er of Earth that has conditions suitable for supporting life; includes the lithosphere, h'drosphere and atmosphere Atmosphere+ la'ers of gases that e tends outward about D22km from the surface of the Earth; HI3 %4 Lithosphere+ the solid portion of Earth that floats on mantle; :+122km thick 9'drosphere+ includes all of the water on Earth, with about 1H3 of this water being salt water in the Earth<s oceans; warmed b' solar radiation Aiome+ large geographical region with a defined range of temperature and precipitation 7defined climate8; Canada<s Aiomes: tundra, boreal forest 7taiga8, temperate deciduous forest, temperate grasslands, temperate coniferous forest, mountains Climatograph+ show the a"erage monthl' temperatures and precipitation le"els on a single graph; drawing list+= straight lines between temperature data points; use a ruler; neatness is a high priorit'; si.ing to make it as large as possible; all bars same width; keep space between bars; label a is and title; a is immediatel' ne t to the graph; adEust scale to offset temperature line from precipitation 7temperature line graph abo"e bar graph8 L*#E$% += latitude, ocean currents, wind and air masses, ele"ation, relief, nearness to water

Purneet Sidhu January 2013 Insolation+ is the amount of solar radiation recei"ed b' a region of Earth<s surface; depends on latitude; depends on specific characteristics of the lithosphere, atmosphere and h'drosphere

%atural greenhouse effect+ the absorption of thermal energ' b' the atmosphere, maintaining Earth at an a"erage temperature suitable for life

)reenhouse gases+ gases that contributes to the natural greenhouse effect, such as water "apour, carbon dio ide, nitrous o ide, or methane; last three also contribute to the anthropogenic greenhouse effect $adiation+ the emission of energ' as wa"es; an' substance at a higher temperature than its surrounding will emit radiant energ', usuall' as infrared radiation Conduction+ transfer of thermal energ' through direct contact between the particles of a substance without mo"ing the particles to a new location Con"ection+ transfer of thermal energ' through the mo"ement of particles from one location to another Coriolis effect+ the deflection of an' obEect from a straight+line path b' the rotation of Earth

ChapterI: Earth<s Climate s'stem is influenced b' human acti"it'

Purneet Sidhu January 2013 Climate and tree growth+= e"er' 'ear of the tree<s life, it produces a single ring of new wood in its trunk; the width of each growth ring is affected b' the a"erage temperature and moisture conditions during that 'ear; thick tree rings are when there were good conditions; thin tree rings are when there were poor conditions )lobal #arming+ obser"ed increases in Earth<s a"erage annual temperature )lobal warming potential+ is a measure of the abilit' of a gas to trap thermal energ' in the atmosphere o"er a specific time Climate Change+ a significant long+term change in e pected climate patterns Anthropogenic greenhouse effect+ enhancement of the natural greenhouse effect due to increased greenhouse gas emission caused b' human acti"ities 6ossil fuels+ h'drocarbons formed underground o"er millions of 'ears from the remains of once+li"ing organisms; fossil fuels are coal, oil and natural gas Carbon footprint+ total amount of greenhouse gas emissions caused directl' and indirectl' b' an indi"idual, communit', industr' or countr' Chapter1: Local, national and international go"ernments are taking action on Climate Change Computer !odels+ tries to predict future climate; re-uires mathematical model of ph'sics, biolog' and chemistr' of Earth; must alwa's be tested before use for accurac' Aerosol+ tin' particle in the atmosphere; pollution: natural+ "olcano eruptions, forest fires anthropogenic+ burning fossil fuels Predictions+ e tended growing seasons; abilit' to grow crops 7wheat8 further north; abilit' to grow more fruit in the )reat Lakes region; increase in precipitation 7rain, snow8; increase in se"ere weather e"ents 7floods, windstorms8 Effects of Climate change on Economies and &ociet'+= increase in en"ironment awareness; bu' local; bu' used; bu' en"ironmentall' friendl' products, climate change ma' allow more fruit/"egetable farming in *ntario )roup of Eight 7)I8 + 6rance, )erman', Ital', Oapan, Fnited Gingdom, Fnited &tates, $ussia and Canada; high standard of li"ing; use more energ'/capita 7per person8 than those li"ing elsewhere; responsible for more greenhouse gas emission ,e"eloping Countries+= more "ulnerable to effects of climate change 7drought> Pdesertification8; less able to cope with changes )lobal Conse-uences: positi"e feedback loops like: Pgreenhouse gases+= increase in temperature, melting Artic ice+= darker water surfaces re"ealed+= heat absorbed b' dark surfaces+= ocean water becomes warmer /P Aenefits: increase in crop 'ields, new crops in *ntario; opening of %orthwest Passage shipping route in the summer 7due to melting Artic ice8

Phy!ic!: %ight and Geometric #'tic!

Purneet Sidhu January 2013 Chapter12: Light is a part of the electromagnetic spectrum and tra"els in wa"es

#a"e+ a disturbance that transfers energ' from one point to another without transferring matter #a"elength+ distance from one point to another similar point, measured in meters, s'mbol: Amplitude+ height or depth of crest or trough from rest position, wa"e energ' depends, in part on magnitude of the wa"e<s amplitude 6re-uenc'+ rate of repetition of a wa"e; measured in hert. 79.8 which is the c'cle/second or c'cle/min; the higher fre-uenc', the more energ' the wa"e carries Electromagnetic $adiation+ wa"e pattern made of electric and magnetic fields that can tra"el through empt' space

Electromagnetic &pectrum+ the range of electromagnetic radiation from a "er' long to "er' short wa"es +$adio wa"es 7red8+the longest wa"elengths and lowest fre-uenc' wa"es e ? $adio signals, 5( signals, cellphone and satellite signals, +!icrowa"es 7orange8 + shorter wa"elength but higher fre-uenc' and carr' more energ' than radio wa"es e ? $adar to measure the speed of automobiles, to monitor aircraft in flight +Infrared wa"es 7'ellow8 + shorter wa"elength than microwa"es e ? !otion sensors, burglar alarms, night "ision goggles +Fltra"iolet ra's 7green8 + carr' more energ' than "isible light; therefore ha"e shorter wa"elength and higher fre-uenc' than it e ? ,%A anal'sis +C+ra's 7blue8 + "er' high energ' radiation, longer wa"elength but lower fre-uenc' than gamma ra's e ? !edical imaging, photographing insides of engines, pipelines and other machines +)amma ra's 7purple8 + the shortest wa"elengths and the highest fre-uenc' e ? 5o map the uni"erse

Purneet Sidhu January 2013 #a"e !odel of Light+ "isible light contains multiple wa"elengths, each corresponds to a specific colour Primar' Colours: green, blue and red &econdar' Colours: magenta, c'an, 'ellow Additi"e Colour 5heor'+ white light can be produced b' combining D: green, blue and red; mi ing Lprimar' coloursM, 'ou can obtain Lsecondar' coloursM &ubtracti"e Colour 5heor'+ obEect7s8 ma' absorb certain wa"elengths of light, what is reflected b' the obEect generates a percei"ed colour; c'an: red is absorbed, green and blue are reflected; magenta: green is absorbed, red and blue are reflected; 'ellow: blue is absorbed, red and green are reflected Pigment+ powder used to colour substances Prism+ transparent glass or plastic obEect with flat polished sides that separates light into its component colours Luminous+ radiating or reflecting light; shining; bright? %on+luminous+ not bright, dull; it must reflect some of the light it recei"es Aioluminescence+ abilit' of a plant or animal to produce light e ? 6irefl' Incandescent+ produced a material at a high temperature Pcurrent causes filament to heat up and release light 6luorescent+ electric current energi.es the atoms in the gas which emits F( radiation; it strikes phosphor which glows Phosphorescence+ produced from a material that stores energ' from a light source then emits it o"er a long time Chemiluminescence+ produced from a chemical reaction without a change in temperature e ? )low sticks 5riboluminescence+ producing light from friction e ? $ubbing diamonds or breaking apart cr'stals Electric ,ischarge+ produced from an electric current passing through air or gas e ? lighting Electroluminescence+ electric energ' transformed directl' into light energ' Light Emitting ,e"ice 7LE,8 + no filament, made up of solid materials, durable, re-uires little energ' e ? 5raffic lights *rganic Light Emitting ,e"ice 7*LE,8 + electric currentJ la'ers of organic molecules>light; thinner, lighter, brighter, fle ible Li-uid Cr'stal ,ispla' 7LC,8 + fluorescent or LE,+= li-uid cr'stalJ filter> light; screen is made up of tin' bo es Lpi elsM Plasma ,ispla'+ electric current+= gases+= F( radiation+= absorbed b' phosphors> light; brighter images produced than LC, but uses more electric power Pi el+ tin' picture elements in an image assigned to a single colour and brightness $a' !odel of Light+ represents light as straight lines called ra's that show the angle and the direction in which light tra"els 5ransparent+ transmits light freel', absorbs light, clear e ? #indows 5ranslucent+ transmits some light, absorbs light and reflects some, blurr' e ? )lass paintings

Purneet Sidhu January 2013 *pa-ue+ does not transmit light at all, absorb and reflect light, non+see through e ? cardboard Fmbra+ the part of the shadow in which all the light ra's from the light source are blocked, sharp edges Preumbra+ other part of the shadow, where some light ra's are shown and the edges of the shadow are blurr' $egular $eflection+ light ra's tra"el parallel, hit the smooth surface and reflect in same direction, alwa's sta' parallel ,iffuse $eflection+ light ra's tra"el parallel towards rough surface, hit the rough surface and scatter into different directions Chapter11: $a' diagrams models the beha"iour of light mirrors and lenses )eometric *ptics+ the science of how light reflects and bends Law of $efraction+ when light reflects off a surface, angle of incidence is alwa's e-ual to the angle of refraction

%ormal+ an imaginar' dashed line drawn to a reflecting or refracting surface at the point of reflection or refraction Incident $a'+ the ra' that strikes a reflecting or refracting surface Angle of Incidence 7i8 0angle between the incident ra' and the normal Angle of $eflection 7r8 0angle between the reflected ra' and the normal (irtual image+ an' image formed b' ra's that do not actuall' pass through the location of the image e ? $eal image+ an' image formed b' light ra's that con"erge at the location of the image e ? 6ocal Point 768 + a point where light ra's meet or appear to meet 6ocal length 78 + the distance from the centre of the mirror to the focal point Principal a is+ an imaginar' line drawn from the centre of a cur"ed mirror, perpendicular to the surface of the mirror Plane !irrors+ mirror that has a flat reflecti"e surface

Purneet Sidhu January 2013 Conca"e !irrors+ aka con"erging mirrors; reflecting surface that cur"es I%#A$, like a bowl

+if the obEect is more than two focal lengths awa' from the mirror, it creates image: smaller than obEect, in"erted, real +if the obEect is between 1 and 4 focal lengths awa' from mirror, it creates image: larger than obEect, in"erted, real +if the obEect is at the focal point, no image created +if obEect is between mirror and focal point, it creates image: larger than obEect, upright, "irtual +Fses: flashlight 7parallel beams8, telescope 7collects light from a distance then focus to "iew8, cosmetic mirror 7enlarged image8 Con"e !irrors+ aka di"erging mirrors; reflecting surface that cur"es *F5#A$, like a hat

+all distance from the mirrors, it creates images: smaller than obEect, upright, "irtual +Fses: securit' mirrors 7to "iew a large area8, side+"iew mirrors 7to "iew the hidden area8, camera lens 7accurate imaging8

*ptical 6ibre+ solid strand of glass that can transmit light, e"en around coroners

Purneet Sidhu January 2013

$efraction+ bending light ra's as the' pass from one medium to another

Inde of $efraction+ amount b' which a transparent material decreases the speed of light; indicated b' number ,ispersion+ the refraction of white light into separate wa"elengths or colours &nell<s Law+ formula: n1sin1>n4sin4 that states the relationship between the angle of incidence and the angle of refraction 5otal internal reflection+ t'pe of reflection in which light reflects completel' off the inside wall of a denser medium !irage+image of a distant obEect produced when light refracts through air of different densities Lens+ cur"ed transparent material that is smooth and regularl' shaped so that when light strikes it, light reflects in a useful wa' Lenses ha"e two principal focuses, 6 and 61 A is of &'mmetr'+ imaginar' "ertical line drawn through the optical centre of a lens Chapter14: *ptical ,e"ices help us see farther and more clearl' than when we can see with unaided e'es

Pupil+ transparent area in the centre of the e'e that allows light to pass into the e'e Cornea+ transparent la'er of tissue on the outer surface of the e'e co"ering the iris and pupil; refracts light entering the e'e $etina+ inner lining at the back of the e'e that acts as a proEection screen for light ra's entering the e'e *ptic %er"e+ the ner"e that transmits what the e'e sees to the brain Iris+ circular coloured band of muscle in the e'e that controls the si.e of the pupil and the amount of light entering the e'e %ear+sightedness+ the abilit' to see obEects that are close b' clearl' but to ha"e difficultl' seeing obEects that are far awa' +cure: laser e'e surger'; using conca"e lens glasses or contacts

Purneet Sidhu January 2013 6ar+sightedness+ the abilit' to see distant obEects clearl' but to ha"e issues seeing obEects that are nearb' +cure: laser e'e surger'; using con"e lens glasses or contacts $od Cells+ help us detect shapes and mo"ement in low light Cone Cells+ help us detect colours Aperture+ in a camera, opening that light passes through &hutter+ in a camera, de"ice that controls the length of time light is allowed in the lens ,iaphragm+ in a camera, an adEustable opening that controls the aperture 6ilm+ in a camera, the part that records all the data recei"ed Compound !icroscope+ a pair of con"e lenses make a small obEect to appear magnified when "iew through the e'epiece 5elescope+ optical de"ice that pro"ides enlarged images of distant obEects; lenses and mirrors in a telescope collect light from distant obEects and focus to "iew $eflecting 5elescope+ telescope in which light enters from one end of a tube and then reflects off a conca"e mirror toward a small plane mirror $efracting 5elescope+ telescope that has two con"e lenses, one on each end of a long tube Ainoculars+ two short refracting telescopes attached together